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BEPLS Vol 9 [8] July 2020 1 | P a g e ©2020 AELS, INDIA
Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences
Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci., Vol 9[8] July 2020 :01-08
©2020 Academy for Environment and Life Sciences, India
Online ISSN 2277-1808
Journal’s URL:http://www.bepls.com
CODEN: BEPLAD
Global Impact Factor 0.876
Universal Impact Factor 0.9804
NAAS Rating 4.95
REVIEW ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
Nutraceuticals: Supplements For Building A Healthy World
Neetu Agrawal1*,Ahsas Goyal1, Ankit Jain2
1GLA University,Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road, Mathura (U.P.), INDIA
2Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, INDIA
*Email: neetu.agrawal@gla.ac.in, ahsas.goyal@gla.ac.in
ABSTRACT
There is increasing recognition of the potential role of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements in reducing health risks
and improving nano-level health quality.In 1989, Dr Stephen DeFelice first coined the term nutraceutical to offer health
and medical benefits, including disease prevention and treatment. Attributable to their safety and potential nutritional
values and therapeutic effects, nutraceuticals have established substantial interest. Companies of pharmaceutical and
nutritional products are aware of the monetary success of consumers seeking more health and the changing trends
leading to an exploration of natural nanomedicines that cover a large number of chronic and fatal diseases, including
cancer. Some popular nutraceuticals include ginseng, echinacea, folic acid, aloe-vera gels, ephedra, garlic, ginger,
glucosamine, omega-3 eggs, orange juice enriched with calcium, green tea, etc. Majority of them are appealed to have
numerous therapeutic benefits. This review aims to understand nutraceuticals as nano better -supplements to alter
disease conditions with specific indications and their crucial role in pathophysiological interventions.
Keywords: nutraceutical; medicines; dietary supplements; herbal nutrients
Received 09.06.2020 Revised 26.06.2020 Accepted 16.07.2020
INTRODUCTION
Economic development has improved the quality of life in connection with income, expenditure and
lifestyle. It also posed a significant challenge in the form of ‘lifestyle diseases’, however. The first victim of
this transformation in lifestyle was the habits of food. The consumption of junk foods has multiplied,
leading to a number of nutritional deficiency-related diseases. Nutraceuticals can play an essential role in
controlling them. In 1989, Stephen DeFelice, originator and chairman of the Foundation for Innovation in
Medicine,an American organization that promotes medical health, devised the term nutraceutical from
nutrition and pharmaceutical[1- 4]. According to him, "a nutraceutical substance is a food or part of the
food and offers medical or health benefits, including disease prevention and treatment” (Figure 1).These
products can assort from isolated nutrients, dietary supplements and specific diets to designer genetically
engineered foods and herbal products[5]. The notion of nutraceutical was taken from the survey in the
United Kingdom, Germany and France determined that the consumer rated diet more than exercise or
genetic factors in order to achieve good health [6]. "Nutraceutical" was commonly used in the United
States, but there was no regulatory definition. Its significance has been changed by the Canadian Ministry
of Health, which defines nutraceutical as "a product isolated or purified from food, generally sold in a
medicinal form that is not associated with food and has shown a physiological benefit. It also provides
benefits against chronic disease” [7].
Due to the increasing attention of researchers and sophisticated techniques for determining qualitative
and quantitative parameters, the nutraceutical market has been developed in recent years. It has changed
to a global industry of millions of dollars. In 2008, global nutraceuticals marketing was USD 128.4 billion.
