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Furniture Design: its impact on Lifestyle
Marzieh Allahdadi*
1
; Mahsa Gholipour
2
; Rosita Farzam
3
1 Faculty Member Industrial Design Department, Art Faculty, Alzahra University. Email:
m.allahdadi@alzahra.ac,ir *
2 MA student, industrial design department, fine art campus, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. Email:
mahsaaagholipuuur@gmail.com
3 Faculty Member Industrial Design Department, Fine Art Campus, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. Email:
farzamr@ut.ac.ir
Abstract
The different characteristics of the human beings have caused changes in the
environment and various sciences, especially furniture design, in the course
of time. Undergoing such evolutions during various epochs, the furniture
design has succeeded in attaining various levels of adaption to the human
characteristics. The quality of these features and the idea that whether they
can be applied according to the Iranian style of life in the design of interior
furniture of the today’s houses are the two questions dealt with in the current
research paper. The concept “lifestyle” is influenced by such elements as
value, belief, attitude, identity and the consumption culture; thus, the furniture
design closely related to the society’s consumption culture is an influential
indicator of lifestyle. The recognition of the individuals depends on the
realization of culture, attitudes, beliefs, habits, expectations and a great many
of the other factors in their lives that altogether lead to the recognition of the
lifestyle. The present study makes use of a descriptive-analytical method to
investigate the role of furniture design in the lifestyles.
Keywords: lifestyle, culture, consumption culture, furniture design.
*The present article has been drawn on the BA dissertation by the second author called “designing home furniture
according to Iranian habits and culture” and advises of the first author presented to art department of Alzahra
University
Introduction
The human beings spend a large fraction of their lives inside the interior building spaces formulated by the
aid of the elements, structures and walls. These spaces create an environment wherein a great many of the
daily activities occur. Furniture as one of the most important of these elements results in the shaping of the
interior spaces. The term furniture literally means “home instruments like chairs, tables, benches and so
forth” (Mo’ein, 2009, 856) and, in more detailed terms, it might, as well, refer to such “home instruments as
table, chair and bench covered with a piece of fabric as well as the other wooden objects” (Amid, 1980, 914).
Nowadays, due to the spatial limitations existent in the apartments, the majority of the human beings cannot
design their apartment suits according to their own wants and tastes. Now, according to the limited size
encountered in most of the apartments and also the abundant need for making use of all the house’s corners
and sides, furniture design and its placement can have an effective role in house furniture arrangement. The
furniture in a house is descriptive of the various spaces therein; if the furniture is designed in a principled
manner and based on the researches performed it can have a great effect on the lifestyle of the residents. The
first studies regarding lifestyle were proposed by the Austrian scientist, Alfred Adler, indicating the theory
that “the lifestyle is a stereotype of an individual, a group or a culture’s method of living” (Adler, 1954).
Lifestyle naturally is reflective of an individual’s attitudes and values. An individual’s values encompass
culture and beliefs as well as economical, social and political approaches. Way of living might also
incorporate attitudes regarding politics, religion, health and sincerity. All these aspects play a part in shaping
the life (Bourdieu, 1984). As put by Ajdary (2013, 400), every product possesses a sociocultural dimension
that influences the consumer in the course of time. From the perspective of Bruno Latour, every product
possesses a cultural aspect and also from the activity theory viewpoint, every product enjoys an ideal aspect
transferred via education from a generation to another. Method of living is the type of the humans’ behavior
in and approach to various social environments and there are numerous factors influencing them, like
political, economical and social approaches. The apartment suits’ furniture can influence its social
approaches that form inside a residential environment like the sincerity between the family members and the
healthiness of an individual’s spirit. Furniture design can be effective on these branches and cause an
enhancement in the humans’ quality of life. There are numerous factors that can be influential on the
furnishing of a space. These factors embrace furniture, color, material and placement position. The following
parts try to introduce lifestyle subject to the influence of furniture design.
