ArticlePDF Available

Sustainable tourism community: A case study of İstanbul

December 2020
Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Tourism 5(2):63-79

License
CC BY 4.0

Authors:

Considering the changes in the demands and needs of tourism community, sustainability is the most significant and essential guide who leads to diverse changes worldwide. Mindful of environmental, economic, cultural, and social changes worldwide, tourism community is a concept and also a fact that has a diverse range of impacts on locality and thence city life. Related to tourism, tourism is able to be seen as a relationship of three bottom lines between resource, production, and consumption. As a result of not only correlation to economic vitality due to new tourism marketing, but also development of communication and transportation, the world has literally become a local region. Not only a rapidly growing number of tourists but also a growing demand of consumption from society living in cities is one of the reasons why there is an increase in competition for resources citywide. This report will explain a combination of challenges of tourism development and restructuring of sustainable tourism community, which is involved in a new economic, social, cultural, and environmental pattern to understand the impacts of tourism with examining city of Istanbul as a case study.

Available via license: CC BY 4.0

Content may be subject to copyright.

ISSN: 2645-9078

OLD ISSN: 2548-0847

Journal of multidisciplinary academic tourism

2020, 5 (2): 63-79

www.jomat.org

Sustainable tourism community : A case study of İstanbul

Cumhur Olcar

ABSTRACT

Keywords:

Sustainability,

Community,

Tourism industry.

Considering the changes in the demands and needs of tourism community, sustainability is the most

significant and essential guide who leads to diverse changes worldwide. Mindful of environmental,

economic, cultural, and social changes worldwide, tourism community is a concept and also a fact that

has a diverse range of impacts on locality and thence city life. Related to tourism, tourism is able to be

seen as a relationship of three bottom lines between resource, production, and consumption. As a result

of not only correlation to economic vitality due to new tourism marketing, but also development of

communication and transportation, the world has literally become a local region. Not only a rapidly

growing number of tourists but also a growing demand of consumption from society living in cities is

one of the reasons why there is an increase in competition for resources citywide. This report will explain

a combination of challenges of tourism development and restructuring of sustainable tourism

community, which is involved in a new economic, social, cultural, and environmental pattern to

understand the impacts of tourism with examining city of Istanbul as a case study.

Article History:

Submitted:19.04.2019

Accepted: 10.08.2020

Doi: https://doi.org/10.31822/jomat.739909

1. Introduction

As tourism grows as part of regional and national

economies, many places from cities to rural areas

have promoted tourism as a means of economic

development and prosperity. However, crowded

tourism also raises concerns about sustainability.

Tourists can increase undesired cultural, economic

and environmental damage; disrupt local real

estate markets; cause pollution and over-

development; and turn local cultures into

commodities. It is possible for tourism to make a

profit without harming local and global

communities. While social scientists have been

critical of the concept of community for a long time,

the concept of community has gained popularity in

the discourse of tourism planning and

development. However, one of the reasons for

preventing the success of community-based

tourism (CBT) programs is that organizers do not

see the local community with the tourist

community included in the concept of community.

As expected, this new idea, the Tourism

Community, can be used wisely in tourism

marketing. Due to the communication power of

tourism, the representation of destinations has

direct and potentially significant effects on people

who are presented, represented and

misrepresented and (sub) groups that do not have

such representations.

A community participation approach has long been

advocated as an integral part of sustainable

tourism development. The approach is expected to

increase the carrying capacity of a community by

reducing the negative effects of tourism and

increasing its positive effects. Participation is not

only to distribute material resources more

efficiently and fairly, but also to transform the

information sharing and learning process into the

service of people. We can define the purpose of

participation as redistribution of power. Thus, the

sustainable tourism community can ensure the

redistribution of tourism benefits and costs. In the

context of tourism planning, the concept of

sustainable tourism community includes tourism

of all communities (tourists, global tourism

organizations and companies, local government

officials, local citizens, architects, developers,

businessmen and planners).

Research Paper

Cumhur Olcar:

PhD Candidate, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Turkey, email address: cumhurolcar@gmail.com, orcid id:

0000-0003-3020-4875

Jomat is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Derivable 4.0 International License.

Cumhur Olcar

The image of tourism is based not only on the local

community, however, on the assets of the natural

environment, infrastructure, facilities and local

community, including special events or festivals.

Therefore, the collaboration of the host community

is necessary to properly access and develop these

assets. Public participation is a driving force to

protect the natural environment and culture of

local communities as tourism products, but also

promotes more tourism-related income. However,

since the tourism industry is sensitive to both

internal and external forces, many tourism

development plans are often partially implemented

or not implemented at all. Besides, even those that

have been fully implemented are not always

sustainable. Therefore, all plans should be linked

to the overall socio-economic development of both

tourism communities in order to increase the

feasibility and life of the projects. Therefore, this

study reviews the basic theories used to discuss the

participation of a joint community of two different

combinations: sustainable tourism community,

tourism and local communities, including

redistribution of power, cooperation processes and

social capital creation. This theory forms the basis

for defining a community-based tourism (CBT)

model. The author examines Istanbul with a case

study to evaluate the actual level of participation

of this model in a study area.

Tourism has become the logical outcome of the

global nature of capitalism in many ways as an

environmental end game. Governments managing

newly emerging economies force their citizens

living in touristic areas to migrate from where they

live in order to gain a place in the global tourism

market. This reveals a new concept of refugee: the

tourism refugee. The spread of tourism habitat

means protecting myriad economic, ecological,

social and political process with neoliberal

engagement. This process, which we can call

neoliberal conservation, is performed for the

privileged part of the world population, which is

the living condition created by the capitalist

civilization (Mostafanezhad et al., 2016: p. 1). To

end this unfair approach does not mean to end

tourism activities. On the contrary, a tourism

market to be built by including the local

community is possible. Sustainable and

community-based tourism proves to us that mass

tourism is possible without hindering nature,

culture and social life. Facilitation of tourism can

be realized especially with the panoply of political

forms (Douglas, 2014: p. 12).

Local communities are developed with tourism,

utilizing their resources. These resources may

include cultural and natural assets and tangible

and intangible heritage. These resources were

actually in place before tourism activities and they

did not exist for tourism activities. It would be

somewhat different by type of tourism and / or

community; however, tourism does not require

extensive economic or capital investment, except

for large-scale infrastructure such as airports.

Hence forth, developing states consider tourism as

foreign exchange gains. World Heritage Sites can

actually be used to develop communities.

Economic, socio-cultural, environmental and

behavioural impacts of these touristic sites should

be carefully brought to tourism in sustainable

ways. In many places, tourism can work as a

community development tool. Tourism can have an

important meaning especially for local

communities in rural or isolated areas. For some

areas, tourism is the only industry they can foster

for their economic development. On the other hand,

tourism can also become an alternative, new and

main industry for places where traditional

industries have been declining. Tourism can be

used as a tool for local communities to benefit from

the positive change of rural or urban areas

(Jimura, 2019: p.67).

Gross National Product shows that any output

produced in their country is important. Tourism is

an important economic output for countries

established as distant islands or small or

underdeveloped countries. 40.9% of the GNP of

these countries consists of tourism revenues.

Therefore, the importance of local governments

and local communities is emphasized for tourism

activities. Revenues of local governments from

tourism of local communities vary depending on

various factors. Some of these factors are the

number of tourists staying in the touristic area, the

duration of the trips, the amount of spending per

tourist, and the amount of spending in local

conditions. However, while the economic gain of

local residents from tourism revenues is indirect, it

is observed that local communities are difficult to

experience the opinion that they are financially

effective. As a matter of fact, the fact that central

governments or local governments have increased

their income from tourism does not require local

residents to gain income from tourism or an

increase in their income (Jimura, 2019: p. 82). With

the development of the tourism industry,

governments generate employment. Tourism is a

preferred alternative for job creation in regions

where some types of industry have declined.

Journal of multidisciplinary academic tourism 2020, 5 (2): 63-79

Tourism is therefore trigger the inflow of people to

a tourist destination. Touristic cities or regions,

whose population is increasing and whose social

structure is diversified, can therefore create new

employment areas. Therefore, positive change is

not limited to the tourism industry. Furthermore,

tourism can also protect existing employment

opportunities in the tourism and relevant

industries. Besides, tourism provides young people

and/or women in traditional societies with

employment opportunities (Jimura, 2019: p. 83).

However, the number of tourists increases as the

tourism industry develops, and this development

can cause inflation and increase the cost of living

for local residents. This issue can affect the price of

property, daily goods and services, all of which are

important for local people’s daily lives. The main

cause of this phenomenon is that the level of

demand for these products can increase because of

the influx of people and businesses from outside

local communities. Especially the developments in

the real estate market cause quite challenging

living conditions for the local community. A very

high demand for property is observed in popular

tourist destinations, although tourism is not the

only reason for inflation and increase in the cost of

living. Local inhabitants are deprived of affordable

housing especially in tourism cities where the

building stock is not sufficient and the

transportation infrastructure is not developed

(Jimura, 2019: p. 84).

Tourism can encourage overcrowding and local

residents may feel threatened by this development.

The presence of a large number of foreigners can

lead to the invasion of the privacy of the local

people. This flow of visitors can also trigger various

jams, such as traffic jams. Noise pollution and

parking problems are also socio-cultural issues

that can be worsened by tourism. The parking and

driving system is one of the best ways to reduce

traffic congestion and has been adopted by many

attractions. Tourism can cause local population

growth. The above factors can cause changes in the

social structure of local communities, including

social polarization. Social polarization refers to an

increase in the uneven distribution of wealth.

However, the unsustainable development of

tourism can lead to this increase or advance.

Tourism can also increase solidarity among local

residents. The sense of community is very effective

in strengthening the harmony of their behaviour

towards becoming a tourism community of a local

community accompanied by events or festivals

(Jimura, 2019: p. 97). The main types of

environmental impacts of tourism related to

tourism destination development encompass

inappropriate development, loss of habitat,

extinction of species, pollution and loss of spirit.

