Use of Eco-Coolers in Indoor Cooling

Abstract

With the growing global warming and rise in pollution levels across the world in addition to several other factors such as deforestation, urbanization and ozone layer depletion, there has been a continuous increase in global rise in annual average temperature. Eco-cooler is a cheap and eco-friendly device made from non-biodegradable waste which can be used to reduce the indoor temperature of the building thus giving a comfortable living experience. Although a conventional design with symmetrical hole design is adopted in some under-developed countries as a commercial way, no study is being conducted for the improvement in performance of the Eco-cooler. Hence the present study has the main objective of evaluating different factors of dependency of an Eco-cooler, establishing them as a cheap and effective way of reducing indoor temperature and increasing its efficiency.

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Use of Eco-Coolers in Indoor Cooling
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ScTACE 2020
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1006 (2020) 012005
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1006/1/012005
1
Use of Eco-Coolers in Indoor Cooling
Vikas Mendi1, Anvit Kumar2, Bhavani Singh Yadav 3, Divyanshu Verma4, Ankit
R J5
1
Assist ant Professor, Department of Civil Engi neeri ng,
R.V College of Engineering, Bengaluru-560059
2,3,4,5U.G Student, Department of Civil Engineering, R.V College of Engineering, Bengaluru-560059
E-mail: vikasm@rvce.edu.in
Abstract. With the growing global warming and rise in pollution levels across the world in addition to
sever al other factors such as deforestation, urbanization and ozone layer depletion, there has been a
continuous increase in global rise in annual average temperature. Eco-cooler is a cheap and eco-friendly
device made from non-biodegradable waste which can be used to reduce the indoor temperature of the
building thus giving a comfortable living experience. Although a conventional design with symmetrical
hole design is adopted in some under-developed countries as a commercial way, no study is being
conducted for the improvement in performance of the Eco
-
cooler. Hence the present study has the main
objective of evaluating different factors of dependency of an Eco-cooler, establishing them as a cheap
and effective way of reducing indoor temperature and increasing its efficiency.
1.
Introduction
Eco-cooler is a cheap and eco-friendly device made from non-
biodegradable waste which can be
used to reduce the indoor temperature of the building thus giving a comfortable living experience.
Although a conventional design with symmetrical hole design is adopted in some underdeveloped
countries as a commercial way, no study is being conducted for the improvement in performance of
the Eco-cooler. Hence the present study had the main objective of evaluating different factors of
dependency of an Eco-cooler, establishing them as a cheap and effective way of reducing indoor
temperature and increasing its efficiency
. The basic science behind the working is the hot air
that
enters the bottle through the cut end is compressed gradually at the neck section of the bottle, which
in turn turns the air cooler before it enters the room.
1.1. Temperature trends
The present global scenario has seen a drastic change in the world temperature with the average
temperature increasing day-by-day. The effects of global warming have taken a significant toll on
the daily lives of the people. In the modern world where the climate change is becoming inevitable,
the world overall temperature is rising at the rate of 0.8°C/decade.13 of the 15 warmest years
overall in the world where in the last 15 years. The last decade was also the warmest. Stats show
that in India alone the temperature change trend is very disturbing. Annual mean temperature in
India is increasing rapidly. It will breach the 1.5°C marks if it continues to follow the current trend
in the next decade. As recorded 2016 was the warmest year of the history. Even during monsoon
season, t
here is an increase of 1°C temp
per century. According to the research conducted, it was

