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Catalogue of Stick and Leaf-Insects (Insecta: Phasmida) associated with Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore
Abstract
Detailed catalogue of Stick and Leaf-Insects (Insecta: Phasmida) associated with Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore, including numerous new synonyms
... Calvisia commutata Redtenbacher, 1908: 568 [described]. Synonymised by Brock (1995). ...
... -Redtenbacher, 1908: 567 [redescribed]. -Brock, 1995 Redtenbacher (1908) described Calvisia commutata and referred to Westwood's illustration of the male from Penang as being the same species. Brock (1995) synonymised C. commutata with sangarius and designated the female from Mt. Ophir as the lectotype. ...
... -Brock, 1995 Redtenbacher (1908) described Calvisia commutata and referred to Westwood's illustration of the male from Penang as being the same species. Brock (1995) synonymised C. commutata with sangarius and designated the female from Mt. Ophir as the lectotype. Although the species was recorded from Borneo on numerous occasions (Westwood, 1859;Bragg, 2001;Seow-Choen, 2016, 2019, these records are regarded as erroneous and Seow-Choen (2021) excluded the species from the Bornean species list. ...
A colourful new species of Calvisia Stål, 1875, C. (Calvisia) khlongsokana sp. nov., is
described from Southwest Thailand and South Myanmar based on both sexes, nymphs and
eggs. The new species is placed in the subgenus C. (Calvisia) Stål, 1875 and compared to the
closely related species C. (Calvisia) sangarius (Westwood, 1859). The female of C. (Calvisia)
sangarius (Westwood, 1859) and both sexes and egg of C. (Calvisia) khlongsokana sp. nov. are
illustrated and a distribution map for both species is provided. Females of the new species occur
in two distinct colour forms presumed to be aposematic. Several hypotheses are provided for
the natural occurrence of these two morphs with frequency-dependant selection as a possible
driver.
... Lectotype: ♂ (NHMW, data below), Paralectotype ♂ (NHMW, data below). [Synonymised with Necroscia affinis (Gray) by Brock, 1996: 90.] Necroscia affinis; Seow-Choen et.al., 1994: 10;Brock, 1996: 90;Seow-Choen et al., 1996: 44 fig (♀); Tay & Seow-Choen, 1996: 185;Brock, 1999: 190, plate 18 (♀); Seow-Choen, 2000: 22, plate 59 a (♂), b-c (♀), d (egg); Otte & Brock, 2005: 210. Aruanoidea confusa Redtenbacher, 1908: 525;Brock, 1998: 22. Holotype ♀ (NHMW, 1037 Singapore, Bukit Timah, 1871, leg. ...
... Ransont. Synonymised with Necroscia affinis (Gray) by Brock, 1996: 90. [Aruanoidea fragilis Hausleithner, 1991. ...
Necroscia affinis (Gray, 1835) was originally described from India. The holotype of affinis lacks the abdomen and consequently this species cannot be reliably distinguished from several similar species. Lectotypes are selected for Necroscia pallida (Redtenbacher, 1908) and Necroscia fragilis (Redtenbacher, 1908), and both species are illustrated. Necroscia pallida (Redtenbacher, 1908) is reinstated as a valid species. It is proposed that Necroscia fragilis (Redtenbacher, 1908) be used for the species that occurs in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. A two-legged N. pallida is recorded: the first record of a two-legged phasmid found in the wild. The eggs of N. fragilis and N. pallida both have an exceptionally large pseudocapitulum; both eggs are illustrated.
... Type species: Phasma maculicollis Westwood, 1848 by subsequent designation (Brock, 1995 ...
Trachythorax maculicollis yunnanensis subsp. nov. from Yunnan, China is
here decribed. Photographs of the adults and eggs as well as a key to female of the six
known species from China are provided.
... Serangga ini dapat dengan mudah disalah artikan dengan daun-daun makanan yang menyebabkan co-inhabitant dan tidak jarang secara tidak sengaja memakan bagian abdomen mereka. Oleh karena hal itu, serangga ini berperilaku mudah panik saat terdapat spesies lain yang mengubah tatanan daun ataupun menyentuh mereka dan akan segera jatuh ke tanah dan menggerakkan badannya dengan gerakan meronta lalu membeku (Brock, 1995). ...