Concerning inappropriate development, an

extensive development of resort complexes with

high density can instigate serious negative

environmental impacts on flora and fauna.

Especially, trekking tourism is a painful business

for local communities and their natural

environment. Deforestation is one of the major

issues in the local natural environment where

trekking tourism occurs. A lot of litter is landfilled

locally and this can trigger soil pollution. (Holden,

2016: p. 116).

Most tourist destinations are also local peoples’

places of residence. Hence, their life must come

first and the necessity to sustain their life must be

secured. Such basic infrastructure for local

residents includes water, electricity and gas.

Hence, it must be remembered that, originally,

these basic services were provided to satisfy the

needs of local communities, and tourism does not

always guarantee further development of such

infrastructure. If tourism develops without extra

investment in such basic infrastructure, there is

competition between local residents and visitors for

limited facilities and services. This problem occurs

in developed countries as well as in less-developed

countries (LDCs). Tourism development also

requires infrastructure for local communities and

visitors, including transport infrastructure and

services, attractions, restaurants and cafes.

Transport is essential for tourism. Moreover,

transport infrastructure and services affect the

attractiveness of a tourist destination. Parking

spaces are also required to accommodate privately

owned and rented cars used by local residents and

visitors, although many tourist destinations

encourage visitors to come by public transport to

realize tourism in a sustainable manner (Jimura,

2019: p. 117).

The need to change cultural practices for

presentation and sale to tourism interests was a

commonly cited problem. When the reports from

local communities are analysed, it is seen that the

control regarding cultural changes is out of the

local authorities. Therefore, among the effects of

tourism complained by local residents, there is an

inability to change culture. The use of certain

images of local people and their culture to promote

regions resulted in residents being trapped in

certain lifestyles in order to meet tourist

expectations. The patterns of employment

associated with tourism also had negative impacts

Cumhur Olcar

on destination cultures. Due to the changing

cultural social structure, traditional activities have

become obsolete. In particular, young people have

gradually moved away from local culture values as

they adapt to changing culture faster (Moscardo,

2008: p. 3). In particular, the bonds established

between tradition and nature are weakening

gradually. In addition to the damage caused by

tourism, local residents, which keep pace with the

changing lifestyle due to new cultural values, have

become harmful to nature. Hence forth, the role of

ecotourism within the sustainable tourism concept

and the role of interpretation in ecotourism are

sustainability, with its fundamental concerns

including environmental degradation, impact on

local communities and the need for high-quality

tourism management. Although ecotourism

involves the natural environment, it is

differentiated from nature-based tourism by the

characteristic that it contributes to conservation.

The primary motivation of ecotourists is education.

Through education, the local community

understands how it can live without harming

nature and tourist structures at the centre of

tourism. In addition, tourists are obliged to adapt

to these living conditions as they perform their

services sustainably (Moscardo, 2008: p. 93).

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Tourism Community Stakeholders

Tourism is one of the global industry’s most

precious resources, not only because it provides

space for commodification and consumption, but

because it provides many of the resources required

to enable rising flows of seasonal and permanent

lifestyle for both almost every culture and

individual. Tourism is also essential to support the

life of individuals to the ultimate freedom and

luxury while it is a global social phenomenon

contributed to increasing green and sustainable

network worldwide. However, at the prevailing

view lies the belief that tourism analysis is able to

compromise the combination of interdisciplinary

and multidisciplinary through its emerging

conscious that construe to each change among

interconnected economic, social, and

environmental changes worldwide (Mathieson and

Wall, 1992: p. 1; Burns, 1995: p. 9; Meethan, 2001:

p. 4; Shaw and Williams, 2004: p. 76). In this

context, tourism is able to be described as “Tourism

activity that engages local community interests in

a meaningful partnership with the tourism

industry to construct a destination product that is

appropriate from a local business, societal and

environmental perspective (Murphy, P. and

Murphy, A., 2004: p. 7).”

As an emerging niches market of tourism industry,

according to WTO tourist is “a visitor who travels

either internationally, by crossing an international

border, or domestically by travelling within her/his

own country. In both cases the visitor travels to a

place other than her/his usual (home) environment,

is away from home for at least one night and the

purpose of the visit is not paid for by the place

visited. Tourists that stay for a few hours but not

overnight are called excursionists” (cited in

Murphy, P. and Murphy, A., 2004: p. 12). In order

to able to describe tourist through its current

appearance into globe, ‘purpose of trip’, ‘residence

of the traveller’ and ‘length of stay’ are significant

and considerable measures (Mathieson and Wall,

1992: p. 37; Murphy, P. and Murphy, A., 2004: p.

12). Tourist seems likely related that mobilisation,

relaxation and safety, consumption, leisure

conditions and an experience of being different

places. In addition, the characteristics of the

interacting groups or individuals and the

conditions of place where homes the

communication are the major factors for

reconstructing a relationship between tourist and

host globally (Mathieson and Wall, 1992: p. 135).

According to this view, redefinition of tourist by

WTO (UNWTO, 1995) is that “travelling to and

staying in places outside their usual environment

for not more than one consecutive year for leisure,

business and other purposes.”

Matthew (cited in Murphy, P. and Murphy, A.,

2004: p. 15) asserts that “Community comes from

the word communion, to share a common task

together. And it’s in the sharing of that task that

people do bigger things than they knew were

capable of. Then there is really something to

celebrate.” Besides, Dalton (cited in Murphy, P.

and Murphy, A., 2004: p. 16) described that

“Interest in community is based on the practical

grounds that people increasingly are coming

together to identify their needs and through

cooperative action improve their social and

physical environment.” In addition to this, Warren

(cited in Murphy, P. and Murphy, A., 2004: p. 17)

states that “...an aggregation of people competing

for space. The shape of the community, as well as

its activities is characterized by differential use of

space and by various processes according to which

one type of people and/or type of social function

succeeds another in the ebb and flow of structural

change in a competitive situation.” With respect to

the emerging tourism community, it reflects a

strong sense of belonging together and wanting to

preserve and enhance the home territory. Such

feelings are synonymous with smaller sized

Journal of multidisciplinary academic tourism 2020, 5 (2): 63-79

communities and could be equated with localised

destination areas. The tourism within these

communities is likely to include a combination of

international tourists, domestic tourists and

excursionists (Murphy, P. and Murphy, A., 2004: p.

14-18, 24-26, 287). The relevance of these

definitions and also a many of others to community

tourism is derived from its being based on social,

cultural, historical, economic, and environmental

principles that conceptualise change as an outcome

of competition (Murphy, 1985: p. 131-133;

Mathieson and Wall, 1992: p. 137,141,154,161;

Choi and Murray, 2009; Koutsouris, 2009).

Communities have shaped in relation between

mobility which compromises goods, information,

services, and financial transactions are all mobile

over space, as are people. Meanwhile, despite the

developmental models require self-interest,

intensity, and diversity within communities, the

notions is able to turn community spirit which

encompasses each stakeholder of tourism in order

to create desirable destinations (Burns, 1995: p. 9,

41; Mathieson and Wall, 1992: p. 141, Shaw and

Williams, 2004: p. 2,283; Getz and Timur, 2009).

Tourism industry is one of the global forces that are

shaping the socio-economic and environmental

relations worldwide. Tourism industry not only

enhances usage of place for users and visitors and

also creates more appropriate spaces for a diverse

range of providers and other sectors of the

economy. Tourism is also of the largest and fastest

growing global industries by economic measure

including gross output, value added, employment,

capital investment and tax contributions. The

combination of global, national, local and other

tourist-related bodies that make returns on

investment and aid in remedying economic

challenges is to support and promote the tourism

industry (Mathieson and Wall, 1992: p. 183; Shaw

and Williams, 2004: p. 4, 11, 224). Considering the

rapidly changing global tourism pattern for at least

last three decades, worldwide international

arrivals counted 1.4 billion in 2018. Tourism

industry generated US$ 1.7 trillion or close to US$

4.6 billion a day in 2018. Almost 30% of the world’s

exports of commercial services and 6% of overall

exports of goods and services are accounted by

tourism industry in 2018. In this context, Europe

is to remain the strongest magnet for tourism with

arrivals growth holding half of total arrivals whilst

Asia and Africa has marked increase in

international tourist receipts during the period

between 2017 and 2018 with almost 5% for each.

Correlated to a global export category, tourism

ranks fourth after fuels, chemicals and automotive

products (UNWTO, 2019). Despite the advantages

of providing international tourism data through

leading origin and destination countries, in order

to understand tourism growth and its impacts on

globe and local, the data searching must be able to

extend behind also rising domestic tourism

(Mathieson and Wall, 1992: p. 1; Lockwood and

Medlik, 2001: p. 4).

2.2. Urban age for Sustainable Tourism

Community

The socio-spatial reorganisation of tourism

community has had three different paradigms

between 19th and 21th centuries including

modernity, post-modernity, and currently

globalisation through economic, social, cultural

and political changes worldwide (Meethan, 2001).

In Modernity, the differentiation between home

and leisure has been described as a consequence of

regulated production towards wage labour that

organised around clock time. As a react of

fragmentation, discontinuity and alienation in

Modernity, the tourists meet to a new

conceptualised tourism as ‘sacred journey’ and a

form of ‘secular pilgrimage’ towards the utopian

authentic against a dystopian vision of modernity

in ‘post industrial modernity’. As the

postmodernism consolidated through urban areas

relating to changing patterns of consumption,

tourism became largely to dominate and structure

new patterns of consumption based on cities and

regions with its control of resources and trade

routes (Meethan, 2001: p. 14-32; Bailey and

Richardson, 2010). As a result of not only

correlation to the revaluation of space due to

commodification but also a reassertion of the

locality, the world has literally become a local

region for tourism. It is apparent that rapidly

growing new forms of culture is a mixture of

diverse components. Although there are argues

that homogenised culture is appearance worldwide

at now more than ever as a result of a loss of

identity between local communities (Meethan,

2001: p. 5-36; OECD, 2009). In this context, “As

globalisation involves increasing interconnectivity,

increasing economic ‘depth’, and the extension of

commodity relations, it may appear that the local

is therefore being subsumed into a wider economic

framework (Meethan, 2001: p. 40).”

