Relationship between Self-Esteem and Life Satisfaction: A Meta-Analysis Study

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the relationships between self-esteem and life satisfaction through meta analysis. For this purpose, studies were examined and those that fit the criteria were included in the study. Accordingly, 74 articles including numerical data, which were published in refereed scientific journals, in Turkish and English between 2010 and 2020, were included in the study. The effect sizes of the research were done using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. 111 effect sizes were obtained from 74 different studies included in the study. A heterogeneous distribution was determined in the included studies (Q = 1835.56> 135.48). The effect size value according to the sample group as a result of the moderator analysis was calculated as 0.39 for adolescents and 0.43 for adults. Although the strength of the relationship between variables was higher in adults, it was observed that it did not change significantly (p>0.05). The average of effect sizes in the study was calculated as 0.42. These data indicate that there is a positive, moderately effective and significant (p <0.05) effect between life satisfaction and self-esteem. Results were discussed in the light of the literature.

Full text

RESEARCH ON EDUCATION AND PSYCHOLOGY (REP)
Received: November 10, 2020 e-ISSN: 2602-3733
Accepted: December 19, 2020 Copyright © 2020
http://dergipark.org.tr/rep December 2020  4(2)  236-253
Research Article
Relationship between Self-Esteem and Life Satisfaction: A
Meta-Analysis Study
M. Furkan Kurnaz1 Esra Teke2
Necmettin Erbakan University Ministry of Education
Hasan Ali Günaydın3
Ministry of Education
Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the relationships between self-esteem and life satisfaction through meta
analysis. For this purpose, studies were examined and those that fit the criteria were included in the study.
Accordingly, 74 articles including numerical data, which were published in refereed scientific journals, in
Turkish and English between 2010 and 2020, were included in the study. The effect sizes of the research were
done using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. 111 effect sizes were obtained from 74 different studies
included in the study. A heterogeneous distribution was determined in the included studies (Q = 1835.56>
135.48). The effect size value according to the sample group as a result of the moderator analysis was calculated
as 0.39 for adolescents and 0.43 for adults. Although the strength of the relationship between variables was
higher in adults, it was observed that it did not change significantly (p>0.05). The average of effect sizes in the
study was calculated as 0.42. These data indicate that there is a positive, moderately effective and significant (p
<0.05) effect between life satisfaction and self-esteem. Results were discussed in the light of the literature.
Key Words
Self-esteem • Life satisfaction • Meta-analysis
1 Correspondance to: Master’s Student, Institute of Educational Sciences, Necmettin Erbakan University,
Konya, Turkey. E-mail: furkan.kurnaz.mfk@gmail.com ORCID: 0000-0003-3773-9418
2 (M.D)., Psychological Counselor, Ministry of Education, Konya, Turkey. E-mail: esradogru1@gmail.com
ORCID: 0000-0002-8436-2169
3 Teacher, Ministry of Education, Konya, Turkey. E-mail: hasanaligunaydin@gmail.com ORCID: 0000-0001-
9477-3431
Citation: Kurnaz, M. F., Teke, E. & Günaydın, H. A. (2020). Relationship between self-esteem and life
satisfaction: A meta-analysis study. Research on Education and Psychology (REP), 4(2), 236-253.