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established that the outdoor temperature should be around 22° -24°C for a comfortable living
experience. But due to the drastic increase in temperature over the past years, it has become
absolute necessary to provide a cheap and effective way of reduction of indoor temperature with
sustainability principle in mind.
Figure-1: Temperature trends in India
1.2 Working principle
A survey of the room in which the Eco-cooler needs to be placed is done and the window facing the
maximum anticipated air flow is chosen. The ends having larger diameter of the bottles are placed
facing out of the window thus permitting maximum air in while not holding further radiation to
return within the area. Now, once the air passes through the outer side of the Eco-cooler, the air
gets compressed going throu gh the larger diameter section area to the smaller diameter section near
the throat.
The compression, due to bottleneck, can increase speed of the air, consecutively decreasing
its pressure. The compressed gas undergoes speedy enlargement before long once it leaves the
throat of the bottleneck. This speedy enlargement decreases the temp. of the air current and some
form of air mass creation takes place that successively attracts the encircling air into the stream.
This Venturi result- the reduction in fluid pressure that results once a fluid flows through a
constricted section of a pipe governs the Eco
-cooler’s operating. Since the pressure decreases
because the speed will increase at the outlet of nozzle in an Eco-cooler, the air commencing of the
eco cooler is way cooler than the air getting into (Gay-Lussac's Law).
1.3 Objective
The major objectives of the present study are as follow:
a. To analysis the cooling capacity and efficiency of the conventional Eco-co
oler.
b. To analysis the wind effect on the cooling capacity of the Eco-cooler.
c. To study the effect of using water as an aid in increasing the efficiency of the Eco-cooler.
d. To analysis the effect of increasing the hole area per surface area on the plywood and adding
more plastic bottles on the efficiency of the Eco-cooler.
2.
Literature review
A deep literature survey was conducted to get a detailed knowledge about the scope, past studies
conducted in the field and need for the Eco-cooler. Following are the observations based on
cumulative topics.

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2.1 Indoor air quality and window positioning
There were specific studies focused on the effectiveness of passive or indirect cooling techniques
and its implementation to reduce energy consumption by a building while having the benefit of an
improved thermal performance simultaneously. Residential buildings in Dubai were taken for this
purpose and a case building was selected. An energy simulation software – IES was used to
associate the data obtained with the
efficiency of the applied cooling strategies. Solar shading was
also used and observed using Sun Cast analysis which was included in the IES software. About
23% reduction in energy consumption was observed with the implementation of the cooling
methods. Also, the present scenario for the demand for ener gy and growing health issues have
raised an alarm and hence, natural ventilation is being considered in many areas to be an effective
alternative. This mostly depends on the size and orientation of the window openings considering
the building is naturally ventilated. Hence, the focus in the research was on single
-sided and cross
ventilated-buildings and its effects on indoor thermal comfort. Computational Fluid Dynamics was
used to study the indoor airflow for a 3D model. Further, it was checked for grid independence and
experimental validation was successful on a reduced scale at a wind tunnel and with the network
model. Following on the idea that natural ventilation is imperative and open windows are the
nec
essity for having good ventilation. Even then, the knowledge of the efficiency of an open
window and its performance remains pretty much unclear. The experiments for two types of
windows and their performance in rooms but in an isolated manner were showcased. It showed that
airflow inside rooms can be described by the traditional theory as is done for jets. Also, layered
flow and semi-empirical flow element models were developed for the estimation of thermal
comfort parameters in the occupied region i.e., where human activity is to be present.
2.2 Ventilation
effectiveness as indoor room temperature
A study focused on the measurable values that ventilation in domestic buildings can achieve
because it is tedious to estimate it using conventional methods and may be costly. The study works
on a simple equilibrium-state, heat-balance calculation approach that is backed with monitoring
data to model the effectiveness of reducing ventilation rates to the minimum standards for
individual homes. In this way, it was easy to differentiate energy consumption and assess how
much reduction could occur with this as well as develop better models for further analysis. To
understand the temperature variations, it was important to develop better and realistic models that
can represent the temperature models and predict heat regulation in an effective manner so that the
people can have comfort inside as well energy conservation can be achieved. The continuity,
momentum and concentration equations were input in CFD simulations and various models were
designed such as the linear ventilation model, low dimensional model, and artificial neural
networks to establish the role of ventilation. After the input of the required data, the simulation
showed that linear ventilation can be used to predict the indoor environment and heating,
ventilation & air conditioning control and bring down air-conditioning costs by about 32%.
2.3 Climate change global warming and greenhouse effect
A research discussing the Greenhouse Gases (GHG) and its effect, the Kyoto Protocol and about
the renewable energy sources that are available in today’s world was done. Climate change is
directly a consequence of Greenhouse Gas emission. This also told us about the climate change
actions taken throughout the USA, Europe, and Asia. It was concluded that GHG Emissions are a
problem to the current world’s climate and stated the 4 general measures that can be taken to reduce
GHGs so that the market is also not being affected with the measures that will be taken in this
process. The burning of fossil fuels emitting CO2 is the reason for the increase in mean surface
temperature and it will increase the temperature by 2-3°C by the middle of next century. Also, the
harmful gases like chlorofluoro
methanes, nitrous oxide, and aerosols enhance the rate of global
warming. The authors insisted to shift towards the use of nuclear energy instead of fossil fuels. As