Japan holds Asia's most significant marketing share of 70 percent [8,9].The Indian nutraceutical market
segment has experienced an annual growth rate of 20 % over the past three years, contributing to 2 % of
the world market. India is currently in the category of promising nutraceutical drift known as Fast Moving
Health Care Goods.The value of the nutraceutical market in 2009 was estimated at around 27 billion INR
and is expected to reach 40.1 billion INR in 2011 [10].The Indian nutraceutical market has reached a
value of approximately US $2 billion, retaining 1.5% of the global nutraceutical industry. This status
BEPLS Vol 9 [8] July 2020 2 | P a g e ©2020 AELS, INDIA
illustrates ongoing studies and attempts to integrate traditional herbal ingredients into the nutraceutical
portfolio. In addition, it was found that the growth in the Indian nutraceutical market in 2016 was
estimated at US$ 2731 million. The scope and demand for nutraceuticals in the future depend on the
awareness of Indian consumers. For further growth and establishment of new horizons for the growing
nutraceutical industries, it requires particular focus and market interest [11].
Figure 1:Role of Nutraceuticals
METHODS
Appropriate studies were identified through electronic searches of Pubmed, Medline, Scopus, and Google
scholar. The search used the terms‘‘nutraceuticals,’’ ‘‘dietary supplements,’’ or ‘‘herbal products,’’. In
addition, we searched the bibliographies of relevant studies and reviews for articles.
NEUTRACEUTICALS CONNECTING THE GAP BETWEEN FOOD AND MEDICINE
Hippocrates highlighted around 2000year ago “Let food be your medicine and medicine be your food”.
Nutraceuticals are food or food ingredients that benefit health or health. This emerging product class
blurs the food - drug line. They are not easily included in the legal categories of food or medicine and
often live in a grey area between them [12].
The legal categorization of a nutraceutical in the European Union (EU) law is generally based on its
accepted effects on the body. It can therefore be considered a food ingredient if the substance contributes
only to the maintenance of healthy tissues and organs. However, if it can be shown to affect one or more
physiological processes in one or more of the bodies, it is likely to be considered a medicinal substance
[13]. For two reasons, the European Medicines Act can define a nutraceutical as a medicine:
It can be used to prevent, treat or cure a disease.
It can be administered in order to restore, correct or modify human physiological functions [13].
CATEGORIES OF NUTRACEUTICALS
Nutraceuticals can be regarded as biological treatments used to promote wellness, prevent malignant
processes and control symptoms. The following are categorized:
Traditional and Non- traditional nutraceuticals
On the market, the wide variety of nutraceutical foods falling into the category of conventional and non -
traditional foods are available.
Nutraceuticals as nano-tools for
disease preventive and
therapeutic benefits
Nutrition required
for health
Pharmaceuticals
remedy for
sickness /injury
HERBAL
REMEDIES
NUTERAC-
EUTICALS
PHARMACE
-UTICALS
FUNCTIONAL FOOD
VITAMINS
Disease Prevention and Cure
Agrawal
et al
BEPLS Vol 9 [8] July 2020 3 | P a g e ©2020 AELS, INDIA
Traditional Nutraceuticals
These are natural substances that do not affect food. They are grouped according to chemical
constituents, probiotic microorganisms and nutraceutical enzymes. They can be categorized in Table 1, 2,
3 and4[14-17].
Chemical Constituents
a) Nutrients: With traditional nutritional functions, it includes vitamins, minerals, amino acids and fatty
acids. They help heal heart disease, strokes, cataracts, osteoporosis, diabetes and cancer. In osteoporosis
and anaemia, fossils originate in plant, animal and dairy products are beneficial. Flaxseed and salmon are
powerful inflammatory process controls, brain function maintenance and cholesterol deposition
reduction[6,48].
b) Herbals: Examples include; Lavendulaan gustifolia contains tannin to cure depression, high blood
pressure, stress, cold, cough and asthma. Salix nigra, which has an active salicin component, which is
anti-inflammatory, analgesic, astringent and anti-arthritis. Mentha piperita contains active menthol and
cures cold and grippe. Petroselinum cripsum is diuretic, carminative and antipyretic and contains
flavonoids. Vaccinium erythrocarpum contain proanthocyanidins and are useful for cancers, ulcers and
infections of the urinary tract [6].
c) Phytochemicals Flavonoid polyphenolics are found in fruits, vegetables and vegetables that are effective
antioxidants, phytoestrogens, breast cancer prevention, prostate cancer and diabetes control. In dark
grapes, raisins, berries, peanuts, turmeric roots, non - flavonoid polyphenolics are present; they are
stronglyanti-inflammatory, antioxidants, anticoagulants and reduce cholesterol. Also used as food
supplements are spirulina and chlorella.