Kurnaz, Teke, Günaydın / Relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction: A meta-analysis study
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Self-esteem is a popular and important construct in social sciences and everyday life (Blascovich & Tomaka,
1991). This important structure is one of the most researched variables in the fields of counseling and
psychology (Doğan & Eryılmaz, 2013; Güloğlu & Karaırmak, 2010). Even though there are many studies on the
subject, there is no widely accepted, standard, general definition of self-esteem (Aktaş, 2011).
James (1890) defined self-esteem as self-esteem=success/expectation. Rosenberg (1965) expressed self-
esteem as an individual's positive and negative attitudes towards himself. Coopersmith (1967) defined self-
esteem as an individual's evaluation of himself/herself as a competent, valuable and important person. Branden
(2001) stated that self-esteem is the sum of self-confidence and self-esteem, which he defines as a sense of
personal competence and personal worth. Balat and Akman (2004) expressed self-esteem as an evaluation of the
information in the self-concept.
Rosenberg (1965) states that self-esteem consists of two dimensions: high and low self-esteem. In this
context, he stated that individuals with high self-esteem feel themselves valuable and respected; individuals with
low self-esteem are not satisfied with themselves and reject themselves. Consistent with Rosenberg; Baumeister,
Campell, Kruger, and Vohs (2003) emphasized that individuals with high self-esteem have good relationships,
make positive impressions on people, and are willing to speak in a group. Plummer (2007) stressed that
individuals with low self-esteem give little value to their abilities, often deny their success, and have difficulties
in setting goals and solving problems.
When the studies in the literature were examined, a positive significant relationship was found between self-
esteem and subjective well-being (Doğan & Eryılmaz, 2013), self-efficacy (Yıldırım & Atilla, 2020), academic
achievement score and competitiveness (Yenidünya, 2005). A negative relationship was observed between self-
esteem and body image (Oktan & Şahin, 2010), social media addiction (Hawi & Samaha, 2017), internet
addiction (Yıldırım, 2016), social adaptation (Pehlivan, 2017), loneliness (Güloğlu & Karaırmak, 2010;
McWhirter, Besett-Alesch, Horibata, & Gat, 2002). In addition, perceived social support and self-esteem were
found to have a direct effect on students' patience levels (Koç & Coşkun, 2019), and variables of self-esteem and
social connectedness on the social anxiety variable (Kurtyılmaz, Can, & Ceyhan, 2017). In addition, in studies
conducted, relationship was found between self-esteem and social relationships (Harris & Orth, 2019),
depression (Carvalho et al., 2016; Yaygır, 2018), happiness (Cheng & Furham, 2002), negative automatic
thoughts (Director & Nuri, 2017), loneliness (Tohumcu, 2018; Zhao, Zhang & Ran, 2017) and life satisfaction
(Hawi & Samaha, 2017; Karademir, Türkçapar, Ulucan, & Bahadır, 2013; Rey, Extremera & Pena, 2011;
Yıldırım, 2017; Yanar, Kızılırmak, & Denizli, 2018; Yıldız & Baytemir, 2016).
Life satisfaction has been defined as a subjective assessment of a person's quality of life in general or specific
domains (Diener, Suh, Lucas, & Smith, 1999). Life satisfaction is based on the comparison of individuals'
judgments about the level of satisfaction they provide, the current course and the standards (not imposed from
outside) that the individual has set for himself (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985). It shows a conceptual
evaluation or judgment of the individual's own life (Özdevecioğlu & Aktaş, 2007). It is also the degree of
positive evaluation of the overall quality of his life as a whole (Veenhoven, 1991). In other words, life
satisfaction represents an evaluative judgment (Pavot & Diener, 2013).
Stating that there is a large literature on life satisfaction, Appleton and Song (2008) suggest that life
satisfaction has six different components. These components are income level, occupation and social status of

RESEARCH ON EDUCATION AND PSYCHOLOGY (REP)
238
the person, opportunities he/she has, welfare conditions, current state policy, environment, family and social
relations. Dockery (2004) evaluated factors such as stable personality traits, marital status, social support
networks, life events, health status, lifestyle, job status, and socioeconomic status as factors affecting life
satisfaction.
When the studies in the literature were examined, it was observed that there was a positive relationship
between life satisfaction and psychological resilience (Ülker, Tümlü, & Recepoğlu, 2013), optimism and
happiness (Gülcan & Nedim Bal, 2014), endurance and wisdom (Hayat, Khan, & Sadia, 2016). It has been
observed that there is a negative relationship between life satisfaction and work-family conflict (Özdevecioğlu &
Aktaş, 2007), loneliness (Hasanoğlu, 2019; Yılmaz & Altınok, 2009), burnout (Ünal, Karlıdağ, & Yoloğlu,
2001), negative automatic thoughts (Bulut, 2007). In addition, there are studies showing that there is a significant
relationship between life satisfaction and hopelessness (Akandere, Acar, & Baştuğ, 2009), and awareness
(Agarwal & Dixit, 2017).
Chen, Tu and Wang (2008) found in their study that neuroticism has a negative effect on life satisfaction, but
openness and conscientiousness have a positive effect. Çıkrıkçı and Odacı (2016) revealed in their study that
metacognitive awareness and self-efficacy are important predictors of life satisfaction in adolescents. Nam
(2020) concluded in his study that resilience, mindfulness and neurotic personality trait variables significantly
predicted life satisfaction. Extremera and Rey (2016) found in their study that positive and negative affect
completely mediates the connection between emotional intelligence and life satisfaction.
In this study, it was aimed to examine the relationships between self-esteem and life satisfaction with meta-
analysis method. Many studies on both self-esteem (Doğan & Eryılmaz, 2013; Güloğlu & Karaırmak, 2010) and
life satisfaction (Appleton & Song, 2008) were found in the reviewed literature. In this context, it is thought that
it would be beneficial to consider the studies in the literature in a holistic manner. Besides, some studies in the
literature indicate that there is a positive relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction (Freire & Ferreira,
2019; Rey et al., 2011; Yıldırım, 2017), while some studies indicated a negative relationship (Seshadri et al.,
2019). In this context, this study is considered to be important in terms of putting an end to the contradictory
findings and integrating the results of the published studies and creating a framework. It is also thought that this
study will make a significant contribution to the literature by filling the gap in the literature.
Method
Meta-analysis method was used in this study. Meta-analysis is a method of combining the results of multiple
independent studies conducted on a specific subject and performing the statistical analysis of the obtained
research findings (Dinçer, 2014). The main findings of the meta-analysis method consist of effect size,
heterogeneity test results and publication bias findings. The effect sizes of the research were made using
Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software.
Area Scan
The data source of the study consists of articles on self-esteem and life satisfaction. In the survey, the words
"self-esteem and life satisfaction" were used as key words in Turkish and English. 111 correlation values
obtained from 74 studies that meet the inclusion criteria of the study were included in this meta-analysis.