One of the great introductory clichés of tourism

studies is urbanisation. As a consequence of mass

factory production and marked suburbanisation,

increasing economies of scale, political activity

through local government, and civic identity, and

centralised social and leisure facilities were shaped

Cumhur Olcar

the pattern of space. Therefore, ‘reimagining of the

city’ allowed considerable impacts on urbanisation

through creation of new spaces of consumption as

part of expansive series of changes in urban living

(Meethan, 2001: p. 7-22). Moreover, as a result of

the inevitable rebirth of a new urban style of life

through heritage and urban conservation

movements, a growing number of individuals have

been obligated to move into central and inner city

from their suburbs. It is able to emphasize that the

consequence of gentrification related to new

pattern of production and consumption, the

dereliction of local community has emerging. In

this process, old physical environment and

community were restored to attract new urban life

and also new economic production, tourism

(Meethan, 2001: p. 20-22). “This can be seen in

terms of gentrification and the revaluation of

urban space, where the interpretation of problem

areas into areas of opportunity changed both the

economic and symbolic valuation of place. By the

same time token, the developments of these new

spaces of urban consumption contributed to a

devaluation of the traditional resort areas

(Meethan, 2001: p. 32).” It seems likely that re-

urbanization, reflecting economic restructuring a

global effort to improve living, working and leisure

conditions in city centres. In addition, as previously

mentioned, urban consumer and increasing visitor

of cities is the major cause for regenerating globally

integrated tourist-historic cities rather than local

concerns (Ashworth and Tunbridge, 1990: p. 264;

Meethan, 2001: p. 22; EC, 2000). On the one hand,

in terms of ‘tourist gaze’, the creation of

representations and symbols encompass not only

for central importance to tourist industry, but also

for the new urban destinations. On the other hand,

in order to supply global and regenerated cities to

be confirmed by experience, understanding of

tourism is able to reveal and design by travel

writing, TV programmes, and online world

(Meethan, 2001; Urry, 2002).

And therefore, Meethan (2001: p. 37) asserts that

“the development of tourist space means change at

the level of lived experience for those whose space

of home, or of work, is the space of leisure for

others.” It is able to be seen that “Local practices

and local values shape responses to globalisation,

but also help to shape globalisation (Shaw and

Williams, 2004: p. 270).” However, not only

sophisticated consumer with exaggerated

expectations but also lower prices and transaction

is one of the reasons why there is an increase in

demand for places are made and remade through

engagement with tourism but not local

communities yet (Lockwood and Medlik, 2001: p.

28; Meethan, 2001: p. 5-7; Shaw and Williams,

2004: p. 19). Related to this, ‘the renaissance of

tradition and reenchantment of place’ is quickly

replicated by urban areas towards “the concern for

style, the stylization of life, the ‘no rules only

choices’ slogan of the ever renewable lifestyle

(Featherstone, 1990)” As a result of commodified

aesthetic attributes of places, tourism has become

major element of growth in the sites of leisure

consumption where has reached a new intensity

(Lefebvre, 1991: 32-34, 222; Meethan, 2001: p. 14-

38). Correlated with these ideas, the production of

tourist spaces is able to be seen as a dynamic

process of commodification which has changing

relationship between source, production, and

consumption as a three bottom line that address

local community to be survived (Meethan, 2001: p.

40; Bramwell, 2011). It is also a new system of

communication requires both material and

symbolic changes to delineate socio-economic

positions and distinctions as the production has

introduced with a combination of different styles

including both different cultures and epochs and

excluding local identity (Meethan, 2001: p. 7-29;

OECD, 2006; Chhabra, 2008).

In fact, the culture and life style desired to be

created is a fully planned community. “While cities

have been planned for many years, it was during

the early 20th century that the first so-called‘

planned ’communities were constructed, where an

attempt was made to create a sense of place and

communitas in an artificially constructed

environment. Early attempts to create public

housing ‘communities’ were dismal failures, with

their consequences still being felt today in terms of

the concrete ghettos they created. The first of these

so-called modern community-creation movements

is arguably the Garden City movement of Europe

and the United Kingdom, followed by the post

World War II New Town movement in the UK

(Beeton, 2006: p. 6). ”

Metropolises are the most important tourist

destinations due to the diversity of resources they

offer. Small but architectural or nature-specific

towns may also be the sea of tourist consumerism.

Towns and cities are actually much more

interesting than the tourist is often allowed to

appreciate. Tourists get in touch with the local

community in towns and benefit their own personal

development. Destination attributes, resource

endowment and potential impact are the basis on

which communities should pursue specific tourist

types — ethnic, cultural, historic, environmental

Journal of multidisciplinary academic tourism 2020, 5 (2): 63-79

and recreational, the first four being most

controllable at this level (Richards and Hall, 2000:

p. 102). Tourism also helps towns and cities to

develop themselves. They improve their personal

behaviour and diversify their landscape designs in

order to increase the number of visitors and

economic gain of the host community. These

developments make the touristic cities more

tolerant and safe. Consequently, tourism can

positively promote a community to potential

investors and residents as well as visitors.

However, not all tourist images attract the desired

type of resident or even reflect the community’s

self-image. When looking at developing

communities through tourism, one of the most

important elements is that of the image of the

community in its target markets. However, it is

important to acknowledge that if there is a conflict

between the tourist’s image and what they

experience, they will most likely be dissatisfied.

Hence, if the community’s vision and goals do not

change, the grassrooted response will begin to

occur due to the number of visitors lost (Chiu,

2014).

Since tourism is based on places visited and people,

it cannot exist outside the community. For this

reason, tourism and community are

interdependent variables, any change that occurs

in one affects the other. Therefore, tourism is

important in indispensable value as a community

development tool. Especially it is significant for

rural and peripheral communities (Beeton, 2006: p.

16). Community Based Tourism (CBT) aims to

create a more sustainable tourism industry,

focusing on the host community in terms of

planning and maintaining tourism development

(Beeton, 2006: p. 50). CBT is an essential theory for

the response tourism community for both host and

visitor communities. CBT is vital for tourism's

economic and technological development of the

local community and for the visiting groups to have

a happy and peaceful experience. Another theory is

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). CSR is

about adopting business practices based on ethical

values and managing all aspects of the enterprise

in terms of its impact on employees, shareholders,

the environment and communities. CSR is one of

the main approaches to achieve sustainable

tourism development. The rapidly increasing

number of visitors and increasing expectations

from destination places are important for both local

communities and financial institutions. Therefore,

public-private partnership has been valued as of

the twenty-first century in terms of sustainable

tourism development. By developing public-private

partnerships between the community, local

government, local businesses, tourism operators

and private sector capital and intellectual

property, such organizations are able to leverage

the ethical benefits of tourism development in

communities (Beeton, 2006: p. 195-7 ).

2.3. Sustainable Tourism Community

In terms of sustainable tourism community,

pattern of sustainable development is required

from not only local, urban, and national but also

cross-border and macro regional territory to

interact with tourism. The link between

community and tourism has been applied most

strongly in the areas of economic development,

social planning, and urbanisation. “A sustainable

society is one that can persist over generations, one

that is farseeing enough, flexible enough, and wise

enough not to undermine either its physical or its

social system of support (Meadows, 1992).” Such

awareness of the local people by tourists and

authorities is clearly one of the first principles of

sustainable tourism. Mindful of the transformation

of new global economy, integrated new policies, and

the creation of a new familiar and global structure,

globalisation is a concept and trigger to mass

tourism in cities. A new established dominant

pattern for mass tourism reflects not only the social

division of the time including summer, month,

week, weekend holidays and also day-trip towards

the benefit of new infrastructures, but also the

socio-economic division through spaces and places

including seaside resorts, statutory holidays, and

camps. A new leisure places is demarcated from the

work habitat and defined physical and social space

deliberately isolated from the surrounding

environment and local communities for

conspicuous consumption and the activities that

could be pursued for its users, tourists (Meethan,

2001: p. 8-9, 11). “Tourism must travel to consume,

and what they consume is their destination

(Meethan, 2001: p. 15).” Given the complexities

involved in between tourist and host communities,

tourism is not able to lead the drive for solidarity

and cultural cohesiveness among host community

with a balanced concern for sustainable

consumption and social stability in a commodified

place where address production at same time

consumption. Considering the competition of basic

community resources including space on the road,

in the open and public spaces and facilities

including affordable housing rather than hotels or

hostels, community centres, and public transit,

residents have to face with visitors. The less

localised and changed forms of consumer behaviour

Cumhur Olcar

that is shaped in urban locations. A significant

problem the community faces today is that the local

population is still struggling to survive in the

symbolic boundaries created by the development of

new consumption spaces between insiders and

outsiders (Mathieson and Wall, 1992: p. 1;

Meethan, 2001: p. 152; Murphy, P. and Murphy, A.,

2004: p. 17). The appearance of new spaces which

are generally compact and walkable are in micro

locations is identifying the name of local

communities as a result of a community or

neighbourhood sentiment. Nevertheless, the same

identifying is not evidence that for an integral

aspect of cohesion between existing

neighbourhoods and users to use new spaces

mutually (Murphy, P. and Murphy, A., 2004: p. 17-

23). There is immense inequality between

individuals: as Nash (cited in Meethan, 2001: p. 57)

states “What is a limit for one people is not

necessarily a limit for another.” The role of tour

guides and other each partnership is vital to

prevent division between front and back and

therefore public and private or vice versa such as

tourist and local ghettos (Meethan, 2001: p. 152-

169; Jensen, 2010). In order to response to

requirement of tourism community including

interconnected and developed transport system,

luxury or well facilitated hotels and hostels, and

leisure activities which are resulted by high energy

consumption and a large of greenhouse gases, cities

perform to increase their infrastructure and global

support facilities. In opposite this effort, in order to

able to be sustainable tourist community and to

minimise its consumption, the changes in

consumer’s profile including demographic shifts,

technology, and time pressure must be aligning

with the changes in host community’s profile

including changes in working patterns and modes

of consumption in the hospitality industry through

a range of measures such as zoning regulations,

building codes and design standards with new

green economy structure (Ashworth and

Tunbridge, 1990: p. 53; Lockwood and Medlik,

2001: p. 30; Meethan, 2001: p. 83-136; Gracan,

2010; Blazevic and Zivadinov, 2010).