Table 1 List of vitamins, minerals and their benefits
Nutrients
Health
benefits
Vitamin A
Antioxidant, vital for growth and development in the
treatment
of
specific
skin
disorder.
Vitamin E
Antioxidant,
helps to
form
blood cells, muscles, lung and nerve tissue boosts the
immune system.
Vitamin K
Important for blood
clotting.
Vitamin C
Antioxidant, for healthy bones, gums, teeth and skin, in wound healing,
prevents
the
common cold and attenuate its symptoms.
Vitamin B1
Helps in c
onversion of food into energy, which is essential for neurological function.
Vitamin B2
Helps maintain healthy eyes, skin and skin and nerve function in energy production as
well as other chemical processes in the body.
Vitamin B3
Helps convert food into energy and keep the brain function properly.
Vitamin B6
Produce cell genetic material,
RBC formation, central nervous system maintenance and
amino acid synthesis and fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism.
Folic acid
Produce cell genetic material to protect against heart disease during pregnancy to
prevent birth defects, the formation of RBCs.
Calcium
Bone and teeth and bone strength in nerve, muscle and glandular functions are
important.
Iron
Production of energy, transport and transfer of oxygen to tissues.
Magnesium
Healthy function of the nerve and muscle and bone formation can help
prevent
premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
Phosphorous
Strong bones and teeth help to form genetic material, produce and store energy.
Chromium
With insulin, carbohydrates and fats can be converted into energy.
Cobalt
Vitamin B12 is an essential component,
but ingested cobalt is metabolized in vivo to
form coenzymes of B12.
Copper
Essential for the production of hemoglobin and collagen, the heart, energy production
and iron absorption from the digestive tract are healthy.
Iodine
For proper thyroid
function.
Agrawal
et al
BEPLS Vol 9 [8] July 2020 4 | P a g e ©2020 AELS, INDIA
Table 2: Herbals used and their therapeutic relevance
Herbals (Botanical source)
Therapeutic relevance
Aloe vera gel
(Aloe vera Linn.)
Anti
-
inflammatory, emollient healing belongings.
Chamomile
(Matricariarecutita L)
Anti
-
inflammatory, smooth muscle relaxant, antimicrobial, wound
healing.
Echinacea
(Echinacea
purpurea
L.)
Immunostimulant
, treatment of cold and flu indications.
Ephedra
(Ephedrasinica)
Bronchodilator, vasoconstrictor, reduce bronchial edema.
Evening
(Oenothera
lamarckiana
Ser.)
A nutritional
supplement of linoleic acid, handling of
atrophic
eczema.
Feverfew
(Tanacetum parthenium
L.)
Handling of headache, fever and menstrual problem, severity and
duration of migraine headaches.
Garlic
(Allium
sativm
L.)
Antibacterial, antifungal, antithrombotic, hypotensive anti
-
inflammatory.
Ginger
(Zingiber officinale
Roscoe)
Carminative, antiemetic, cholagogue, positive inotropic.
Ginseng
(Panax ginseng)
Adaptogen.
Ginkgo
(Ginkgo biloba L.)
Vasodilation, increased peripheral blood flow, treatment of the
post
-
thrombotic syndrome.
Goldenseal
(Hydrastis
canadensis
L.)
Antimicrobial, astringent,
antihemorrhagic
treatment of mucosal
inflammation dyspepsia, gastritis.
Horehound
(Marrubium vulgare
L.)
Expectorant,
antitussive
choleretic.
Liquorice
(Glycyrrhiza
glabera
L.)