Defining Lifestyle
The most coherent discussion about life style conceptualization and cultural use has been put forth by
Bourdieu. He realizes consumption as the most important element of the modern world. In his opinion, the
subordinate and superior groups of the middle class are engaged in a mild fight for identity, value and social
position and consumption is a tool for cultural production and legitimization and fight in the social space
(Fazeli, 2004, 44). In fact, lifestyle is a concept shaped by such elements as attitude, value, belief, identity,
consumption, capital and consumption norms. Placed at the side of one another, these concepts shape
different arrangements of tastes, individual and collective identities and sociocultural patterns; because we
are living in a period of time replete with production and consumption of commodities and the ascending
trends of production and consumption is not negligible. Based on Bourdieu’s idea, lifestyles are the regular
products of cultural capital that can be, per se, transformed into systems of social personality signs. In other
words, it can be deduced that the social classes, namely elite, general public and so forth, are the conscious
efforts made by the individuals aiming at formulating their individual and collective identities (Zoka’ei,
2003). Lifestyle can be known as patterns of action distinguishing the individuals in a society. Georg
Simmel, as well, offers these interpretations more in the format of discussions on the form and style and their
contrast with the content and life. He states somewhere that “the lifestyle is the embodiment of the human
effort for finding fundamental values or, put differently, a more superior self’s individuality in its objective
culture and exhibiting it to the others” (Mahdavi Kani, 2009, 205).
Lifestyle and selection of a special type of behavioral pattern that is per se the product of the individual and
group interaction and behavior of the mankind cause the formation of social space. Such a discourse on the
social space in respect to the lifestyle has drawn the attentions of the researchers and thinkers from various
fields of study, including the interior architecture and furniture design, during the recent decades. The term
lifestyle in general includes the method chosen by the people for how to behave or what to do to become in
possession of a distinct personality (Rappaport, 1969, 15). Lifestyle specially leads to the selection of quality
of life and special activities and methods including the ideals and imaginations. From Pierre Bourdieu’s
viewpoint, lifestyle is the systematic way of living and doing categorized and classifier works or
distinguishing signs manifested within the format of a distinctive form of the space. In such a space-oriented
approach, house becomes a space for exhibiting behaviors, performing activities and acting and reacting
mutually by the individuals in respect to one another and it is recognized as a place that is constantly
changing and evolving in terms of the lifestyle, spatial organization and its constituting elements. Essential
change and evolution in the lifestyle following the lead of the west and, subsequently, the influences that
have been brought about in the house space in the contemporary Iran date back to the late Qajar era and they
are rooted in an interaction and discourse that had been common between Iran and the west at that time. The
evolution trend of a new lifestyle formation was first started from the aristocrat class and gradually entered
into the various areas of the people’s lives in the later periods (first and second Pahlavi eras) (Ebrahimi et al,
2017, 45).
Lifestyle in Iran
If the contemporary Iranian society’s life period can be considered from the advent of modernity up to now
and/or, more precisely, from the beginning of the second Pahlavi’s reign, it can be observed that it has
undergone a metamorphosis due to the great many of the imports in social and cultural, specially
consumption, areas and it can be scarcely molded in a standard manner. Therefore, expressing the fixed and
stable properties of today’s Iranian lifestyle is difficult but the effect of the lifestyle and general consumption
culture of the today’s world on it is definite and undeniable.
The change and evolution of lifestyle in Iran during the late Qajar era, particularly after the constitutionalism
period, can be sought in the formation of modern schools, development of the social interactions with the
religious minorities and foreigners, evolutions in the urban management, the effect of the foreign citizens’
architecture and economical interactions with the west. During late Qajar era and after constitutionalism, Iran
underwent development and enhancement in terms of its cultural status. Paying attention to modern schools
and science-orientation has undoubtedly been deeply influential on the beliefs and mental attitudes of the
people as a result of which they took steps into the new world and adopted a modern way of living. In this
new method of living, paying attention to the women and their agreeability in the society’s arena was little-
by-little accepted and this had a subtle influence on the closing the gap and privacy of female and male life.
In the meantime, the foreign goods and commodities like the Russian and English merchandises were
gaining daily increasing importance. Garoutte, a German traveler, reminds in his travel to Hamadan of the
role of the home utensils and instruments in offering a new pattern of consumption and lifestyle; he points to
such goods as Russian crystal-ware, lanterns, plastic products, copper containers, implements made in
Moscow, fabric, tin cans, chocolate and so forth (Garoutte, 1991, 58). Interior architecture and use of foreign
furniture were inter alia the other factors influencing the change in the people’s tastes, especially those of the
aristocrat and merchants’ class. Although the social, cultural and economical changes in Iran happens rather
smoothly and gradually in the people’s lives, it exerts a deep effect on such areas as architecture and interior
architecture of the aristocrat and merchants’ houses.
The importance of these cultural and social messages and significations reveals the significance and
dependency of these individuals on such a consumption culture that eventually is found having rendered the
presence of consumption culture inseparable from the human life; moreover, it not only endeavors to satisfy
the primary and preliminary humans’ needs but it also meets such secondary needs as acceptation, self-
confidence and respect. In fact, the humans’ lives depend on the products found in their periphery and such a
dependency becomes so extreme that these products are seen as a family member. But, in the majority of the
cases, the human beings are found accepting these housemates of them than selecting them, deciding about
them or producing them (Mahdizadeh Tehrani, 2013, 130).