To take an advantage of the combination of

community and business, the triple bottom line

including host community, the tourists and the

industry is able to make a breakthrough for an

attainable and acceptable form of community

tourism towards economic prosperity,

environmental quality, and social equity

(Mathieson and Wall, 1992: p. 186; Lockwood and

Medlik, 2001: p. 70; Meethan, 2001: p. 58-59;

Murphy, P. and Murphy, P., 2004: p. 28, 261). If

participation of locality is to be more than a

globalised, standardised, and franchised

initiatives, and if that local ownership are

structured without emerging new local elites,

consequently tourism development is able to be

only really succeed (Meethan, 2001: p. 60-75).

Elliot (Meethan, 2001: p. 121) asserts that “There

has been a movement away from traditions and

religious and other values and vigorous local

communities have disappeared; others have

become more materialistic, hedonistic with weaker

family networks and community support systems.”

Changes to the culture can compromise its ability

to provide cohesion that benefit residents.

Although as tourism impacts on the community

increases in reverse way, the community is not

suitable to bridge growing gaps between local

community and its identity (Meethan, 2001: p. 83-

136).

As a result of social impacts of tourism, the cultural

and economic distance between tourists and hosts

is appeared increasingly. The quality of life of

residents is able to be sustained with local socio-

cultural events in the new space. Considering the

acculturation theory that is driven by exchange

process between tourists and hosts, while cultures

are meeting with each other, stability of weaker

culture is able to be promoted against the stronger

culture to not face a mirror effect. As cultural drift

happens in a temporary contact situation,

influences are more visible and permanent in local

society compared to tourist community (Murphy,

1985: p. 131-133; Mathieson and Wall, 1992: p.

137,141,154,161; Choi and Murray, 2009;

Koutsouris, 2009). The cities are compounded form

that has crisscrossed and telescoped by the

interaction of residents through vitality, history,

and services in order to bridge to its new global

appearance. Tourism has generally resulted not

only from destinations where is beautiful, vibrant,

prosperous, and well serviced but because of

locations which has well infrastructure,

accessibility, and something special among its life

circle (Murphy, P. and Murphy, A., 2004: p. 287;

Choi and Murray, 2009).

Approaches and models created for tourism plans

include sustainable development, system,

community, integrated planning, comprehensive

planning, flexibility and functional systems.

Community Approach focuses on decentralization

and emphasizes on democratization throughout

gained significance when political power shifted

from the central government to cities, towns, and

neighbourhoods, thereby giving voice and

Journal of multidisciplinary academic tourism 2020, 5 (2): 63-79

empowerment to local communities to address

their own problems. The involvement of local

residents in decision-making processes enhances

the cooperation between the host community and

the travel and tourism industry to advanced levels

(Philips and Roberts, 2013: p. 3). More sustainable

holistic tourism policy can plan Community-Based

Tourism-Promotion Zones (CBTPZ, or CTZ for

short) within tourist cities or in certain tourist

areas. “CTZ, acting directly under the national

government, would implement selective capital

investments, land use, zoning, building and design

regulations, and economic incentives to execute the

vision. The proposed zones would allow special

land uses, such as mixed-use areas and

redevelopment where appropriate (Philips and

Roberts, 2013: p. 137). ”

As tourism becomes important in communities

around the world, developing tourism sustainably

has become a primary concern. Communities are a

basic reason for tourists to travel, to experience the

way of life and material products of different

communities. Communities also shape the 'natural'

landscapes, which many tourists consume.

Communities are of course the source of tourists;

however, the effects that certain places and social

contexts cause during their visits shape the context

of the host community's experiences. Sustaining

the community/particular communities has

therefore become an essential element of

sustainable tourism. Tourism development, which

is aimed to be realized without community

sustainability, cannot be sustainable. (Richards

and Hall, 2000: p. 1).

Increasing geographic and social mobility has

weakened the concept of community by graying the

boundaries of globalization and localization. It has

become difficult to distinguish which one is the

local community and which is the global visitor.

The population of the cities has increased due to

the tourist community. Since the natural and

infrastructure resources of the city are also offered

to the visitors, any blockages or deprivations that

may occur should be prevented. Environmental,

economic, political, technological, cultural and

social considerations should be planned as holistic

and sustainability in line with the understanding

of place-based communities (Richards and Hall,

2000: p. 2-5)

3. METHOD

In this article, in order to understand the

sustainable tourism community planning theories

and applications in depth, a literature research

was conducted and a case study approach was

applied. Case study is particularly suited to study

the dynamic process-oriented nature of

collaborative planning processes. Case study

research is inherently multidisciplinary and

includes qualitative techniques for the discussion,

observation and analysis of documents. During the

case study, three main data collection methods

were used in the study: administrative, planning

and analysis of official documents and records and

reports of informal national and international

organizations; In-depth telephone and face-to-face

interviews with experienced planners, researchers,

university students and urban residents living in

tourist venues and areas involved in sustainable

tourism planning processes; observations to

improve interpretation of interview findings. The

first contacts for this article were established

through London Metropolitan University. A total of

16 people were interviewed. The technic of

interviews was semi-structured. Most of the

interviews were started by asking three basic

questions and then some broad questions about the

nature of the changes of local communities living

in the tourist area, the socio-economic and socio-

cultural context of the change process, the

background and involvement of the tourism

planning process. Although an interview guide was

used, the progress of the negotiations was released

and the questions were open-ended. The interviews

were held in the shops and workplaces of the

participants, airport, and touristic centres or in

places selected by the participants.

4. FINDINGS

Istanbul is an ageless city as a result of its multiple

historical, economic and so¬cial layers which

connects ages, civilisations, and mobilites since

almost 2,500 years. Re¬lated to Istanbul, Istanbul

is a ‘hinge city’ where “is a city of migrants rather

than immigrants, a place of location rather than a

destination, a city of mobilities” according to

Sennett (cited in LSECities, 2009: p. 13). Istanbul

is lively, beautiful, busy, chaotic, romantic,

historical and magnificent. As a city of more than

16 million people during the day, your location will

really change the impression you have. In this big

city built on two continents that transcend

continents, people live, work and have fun at great

distances. European side is for business but at the

same time Asian side is for housing. People

working for foreign and domestic large firms and

organizations live on neighbourhood islands, which

are formed by protected residences created in the

centre of the city. In fact, special regions have been

designed to live in remote suburbs, where small-

scale cities are located in the surrounding areas of

Cumhur Olcar

Istanbul and where these privileged employees go

and go in the city centre daily. Like these high-

income and high-income people, low-income urban

dwellers live far from the city, but their travels are

longer and complicated. It could be a tourist

paradise because it saw three empires in the long

history of the city: Eastern Roman, Byzantine and

Ottoman Empires. Maybe this city has seen

tourists from different parts of the world: Europe,

Middle East, Central Asia, Eurasia, and Africa. Or

it may have attracted the cause by creating strange

mixtures due to its conditions. Istanbul is a

mixture of east and west or a combination of old

and new or traditional and modern. Is Istanbul the

most in the west? Or is it the other way around? Is

"Contrast" an Istanbul-born phenomenon? These

theories are not hidden in the history of the city,

but the cement that forms the city even today.

Vikings called it Miklagard means big city, the

Slavs called it Tsarigrad means the City of Caesar,

and it was Constantinapolis for the Romans and

Greeks (Gray, 2019).

Istanbul has natural, heritage, and culture

resources that make it a home for many types of

tourism. For example, it is well-known city for

health and medical tourism. It also has high

standard marinas for yacht tourism and suitable

ports for cruise tourism. Considering many

heritage sites and attractions related to different

faiths, Istanbul as a city has been a vital

destination for religious tourism. Being a business

centre makes Istanbul one of the major

destinations for business tourism and MICE

(meetings, incentives, conferences, and

exhibitions) tourism. Istanbul hosted 128

international meetings in 2012 and 146 in 2013,

ranking 8th in convention delegate statistics

according to the International Congress and

Convention Association (Lowry, 2017). Istanbul is

considered an important location for education

tourism with many universities and international

schools. Istanbul also offers many venues for

shopping for everything from very low-priced goods

to expensive high-fashion and popular luxury

goods. With many venues including stadium,

courts, and pools and sea, Istanbul is a well-known

city brand in sports tourism also as hosting many

international sport games.

According the image of cities, impact of

globalisation in Istanbul is invisible yet. Although

it is a strong built relationship, however, it is not

an enough evidence for globalisation in this age.

Nevertheless, in last decades, it is clearly seen that

in order to attempt effort to regenerate centre of

the city under the control of the globally

interconnected stakeholders and partnerships for

socio-cultural and socio-economic development.

Nevertheless if the analyses expand towards daily

life of central zone rather than physical

community, It is able to be seen that Istanbul is a

world city which consist of a range of diversity in

communities whose has both root at closest regions

and exchange between each other in the same area

towards historical, social, economic, and religious

assets. In this view, Istanbul is a historic and world

city but not global yet, globalising city (Ashworth

and Tunbridge, 1990: p. 25-59; Urry, 2002; Scott,

2002: p. 79; Shaw and Williams, 2004). Recognising

of heritage has become an urban resource and this

resources support ‘history industry’, which shaped

not only form, functioning, and aim of the

‘commodified city’ but also its communities. In this

view, “Tourism is important to cities and that cities

are important to tourism (Ashworth and

Tunbridge, 1990: p. 51).” The heart of Istanbul

concern is in the conjunction of tourist, historic and

city. And it is located in centre of city. History of

concern most relate about the preservation of

aspect of old built environment. However, there is

another necessity to be able to sustain area,

preservation of local community (Fsadni and

Selwyn, 1996: p. 66-72; Ashworth and Tunbridge,

1990: p. 3-12). Thus, “the historic city originates

from architectural forms and morphological

patterns, as well as the historic associations they

contain, but ultimately is resolved in economic and

social priorities (Ashworth and Tunbridge, 1990: p.

