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Gnetum gnemon L. Gnetaceae
Tamarindus indica is one of the species in the Fabaceae which is widely used as food and traditional medicine. T. indica has naturalized in Indonesia, especially in Java Island and mostly only used as food, while its use as medicine is still limited. This study aims to explain the relationship between the use of T. indica as a traditional medicine and its bioactivity. The method used in this study is based on literature studies obtained online using the key word Tamarindus indica, uses of T. indica and bioactivities of T. indica. The use of T. indica as a traditional medicine is related to its bioactivity. Bioactivity of T. indica as antimicrobial, antidiabetic mellitus, anti-cholesterol, analgesic, antiobesity and antioxidant. Bioactivity of T. indica as anti-microbial and anti-cancer has the potential to be developed as a food preservative as well as providing healthy effects.
Isovitexin from Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) leaves was extracted using mixtures of liquid CO2 and ethanol. For finding out the optimum extraction condition, extraction tests were performed at 5, 20 and 25 °C under pressures ranging from 8 to 14 MPa. A conventional extraction by ethanol was performed to compare the extraction yield of isovitexin. We conducted qualitative and quantitative analyses for isovitexin in the extract by using HPLC. The effects of three operating parameters, including temperature, pressure and the mole fraction of ethanol in liquid CO2, on the extraction yield were investigated using the single-factor method. The yield of isovitexin in the extract was significantly improved by adjusting the extraction temperature and the solvent composition.
Ekstrak biji melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) mengandung berbagai macam stilbenoid yang dikenal sebagai “Resveratrol Melinjo”. Resveratrol menurunkan trigliserida dengan mengoksidasi kolesterol LDL dan memodulasi metabolisme lipid. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak biji melinjo terhadap kadar trigliserida tikus diet tinggi lemak. Penelitian ini berjenis eksperimental murni dengan randomized pre-post test randomized control group design yang terdiri dari 5 kelompok (K-, K+, P1, P2, dan P3). Kelompok P1 diberikan ekstrak biji melinjo dosis 250 mg/kg/hari, group P2 500 mg/kg/hari, dan group P3 2000 mg/kg/hari dimulai dari hari ke-16 sampai akhir penelitian. Trigliserida diukur dengan metode GPO-PAP. Data dianalisis dengan uji paired t-test. Kadar trigliserida pada kelompok K- menurun dari 89,96 mg/dl menjadi 80,66 mg/dl, kelompok K+ menurun dari 90,36 mg/dl menjadi 84,64 mg/dl, kelompok P1 menurun dari 92,9 mg/dl menjadi 76,3 mg/dl, kelompok P2 menurun dari 90,68 mg/dl menjadi 85,22 mg/dl dan kelompok P3 meningkat dari 73,5 mg/dl menjadi 83,4 mg/dl. Uji paired T-test menunjukkan adanya penurunan trigliserida yang tidak signifikan. Simpulan hasil studi ini adalah ekstrak biji melinjo tidak dapat mengurangi kadar trigliserida pada tikus diet tinggi lemak.
roteins hydrolyzed from melinjo seeds (Gnetum gnemon) at green (GM), yellow (YM) and red (RM) stages of maturity were studied for their effectiveness in antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. The seed protein extract was hydrolyzed using alcalase 2.4L, and the resulting hydrolysates with the highest degree of hydrolysis, protein profile, and the most potent contributors to antioxidant and invitro antidiabetic activities were identified. The degree of hydrolysis value of hydrolysates ranged from 52-84%, and the SDS-PAGE protein profile showed two distinct bands in which the band with molecular weight of 30 kDa degraded more intensively. Antioxidant capacity was measured using different standard methods, including radical cation 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothizoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS•+) assay, hydroxyl radical (OH•), and superoxide anion (O2•-) scavenging. The green hydrolysate (GMH) had significantly higher (p<0.05) free radical scavenging (ABTS•+, OH•, and O2•-) activities than that of the yellow hydrolysate (YMH) and red hydrolysate (RMH). However, invitro antidiabetic testing was performed based on the inhibitory activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. GMH was found to be more effective than YMH and RMH. These results showed that the antioxidant and antidiabetic activity in hydrolyzed GM protein has high potential to be utilized as natural nutraceuticals.