Scrutiny over the abovementioned definitions makes it clear that there is a suspended atmosphere governing
the lifestyle (between traditional and modern) in the today’s Iranian society; thus, the things are not as before
and obey the new system of production and consumption and this is why the lifestyle has become multiple in
nature and follows the capitals, consumption and consumption orientation.
Culture
Culture is a complex concept for which there are numerous and diverse definitions offered. For long, culture
was defined as a collection of intellectual and art-related activities and then a relatively comprehensive and
somewhat more accurate definition was offered but it only deals with the spiritual aspects of culture.
“Culture is a complex collection incorporating knowledge, beliefs, arts, ethics, rules of tradition and customs
and the entire abilities and capabilities and habits acquired by a human being as a member of a society”.
Following the holding of a global culture and development conference in Mexico City in 1982 regarding the
cultural policies and announcement of the years from 1988 to 1997 as the global cultural development
decade by the UN, the culture was differently conceptualized. As recommended by the aforesaid conference,
the culture should be considered as the extensive concept indicating a complex context and featuring mutual
relations that is laid upon the foundation of a set of traditions, knowledge types and different forms of an
individual’s expression and actualization of oneself. In more precise terms and according to the definition
provided by this conference, culture is:
“A perfect collection of distinctive psychological, material, intellectual and affective characteristics
distinguishing a society or social group from another; it not only encompasses the arts but also it includes
forms of life, essential human rights, value systems, traditions and beliefs”.
With the features mentioned in the above definition for the culture of a society or a social group, the culture
cannot be anymore envisioned as the subsidiary or ornamental aspect of the development rather it is
enumerated as a necessary element of the society and it is taken into account in a general relationship with
development and the internal social force. And, it can be stated that culture is a very complex and extensive
collection brought about by the mankind in his course of social and historical perfection (Azkiya et al, 2006).
The International Council of Societies of Industrial Design introduces culture as an integral part of design
work and recounts design as one of the most genuine factors of cultural exchange. Furniture design, as well,
as a subset of the industrial designing cannot be excluded from the foresaid axiom and its success in the
target market is significantly associated with its match with the target society’s cultural attitudes. The type of
furniture in proportion to the society’s culture in the designing area can be displayed in such a way that it
becomes in possession of transferring the concepts, symbols, meanings and even lifestyle. Such a set of
furniture can become part of the cultures extant in the society and/or be, per se, a new culture. Therefore,
designing as a creative activity, or, in other words, as an industry connected to creation, possesses the
competency of producing cultural furniture. Keeping such an inference in mind, every designed furniture
type can be considered as a cultural object (Honarbakhsh et al, 2017, 46).
National Culture
The national culture of every land features certain characteristics and properties specific thereto. It is shaped
under the influence of the historical, geographical, religious and ideological elements and all of the other
unique traits giving the nation an identity different from those of the others. In every society, the humans
enjoy a different economical status, social relations and culture. In fact, the humans possess different social
positions in societies. As put by Bourdieu, the individuals possess various economical, social and cultural
capitals. The various capitals of an individual determine his or her identity inside a society, guide his or her
behaviors and shape the spaces wherein s/he lives or works. In Bourdieu’s mind, cultural capitals of an
individual as compared to his or her other capitals exert the highest effect on his or her social position inside
a society and guide his or her behaviors and thoughts (Monadi, 2008, 36). Therefore, the form of the cultural
field or space wherein an individual lives is more nurtured on his or her cultural capitals.
Cultural Capitals
Cultural capitals, as defined by Bourdieu, can be divided into three parts, as stated below:
a) Internalized cultural capitals expressing the things individuals know and can do. In fact, this
internalized cultural capital is deemed as a potential ability that gradually becomes part of an
individual and manifested as a habit.
b) Objective cultural capital including the cultural commodities and material objects such as books and
libraries, painting and artworks and antiques.
c) Institutionalized cultural capital, including the educational qualities that are objectively demonstrated
within the format of educational degrees and levels.
Humans’ cultural capital, in contrast to their other capitals, plays an important role in the selection and
change of their cultural space. In the meanwhile, the humans are gradually influenced by the cultural space
wherein they are living or by the cultural space they themselves make. The psychiatry school is also of the
belief that the humans’ choices obey their mind (Monadi, 2008, 19). In other words, there is a relative
coordination between the human’s mind, intellect, behavior, choice of objects and various activities. The
content of the human mind, as well, possesses values, norms and customs and traditions that an individual
has learnt in the course of his or her life. Thus, human mind is a reagent of his culture. Subsequently, the
human culture or his cultural capital guides the behaviors, attitudes and expression of ideas, on the one hand,
and plays a part in his various choices in the course of the daily life.