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doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1006/1/012005
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the CO2 spreads globally, every country must adopt a different way of energy consumption to
control the CO2 emission. Global warming is mainly because of deforestation and degraded forests.
Restoring degraded forests has a huge potential for averting global climate change.
Due to global warming and increased energy cost, reducing power consumption by
computers has become important. Software controls the flow of processing hence indirectly affects
the energy consumption and its life cycle energy affects the CO
2 emission. Software like Linux 3.2
Kernel and other software of different sizes were taken to analyse the total contribution and the
energy consumption associated with their production towards green -house gas emissions. The
results have been discussed with the consideration of the sizes of the software ranging from 10
kilobytes to 1 megabyte. They are generic in nature. The result shows that as the software grows,
the energy consumed at the production stage will be more than the total lifecycle energy. Linux 3.2
Kernel, the total lifecycle energy of a single copy founded exceeding 51GWh (31 kilotons
of CO2
emission)/year.
Research also showed that primary energy demands account for 25% in addition to 11%
usage of solid fuels and oils for the purpose of primary home heating in residential sectors of
Ireland. Replacing oil and solid fuel usage with air source heat pump (ASHP) technology could
offer household cost savings, reductions in emissions, and reduced health impacts. Using this
technique, 600 Euros annually can be saved for each household. Not only that, but there can also be
a reduction in global
CO2 emission by 4.3 million tons per annum. The study also verified the
importance of thermal insulation as an effective way of keeping home hot in winter and cool in
summer. Ultimately the analysis clearly suggests that ASHPs can play an important role in
managing residential emissions.
2.4 Factors responsible for working and construction of eco-cooler
To establish theoretical foundations regarding fluid flow under the venturi effect, a special model
called the venturi tube was taken under observation where the effects can be emphasized. A three-
dimensional model of the venturi tube was constructed with Solid Edge V20 and analysed using
ANSYS CFX for highlighting the fluid flow inside. It was found that this model can provide a
solution to determine the fluid flow rate in a hydraulic or pneumatic installation using manometers.
Venturi shaped roofs can be made for better ventilation and air circulation and research were
conducted to validate the same.
A specific venturi shaped roof in the University of Putra Malaysia
was considered and a case study and CFD simulations were performed. The results showed that the
venturi effect could be seen in the specific roof and hence a correct choice of ventilation technique
and design has been applied for this case. However, the result can be improved by improving the
ratio of contraction and introducing a slight change in the design inspired by Bronsema’s roof
design. The Eco-
cooler was used for this and this solution can prove effective as the temperature
reductions were about 3 degrees Centigrade. Also, the results suggested that the use of a bottle with
a 4-inch diameter at the base and 1-inch diameter at the brim will yield better efficiency than other
bottles of varying dimensions. Since wind velocity plays an import role in the performance of the
Eco-cooler, with an objective of making a detailed wind map of India, long-ter m data on an hourly
basis on wind speed from 70 meteorological centres of India Meteorological Department have been
collected and analysed. Using the Gumbel probability paper approach, the extreme value quantities
have been derived. A design basis wind speed for each site for a return period of 50 years was
evaluated. Following analysis of the collected data after appropriate processing, the site-specific
changes in the design wind speeds at the contemporary wind zone map for the design of
buildings/structures were highlighted and revisions to the previous map were suggested.
2.5 Gaps identified in literature survey
After going through the literature survey, following gaps were identified:
a. No analysis is done on the cooling capacity and efficiency of the Eco-cooler.
b. Wind effect is not taken into consideration for the cooling capacity of the Eco-cooler.