Objectives: Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) seeds have been known to have some biological properties. One of them is ant hypercholesterolemia. The present study investigated in vitro and in silico methods to predict potential antihypercholesterolemic of the Melinjo seed extracts of through HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity. Methods: Melinjo seed powders were successively extracted by reflux method using five solvents with gradient polarity including: n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol. All extracts were evaluated in vitro using HMG-CoA Reductase assay kit, to analyze the inhibitory activity. Molecular docking of the phytochemical content of the seeds were carried out using Auto Dock Vina, and also Ligand Scout to analyses interaction between ligand and receptor. Results: Dichloromethane extract demonstrated the highest inhibitory activity against HMG-CoA reductase with IC50 value is 0.40 μg/mL, followed by that of ethyl acetate extract. UPLC-MS analyses showed that dichloromethane extract contained trans-resveratrol, piceid, gnetin C, gnetol, isorhapontigenin, ɛ-viniferin, gnemonol L, and gnemonol M. Molecular docking studies demonstrated that dimer of resveratrol such as gnemonol L, gnemosida, and ɛ-viniferin have better free binding energy than that of monomer. piceid, gnetin C, gnemonol L, and gnemonol M could be considered as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Conclusion: Gnetum gnemon seed extract showed strong HMG-CoA reductase activity. Resveratrol dimer promises as a potential lead compound to design/synthesize anti-cholesterol.
Background: The awareness and trying of ethnic cuisine have increased due to the developing exchange of trade, movement of ethnicities across the globe, and tourist traveling opportunities. More people consume ethnic food for the appreciation of the culture and taste. Although the Dayaks are the largest indigenous group in Malaysia, little is done to date to explicate why Malaysians consume Dayak food. The present study aims to investigate the Dayak food choice of non-Dayak Malaysians and to assess its effect on consumption intention.
Methods: Self-administered questionnaire-based survey was used, and 195 respondents were sampled purposively in Malaysia. Partial least squares, a variance-based structural equation modeling technique, was utilized to perform the assessment of both the measurement and the structural models.
Results: The results show that only health consideration and sensory appeal have a positive effect on the intention to consume Dayak food. It implies that most Malaysians consume only selected Dayak dishes occasionally.
Conclusion: Hence, it is imperative that Dayak food is promoted among the local people first. Only when Dayak food is appreciated and accepted by the local people could the food be further promoted to the tourists. This would have a positive impact on the food business and tourism industry in Sarawak and Malaysia.
The identification of fruit-bark of Melinjo was carried out using fractionation column chromatography resulted in 3 isolates A-C with presumption of containing five stilbene derivatives compounds (isorhapontigenin, resveratrol, gnetin D, gnetifolin K, gnetol) and one lignan compound ((+)-lirioresinol B) based on the results of the characterization of UV-Vis, FTIR, and LC-ESI-MS. Isolate C that containing gnetol and (+)-lirioresinol B was reacted through prenylation process with prenyl bromide as a source of prenyl group and K2CO3 as catalyst with reflux system at 60 °C for 24 h. Characterization using LC-ESI-MS showed that gnetol and (+)-lirioresinol B was successfully prenylated with one additional prenyl group. The prenylated stilbene showed comparable antioxidant effect and was slightly lower than the nature stilbene structure, as the impact of the attachment of prenyl moieties at their hydroxyl groups in stilbene, and showed moderate activity against P-388 murine leukemia b cells. The observed inhibition of the bioactivity test provides a reasonable mechanism for the potent cancer chemo preventive activity of prenylated stilbene compounds and may pose this compound as a valuable agent for the treatment of diseases.
In this paper we report on the antioxidant components and activities of the edible parts of Gnetum gnemon (young and mature leaves, seed skin and endosperm), as well as their ability to inhibit DNA damage. Since Gnetum gnemon is usually consumed daily as a boiled vegetable, we also measured the effect of boiling on the antioxidant components and activities. The mature leaves contain the greatest levels of antioxidant components, followed by the young leaves. Accordingly, the mature and young leaves possess the highest antioxidant component and DNA damage prevention activities. However, the endosperm also has significant activity in ORAC, peroxyl radical-scavenging activity and DNA damage prevention activity at higher concentrations. Boiling decreased the amount of antioxidant components as well as the antioxidant activities in all edible parts examined, except for the seed skin. The results presented here indicate that the edible parts of G. gnemon are a potential source of natural antioxidants and can be beneficial, consumed as a daily vegetable or processed into an extract for use as a food additive.