Expectorant,
secretolytic
treatment of peptic ulcer.
Melissa
(Melissa officinalis)
Topical antibacterial and antiviral.
Plantago seed
(Plantagolanceolata)
Cathartic.
St. John’s
wort
(Hypericum
perforatum L.)
Anxiolytic, anti
-
inflammatory, antidepressant, monoamine oxidase
inhibitor.
Valerin
(Valeriana officinalis
L.)
Spasmolytic, mild sedative, sleep aid.
Willow
Bark
(Salix alba L.)
Anti
-
inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic,
astringent, treatment of
rheumatic and arthritic.
Table3Various categories of dietary supplements
Dietary supplements
Significance
Ref.
Ketogenic diets
In order to improve seizure control, foods with high fat and low protein and
carbohydrates have been reported. These diets, however, are widely
recognized as unpleasant.
[18]
Minimally refined grains
Cereals and calcium
-
enriched grains can reduce diabetes incidence and
prevent gastrointestinal cancers.
[19,20]
Phytoestrogens
It was found on soy flo
ur and linseeds and was documented to improve
levels of estrogen when the hormonal level is low. This can prevent hot
flushes and breast cancer.
[21]
Several species of edible
mushrooms
Tonnage, Lentinus, Pleurotus, Auricularia, Flammulina, Tremella,
Hericium
and Grifola have different degrees of reduction and antitumor without
significant toxicity.
[21]
Glucosamine sulfate and
chondroitin sulfate
They are useful and safer to relieve osteoarthritis symptoms.
[22]
Peptides/Hydrolysates
Found in casein
and whey protein and having activity like ACE inhibitors.
Buckwheat proteins used as flour reduce cholesterol, high blood pressure,
improve constipation and obesity by acting similar to dietary fibers and
interrupt in vivo metabolism.
[23,24]
Dairy foods
Containing friendly or probiotic bacteria that promote intestinal health.
[25]
TABLE 4 Various categories of dietary supplements based on their uses
Type of disease
Exploited nutraceuticals
Ref.
Cardiovascular
Antioxidants, dietary fibers, polyunsaturated fatty acids Omega
-
3, vitamins, minerals,
to prevent and treat CVD. Polyphenol (in grape) prevents arterial diseases.
Flavonoids (in onions, vegetables, grapes, red wine, apples and cherries) block ACE
and strengthen the small capillaries that carry oxygen and essential nutrients to all
cells.
[26, 27]
Diabetes
In diabetic patients, ethyl esters of n
-
3 fatty acids may be beneficial. Docosahexaenoic
acid modulates insulin resistance and is also essential for the development of
neurovisual properties.
An antioxidant lipoic acid to treat diabetic neuropathy.
In diabetic patients, dietary fibers from psyllium were used to control glucose and
reduce lipid levels in hyperlipidemia.
[28
-
31]
Agrawal
et al
BEPLS Vol 9 [8] July 2020 5 | P a g e ©2020 AELS, INDIA
Obesity
Stimulants of herbs, such as ephedrine. Caffeine, ma huang
-
guarana, chitosan and
green tea help in the loss of body weight Buckwheat seed proteins similar to food
fibers.
5-hydroxytryptophan and green tea extract can contribute to weight loss, while the
former reduces appetite and increases energy expenditure later.
In the dietary supplement, a mixture of glucomannan, chitosan, fenugreek, G Sylvestre
and vitamin C significantly reduced body weight.
Momordica Charanrtia (MC), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), capsaicin, has potential
anti - obese properties.
[32
-
36]
Cancer
Flavonoids that block estrogen
-
producing enzymes reduce cancers caused by
estrogen.
A wide range of phyto-pharmaceutical products with a claimed hormonal activity
called "phytoestrogens" is recommended to prevent prostate / breast cancer.
The source of iso - flavones in soy foods, curcumin from curry and soy iso - flavones
have chemo preventive properties for cancer.
