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A Millimeter Wave Channel Modeling with Spatial Consistency in 5G Systems
Abstract
The enormous demand of wireless traffic is leading researchers to utilize the huge bandwidth of millimeter wave (mmWave) bands for higher data transmission and larger capacity channel modeling for new wireless standard 5G. However, mmWave channel modeling is still a challenge as it is highly weather sensitive and oppressive for short range line-of-sight (LOS) requirement. In this paper, the characteristics of spatial channel modeling is simulated for 73 GHz mmWave bands using NYUSIM. Spatial consistency channel models for moving users and channel models for static users without spatial consistency consideration have been compared in terms of different channel parameters for both LOS and non-LOS (NLOS) environment. Simulation results indicates that the received power is higher for LOS and NLOS considering spatial consistency channel model compared to the channel models without spatial consistency in urban micro cell scenario. In addition, several power delay profiles and dynamic channel characteristics are presented considering both spatial consistency and without spatial consistency.
... • Power Update: The power of each multipath component is updated by redistributing cluster powers and multipath component powers in each cluster [147]. This redistribution, considers the time-variant large-scale path loss, ensuring that signal power levels are consistent with the spatial characteristics of the environment. ...
... In addition, NYUSIM has also been used to evaluate novel beamforming algorithms, power allocation algorithms, etc., and in studies involving propagation, coverage, and blockage in different mmWave frequency bands. Furthermore, new use cases such as UAV and V2X communications, which exploit the mmWave spectrum, have also been explored using NYUSIM [13], [14], [147], [171]- [184], [186], [187], [189], [191], [193], [194], [197]- [205]. ...
... • In UMi scenarios, the received power is higher in both LOS and NLOS environments when using the spatial consistency channel model. [147] • Proposes a model enhancement in ns-3 for mmWave communications in 5G. • The proposed modification led to significant improvements in modeling the NLOS conditions. ...
With the advancement of wireless communication to sub-terahertz (THz) and millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands, accurate channel models and simulation tools are becoming increasingly important for modeling a wide range of frequencies and scenarios. This paper provides a comprehensive tutorial on generating drop-based and spatial consistency-based channels using the open-source MATLAB-based NYU Channel Model Simulator (NYUSIM). NYUSIM is built on extensive real-world radio propagation measurements for the frequency range of 0.5-150 GHz, covering a variety of scenarios such as Urban Microcell (UMi), Urban Macrocell (UMa), Rural Macrocell (RMa), Indoor Hotspot (InH), and Indoor Factory (InF). Additionally, an overview of the evolution of simulators used to design and analyze wireless systems since the early days of cellular communication is also provided. We introduce the most popular types of simulators used in academia and industry, such as Channel Simulators (CSs), Link Level Simulators (LLSs), System Level Simulators (SLSs), and Network Simulators (NSs), to study wireless communication systems for 5G and beyond. Owing to the widespread adoption of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Stochastic Channel Model (SCM) for channel generation in various simulators, we conduct a comparative analysis between the 3GPP SCM and NYUSIM channel model to highlight their differences. Moreover, NYUSIM’s versatility extends beyond its MATLAB implementation, as it can be implemented in various LLSs, SLSs, and NSs, enabling researchers to incorporate real-world measurement-based channels into their simulations. To illustrate this capability, we showcase NYUSIM’s implementation in ns-3, a widely used open-source discrete event network simulator. Additionally, we provide several applications of NYUSIM to highlight its potential uses.
... A rigorous background survey has been conducted, and the existing literature has been summarized in Table 1. [1] 28 GHz, 38 GHz [2] 28 GHz, 86 GHZ [6] 38 GHz [7] 28 GHz, 60 GHz, 73 GHz [12] 28 GHz, 73 GHz [13] 28 GHz, 73 GHz, 140 GHz [14] 73 GHz [15] 28 GHz, 140 GHz [16] 28 GHz, 38 GHz, 60 GHz ...
... The author examines a downlink single-cell scenario that uses linear precoding for zero-forcing (ZF) and conjugate beamforming (CB). A statistical 5G propagation channel was used for this evaluation, developed by NYUSIM [16]. The author performed on [4] simulated spatial channel modeling features for 73 GHz millimeter wave band using NYUSIM. ...
... watts, and the minimum received power has been observed when both human blockage interference and rain is −59.99 watts. Thus, overall received power in the case of indoor sports stadiums has decreased by 16 Figure 4 shows the received power at 28 GHz frequency. Some examples have been considered indoor sports stadiums. ...