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c. No attempt is made to study the effect of using water as an aid in increasing the efficiency of
the Eco-cooler.
d. No analysis is done on the effect of increasing the hole area per surface area on the plywood
and adding more plastic bottles on the efficiency of the Eco-cooler.
e. No record of varying material during construction of Eco-
cooler to check the effect on the
cooling capacity.
f. Possibility of addition of phase transition material as an aid to increase efficiency is
neglected.
3.
Construction and experimental setup
3.1 Construction of eco-cooler
The guidelines followed for the construction of Eco-cooler for experimentation purposes
are as
follow:
a. Measure the dimensions of the window on which Eco-cooler will be mounted.
b. Take plywood of the same dimension and 6mm thick (transparent or opaque).
c. Make required inlet dia meter cuts on the wood at 10cm c/c distance.
d. Gather reusable bottles and cut them so that ratio of inner to outer diameter is 1:4.
e. Silicone Gel is used to adhere the half-cut bottles in positions.
f. Ensure no further movement occurs by applying aid to the Silicon gel.
Install the Eco-cooler on different windows of the room (based on wind movement direction and
requirement)
3.2 Estimation of unit rate of eco-cooler
Considering the window of 3X3 feet for which the Eco
-cooler is supposed to be designed.
x Size of Eco-cooler: 4X4 feet (1/2 feet each side for fixing)
x Plywood typical cost being Rs. 80/- square feet (good quality BWP)
BWP Plywood is an acronym for Boiling Waterproof Plywood which is confirming IS 710
specifications and is Marine Grade Exterior Wood.
x Cost of plywood: 80 X 16 = Rs. 1280/-
x Cost of Silicone for one unit (Transparent) = Rs. 200/-
Silicone is the best-known sealant available in the market which bonds almost all types of materials
be it wood, metal, or plastic. Silicone is the most used sealant in the civil engineering industry.
x
Assuming 50 recycled bottles
to be used of suitable diameter of nozzle depending on
design.
x Cost of each recycled bottle = Rs. 2/bottle.
x Total cost of recycled bottle = 2X50 = Rs. 100
x Miscellaneous cost for making holes in the plywood = Rs. 200
This involves the cost incurred to drill the holes of required specified and designed diameter by
using the drill gun generally which is available with the carpenters and other such workers.
x Total Cost of Eco-cooler for window of size 3X3 = Rs. 1780/-

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x Cost of Eco-cooler per square feet = Rs. 197.78/- = Rs. 200/-
To cool the same room more easily by using a modern method of reducing the temperature in a
room it costs up to Rs. 20000/- which comes up with added on maintenance, electricity bills every
month and the other problems that are being caused by the gases and chemicals being emitted by
this method.
3.3 Experimental Setup
Following experimental procedure is followed for obtaining observations for different experimental
conditions:
a. Mount the Eco-cooler on the window in the direction of the maximum wind flow or opposite
to it depending on the experiment.
b. Install 6 temperature sensors (Ambient Weather WS-10-
X4 Wireless Indoor/Outdoor 8
-
Channel Thermo-Hygrometer) (one on each wall, one on roof and one on the floor).
c. In the interval of 15 minutes, note down the temperature change.
d. If the temperature remains constant for 4 consecutive readings, the device has delivered the
maximum efficiency.
e. Add a water wall on the diametrically opposite position to the mounted Eco-
cooler (if
unavailable, use large containers containing water placed near the mounted Eco-cooler).
f. Note the change in temperature in the intervals of 15 minutes.
g. Introduce change in design of the Eco-cooler and note down the effect of the induced
change.
4.
Observations and results
Th
e following conditions were used to collect observational data and compute them in order to
obtain results:
4.1 Assessing the effect of wind on eco-cooler’s performance
Before mounting the Eco-cooler on the actual window, table fan was used to create the wind flow,
thus, accumulating the effect of wind velocity on the performance of the Eco-cooler.
The observation obtained is recorded as follows:
Table-1: Eco-
cooler fit
ted on table fan
Parameters 9th
March
10
th
March
11
th
March
12th
March
Inlet air velocity
0.2 m/s
0.3 m/s
0.4 m/s
0.5 m/s
Room temp.
24.3° C
24.0° C
24.8° C
24.4° C
Outlet air velocity
1.1 m/s
1.2 m/s
1.2 m/s
1.3 m/s
Outlet air
temperature
24.3° C
24.0° C
24.7° C
24.2° C
The data collected shows a directly proportional relationship stating that more the wind velocity,
bett er will be the efficiency and performance of the Eco-cooler. Therefore, it is evident that wind
velocity plays an important role in temperature reduction and cooling capacity of an Eco-cooler.