Lycopene is concentrated in the skin, testicles, adrenal and prostate to protect against
cancer.
Saponins (found in peas, soybeans, herbs, spinach, tomatoes, potatoes, alfalfa and
clover) have antitumor and anti - mutagenic activity.
Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a turmeric polyphenol, is carcinogenic, oxidative and
anti - inflammatory.
Beetroots, cucumber fruits, leaves of spinach and turmeric rhizomes have been
reported to have anti - tumor activity.
[37
-
43]
Anti-
inflammatory
In the treatment of inflammation and autoimmune diseases, linoleic acid (found in
green leafy vegetables, nuts, vegetable oils, i.e. evening primrose oil, black cassava seed
oil, hemp seed oil, and spirulina, cyanobacteria) is used.
Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate are used to control osteoarthritis and regulate NO
and PGE2 gene expression and synthesis.
The cat's claw contains 17 alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, sterol fractions
and other compounds and acts as a powerful anti - inflammatory agent.
[44,45]
Alzheimer’s
disease
By neutralizing the harmful effects of mitochondrial dysfunction of oxidative stress and
various forms of neural degeneration, β-carotene, curcumin, lutein, lycopene, turmeric
etc. can have positive effects on specific diseases.
[45]
Parkinson’s
disease
In food, vitamin E can protect against Parkinson's disease.
Creatine changes the characteristics of Parkinson's disease by measuring a decrease in
clinical signs.
[46]
Vision improving
agent
The treatment
of visual disorders uses lutein (found in mangoes, corn, sweet potatoes,
carrots, squash, tomatoes and dark, leafy greens such as kale, collards and bokchoy).
Zeaxanthin (found in corn, egg yolks and green vegetables and fruits, such as broccoli,
green beans, green peas, cabbage, kale, collard greens, spinach, lettuce, kiwi and
honeydew) is used mainly for the treatment of visual disorders in traditional Chinese
medicine.
[6,45]
Osteoarthritis
Glucosamine (GLN) and sulfate chondroitin (CS) alleviate
osteoarthritis symptoms.
[45,47]
Probiotic Microorganisms
It is defined as live microorganisms that have a health effect on the host when consumed in adequate
quantities. Probiotics can treat lactose intolerance by producing a specific enzyme B-galactosidase, which
can hydrolyze lactose into its sugar components. Prebiotics adds to our vocabulary more recently and are
substances that we do not digest when consumed. They act instead as a source of nutrients for good
probiotic bacteria [6,49].
Nutraceutical Enzymes
These enzymes come from microbial, animal or plant sources [6].
Non-traditional Nutraceuticals
These are artificial foods that biotechnology helps prepare. Food samples contain bioactive components
designed to produce human well-being products. They are divided into a) Fortified nutraceuticals b)
Recombinant nutraceuticals
a)Fortified nutraceuticals: Fortified food or added nutrients or ingredients from agricultural breeding, for
example. Calcium-fortified orange juice, added vitamins or minerals to cereals and added folic acid to
flour.Milk also used in vitamin D deficiency fortified with cholecalciferol. Bifidobacterium lactis HN019
fortified prebiotic and probiotic milk used in children with diarrhoea, respiratory infections and severe
diseases.
Agrawal
et al
BEPLS Vol 9 [8] July 2020 6 | P a g e ©2020 AELS, INDIA
b) Recombinant nutraceuticals: As the word itself indicates, with the help of biotechnology, they are
energy supplying food formed by "recombination." For example Yogurt, cheese, vinegar, bread, alcohol,
starch, etc [6].