Camouflage is an adaptation where animals can blend into the colors and patterns of their environment. Lopaphus transiens has a color that is similar to the color of its environment. The aim of this study is to determine the level of similarity of L. transiens body color with the habitat in Mount Andong, Magelang, Central Java. The data were retrieved using a VES (Visual Encounter Survey) method by taking pictures with a Canon 1200D camera. The RGB (Red, Green, Blue) mean values from photographs of 16 males and 16 females were calculated with the ImageJ software to found the Euclidian Distance out and were tested with SPSS. Euclidian Distance (D) is used to measure the range of the color’s similarity between two objects. This conformity index range from 0 (similar) to 1 (different). There were no significant differences between animal’s D and their environment in both gender. The D value of L. transiens male was 0.087 and 0.125 in females, both had small values and there were not significantly different. The conclusion was both male and female had a great camouflage ability in their environment. Therefore, the camouflaging capability of L. transiens can be applied in military sector. Keywords: Camouflage; Color; Lopaphus transiens; Euclidian Distance; Military Abstrak Kamuflase adalah adaptasi dimana hewan seloah dapat menyatu dengan warna dan pola lingkungan mereka. Kamuflase telah diadopsi oleh manusia, terutama di sektor militer. Lopaphus transiens memiliki warna yang sangat mirip dengan warna lingkungannya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat kesamaan warna tubuh L. transiens dengan habitatnya di Gunung Andong, Magelang, Jawa Tengah. Data diambil menggunakan metode VES (Visual Encounter Survey) dengan mengambil gambar dengan kamera Canon 1200D. Data diperoleh dari foto-foto 16 individu jantan dan 16 betina. Nilai rata-rata RGB (Red, Green, Blue) dihitung dengan bantuan perangkat lunak ImageJ. Setiap rata-rata RGB dari setiap sampel dirata-rata untuk mengetahui Euclidian Distance pada individu jantan dan betina kemudian diuji dengan SPSS. Euclidian Distance (D) digunakan untuk mengukur rentang kesamaan warna antara dua objek. Indeks kesesuaian ini berkisar dari 0 (mirip) hingga 1 (berbeda). Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara D hewan dan lingkungannya pada masing-masing gender. Nilai D dari L. transiens jantan adalah 0,087 sedangkan nilai pada betina adalah 0,125, keduanya memiliki nilai kecil dan tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan. Jadi, dapat disimpulkan bahwa keduanya memiliki kemampuan kamuflase yang baik di lingkungan mereka. Kemampuan kamuflase L. transiens dapat diterapkan, dengan modifikasi, untuk meningkatkan kemampuan kamuflase sektor militer. Kata Kunci: Kamuflase; Warna; Lopaphus transiens; Euclidian Distance; Militer
We here present an updated and annotated catalogue of the stick and leaf insect (Phasmatodea) types currently housed in the Zoological Museum Hamburg (ZMH), part of the Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB). We found a total of 305 type specimens, belonging to 130 species. This includes 110 primary types (45 holotypes, 13 lectotypes, 52 syntypes) and 195 paratypes and paralectotypes. Most of the species were described by Redtenbacher, others come from Zompro, Brunner von Wattenwyl, Weidner and others. We provide updated information on the taxonomy of all species. This catalogue will represent an important resource for future taxonomic work on the group.
With the recent advance in molecular phylogenetics focused on the leaf insects (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae), gaps in knowledge are beginning to be filled. Yet, shortcomings are also being highlighted, for instance, the unveiling of numerous undescribed phylliid species. Here, some of these taxa are described, including Phyllium iyadaon sp. nov. from Mindoro Island, Philippines; Phyllium samarense sp. nov. from Samar Island, Philippines; Phyllium ortizi sp. nov. from Mindanao Island, Philippines; Pulchriphyllium heracles sp. nov. from Vietnam; Pulchriphyllium delislei sp. nov. from South Kalimantan, Indonesia; and Pulchriphyllium bhaskarai sp. nov. from Java, Indonesia. Several additional specimens of these species together with a seventh species described herein, Pulchriphyllium anangu sp. nov. from southwestern India, were incorporated into a newly constructed phylogenetic tree. Additionally, two taxa that were originally described as species, but in recent decades have been treated as subspecies, are elevated back to species status to reflect their unique morphology and geographic isolation, creating the following new combinations: Pulchriphyllium scythe (Gray, 1843) stat. rev., comb. nov. from Bangladesh and northeastern India, and Pulchriphyllium crurifolium (Audinet-Serville, 1838) stat. rev., comb. nov. from the Seychelles islands. Lectotype specimens are also designated for Pulchriphyllium scythe (Gray, 1843) stat. rev., comb. nov. and Pulchriphyllium crurifolium (Audinet-Serville, 1838) stat. rev., comb. nov. from original type material.