With the onset of 5G technology, the number of users is increasing drastically. These increased numbers of users demand better service on the network. This study examines the millimeter wave bands working frequencies. Working in the millimeter wave band has the disadvantage of interference. This study aims to analyze the impact of different interference conditions on unmanned aerial vehicle use scenarios, such as open-air gatherings and indoor-outdoor sports stadiums. Performance analysis was carried out in terms of received power and path loss readings.
... Wireless channel modeling has been extensively studied for several millimeter waves (mmWave) frequencies under different scenarios and environmental conditions for 5G networks, thereby making it increasingly important [1]. Spatial consistency scenario is a major issue in the field of statistical analysis of mmWaves channel propagation [2][3][4][5][6]. Overall, the spatial consistency channel model is defined by when the user moves along a given track and produces a correlated and sequential channel impulse response at successive sample points on the track [6]. ...
... Spatial consistency scenario is a major issue in the field of statistical analysis of mmWaves channel propagation [2][3][4][5][6]. Overall, the spatial consistency channel model is defined by when the user moves along a given track and produces a correlated and sequential channel impulse response at successive sample points on the track [6]. Therefore, in the context of channel modeling, spatial consistency refers to similar and correlated scattering environments in both large and small scale settings [7]. ...
... This work presents the results of several analyses for various environments and spatial variables performed with NYUSIM model [2] and associated simulator (established by the New York university as open-source software) used by the authors in [1,2,4]. NYUSIM model exploits the Close In (CI) path loss channel model to perform all channel measurements [2][3][4][5][6]. ...
This paper mainly deals with the channel diversity and the effect of spatial consistency parameters for different millimeter wave (mmWave) bands (28, 38 and 73 GHz) according to the channel parameters of the NYUSIM model. Statistical analyses are performed for various spatial consistency scenarios in an urban microcell (UMi) environment. Most of the recent analyses ignored the effect of adjusting the spatial consistency parameters on the 5G mmWave channel characteristics, including path loss (PL), received power, and path loss exponent (PLE). As a result, we have analyzed the effect of each parameter mentioned above for both directional power delay profile (DPDP) and omnidirectional power delay profile (OPDP). Numerical results illustrate how the characteristics of mmWave channels communication can be affected by changing the spatial consistency parameters.
... The 5G technology provide high data rate, low latency and high bandwidth compared to 4G technology using mmWave spectrum, so it is pivotal to model channel in mmWave band for next generation wireless standards (Zaman and Mowla, 2020;Carrera et al., 2020;Alouzi et al., 2021;Sun and Qi, 2019;Mihret et al., 2020;Bhuyan et al., 2019;Li et al., 2020). The penetration loss is higher at mmWave spectrum compared to microwave (Al-Ogaili and Shubair, 2016). ...
... Others considered the millimeter that operates at 60 GHz [26]. Subsequently, in [27], the characteristics of spatial channel modeling were simulated for 73 GHz mmWave bands using NYUSIM. Spatial consistency channel models for moving users and channel models for static users without spatial consistency consideration had been compared in terms of different channel parameters for both LOS and non-LOS (NLOS) environment. ...
Towards the 5Gnetworks and beyond, there are a lot of emerging technologies. These technologies
include but not limited to; multiple input multiple output (MIMO), cell-Free networks,
and millimeter wave bands. The cellular MIMO can provide a satisfied performance
for users except the shadowed and the cell-edge ones. In order to overcome this disadvantage,
the cell-Free networks are deployed. Through applications of distributed access
points (APs), the cell-Free networks can provide a ubiquitous coverage for users as whole.
Therefore, they can provide a high throughput for users. Moreover, the applications of millimeter
wave bands can provide a high bandwidth and hence, a high throughput for users.
In other words, the application of the cell-Free technology combined with the millimeter
wave bands can extremely enlarge the users’ throughput. This is the motivation of our manuscript.
The purpose of this manuscript is to provide mathematical model and simulation
for the cell-Free mMIMO network, operating in the millimeter wave bands. The performance
metrics can include; the spectral efficiency (SE), bit error rate (BER), and energy
efficiency (EE). It is observed that the centralized cooperation among the APs can let users
have a satisfied throughput even the system employs the maximal ratio combining (MRC).
Furthermore, all cooperation levels, among APs, can perform well even for non-light of
sight (NLOS) environment.