Melinjo ( Gnetum gnemon L.) is an Indonesian native plant which has not been widely accepted due to its limited utilization. Mainly, melinjo is consumed as an ingredient to make a vegetable dish or as raw material of ‘ emping’. The purpose of this research was to study the antimicrobial activity of the melinjo seed extract and melinjo peel extract. In this study, extraction from melinjo seed and peel was conducted by maceration using three kinds of solvent: ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane for 24 h at room temperature. The results showed that none of the melinjo extracts (concentration from 5% - 25% w/v) could inhibit the growth of Aspergillus flavus IPBCC 88.030; whereas for Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876 , S taphylococcus aureus ATCC 25953, and E nterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048 there was efficient inhibition by 5% (w/v) of melinjo seed-ethanol extract. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of melinjo extract was ranged from 0.26 μg mL ⁻¹ to 1.46 μg mL ⁻¹, whilst the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) value was ranged from 1.02 μg mL ⁻¹ to 6.04 μg mL ⁻¹. The inhibitory capacity of extract had a similar level as compared to 10 ppm penicillin G on B. cereus ATCC 10876 as well as on S. aureus ATCC 25953. Furthermore, as compared to 10 ppm streptomycin, the inhibitory capacity of the extract was equal for the all tested bacteria. Cell wall deformation was observed using SEM, and confirmed by the presence of ions (Ca ²⁺ and K ⁺) outside of the cells, detected by means of AAS.
The protein from the seeds of melinjo ( Gnetum gnemon ) was purified using a precipitation method and ion exchange chromatographic techniques to identify the potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. Two antioxidant protein fractions were isolated from G. gnemon seed with molecular weights of approximately 30 kDa (Gg-AOPI) and 12 kDa (Gg-AOPII) by SDS-PAGE. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of Gg-AOPII is Gly-Asn-Gly-Lys-Ala-Thr-Val-Ala-Ile-Leu-Val-Lys-Glu-Lys-Val-Glu-Tyr-Gly-Glu-Glu, and the result of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis showed that they were distinct from each other; no protein in database matching was found to both Gg-AOPI and Gg-AOPII. The antioxidant or free radical scavenging activities of Gg-AOPs were investigated by employing in vitro assay systems including the inhibition of linoleic acid autoxidation, scavenging effect on α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), reducing power, chelating abilities of metal ions Cu(2+) and Fe(2+), and protections against hydroxyl radical-mediated DNA damages. The result showed that two protein fractions exhibited significant (p < 0.05) antioxidant activities against free radicals such as DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide anion and showed activities similar to those of glutathione (G-SH) and BHT in a linoleic acid emulsion assay system. Moreover, Gg-AOPI and Gg-AOPII also exhibited notable reducing power and strong chelating effect on Fe(2+) and protected hydroxyl radical induced oxidative DNA damage. The data obtained by the in vitro systems obviously established the antioxidant potency of Gg-AOPs.
An ethnobotanical study was conducted in five villages in the vicinity of Cimande Resort, Bogor, West Java, predominantly occupied by the Sundanese people. Forty-eight species of plants were recorded in their application in postpartum care and four species of plants in the care of the newborns. “Jamu Godogan†or boiled herbs, taken by mothers on day 8-15 after birth, contained most diverse herbs of 11 plants species. Three species (Curcuma longa, Piper betle, and Plectranthus scutellarioides) have more than two utilization categories. Nine out of 50 species of utilized medicinal plants have not been registered in the Indonesian Medicinal Plants Index and Medicinal Plants Dictionary; thus, new records.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
In this study, we compare the traditional medicinal knowledge and associated spiritual practices of healers with that of non-healers, to understand the relevance of healers in contemporary times. Given that Brunei Darussalam is well-known for its forest cover, the study also aims to understand the number of species collected from the forests, compared to those from human influenced habitats.
Materials and methods
A total of six specialist healers from Belait, Tutong, Dusun and Iban communities, and seven non-healers who had personal experience in self-medication using medicinal plants participated in the study. We identified the specialist healers through purposive sampling, on the basis of their reputation in the locality, while the non-healers were those experienced in self-medication, recommended by the healers. Informants were interviewed at their residences, followed by collection trips to the plant habitats. We classified the total recorded ailments into 15 disease categories. We then compared the medicinal uses cited by healers to those mentioned by non-healers, as well as with prior published records from Brunei Darussalam. We also compare the habitats of species cited by both healers and non-healers to understand the dependency of the local pharmacopoeia on forests and human-influenced habitats.
Results
Our study records 175 medicinal plants belonging to 85 families, the majority of which (92) were exotic to Borneo. There were 110 species collected from disturbed, human influenced habitats such as roadsides, agricultural fields, secondary and degraded forests, and homestead lands, while 58 species were collected from the forests surrounding Kiudang. Majority of the plants used by both healers and non-healers were collected from human-influenced habitats, indicating that the local pharmacopoeia could be a disturbance one. Most of the medicinal plants recorded in this study were used to treat chronic, but non-life threatening conditions. Ailments affecting the digestive system were the most targeted group with 67 species used. All medicinal uses with more than one citation were recorded from healers. Medicinal uses cited by healers also had greater correspondence with prior published reports from Brunei Darussalam. Healers believe that combining medicinal plants can produce a synergistic effect. Our study found that traditional knowledge related to healing practices is mostly transmitted vertically from parents to children. We also show that a ritual gift (pikaras) and invocations characteristic of the beliefs of the healers play an important role in facilitating healing.