MARKET INTEREST OF NUTRACEUTICALS
In comparison with other therapeutic agents, the use of nutraceuticals as an attempt to achieve desirable
therapeutic results with reduced side effects has achieved great monetary success. Approximately two-
thirds of the American population use as a minimum one type of nutraceutical health product. In
pharmaceutical and biotech companies, there is a clear predilection for the discovery and production of
nutraceuticals over pharmaceuticals. In the United States, the nutraceutical industry is about $ 86. This
figure is somewhat higher in Europe and Japan; it accounts for about a quarter of its total annual food
sales of $ 6 billion - 47 percent of the Japanese population consume nutraceuticals. Professional
intelligences continuously propose that the market is continuous lyrising, even without specific financial
figures. The ageing baby-boomer population is one possible amplification for the growth of nutraceuticals
in the United States. As citizens' average age continues to rise, the population is increasingly focused on
health and wellness. By the middle of the 21st century, nearly 142 million Americans over the age of 50
could be based on a projected population of nearly 400 million citizens. As generic products enter the
market the price of some nutraceuticals may fall, the dependence of people on these products suggests
that market progress remains stable [7,50].
Together with India's rising healthcare industry, there is also a developing trend in Fast Moving
Healthcare Goods (FMHG) in India; ingredients with human health benefits beyond basic nutrition are by
definition is known worldwide as nutraceuticals.Nutraceutical and functional food ingredients are
ingredients that do not have essential nutritional benefits for human health. The market for
nutraceuticals in 2007 was INR 18.75 billion, according to Cygnus estimates. The total nutraceuticals
market in India is estimated at INR 44 billion in 2009; it is expected that it will reach INR 95 billion in
2013. Two segments of the market are food supplements and vitamins and minerals [7,51].
CHALLENGES
Although nutraceuticals have significant promises to promote human health and disease prevention,
health professionals and regulatory toxicologists could also work together strategically to plan
appropriate regulations to provide humanity with the ultimate therapeutic benefits. Quality controls such
as the composition and content of active ingredients in natural plants and maintenance are crucial for the
production processes of nutraceuticals. In order to determine the safety and efficacy of the product,
extensive safety studies are required, including acute, sub-acute, sub-chronic, chronic and long-term
toxicity studies, as well as studies in animals and clinical trials in humans. The safety and efficacy of
drugs, chemicals, food supplements and nutraceuticals can be examined using DNA microarray
technology. In summary, agricultural, food and biomedical biotechnology continue to grow as a constant
change in our lives, the potential for our food to one day also serve as medicines is high [52,53].
CONCLUSION
In many ways, the studies have confirmed the crucial role of nutraceuticals in the prevention and
treatment of different diseases. Most people prefer to treat any condition in a natural way that can be
achieved through the regular use of nutraceuticals. Nutraceuticals consumption is the best way to remain
natural and improve the quality of life. Nutraceuticals can also be an alternative for patients who are
unwilling to undergo chemical treatment. It is toocost-effective over other therapies. The studies show
that nutraceuticals mechanically carry out different types of biological activity. Ultimately, these
properties reduce age and chronic diseases. Many of these potential nutraceuticals are currently in the
research and development phases. The nutraceuticals marketing graph is also growing around the world.
The reported market values show the public behaviour to focus more on the use of nutraceuticals, which
is ultimately linked to the brighter scope of the nutraceutical industry. However, there is enormous scope
for further progress in the field by introducing supply carriers and raising awareness of the potential of
such systems. Therefore, the field undoubtedly has the greatest hidden value associated with it, which is
only necessary to explore in order to make life easier and better.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to Mr. Narayan Das Agrawal(Chancellor, GLA University, Mathura, India), Dr. Pradeep
Mishra (Director, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India), Prof. Meenakshi
Bajpai(Head of Department, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India) and Dr.
Agrawal
et al
BEPLS Vol 9 [8] July 2020 7 | P a g e ©2020 AELS, INDIA
Anoop Kumar Gupta(Dean Academic Affairs, GLA University, Mathura, India) for their praise worthy
inspiration and constant support.
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CITATION OF THIS ARTICLE
N Agrawal, A Goyal, A Jain. Nutraceuticals: Supplements For Building A Healthy World . Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life
Sci., Vol 9[8] July 2020 : 01-08
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