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Inclusion Criteria
The criteria sought in studies to be included in meta-analysis:
1. Articles must be published in peer-reviewed scientific journals.
2. Articles contain numerical data that will enable the calculation of the effect size.
3. The language of the articles is Turkish or English.
4. Articles published between 2010-2020.
In the meta-analysis study, 111 effect sizes were calculated from 74 studies that met these criteria.
Coding of Studies and Reliability of Coding Process
Correlation values were used as effect size type in the meta-analysis study. Sample size and correlation
values were obtained from each study to calculate the effect size of the study. The sample type and publication
year of the studies included in the meta-analysis was determined as the moderator variable.
The study was coded by two independent coders in order to ensure the reliability between the coders, and the
Cohen Kappa coefficient was used to evaluate the harmony between the coders. In the study, Cohen Kappa
coefficient was found as κ = 0.90.
General Features of the Studies Included in the Study
74 studies included in the study were conducted between 2010-2020. 23 of the studies consist of adolescents
and 51 adults. When the publication years of the studies included in the meta-analysis are examined, 3 of the
from 2010, 8 from 2011, 7 from 2012, 11 from 2013, 10 from 2014, 8 from 2015. 7 from 2016, 7 from 2017, 2 t
from 2018, 3 from 2019, 8 from 2020.
Findings
In this section, publication bias, homogeneity test results, combined effect sizes of the studies and analysis
results according to moderator variables are given.
Publication Bias
Funnel plot, Orwin Fail-Safe N, Tau-square coefficient (τ2) and Duval and Tweedie's Trim and Fill method
were used in the study to test the publication bias.
Figure 1
Funnel Plot
-2,0 -1,5 -1,0 -0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
Standard Error
Fisher's Z
Funnel Plot of Standard Error by Fisher's Z

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As can be seen in Figure 1, it is seen that 111 effect sizes included in the study are equally distributed on both
sides of the vertical line. The fact that 111 effect sizes that make up the data set are evenly distributed in the
upper region shows that there is no publication bias.
Table 1
Test Data
Publication Bias Test
Criteria
Value
Orwin’s Fail-Safe N
for 0.01
4738
Egger’s regression intercept
p (1-tailed)
0.16
Tau- square coefficient (τ2)
p (1-tailed)
0.49
Duval ve Tweedie’s Trim and Fill
17
0.42/0.45
According to the Orwin's Fail-Safe N calculation made to test the publication bias, the number of studies that
could bring the Fisher's Z value to 0.01 and effect size was calculated 0.00 is the as 4738. The fact that this
number is quite large indicates that there is no publication bias. According to Egger’s regression intercept p =
0.16 and Tau-square coefficient (τ2) analysis, p = 0.49 value was not found to be statistically significant (p>
.05). The value of Egger’s regression intercept, which are not statistically significant, indicates that there is no
publication bias (Sedgwick, 2013). According to the result of Duval and Tweedie's trim and fill method, when 17
peer studies are included, it is seen that the average effect size found as a result of meta-analysis changes to 0.45.
Since this change is insignificant, the reported impact magnitude can be considered reliable.
Analysis Findings on the Effect Size
In this study, between self-esteem and life satisfaction were made a heterogeneity test and random effects
model the results of the analyzes are shown in Table 2.
Table 2
Effect Size Findings
Model
k
ES
%95 C. I.
Heterogeneity
Lower
Upper
Q-value
P
I²
Random effect
111
0.42
0.39
0.45
1835.56
0.000
94.00
Based on the relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction, the Q value was found to be 1835.56 for
110 df in the heterogeneity test of the studies included in the study. Since the total heterogeneity value calculated
exceeds the value in the chi-square table, it can be said that the studies (1835.56> 135.48) show heterogeneous
distribution (Higgins & Thompson, 2002). It is seen that the I² value is high (94.00%). In addition, a p value less
than 0.05 means that the studies show heterogeneous distribution. (Petiti, 2000).
According to the random effects model, the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval was calculated as 0.39
and the upper limit 0.45 and the average effect size 0.42. These data indicate that there is a positive, moderately
effective and significant (p <0.05) effect between life satisfaction and self-esteem.