The Oriental stick insect genus Trachythorax Redtenbacher, 1908 is diagnosed, compared to closely related taxa, and reviewed based on examination of type material, collection material and photographic records, including citizen science sourced data. Each species is discussed and two new species are described from Vietnam: T. albomaculatus sp. nov. from Kon Chu Rang National Park in Central Vietnam and T. auranticollis sp. nov. from Dong Nai Biosphere Reserve in Southern Vietnam. Trachythorax yunnanensis Gao & Liang, 2021 stat. nov. is elevated to valid species, from status of subspecies of T. maculicollis (Westwood, 1848). Trachythorax illaesa (Redtenbacher, 1908) stat. rev. comb. nov. is reinstated as a valid species from previous status of junior synonym of T. maculicollis. As a result the genus Trachythorax now contains 15 species. New distribution records are provided for several species including new country records: Thailand and Myanmar for T. gohi Brock, 1999, Sri Lanka for T. illaesa Redtenbacher, 1908, Cambodia for T. maculicollis, India for T. sparaxes (Westwood, 1859) as well as Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam for T. yunnanensis. Distribution maps are provided for T. albomaculatus sp. nov., T. auranticollis sp. nov., T. gohi, T. maculicollis and T. yunnanensis. Egg morphology and egg deposition are described, discussed and illustrated for T. maculicollis, T. albomaculatus, T. yunnanensis and T. illaesa, the three latter species for the first time. Morphological adaptations of eggs are compared to those observed in other closely related genera such as Asceles Redtenbacher, 1908, Calvisia Stål, 1875, Korinnis Günther, 1932, Loxopsis Westwood, 1859, Marmessoidea Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893, Sipyloidea Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 and Tagesoidea Redtenbacher, 1908, and egg parasitism is hypothesized as a potential evolutionary driver. Egg parasitism by Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea is documented for the first time in nature for T. maculicollis and T. illaesa; it is hypothesised that several morphological characters are counteradaptations to the egg parasitism.
The southern African species of Bactrododema Stål, 1858, Palophus Westwood, 1859 (both Diapheromeridae: Palophinae) and Bactricia Kirby, 1896 (Diapheromeridae: Diapheromerinae), are reviewed. Bactrododema krugeri spec. nov. is described, while Bactrododema hecticum (Lichtenstein, 1796) comb. nov. is redescribed and discussed. Bactrododema brevitarsis Stål, 1876, Bactrododema aculiferum Kirby, 1902, Bactrododema lugardi Kirby, 1902, Palophus brevicornis Redtenbacher, 1908, Palophus holubi Redtenbacher, 1908, and Palophus transvaalensis Redtenbacher, 1908, are synonymized with Bactrododema tiaratum Stål, 1858. Phibalosoma calametum Bates, 1865, Hyrtacus carinatus Kirby, 1902, and Bactricia irregularis Brunner, 1907, are synonymized with Bactricia bituberculata (Schaum, 1857) stat. rev., which takes priority over Bactricia trophinus (Westwood, 1859). The genus Palophus is regarded as a synonym of the genus Bactrododema. Palophus titan Sjöstedt, 1913 is synonymized with Bactrododema hippotaurum (Karsch, 1896) comb. nov. Palophus rothschildi Bolivar, 1922 is synonymized with Bactrododema phillipsi (Kirby, 1896) comb. nov., and Palophus brongniarti Redtenbacher, 1908 is synonymized with Bactrododema episcopalis (Kirby, 1896) comb. nov. Keys to the adults of South African species are provided, eggs of two Bactrododema species are described, and the distribution of all southern African Bactrododema species
mapped.
The author proposes a revision of the stick insect species of the genus Thaumatobactron Günther, 1929. Four new species, T. bretoni n. sp., T. pulchracaelatura n. sp., T. pygminerme n. sp. and T. robillardi n. sp., are described. Egg of T. guentheri Hennemann & Conle, 1997, and females and egg of T. mayri Günther, 1930 are described for the first time. New data are provided and identification keys proposed for males, females and eggs.
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