8).” Therefore, reconstruction and conservation of

built environment represented one side of the

conservation ethic; other one must be conservation

of communities. After being a European Capital of

Culture in 2010 and self-realisation of historical

peninsula, there is markedly increased in tourism

and international and national attractions

including musical, historical, and artistic festivals,

biennale, symposium, and conference in Istanbul.

Besides, as a global tourism destination, Istanbul

has remarkable location, temperate climate with a

long summer season, unique architectural heritage

with certificated by UNESCO World Heritage List,

built patrimony, and a range of other attractions

including local flavours, foods, restaurants,

architectures in the local environment, histori¬cal

festivals and also fashion design. As a result of

these objectives, Istanbul is an 8th most visited city

in 2019 with almost 15 million international

tourists by using almost 1% of railways and more

than 99% of airways. When the statistics of 2019

are compared with 2012, a marked increase is seen.

Journal of multidisciplinary academic tourism 2020, 5 (2): 63-79

2012 tourism statistics are as follows: Istanbul was

a 9th most visited city with almost 8 million

international tourists by using 68% of airways,

24% of highways vehicles, 7% of railways, and 1%

of seaways as a result of cultural and natural

assets and a relatively weak cur¬rency. A domestic

arrival is also important to revaluate sustainability

in tourism community. “International tourism

traffic is the tip of the iceberg. Domestic travel, in

terms of the number of trips taken, far exceeds the

level of international trips.” In Istanbul, the

number of national visitors is also accounted more

than double the number of international arrivals

(IMM. Directorate of Strategic Planning, 2009;

Duman and Kozak, 2011; The Republic of Turkey.

Minis¬try of Culture and Tourism, 2010; UNWTO,

2012; The Republic of Turkey. Minis¬try of Culture

and Tourism, 2019; UNWTO, 2019; The Republic

of Turkey. TurkStat, 2019).

Traditional decentralised urbanisation of Istanbul

has different sections of the society which are

inhabited their own areas through appearance of

diversity but not complexity. However, the urban

fabric in historic quarters being destroyed for

‘tourist bazaars’ and other touristic consumption

spaces as a result of demand of visitors for a

familiar environment where homes global firms

and business to feel safe and flexible. However,

during the period, residents who provide the

lifeblood to the neighbourhoods move out. This is

also resulted by the loss of a community as part of

a continuing culture (Fsadni and Selwyn, 1996: p.

36-43; McDonald, 2008). Istanbul especially the

Historical Peninsula is shaping to increase hotel

capacity, urban cultural amenities, and associated

infrastructure for creating touristic spaces to

harbour the millions of tourists annually. There

are 604 accommodation establishments of the

different categories in Istanbul. In addition, this

number of establishments had the total of 60,446

rooms and 123,271 beds. High proportion of hotels

is located in the district of Beyoğlu, Fatih, and

Şişli. That capacity alone was sufficient to

accommodate the annual volume of 10 million

tourists. Moreover, in a nearer future, the number

of hotel has been increased at 817 hotels through

56,164 rooms and 113,099 beds. A historical

peninsula of Istanbul has five different districts

where has average people per km2 is 137 compared

to 68 of Istanbul. Related to the data, the density

of historical quarters seems to be extremely

increased by accession of urban and domestic

tourists in the next decades. As a result of these

paradigms, congestion in Istanbul has more than

ever become visible in the centre zones of Istanbul

(Griffin and Hayllar, 2006; Güçer, Taşçı, and Üner,

2006; Bezmez, 2008; Göymen, 2008; Dincer, Enlil,

and Evren, 2009; The Re¬public of Turkey.

Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation, 2019;

Bayındır, 2010; Cansız and Keskin, 2010; IGD,

2010; Leiper and Park, 2010; Alvarez and Korzay,

2011; Gunay and Dokmeci, 2011; Malkoç, 2011;

The Republic of Turkey. Minis¬try of Culture and

Tourism, 2019).

Tourism management alone is not enough. In

addition, the organization and employees must

comply with these plans. The experience of every

tourist visiting the destination planned to increase

the economic return of tourism to touristic areas

plays an important role in the promotion of that

centre (Kozak & Kozak, 2018). According to the

researches, there are three basic factors that direct

the experiences of tourists: learning, enjoyment

and escape. However, it is understood that learning

has the most important effect on increasing the

quality of experience of the tourist (Tonguç, 2010).

Considering these three factors, identified five

different types of cultural tourists: purposeful,

sightseeing, casual, incidental, and serendipitous.

For example, the audio guides of museums around

Sultanahmet square should have options that meet

the different expectations and preferences of

various tourists. Sound and light shows that are

staged intermittently at different periods in

Sultanahmet and Beyoğlu districts are an example

of product differentiation. It is beneficial for

tourism to repeat these and similar activities with

new technological opportunities. In addition,

planning the visual shows such as the theatre that

tells about the rich life history of Istanbul (Rome,

Byzantine and Ottoman) can increase the depth of

experience of the tourists (Yenen, 2009). The

touristic districts of Istanbul, such as Sultanahmet

and Beyoğlu, are not far from problems that harm

tourists' experience and satisfaction. Tourist

congestion, for example, is a major problem in

these centres. For example, Ilber Ortayli, the

former president of the Topkapi Palace Museum,

claims that 15,000 tourists can visit the palace at

the same time and this palace is beyond the

decision of the museum administration. Effective

planning can reduce museum congestion. Another

problem on the target is the absence of parking

spaces for tour buses, increasing tourist

experiences. However, experiences in the city are

not always in the benefit of Istanbul. Tradesmen

and citizens whose jobs are disturbed due to the

density of tourists may exhibit negative behaviours

towards tourists. Tourists who want to get rid of

this kind of negative behaviour and use the time

Cumhur Olcar

better have to deal with the deceit of the taxi

drivers. Besides, local residents entering an unfair

fee for taxi use and location competition, taxi

drivers who usually offer the opportunity in favour

of tourists refuse local passengers (Altunel and

Erkut, 2015). Another problem with tourism is

vehicle traffic jams. Traffic congestion has a great

negative effect on tourist satisfaction, as well as

becoming unbearable for local residents. There is

an urgent need for parking and taxi driver

arrangements. Along with these improvements,

this historic site, offering high-quality hospitality

and food and beverage options, will help guarantee

a high-quality tourist experience with a high level

of satisfaction (Alvarez and Yarcan, 2010).

Another data obtained as a result of interviews is

whether Istanbul is sustainable in terms of

tourism. According to tourism planners, tourism

workers and the majority of tourists, Istanbul has

a sustainable tourism infrastructure. Tourists are

very pleased with their experience, because it is

especially affordable. Tourism workers are pleased

with the TL equivalent of their earnings as a result

of the low value of the Turkish lira against the

foreign exchange. However, the common topic that

these three working groups complain about is

transportation. Istanbulites do not find the tourism

infrastructure of the city sufficient. They

emphasize that their lives are getting harder

especially due to tourism. They complain about the

disruption in transportation, traffic, the increase in

the rents of the regions near the tourist area and

the increase in the prices of rest and entertainment

places such as cafes and restaurants in tourism

centres. “I think that the arrival of tourists

contributes to us in many areas, both social and

economic, but because of those who want to benefit

from tourists, the price of everything is doubled

and we have difficulties because of this logic to act

(Avcı, G., Personal Communication, 03 March

2020)." Not only Istanbulites but also tourism

workers or businesses complain about the

exorbitant increase in prices. One of the answers to

whether the tourists make their daily lives difficult

is as follows: “In my opinion, they make it difficult.

If they understand our needs by putting

themselves in our shoes, there will be no problems.

In some areas, guests from Arab countries keep

apartments for rent at high prices. And this causes

prices to increase (Durmus, L., Personal

Communication, 02 March 2020).” Istanbul

experienced an increase in the number of Arab

tourists coming to Turkey's southern border and

the resulting humanitarian crisis has also affected

the tourism activity seen in Istanbul. Although

tourists are generally satisfied with Istanbul

residents and touristic shops and entertainment

places in Istanbul, there are also some complaints.

“Towards Arab not all of them have a good attitude

as most of them see Arabs either as Syrian refugees

or Saudi rich and not smart, which can give the rest

of us some bad time but generally they can be more

trained to be more hospitable (Gad, A., Personal

Communication, 26 February 2020). Gad is a

tourist from the United Kingdom continues as

follows: “In general they are nice I didn't have any

personal problem, but again due to the Syrian

crisis I believe also as an Arab I get some looks from

people just as I have middle eastern face (Gad, A.,

Personal Communication, 26 February 2020).”

In conclusion, mindful of all infrastructural,

economic, cultural, social and environmental

changes citywide, tourism developments is a

central driving force behind the rapid social,

political, and economic changes that are reshaping

local societies. The consequences of these processes

are outlined and the resulting issues there by

emerging some questions. Who has so changed our

cities, by which methods, and for what reasons?

What sort of cities therefore does community want

and is it their heritage or culture. To avoid a

conflict between tourism communities and

exclusion of local community, Istanbul is able to

take advantage of green economy with local

ownership through local brand imaging for

increase in tourism infrastructure including hotels,

commercial streets and centres, and leisure spaces.

Considering the youthfulness of global tourism

development in Istanbul, Istanbul makes it

sustainable tourism possible through participation

of its residents not only as a provider but also as a

driver. In addition to social promotion in the

touristic sites must be accompanied with

sustainable built environment. One of the great

clichés of tourism development in Istanbul is that,

the sites include enormous opportunity to

regenerate sustainable built environment and to

sustain life of local community thanks to time

which of cluster examined sustainable studies

about sustainable building codes, application of

green stars, and bridging local engagement for new

cases as like Istanbul (UNESCO, 2008; Bilgili,

2010; Coenders and Mundet, 2010; Baloğlu and

Şahin, 2011; IMM, 2011; The Republic of Turkey.