The parents like any other individuals in every society firstly possess various economical, social and cultural
capitals and secondly their cultural capitals exert the highest influence on their thoughts and behaviors and
thirdly these same cultural capitals shape and direct their spaces of living.
Families are not like each other. The cultural spaces inside the houses differ. The difference is visible in the
way the objects are arranged or decorated, the type of the objects chosen for the house, their colors and even
the behavior and the type of the relationships between the individuals as well as the position of each.
The family spaces are sometimes completely private and quarantined in respect to more general spaces. The
space is sometimes completely general and no cultural difference is discerned by the children inside and
outside the house.
It is via observing the parents’ behaviors, the type of decoration inside the house and bearing witness to their
thoughts upon coming across various questions that their various capitals, especially their cultural capitals
can be figured out. Moreover, considering the various differences extant in houses, it can be stated that each
of them have their own specific style of living.
Selection of a Cultural Space inside the House
The selection of an object, a color, a tool even for decorating the workplace and/or dwelling place like a
tableau, furniture and so forth, the selection of an activity like art, sport and/or following a fashion style
and/or a special type of haircut or makeup are none haphazard rather these choices are closely tied to the
human mind. In fact, every choice is driven out of a cause the root of which has to be sought inside the brain.
Our mind is formed and shaped based on the environment in our periphery. The human mind from the very
beginning of life is subject to the social effects of the environment where s/he is born and reared (Ibid: 25).
Therefore, the environment, fabricates our recognition of our peripheries. Hence, it can be said that the
recognition we have gained of our peripheral world interferes in the formation and guidance of our
behaviors.
From sociological perspectives, as well, there is a cultural coordination between the culture of the selected
commodity and the individual culture. Pleasure and satisfaction are latent in every choice. When using a
commodity, besides taking pleasure in doing so, there is an announcement of existence; because the form of
the commodity speaks of a certain culture so making use of it is also a declaration of a certain identity. An
individual in his experience of building an identity tries in passing through mental and practical patterns of
behavior explain the relationship between the mind and the behaviors, including the choices (as an example
of behavior).
Behavioral Patterns of Life
The quality of using every product in various communities is intensely subject to the effect of the behavioral
patterns of life therein. In fact, the behavioral patterns determine how to use a product. In some cases, the
difference in the behavioral patterns of life in a given society might also bring about a change in the
product’s use case. As for furniture design, a well, it is highly important to pay attention to the behavioral
patterns of life. The majority of the families from the middle class of the Iranian society do not make use of
furniture for their daily life. In fact, furniture is still enjoying an ornamental aspect in the majority of the
Iranian families belonging to the middle class and it is bought and used for hosting. It can be stated that the
buyers pay a greater deal of attention to the hosting issues and the furniture’s look when choosing a certain
type of furniture. The ornamental nature of the furniture’s use case as considered by the middle class of the
Iranian society and as a result of the difference in the behavioral patterns of their lives from a great many of
the other classes and societies is a solid reason affirming the claim that the appearance of the furniture (form,
color, design and the material of the cover) is of a great importance for the middle class of the Iranian society
in contrast to the quality and the comfort when actually making use of the furniture (Allahdadi et al, 2014,
4).
Discussion and Conclusion
In line with gaining an insight over the culture inside the Iranian houses, there was carried out a research
based on an interview method with the residents of the houses (families) and observation of the interior
spaces and the type of the residents’ behaviors in their interaction with the environment and its components.
The followings are the results of the foresaid study:
Regarding the quality of the culture inside the houses according to the objective observation of the majority
of the dwelling places studied herein, the traditional and/or modern attitudes towards life was visible
somewhat in the type of the decorations, ornaments and arrangements inside the houses. The form of the
decorations inside the studied houses was either traditional or semi-traditional or even modern.
By the traditional lifestyle, the absence of furniture, the use of carpet or moquette for covering the floors, the
absence of tableau other than the ones ornamented with the Holy Quran’s AYAT and/or a piece of poetry,
simplicity of the instruments of life, the existence of simple carpet-covered backrest are intended. There
were also bookcases, mostly with religious, literature, poetry and history books, observable. These families
are mostly religious and traditional.
Though there was no sign of furniture in the affluent traditional lifestyle, there were observed rooms covered
on the floors with beautiful and precious carpets, backrests, tableaus, if any with the Holy Quran’s AYAT
woven in the form of carpets, the separation between the sitting hall and the guest room, the vitrines full of
crystal-ware and/or antique objects.