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4.2 Eco-cooler (design 1) under normal performance criteria.
The constructed Eco-cooler was mounted on a window with maximum wind flow. Wind velocity at
the start of the experiment was noted and change in room temperature every 15 minutes was noted.
Figure-2: Design 1 - Square pattern arrangement
Table
-2: Observation on cooling capacity (wind velocity at start 3.2 m/s)
Calculations:
x Overall Reduction in temperature (R) = 26.8 °C - 25.9 °C = 0.9°C
x Cooling Capacity = 0.9 °C ÷ 1.25 hr = 0.72 °C/hr
x Efficiency = (0.9 °C ÷ 26.8 °C) x 100 = 3.36%
4.3 Eco-cooler (design 1) with water aid
The same mounted Eco-cooler is now aided by keeping a large water container which will
theoretically absorb the heat and thermal energy from the entering air thus giving a better cooling
experience. (Wind velocity at the start 2.9 m/s).
Time
interval
(min)
Initial temp.
(° C)
Final temp.
(° C)
Reduction in
temp.(° C)
Cooling capacity
(° C/hr.)
0-15 26.8 26.7
0.1
0.4
15-30
26.7 26.5 0.2 0.8
30-45
26.5 26.2 0.3
1.2
45-60
26.2 25.9 0.1 0.4
60-75
25.9 25.9 0.2 0.8
75-90
25.9 25.9 0.0 0.0

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Table-3: Observation of cooling capacity
Calculations:
x Overall Reduction in temperature (R) = 27.6 °C – 26.2 °C = 1.4 °C
x Cooling Capacity = 1.4 °C ÷ 1.5 hr = 0.94 °C/hr
x
Efficiency = (1.4 °C ÷ 27.6 °C) x 100 = 5.07%
4.4 Eco-cooler (design 2) with water aid
A new Eco-cooler with modified design (Figure) was constructed so that to increase the amount of
intake wind coming from the window. Water container was placed near the Eco-cooler mounted
window as the same experimental procedure was followed. (Wind velocity at start 3.6 m/s).
Figure-3: Design 2 (A) Figure-4: Design 2 (B)
Time interval
(min)
Initial temp.
(° C)
Final temp.
(° C)
Reduction in temp.
(° C)
Cooling capacity
(° C/hr.)
0-15 27.6
27.3
0.3
1.2
15-30
27.3
27.1
0.2 0.8
30-45
27.1
26.7
0.4 1.6
45-60
26.7
26.5
0.2 0.8
60-75
26.5
26.3
0.2 0.8
75-90
26.3
26.2
0.1 0.4