TurkStat, 2019).

5. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION

It would be realistic to implement tourism

community based planning considering the

operational, structural and cultural limits of

Journal of multidisciplinary academic tourism 2020, 5 (2): 63-79

community participation. Participation at local

level is essential to achieve the global goal for

sustainable development. However, such

participation often involves shifting power from

local authorities to local actors. Moreover, true

consensus and true local control are not always

possible, practical or even desirable by some

communities that develop CBT. Local communities

should develop strategies to welcome and interact

with tourists and showcase themselves and their

visible culture. This involves finding the right

balance between economic gain and cultural

integrity. Tourists should, of course, return to their

homes with the least amount of damage to the

tourist sites they visit. They should protect local

culture and nature as much as possible. Its effects

on city life should be minimal. Hotel and

restaurant chains serving tourists should limit

their activities that will negatively affect local

dynamics. From the transportation to the rentals,

the holiday program to be made by the tourists

should be planned without affecting the local

economy and social life. This study aimed to

emphasize the importance of how to prevent

damage to the city and rural areas, especially when

developing cultural tourism products. Due to the

communication power of tourism, cultural heritage

representations have direct and potentially

significant impacts on peoples and communities

presented, represented and misrepresented. Every

CBT program that wants to achieve sustainable

success requires the participation of tourists and

local people.

The concept of a sustainable tourism community is

important not only to improve guidance and

hospitality skills, but also to distinguish between

the concepts of tourists and the local community.

The effects of local communities on tourists are also

important. It is necessary to inform the local people

they visit about complex visits as they imagine.

Education in this way may not be sufficient to solve

all problems, however, brief information to tourism

workers and tourists will certainly help planners

make principled decisions to implement the

concept of sustainable tourism community. At this

point, the problem continues to develop

economically sustainable and environmentally

sustainable forms of tourism that are acceptable

for various interest groups within communities.

Professionally trained local guides are one of the

key elements to achieve a sustainable Tourism

Community, provided they receive sufficient

incentives for their work. In addition to providing

tourists with an unforgettable experience, they can

help communities have more realistic expectations

about tourism development.

This article is of the opinion that although

community-based tourism is often advocated,

considering the literature and practise, there are

very few directives on how this can be achieved in

practice. Using the model presented here, it is

suggested that the first step in practical tourism

planning is to examine the current situation in

terms of community participation and then identify

the necessary initiatives to promote it.

Stakeholders can use this model to improve their

participation in tourism development in the

community in question. However, the applicability

and usability of the model in later stages of tourism

development and in different cultural contexts has

not yet been determined.

Increased cooperation is the basic need of

development for local communities. Increased

cooperation between local residents and visitor

community is also essential in terms of sustainable

tourism. In order to restructure sustainable

tourism community created by local communities,

visitors, and tourism industry, some suggestions

emerge at the end of our research. These are:

•Successful companies and stake holders operating

in touristic zones should be examined and

suggestions for other companies should be put

forward.

•Thanks to the characteristics of the regional

clusters, it is possible to prevent the local

challenges of individuals, organizations and

regions, which are constantly updated, with

sustainable plans. It is possible to transform the

touristic region into an advantageous centre that

creates socio-economic and socio-cultural value and

vitality.

•In order to gain competitive advantage, the

private sector needs to see that it is to their

advantage to work in cooperation, to support the

local community and to make the right demands

from the government, which can stimulate

economic growth. For this reason, in order to

artificially change market competition, it is not

effective to take subsidies from different levels of

government or to companies that compete.

•Current collaborations among local people will be

useful to understand what your region can actually

do for tourism. It is necessary to analyse well which

touristic assets and community values are present

that form the basis of using and developing your

competitive advantage. Expanding the

Cumhur Olcar

partnerships and collaborations offered by tourist

networks already in a regional cluster will

definitely strengthen the region's economy and

contribute to a vibrant, healthy regional

development.

•To conduct research on the formation and

development of regional clusters to help local

stakeholders, especially the local tourism industry,

to realize the objectives.

•We need to develop knowledge and awareness of

how individuals behave in small groups. According

to the results, companies and employees operating

in the tourism sector should be trained.

•Different routes should be created in tourism

centres that will attract the attention of tourists.

The entire physical infrastructure from the facade

of the buildings on these routes to the sidewalks on

the ground should be changed to attract attention.

Training should be provided to the employees of

companies and institutions on these routes to

behave tolerant and understanding to the visitors.

This education does not only make the experiences

of tourists more joyful. It also increases the level of

human development locally and the local

community has higher living standards.

•The local community living in regions other than

the created routes should also be informed about

tourist activities. Especially the residents of the

region, which are lined up in the network of

touristic routes, should help the experience of

tourists to be more unique.

•Improve the reflection skills of institutions and

individuals working for tourism, especially used in

project management. Thus, thinking and

behaviour can become widespread with examples,

and tourist centres can have access to medium-

term goals for the formation of a sustainable

tourism community.

•Informational posters, brochures and forms about

the local community should be given to the tourists

at the points where the tourists enter the city or

the touristic area. Apart from the historical,

natural or modern structures they visit, it will be

beneficial for the tourism community to be more

sustainable in order to obtain information about

the local spirit. In addition, tourists should be

informed about what they can do to make their

visits to help the host community.

•It should be optimistic for the future of tourism

and touristic region.

6. REFERENCES

Alvarez, M. D. and Yarcan, S. (2010) Istanbul as a World

City: A Cultural Perspective. International

Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality

Research, 4(3), pp. 266-76.

Ashworth, G. J. and Tunbridge, J. E. (1990) The Tourist

- Historic City. London: Belhaven Press.Alvarez,

M. and Korzay, M. (2011) ‘Turkey as a Heritage

Tourism Destination: The Role of Knowledge’,

Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management,

20(n.i.), pp. 425-440.

Bailey, E. and Richardson, R. (2010) ‘A New Economic

Framework for Tourism Decision Making’,

Tourism and Hospitality Research, 10(4), pp. 367-

376.

Baloğlu, S. and Sahin, Ş. (2011) ‘Brand Personality and

Destination Image of Istanbul’, Anatolia – An

International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality

Research, 22(1), pp. 69-88.

Bayındır, T. (The Turkish Hotels&Investors Association

(TUROB)) 10 milyon kişiyi ağırlayacak

kapasiteye sahibiz, [Online], Available:

http://www.turizmdebusabah.com /haber

_detay.aspx?haberNo=53925 (Accessed: 10 May

2011).

Beeton, S. (2006) Community Development through

Tourism. Collingwood: Landlinks Press.

Bezmez, D. (2008) ‘The Politics of Urban Waterfront

Regeneration: The Case of Haliç (the Golden

Horn), Istanbul’, International Journal of Urban

and Regional Research, 32(4), pp.815-840.

Bilgili, A. E. (ed.) (2010) Şehir ve Kültür: İstanbul

[Online]. Available at:

http://www.istanbulkulturturizm.gov.tr/dosya/1-

280299/h/sehirvekultur.pdf (Accessed: 20 April

2012).

Blažević, B. and Živadinov, P. I. (2010) ‘Sustainable

Hotels: Sustainable Life Cycle Practice in

Croatian Hotels’, Tourism & Hospitality

Management 2010, Conference Proceedings, pp.

337-379.Bramwell, B. (2011) ‘Governance, the

State and Sustainable Tourism: a Political

Economy Approach’, Journal of Sustainable

Tourism, 19(4-5), pp. 459-477.

Burns, P. (ed.) (1995) Tourism and Minorities’ Heritage

Impacts and Prospects. London: University of

North London Press.

Cansız, H. and Keskin, A. (2010) ‘Tourism, Turkey and

Economic Development’, Atatürk Üniversitesi

İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 24(4), pp. 23-46.

Chhabra, D. (2008) ‘Proposing a Sustainable Marketing

Framework for Heritage Tourism’, Tourism and

Hospitality Research, 17(3), pp. 303-320.

Chiu, Y., Lee, W. and Chen, T. (2014) Environmentally

responsible behaviour in Ecotourism:

Journal of multidisciplinary academic tourism 2020, 5 (2): 63-79

Antecedents and Implications. Tourism

Management, 40, 321-329.

Choi, H. C. and Murray, I. (2010) ‘Resident Attitudes

Toward Sustainable Community Tourism’,

Tourism and Hospitality Research, 18(4), pp. 575-

594.

Coenders, G. and Mundet, L. (2010) ‘Greenways: A

Sustainable Leisure Experience Concept for both

Communities and Tourists’, Journal of

Sustainable Tourism, 18(5), pp. 657-674.

Dinçer, I., Enlil, Z. and Evren, Y. (2009) ‘An Overview of

Istanbul’s Conversation Sites’, Megaron, 4(1), pp.

5-15.

Duman, T. and Kozak, M. (2010) ‘The Turkish Tourism

Product: Differentiation and Competitiveness’,

Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism

and Hospitality Research, 21(1), pp. 89-106.

Douglas, J. (2014) What’s political ecology got to do with

tourism? Tourism Geographies, 16, pp. 8-13.

EC (2000) Towards Quality Urban Tourism. Brussels:

The Official Publications of the European

Communities. [Online]. Available at:

http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/

tourism/files/studies/ towards _quality_tourism_

rural_urban_coastal/iqm_urban_ en.pdf

(Accessed: 2 March 2012).

Erkut, B. and Altunel, C. (2015) Cultural Tourism in

Istanbul. Journal of Destination Marketing and

Management. 10(5), pp. 54-73.

Featherstone, M. (1991) Global Culture: Nationalism,

Globalisation, and Modernity: A Theory,

Culture&Society Special Issue. London: Sage

Publication.