Naturally, the houses with such a style of living the residence place were large in area. Bookcases were
rarely found in these houses and if there was any, they were filed with books like the traditional state.
In the modern lifestyle, there was observed the existence of furniture, carpet in smaller sizes and only in the
center of the rooms, tableaus on the wall, the existence of abjure and/or indirect light, vitrines filled with
antique objects or specific to a certain culture and country, the lack of separation between the guest room and
the sitting room. The tableaus were most frequently braided showing pictures of landscapes and/ or a number
of more modern paintings. Generally, the existence of tableau was completely evident in this type of the
houses. In a number of this type of modern and affluent families, there were pianos at a corner of the hall and
they were mostly used by the children as stated by their parents. In the meantime, there were bookshelves
filled with historical, poetry, literature and novel books in a number of these houses.
Finally, the semi-modern lifestyle was evidenced where the lifestyle is neither perfectly traditional nor
modern (but a combination of both). In these houses, besides the floors being completely covered with
carpets, furniture was also visible. Also, there were observed tableaus featuring various, sometimes
contradictory, cultures. For example, a part of the hosting hall was completely covered on the floor with
precious and beautiful carpets and furnished with wooden and fine furniture in the house of an affluent
family and there were also used backrests in another part. In the meanwhile, besides a tableau rug installed
on a wall and depicting the last supper of Messiah, there was another tableau rug portraying Josephine,
Napoleon Bonaparte’s beloved, at the corner and also there was on another wall a tableau rug displaying the
AYA “Va Iin Yakad”.
The majority of the individuals in these families used to lie down in front of the TV on the floor and they
mostly sat cross-legged when using the couch. In semi-modern families, the majority of the daily activities
were carried out in the hall; the table inside the hall was used for working with laptop, reading books and so
forth or they sat at the couch and used the arm as a table and they most often placed their legs on the
footstool or they sat on the ground and leaned their back onto the couch.
The economical capitals of the parents did not play any role in the type of the spaces’ cultures. In fact, the
effect of the economical capitals was only exerted on the quantity and quality of the daily tools; to wit the
affluence in every state (modern or traditional) provided for the largeness of the residential space along with
more precious goods like carpets but it did not have any influence on the type of the spatial culture.
The social capitals, as well, was applied in making economical use of the communication networks and/or
for resolving their problems, if any. That was why the difference in culture did not allow the increasing of
the relations and lowered the number of the familial comings and goings, i.e. the individuals of the same
culture used to make more contacts in private familial environments but the contact between various classes
of culture only occurred in public environments if it was deemed necessary.
The parents’ cultural capitals have the highest influence on the shape of the cultural space (cultural field) of
the family; to wit the highest coordination exists between the parents’ cultural capital and the cultural space
inside the house. In case that the families enjoy a high level of cultural capital, there would come about an
increase in the cultural space, as well, and if the former is found in a low level, the cultural poorness would
govern the house space.
The present study signifies that there is a close relationship between the parents’ cultural capital and the form
of the cultural space (modern, traditional or a combination of both) inside the houses. Based on the
researches carried out in this regard, the vast part of the parents' cultural capital is objectively reproduced in
the space of every class. In the meantime, the various cultural elements like bookcase, tableau, objects inside
the vitrines, musical instruments, audio-visual systems, type of furniture and carpets and their types, the
proportion between the color of the furniture and the carpets, curtains and wall color and even the style of
hosting were expressive of the amount of the capital in spaces inside the houses. The ordinary and very
simple spaces featuring no special culture, including traditional or modern, were indicative of an ordinary
culture or, occasionally, the low culture.
Based thereon, the intermediate capital, more than the high and low capitals, produces modern spaces; low
capitals produce traditional space more than the high and intermediate capitals while the high and
intermediate capitals produce combined space more than the low capital.
The traditional capital of the parents, as well, has been reproduced in the form of the space more than the
modern and combined capitals. In fact, the traditional capital was found completely reproduced in the form
of the space and the parents’ capital enjoyed a higher level of power in this state. In the meanwhile, the
society, for its traditional form, has contributed thereto while the parents’ combined capital was found
different from the form of space more than the modern capital.
Therefore, it can be stated generally that the majority of the human beings reflect what they think about and
that they mirror the type of the ideology they own in their behaviors. Choices are one set of the human
beings’ behaviors and these choices are displayed in their life spaces. In fact, the human behavior and the
form of its private space and the way s/he treats the components of this space indicates his or her cultural
capitals.
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