Conclusion
Our study adds further evidence to prior studies that the medicinal plants and healing practices in the Kiudang region could be considered as disturbance pharmacopoeia. Healers with their knowledge on both therapeutic and spiritual aspects of healing continue to play an important role in local healthcare.
Indonesia memiliki lebih dari 350 etnis, setiap etnis mempunyai budaya, termasuk diantaranya upacara adat/ritual, salah satu ritual yang dilakukan oleh Keraton Yogyakarta adalah Upacara Jamasan Pusaka. Pada upacara jamasan ini biasanya banyak digunakan berbagai jenis sesaji yang berasal dari tumbuhan utuh atau bagian tumbuhan yang diolah menjadi makanan, minuman, dan hiasan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan November 2014. Data pada penelitian ini meliputi makna filosofis tumbuhan yang digunakan pada upacara jamasan, dan jenis tumbuhan yang digunakan pada upacara jamasan. Data pada penelitian ini diperoleh dengan cara deep Interview dengan informan kunci abdi dalem Keraton. Data pada penelitian ini dianalisa secara deskriptif kuantitatif dan deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil pada penelitian ini adalah tumbuhan yang paling banyak digunakan dalam upacara jamasan pusaka berasal dari famili Zingiberaceae dan Poaceae sebanyak 7,44%. Urutan kedua tumbuhan yang paling banyak digunakan pada upacara jamasan pusaka adalah famili Papilionaceae dan Myrtaceae 5,33%. Bagian tumbuhan yang paling banyak digunakan pada upacara jamasan pusaka adalah buah sebesar 39,8% dan daun 15,9%. Kata Kunci : Etnobotani, Tumbuhan ritual , Jamasan, Keraton Yogyakarta.
This study aimed to survey folk medicinal and edible plants sold in local markets, Phatthalung Province. Five representative districts including Kong Ra, Pa Phayom, Khuan Khanun, Mueang Phatthalung and Si Banphot were selected. Local vegetables and herbs were bought from the markets. The information including their names, price/unit and uses were collected from local sellers. A total of 67 species and 30 families were found as local vegetables. Among them, 53 species were medicinal plants. Edible plants were preferably prepared by heating process. Fruit was the most preferred part of use. Frequently used medicinal plant was Moringa oleifera Lam. Many medicinal plants were used for treating gastrointestinal diseases. Interestingly, 34 herbal species related to pharmacological activities. The most of plants were grown and sold by local farmers and were able to purchase through the year. The prices were ranged between 5-100 Thai Baht/unit. Leafy vegetables were sold as sheaf, whereas rhizomes, tubers, corms and fruits were sold as kilogram. The results were compared to PROSEA. It was found that 46 edible species and 13 herbal species were closely used to those database. This outcome schemes to predict the adequate quantity of local vegetables as herbal and edible consumption in Phatthalung provinc.
Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) is widely cultivated in Southeast Asia. Its fruit and seeds are common ingredients in Indonesian foods. The seeds are very rich in resveratrol dimers such as gnetin C and its glucosides, gnemonoside A and gnemonoside D, and also contain trans-resveratrol and its glucoside, trans-piceid. The safety of melinjo seeds is assured, since people in Southeast Asia have consumed them for a long time; however, their safety has not been scientifically verified. In this study, the safety of melinjo seed extract (MSE) powder was assessed in an acute oral toxicity study, a 4-week repeated dose toxicity study, and in a micronucleus test in rats. In the acute and subchronic toxicity studies, the group administered the powder did not show any toxicologically significant MSE-related changes, compared with the control group. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was determined as 1,000 mg/kg/day. A genotoxicity test (rat bone marrow micronucleus test) was negative for MSE powder at levels up to 4,000 mg/kg/day. These results might provide supportive evidence of safety of melinjo seeds, which has been used as food ingredients for a long time.
A survey on the utilization of medicinal plants in Southern Thailand were carried out by interviewing herbalists followed by collecting and identifying plant specimens. In addition, the plant specimens were compared with the authentic specimens at two herbaria: Bangkok Herbarium (BK) and the Royal Forest Herbarium (BKF). One hundred and five species of medicinal plants belonging to forty-five families were recorded as medicinal plants. Of there seventy-six were dicots, twenty-four monocots, one species of gymnosperm and three species ferns. Eighty-five species were used as single remedy, twelve species were used as combination whereas the other eight species could either be use in combination or as single remedies. Thirty-four species were newly recorded as medicinal plants.
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