Fsadni, C. And Selwyn, T. (ed.) (1996) Sustainable

tourism in Mediterranean Islands and Small

Cities. Malta: MED-CAMPUS Publications.

Getz, D. and Timur, S. (2009) ‘Sustainable Tourism

Development: How Do Destination Stakeholders

Perceive Sustainable Urban Tourism?’,

Sustainable Development, 17(November), pp.

220-232.

Gospodini, A. (2001) ‘Urban Design, Urban Space

Morphology, Urban Tourism: An Emerging New

Paradigm Concerning Their Relationship’,

European Planning Studies, 9(7), pp. 925-934.

Göymen, K. (2008) ‘Istanbul: Mega-city Straddling Two

Continents’, Urban Research & Practice, 1(3), pp.

266-275.

Gracan, D., Lugaric, A. R. and Sander, I. (2010) ‘Green

Strategy of Business Tourism’, Tourism &

Hospitality Management 2010, Conference

Proceedings, pp. 337-379.

Gray, C. (2019) Istanbul Tourism, Turkey: The History

and Travel Information, a Guide. Sonittec.

Griffin, T. and Bruce, H. (2006) ‘Historic Waterfronts as

Tourism Precincts: An Experiential Perspective’,

Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7(3), pp. 3-16.

Gunay, Z and Dokmeci, V. (2011) ‘Culture-led

regeneration of Istanbul waterfront: Golden Horn

Cultural Valley Project’, Cities, n.v.(August), pp.

1-10.

Güçer, E., Taşçı, A. and Üner, M. M. (2006) ‘The Image

of the City of Istanbul as An Emerging

Destination in Turkey’s Tourism’, Anatolia: An

International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality

Research, 17(2), pp. 189-201.

Holden, A. (2016) Environment and Tourism. Oxon:

Routledge.

Istanbul Gayrimenkul Değerleme (IDG). (2010) Türkiye

Turizm Piyasaları Araştırmaları Raporları:

Istanbul’10, [Online], Available:

http://www.igd.com.tr/Upload/file_4d9f1cae65ceb

.pdf (Accessed: 10 May 2011).

Jensen, Ø. (2010) ‘Social Mediation in Remote

Developing World Tourism Locations – the

Significance of Social Ties between Local Guides

and Host Communities in Sustainable Tourism

Development’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism,

18(5), pp. 615-633.

Jimura, T. (2019) World Heritage Sites: tourism, local

communities and conservation activities. Boston:

CAB International.

Kaynak, M. and Zeybek, H. (2007) Role of Mega Projects

in Sustainable Urban Transport in Develop¬ing

Countries: the Case of Istanbul Marmaray

Project, Available at: http://www.codatu.org/wp-

content/uploads/codCD-Zeybek.pdf (Accessed: 25

March 2012).

Koutsouris, A. (2009) ‘Resident Attitudes Toward

Sustainable Community Tourism’, Tourism and

Hospitality Research, 17(5), pp. 567-581.

Kozak, M. and Kozak, N (2018) Tourist Behavior,

Tourism, Hospitality and Event Management,

9(7), pp. 170-92.

Lefebvre, H. (1991) The Production of Space. Oxford:

Basil Blackwell Publications.

Leiper, N. and Park, S. (2011) ‘Skyscrapers’ Influence on

Cities’ Roles as Tourist Destinations’, Current

Issues in Tourism, 13(4), pp. 333-349.

Lockwood, A. and Medlik, S (ed.) (2001) Tourism and

Hospitality in the 21st Century.

Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann Publications.

Lowry, L. (2017) The SAGE International Encyclopedia

of Travel and Tourism. California: SAGE

Publications.

LSECities, (2009) ‘Istanbul, City of Intersections’,

Urbanage, n.v., November [Online]. Available at:

Cumhur Olcar

http://urbanage.net/publications/newspapers/ista

nbul/media/UrbanAge IstanbulNews per_en.pdf

(Ac-cessed: 26 March 2012).

Malkoç, E. (2011) ‘Türkiye'nin ilk Minyatür parkı:

Miniatürk’, ADÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1),

pp. 1-8.

Mathieson, A. and Wall, G. (1992) Tourism - Economic,

Physical and Social Impacts.

Essex: Longman Publications.

McDonald, J. R. (2008) ‘Complexity Science: an

Alternative World View for Understanding

Sustainable Tourism Development’, Journal of

Sustainable Tourism, 17(4), pp. 455-471.

Meadows, D.H., Meadows, D.L., and Randers, L. (1992)

Beyond the Limits: Global Collapse or a

Sustainable Future. London: Earthscan

Publication.

Meethan, K. (2001) Tourism in Global Society - Place,

Culture, Consumption. Malaysia: Palgrave

Publication.

Moscardo, G. (2008) Building Community Capacity for

Tourism Development. Cambridge: CAB

International.

Mostafanezhad, M., Norum, R., Shelton, E. and

Thompson-Carr, A. (2016) Political Ecology of

Tourism. Oxon: Routledge.

Mundet, L. and Coenders, G. (2010) ‘Greenways: a

Sustainable Leisure Experience concept for both

Communities and Tourists’, Journal of

Sustainable Tourism, 18(5), pp. 657-674.

Murphy, P. E. (1985) Tourism – A Community

Approaches. New York: Routledge Publications.

Murphy, P. E. and Murphy, A. E. (2004) Strategic

Management for Tourism Communities: Bridging

the Gaps. Ontario: Channel View Publications.

OECD (2009) The Impact of Culture on Tourism. Paris:

OECD Publishing. [Online]. Available at:

http://www.em.gov.lv/images/modules/items/OEC

D_Tourism_Culture. pdf (Accessed: 2 May 2012).

OECD (2006) Innovation and Growth in Tourism. Paris:

OECD Publishing. [Online]. Available at:

http://www.oecd.org/document/55/0,3746,en_2649

_34389_37987511 _1_1_1_1,00.html (Accessed: 2

May 2012).

Phillips, R. and Roberts, S. (2013) Tourism, Planning,

and Community Development. Oxon: Routledge.

Richards, G. and Hall, D. (2000) Tourism and

Sustainable Community Development. London:

Routledge.

Scott, A. J. (2002) Global City-Regions Trends, Theory,

Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Shaw, G and Williams, A. M. (2004) Tourism and

Tourism Spaces. London: Sage Publications.

The Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Directorate of

Strategic Planning (2009) Strategic Plan 2010–

2014 (seasonal) [Online]. Available at:

http://www.ibb.gov.tr/tr-

TR/Kurumsal/Birimler/StratejikPlanlamaMd/Pa

ges/AnaSayfa.aspx (Accessed: 20 March 2012).

The Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (IMM). (2011)

Istanbul Tarihi Yarımada Yönetim Planı

[Online]. Available at:

http://www.alanbaskanligi.gov.tr/files/Y%C3%B6

netim

%20Plan%C4%B1_24%C5%9Fubat2012_k.pdf

(Accessed: 19 April 2012).

The Republic of Turkey. Ministry of Culture and

Tourism (2020) Turizm Verileri [Online].

Available at: https://istanbul.ktb.gov.tr/TR-

243067/istanbul-turizm-istatistikleri---2019.html

(Accessed: 21 April 2020).

The Republic of Turkey. Ministry of Environment and

Urbanisation (2009) KENTGES, Bütünleşik

Kent¬sel Gelişme Stratejisi ve Eylem Planı 2010–

2023 (seasonal) [Online]. Available at:

http://www.kentges.gov.tr/_dosyalar/kentges_tr.p

df (Accessed: 2 April 2020).

The Republic of Turkey. Turkish Statistical Institute

(TurkStat) (2020) What the Figures Say 2019

(an¬nual) [Online]. Available at:

http://www.tuik.gov.tr/Icerik Getir.do?istab_id=4

(Accessed: 1 April 2019).

Tonguç, S. E. and Yale, P. (2010) İstanbul Hakkında Her

Şey. İstanbul: Boyut Yayıncılık.

UNESCO (2008) Dünya Mirası Konvansiyonunun

Uygulanmasına yönelik İşlevsel İlkeler [Online].

Available at:

http://www.alanbaskanligi.gov.tr/files/Uygulama

%20Reh beri.pdf (Accessed: 20 April 2012).

United Nations (UN) (2011) Towards a Green Economy

[Online]. Available at:

http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/88/do

cuments/ger/11.0_Tourism.pdf (Accessed: 29

April 2012).

Urry, J. (2004) Tourism Mobilites: Places to Play, Places

in Play. London: Routledge Publication.

World Travel & Tourism Organisation (WTTO) (2019)

Travel&Tourism 2011 [Online]. Available at:

http://www.wttc.org/site_media/uploads/downloa

ds/traveltourism2020.p df (Accessed: 2 May

2020).

World Travel & Tourism Organisation (WTTO) (2019)

Travel&Tourism Economic Impact 2012 [Online].

Available at:

http://www.wttc.org/site_media/uploads/down

loads/ wor ld2020.pdf (Accessed: 2 May 2020).

Journal of multidisciplinary academic tourism 2020, 5 (2): 63-79

World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) (1995) UNWTO

technical manual: Collection of Tourism

Expenditure Statistics [Online]. Available at:

http://pub.unwto.org/WebRo ot /

Store/Shops/Infoshop/Products/1034/1034-1.pdf

(Accessed: 2 May 2012).

World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) (2012) Annual

Report 2010 [Online]. Available at:

https://s3eu¬west1.amazonaws.com/storageapi/si

tes/all/files/pdf/final_annual_report_pdf

(Accessed: 29 March 2012).

World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) (2020) Tourism

Highlights 2019 [Online]. Available at:

https://www.e-

unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284421152

(Accessed: 20 April 2019).

Yenen, Ş. (2009) İstanbul. İstanbul: Quick Guide.