... Others considered the millimeter that operates at 60 GHz [26]. Subsequently, in [27], the characteristics of spatial channel modeling were simulated for 73 GHz mmWave bands using NYUSIM. Spatial consistency channel models for moving users and channel models for static users without spatial consistency consideration had been compared in terms of different channel parameters for both LOS and non-LOS (NLOS) environment. ...
Towards the 5Gnetworks and beyond, there are a lot of emerging technologies. These technologies include but not limited to; multiple input multiple output (MIMO), cell-Free networks, and millimeter wave bands. The cellular MIMO can provide a satisfied performance for users except the shadowed and the cell-edge ones. In order to overcome this disadvantage, the cell-Free networks are deployed. Through applications of distributed access points (APs), the cell-Free networks can provide a ubiquitous coverage for users as whole. Therefore, they can provide a high throughput for users. Moreover, the applications of millimeter wave bands can provide a high bandwidth and hence, a high throughput for users. In other words, the application of the cell-Free technology combined with the millimeter wave bands can extremely enlarge the users’ throughput. This is the motivation of our manuscript. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide mathematical model and simulation for the cell-Free mMIMO network, operating in the millimeter wave bands. The performance metrics can include; the spectral efficiency (SE), bit error rate (BER), and energy efficiency (EE). It is observed that the centralized cooperation among the APs can let users have a satisfied throughput even the system employs the maximal ratio combining (MRC). Furthermore, all cooperation levels, among APs, can perform well even for non-light of sight (NLOS) environment.
... The enormously increasing wireless data traffic demand from Internet-of-things (IoT), machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, video streaming, e-Health, and Virtual Reality (VR) applications poses challenges in terms of higher capacity, reliability, and lower latency [1]- [2]. The next wireless standard, 5G, plans to use millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies to meet this demand [3]. ...
Due to its broad (10-300 GHz) spectrum and potential for widespread use in 5G applications, millimeter wave (mmWave) technology is proposed as an alternative to optical fiber for backhaul. However, human blockage as well as rapid channel fluctuation caused by user movement are two of the biggest obstacles to mmWave communication implementation in the network. Spatial consistency is one of the most crucial factors for achieving smooth channel fluctuations and contributing in the design of channel estimation and beam tracking. This paper investigates a clear understanding of how human blockage and spatial consistency affect the reliability of 5G mmWave backhauling in real-life scenarios for an urban macrocell (UMa) of busy airport areas. An extensive simulation on mmWave backhauling considering 28 GHz and 60 GHz mmWave has been carried out which will significantly affect the channel modeling of next-generation complex communication networks.
... On the other side, the high path loss is a still a great problem. Therefore, the millimeter waves can be used only for short range communication [17][18][19][20]. ...
... On the other side, the high path loss is a still a great problem. Therefore, the millimeter waves can be used only for short range communication [17][18][19][20]. ...
The intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS) can be implemented in radio systems in order to provide the cooperative communication services. In fact, the cooperative communication can increase the received signal strength at the communication receiver. Moreover, it can let transmitters send their signals with low power. The electromagnetic interference (EMI) can degrade the communication system performance. The total interfering power, affecting a communication system, can increase the bit error rate (BER). The large BER value is not good issue as it leads to a low system performance. Therefore, there should be tools and techniques in order to balance and compensate the existing BER. In fact, there are a lot of tools that can compensate the BER effect. We are concerned with the cooperative millimeter wave systems that are based on IRSs which are affected by EMI. Such systems have non-satisfied performance due to the high path losses as well as the existing EMI. These systems will be modeled and simulated. Furthermore, the space time block codes (STBC) are applied in order to compensate the bad performance of such systems. Really, the STBC codes can greatly compensate the bad effects of the high path loss as well as the large interference.
... GHz for International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) [16] and suggests that the potential spectrum for 6G systems might be around 10 GHz and specific band in sub-THz band (275-450 GHz) [17] for multi-band collaboration technology. However, the attractive frequency bands for researchers were sub-6 GHz for 5G systems [18,19], millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) mainly for outdoor time-varying vehicle to everything (V2X) communications [20][21][22], and sub-THz [10][11][12] for potential 6G systems with a blank at around 10 GHz. ...