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Moderator Analysis
In the study, the strength of the relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction was examined
according to the sample group and the publication. Findings obtained are shown in Table 3.
Table 3
Moderator Variables
Moderator
k
ES
%95 C.I.
Low
Upper
P
Qb
P
Sample Group
Adolescent
39
0.39
0.34
0.44
0.00
1.74
0.19
Adult
72
0.43
0.40
0.47
0.00
Work Year
2010-2014
50
0.41
0.36
0.46
0.00
0.29
0.59
2015-2020
61
0.43
0.39
0.46
0.00
As seen in Table 3, the effect size value was calculated as 0.39 for adolescents and 0.43 for adults according
to the sample group in which the study was conducted. Although the strength of the relationship between self-
esteem and life satisfaction was higher in adults, it was observed that it did not change significantly (p> 0.05).
When the strength of the relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction is examined by study year, the
variance between studies is not statistically significant.
Discussion
This meta-analytical study statistically explained the results of studies examining the relationship between
life satisfaction and self-esteem. In this study, examining the relationship between self-esteem and life
satisfaction in scientific journals, 74 studies were reviewed. To decide whether these studies were publication
bias, Funnel Plot, Orwin's Fail-Safe N Calculation, Egger’s regression intercept, Tau-square Coefficient and
Duval and Tweedie's Trim and Fill method were used. And, it was found that there was no publication bias.
Moreover, heterogeneity results show that these studies are heterogeneously distributed (Q=1853.56; p<0.1). 111
correlation values from these 74 studies were included in the analysis. As a result of the analysis, the effect size
value was found to be 0.42. According to this result, we can say that there is a middle relationship between life
satisfaction and self-esteem (Ellis, 2010). This result is consistent with the Schutte and Malouff (2018) meta-
analysis research on the positive well-being of individuals. They found the effect size as 0.32. In previous
studies, a positive relationship was found between life satisfaction and self-esteem (Arslan, 2019; Perez-Fuentes
et al., 2019; Lau et al., 2020). Individuals with high self-esteem have more positive life satisfaction than
individuals with low self-esteem (Freire & Ferreira 2019; Rey et al., 2011; Zhang & Leung, 2002). Moreover,
Liang et al. (2020) found that individuals with high self-esteem have higher happiness from life in migrated
individuals. But, Seshadri et al. (2019) found a significant negative relationship between life satisfaction and
self-esteem of adolescent boys who migrated. And, they explained that there was no significant relationship
between life satisfaction and self-esteem in young women who migrated.
Researchers also examined variables that mediate the relationship between life satisfaction and self-esteem.
Studies have shown that gender (Boden et al., 2008; Freire & Ferreira, 2019; Kling et al., 1999; Moksnes &

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Espnes, 2013), age (Butkovic vd., 2019; Zhang & Leung, 2002), internet usage (Blachino et al., 2016; Blachino
et al., 2019), attitude of parent (Milevsky et al., 2006), social status (Zhang & Leung, 2002), health conditions
(Moksnes & Espnes, 2013) and aesthetic operations (Papadopulos et al., 2018) play a mediating role in the
relationship between life satisfaction and self-esteem. Diener and Diener (2009) found that their self-esteem and
life satisfaction was affected by the societies and economic circumstances of the society in which people live.
Also, self-esteem and life satisfaction have been found to be strongly affected by close relationships (Milevsky,
2005; Perez-Fuentes et al., 2019).
Since life satisfaction is a multifaceted construct, the relationship between life satisfaction and various
variables has been explored in some studies (McGillivray et al., 2009). In these relationships, self-esteem of
individuals has been found to have a mediating role in achieving the desired satisfaction in their lives (Butkovic
et al., 2019). For example, self-esteem has been shown to have a mediating effect on the relationship between
individuals' life satisfaction and levels of cheerfulness (Lau et al., 2020; Li et al., 2018). Perez-Fuentes et al.
(2019) found that the parenting styles influence the life satisfaction of adolescents and self-esteem plays a
mediating role in this effect. Arslan (2019) found that self-esteem plays a mediating role in the relationship
between individuals’ social alienation and life satisfaction. Moreover, self-esteem is effective in the relationship
between emotional intelligence and life satisfaction (Rey et al., 2011; Zarei et al., 2019). Cao and Liang (2017),
in their study with substance addicts, found that self-esteem plays a mediating role in the relationship between
individuals' perceived social support and life satisfaction.
Understanding the relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction of individuals at every stage of life is
important for the development of psychological interventions (Butkovic et al., 2019; Cuomo, 2020; Moksnes &
Espnes, 2013). By reaching a general opinion by analyzing the studies on the relationship between self-esteem
and life satisfaction, this study is projected to be a guide for future studies on this topic.

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