Improving the Fourth Wave of Coffee Sustaining the Coffee Value Chain as Economic Growth in Istanbul

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2023

Kurniawan Arif Maspul

Similarly, the development of coffee in Istanbul has increased in recent years, making it a destination for specialty coffee in Asia and Europe. The unique characteristics of Istanbul make the local SME economy dynamic in its rotation, creating the possibility of long-term growth. This study used qualitative research methods such as observations, interviews, and document analysis to present perceptions and events in a realistic and integrated manner. The study focused on the third batch of coffee roasteries in Istanbul, and data was gathered through interviews with four coffee professionals from Istanbul's leading specialty coffee roasters. The data were descriptively analysed to identify the perspectives of people directly involved with professional coffee, namely four coffee roasters, who are the primary source of information and directly related to Istanbul's coffee value chain cycle. Coffee tourism can help the local coffee economy. Promoting fair trade practices, responsible coffee production, gender equality, decent work opportunities, and responsible consumption and production in Istanbul's coffee value chain can help achieve the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Istanbul's creative economy sector is thriving and has the potential to contribute to the local economy for many years to come. Istanbul's gastronomy and coffee industries can continue to grow and offer unique experiences to locals and tourists by promoting sustainability and working together as stakeholders.

Environmentally Responsible Behavior of Tourists in Cognitive, Affect and Attitude Aspects: An Integrated Approach to Sustainable Tourism Destination

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2021

In this research environmental responsible behaviors of tourists visiting sustainable tourism destinations are examined. The process of "cognition-affection-attitude-behavior" is examined in the study. Cognition refers to environmental knowledge, affection refers to environmental sensitivity, attitude refers to place attachment and behavior refers to Environmentally Responsible Behavior (ERB). 233 tourists visiting Trabzon's Uzungöl destination were included in the research. Structural equality model is used in the Smart PLS program to explore the relationship between variables. The results point that sustainable development knowledge has no effect on environmental sensitivity, but environmental protection knowledge positively affects environmental sensitivity. In addition, it has been determined that environmental sensitivity positively affects place identity and place dependence. Finally, place dependence positively affects general ERB and specific ERB. However, while place identity positively affects the general ERB, it does not have a significant effect on the specific ERB. The results of the research reveal the importance of activities that increase the level of environmental knowledge for sustainable tourism destinations. In addition, in-service training for tour guides and tourism managers is expected to be beneficial. Key words: Environmentally Responsible Behavior; Environmental Knowledge; Environmental Sensitivity; Place Attachment; Sustainable Tourism.

Understanding food experience in sharing- economy platforms: Insights from Eatwith and Withlocals

Article

Feb 2021

This study aims to identify and determine the dimensions of food experience using user-generated content on two sharing-economy websites as well as to offer insights into factors affecting food tourists' evaluation of travel experiences at a culinary destination, Istanbul. For this purpose, conventional content analysis is conducted on 459 food-experience reviews on sharing-economy websites, namely, EatWith and WithLocals. Results reveal 26 items and four themes, that is, knowledge, authenticity, local hospitality, and social interaction. Theoretical and managerial implications as well as limitations are discussed, and suggestions for further research are provided.

The Relationship Between International Trade and Tourism Revenues in Türkiye *

Article

Sep 2024

The tourism industry is a critical sector in Türkiye’s economy and plays a significant role in reducing the country's trade deficit. This research paper presents a comprehensive overview of the tourism industry and international tourism in Türkiye. The research paper conducts an empirical analysis of pertinent variables and investigates the association between international trade and tourism revenues. Utilizing the VAR model with data spanning from 2000 to 2021, the study scrutinizes the linkage between the two variables. Firstly, the study checks the stationarity of the variables, then uses the Johansen cointegration test to detect whether there exists a long-term relationship between the variables. Next, the direction of the relationship is determined through the Toda Yamamoto causality analysis. The results show that there is a long-run relationship between the variables. The results obtained from the causality analysis also show that there is a reciprocal causality relationship between the rate of openness to trade, which is used as an indicator of international trade, and tourism revenues. Finally, the variance decomposition shows that tourism revenues are an important factor in international trade and this effect gradually increases over time.

Which Tourist Type Cares More About Environmental Sustainability?: A Quantitative Research

Chapter

Jun 2024

Ömer Ceyhun Apak

This research aims to reveal the impact of tourist types (explorer, adventurer, organized mass, and drifter) on environmental sustainability. In addition, the primary objective of the research is to determine which type of tourist cares about environmental sustainability and at what level. The research was designed according to the relational screening model, one of the quantitative research approaches. The study sample consists of 491 domestic tourists who stayed in a hotel in Türkiye last year. Data were collected using tourist types and environmental sustainability scales. The study found a moderate and significant relationship between explorer, adventurer, organized mass, and drifter tourist types and environmental sustainability. Considering the relative importance levels of the variables used in the study within the scope of hierarchical regression analysis, it was determined that adventurer, explorer, drifter, and organized mass tourist types were significant predictors of environmental sustainability, respectively.

Assédio Sexual Contra Funcionárias em Destinos Turísticos:

Article

Dec 2022

Sexual harassment is defined by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission [EEOC] as “unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favours, and other sexually based verbal or physical conduct with the aim or effect of violating a person's dignity”. Sexual harassment, as well as the rise in the number of cases, is a major problem of tourism destinations and is extremely common in the hospitality sector. The aim of this research is to examine how women employees in this industry in North Cyprus experience sexual harassment and whether they perceive the behaviors or acts that constitute sexual harassment. Qualitative research is used to understand women employees’ feelings and challenges. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten women employees working at five-star hotels. Findings show that women employees face sexual harassment and gender inequality in hospitality sector is clearly seen in tourism and hospitality. This study can be used by the stakeholders of tourism sector, such as governmental offices and hotel owners to establish a gender equal and safer environment for women employees. Success of a tourism destination depends on providing a high-quality service, which can be obtained only if you create a safe and peaceful working environment for the employees.

Community Development through Tourism

Book

Full-text available

Jan 2006

Sue Beeton

Community Development through Tourism examines the development of local communities through the healthy integration of community planning, business planning and tourism planning. It explores the most pertinent tourism and business theories, moving from strategic planning to community empowerment and practice. Research-based case studies are used to illustrate how things work in the real world, and the ways in which various theories can and have been applied. This book will be an important resource for business development managers, tourism operators and community leaders, as well as students and teachers in courses that incorporate aspects of community tourism into their business, tourism, social sciences and arts programs.

Tourism in Global Society

Book

Jan 2001

Kevin Meethan

There is a wealth of case study material on tourism from a variety of different disciplines, but few attempts to synthesise the broad themes into a coherent analytical framework. This book addresses this problem by analysing tourism in light of contemporary social theory. By focusing on tourism in terms of consumption, commodification, and the political and cultural economy, the relationships between tourism, globalisation, people and place are explored in an empirically grounded but theoretically informed analysis.

The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Travel and Tourism

Book

Jan 2017

Linda L. Lowry

Tourism and Hospitality in the 21st Century

Book

Nov 2009

S Medlik

Environment and Tourism

Book

Apr 2016

Andrew Holden

World Heritage Sites: Tourism, Local Communities and Conservation Activities

Book

Dec 2018

Takamitsu Jimura

Main Description Heritage is a growing area of both tourism and study, with World Heritage Site designations increasing year-on-year. This book reviews the important interrelations between the industry, local communities and conservation work, bringing together the various opportunities and challenges for different destinations. World Heritage status is a strong marketing brand, and proper heritage management and effective conservation are vital, but this tourism must also be developed and managed appropriately if it is to benefit a site. As many sites are located in residential areas, their interaction with the local community must also be carefully considered. This book: - Reviews new areas of development such as Historic Urban Landscapes, Intangible Cultural Heritage, Memory of the World and Global Geoparks. - Includes global case studies to relate theory to practice. - Covers a worldwide industry of over 1,000 cultural and natural heritage sites. An important read for academics, researchers and students of heritage studies, cultural studies and tourism, this book is also a useful resource for professionals working in conservation, cultural and natural heritage management.

Global City-Regions: Trends, Theory, Policy

Book

Nov 2001

Allen J Scott

There are now more than three hundred city-regions around the world with populations greater than one million. These city-regions are expanding vigorously, and they present many new and deep challenges to researchers and policy-makers in both the more developed and less developed parts of the world. The processes of global economic integration and accelerated urban growth make traditional planning and policy strategies in these regions increasingly inadequate, while more effective approaches remain largely in various stages of hypothesis and experimentation. 'Global City-Regions' represents a multifaceted effort to deal with the many different issues raised by these developments. It seeks at once to define the question of global city-regions and to describe the internal and external dynamics that shape them; it proposes a theorization of global city-regions based on their economic and political responses to intensifying levels of globalization; and it offers a number of policy insights into the severe social problems that confront global city-regions as they come face to face with an economically and politically neoliberal world. At a moment when globalization is increasingly subject to critical scrutiny in many different quarters, this book provides a timely overview of its effects on urban and regional development, one of its most important (but perhaps least understood) corollaries. The book also offers a series of nuanced visions of alternative possible futures.

Ecotourism or eco-utilitarianism: Exploring the new debates in ecotourism

Chapter

Jan 2016

Beyond the Limits: Global Collapse or a Sustainable Future.

Article

Jul 1993

Tourism, Planning, and Community Development

Book

Sep 2013

The intersection of community development, tourism and planning is a fascinating one. Tourism has long been used as a development strategy, in both developed and developing countries, from the national to local levels. These approaches have typically focused on economic dimensions with decisions about tourism investments, policies and venues driven by these economic considerations. More recently, the conversation has shifted to include other aspects - social and environmental - to better re?ect sustainable development concepts. Perhaps most importantly is the richer focus on the inclusion of stakeholders.

Sustainable tourism community: A case study of İstanbul

Abstract

Recommended publications

The Intervened effect of place attachment on the relationship between community attachment and envir...

Rural Digital Financial Exclusion – Community Case Study (Ubulu-Uku, Nigeria)

End-use load monitoring of a micro hydroelectric-powered community microgrid: a case study in rural...

'Saidpur Village: A Case Study of Post-Development Critique and Impact of Commercialisation on Local...