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Table-4: Observation of Cooling Capacity
Calculations:
x Overall Reduction in temperature (R) = 25.6 °C – 23.8 °C = 1.9 °C
x
Cooling Capacity = 1.
9°C ÷ 1.75 hr = 1.09 °C/hr
x Efficiency = (1.9°C ÷ 25.6 °C) x 100 = 7.42%
4.5 Result Tabulation
Table-5:
Comparative analysis of Efficiencies
It is clear from the results that:
x More Void area/surface area gives better result and cooling capacity.
x Introducing a heat absorbent aids to the performance of the Eco-cooler.
x Wind velocity has a huge effect on the performance of the Eco-cooler, i.e., better
wind flow is directly proportional to the performance of Eco-cooler.
Time
interval
(min)
Initial temp.
(° C)
Final temp.
(° C)
Reduction in
temp.
(° C)
Cooling
capacity
(° C/hr.)
0-15 25.6 25.3 0.3 1.2
15-30 25.3 25.0 0.2 0.8
30-45 25.0 24.6 0.4 1.6
45-60 24.6 24.1 0.2 0.8
60-75 24.1 23.9 0.2 0.8
75-90 23.9 23.8 0.1 0.4
90-105
23.8 23.7 0.1 0.4
Design and setup
Overall Reduction
in temperature
Cooling capacity
overall Efficiency
Eco-cooler-1 0.9 °C 0.72 °C/hr. 3.36%
Eco-cooler-
1 with
water aid 1.4 °C 0.94 °C/hr. 5.57%
Eco-cooler-2 with
water aid
1.9 °C 1.09° C/hr. 7.42%

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5.
Conclusions
Following are the conclusions drawn from the present research
x As the temperature around the globe has started to grow at an unprecedented rate, it has
become the need of the hour to look for viable options that can help people everywhere, to
help them survive the worst-case scenarios that may come in the future.
x The
data that has been shown in this paper has shed a light on how the temperature
variations may occur in the next few decades. Therefore, if a concrete solution to this is not
developed then most of humanity will eventually have to perish.
x Apart from temperature variations, multiple other phenomena are happening that can have
dire consequences upon mankind with each one of them having catastrophic effects later
on.
x Multiple cooling strategies are being researched currently but most of them are at the
expen
se of electricity thus, it is uncertain that the solution would apply to masses as the
cost of the cooling device will be marginally high.
x Also, it is known that electricity is not omnipresent and because of this, not a lot of things
can be used as a solution. Hence, low-cost alternatives although hard to find must be
researched upon as they can prove to be a boon to people who may be economically
challenged.
x In this paper, the same has been tried to establish with the help of an Eco-cooler.
Temperature s
ensors were used to see the effect of varying parameters on the performance
of the Eco-cooler inside a closed environment.
x Benefits of using an Eco-cooler are mentioned in this paper and also how it can impact the
environment as well as be in harmony with the cooling capabilities. The cost of a typical
Eco-cooler is roughly Rs. 200/- per square feet which is affordable for most of the Indian
families.
x The construction procedure and its setup are fairly simple and hence, it can be done with
simply without the need for external assistance. Apart from this, the Eco-cooler can be used
in conjunction with other home appliances as such the table fan and hence, facilitating the
cooling effect.
x It is also observed that a certain pre-requisite mainly, wind flow is one of the most
important criteria for the working of the Eco
-
cooler. Hence, places where the natural wind
velocity would be constant and have a higher magnitude, the Eco-cooler would perform
better.
x Also, establishing the result on efficiency by the use of external aids such as a water-wall
which have proven to improve the performance of the Eco-cooler, up to some extent.
x A step is taken in the direction of providing a solution which i
s much more economically
viable and as the Air Conditioner are being used today its usage adds on to multiple
emissions and although the room inside becomes cooler, it is not affordable for everyone,
apart from its consequences to the environment.
x This paper aims to understand how these variables can be changed and even provide a
solution that has another impact on everyone.
x At last, although the obtained results are not in accordance to the required results and the
efficiency is not as much as it was pre
dicted. Further research needs to be done in this field
to improve the efficiency of the Eco-cooler and prove to be helpful.

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6. Scope for future work
x Eco-coolers have a big future ahead. There are some improvements which were not
included in this paper such as using phase transition materials.
x Use of phase-transition elements or heat sink can prove beneficial.
x
There is a scope in using different materials for bottles and the support on which bottles are
fixed.
x Different shapes of bottles can also be adopted in future to enhance the performance of the
Eco-cooler.
x As the supporter or the plywood prevents the view of the outside of the window, different
transparent materials can be used to overcome this problem.
x Making the design as two door panel window can be adopted.
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