The demand for wideband data transmission in the “next-generation” mobile communication system is growing rapidly. As the frequency band around 10 GHz could be the option for 6th-generation (6G) wireless communication systems. In this paper, a recently conducted measurement campaign in the 6–14 GHz radio wave propagation channel using a large antenna array with 1024 elements is introduced. In order to investigate the behavior of the wideband channel, we have analyzed the channel characteristics with respect to different carrier frequencies, bandwidths, the locations of antenna elements, and user locations, aiming at exploring the spatio-frequency variability of channels in the massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) scenarios. Moreover, the sparsity of the channel in frequency and spatial domains is evaluated through the degree of freedom (DoF) analysis, and statistical models are established.
... Omnidirectional path loss models, received power and root-meansquare (RMS) delay spreads statistics were analyzed in terms of line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) scenarios. In Ref. [21], the characteristics of spatial channel modeling was simulated for 73 GHz mmWave bands using NYUSIM. Spatial consistency channel models for moving users and channel models for static users without spatial consistency consideration had been compared in terms of different channel parameters for both LOS and non-LOS (NLOS) environment. ...
5G networks and beyond can provide high data rate for the served users. Small cells, massive multiple input multiple outputs (mMIMO) as well as working in millimeter wave bands are emerging tools toward empowering 5G and beyond networks. The cellular mMIMO networks can provide high data rate for users, however their performance is not satisfied for the cell-edge users and shadowed users. Fortunately, the cell-Free mMIMO network can provide a satisfied performance for all users even if they are in shadowed areas or at cell edges. The distributed access points (APs) through the coverage area can allow users to get benefit of the best serving AP. Furthermore, the users can have services anywhere due to the existence of one AP at least. The cell-Free mMIMO networks can provide a high throughput when they are operated in the millimeter wave bands due to the high available bandwidth. The operation in millimeter wave bands can let the 5G networks and beyond have a high data rate. Therefore, this paper gives a great attention to the millimeter wave bands. In this paper, the performance of the cell-Free mMIMO network, operating in the millimeter wave bands, is mathematically evaluated and simulated. The performance can include the spectral efficiency (SE), bit error rate (BER), and energy efficiency (EE). It is observed that the centralized cooperation among the APs, level 4, can provide a high SE and EE even if the maximal ratio combining (MRC) is applied. Moreover, the cell-Free four cooperation levels can perform better than cellular mMIMO when the millimeter wave non-line-of-sight (NLOS) models are applied.
Currently, millimeter-wave (mm-wave) based wireless communications in the 30 to 300 GHz frequency band are attracting new attention because the existing frequency band below 6 GHz is very congested. In order to design and assess mm-wave systems, it is essential to characterize its propagation channel considering the spatial consistency (SC) for non-stationary user equipment. The 3GPP has proposed an SC procedure that provides spatial correlation to clusters for beam-tracking evaluation in dynamic scenarios. To characterize SC, the 3GPP follows only the LSP-dependent correlation distance, whereas this work proposed a parametric method to obtain a more reliable and accurate SC using cluster tracking, which provides a cluster visible region. This letter reports on the evaluation of SC of clusters in terms of cluster visible region based on the obtained measured data in two different mm-wave frequencies, 24 GHz and 60 GHz, in urban environments. The visible region is estimated by tracking the available clusters using the four-dimensional spatiotemporal multipath parameters: the departure/arrival angles (azimuth), delay time, and cluster power. The obtained visible regions for two different frequencies and scenarios are compared and confirmed the dependencies of SC of the clusters on frequency and environment.
Currently, millimeter-wave (mm-wave) based wireless communications in the 30 to 300 GHz frequency band are attracting new attention because the existing frequency band below 6~GHz is very congested. In order to use the mm-wave bands for designing and assessing next-generation mobile systems, it is essential to characterize its propagation channel considering the spatial consistency (SC) for non-stationary user equipment in an outdoor environment. Since the mm-wave band has different characteristics from the microwave band, 3GPP has proposed an SC procedure that provides spatial correlation to clusters for beam-tracking evaluation in dynamic scenarios. However, this letter reports on the evaluation of SC of clusters in terms of cluster visible region based on the obtained measured data in two different mm-wave frequencies, 24 GHz and 60 GHz, in urban environments. The visible region is estimated by tracking the available clusters using the fourth-dimensional spatiotemporal multipath parameters: the departure/arrival angles (azimuth), delay time, and cluster power. The obtained visible regions for two different frequencies and scenarios are compared and confirmed the dependencies of SC of the clusters on frequency and environment.</p
Currently, millimeter-wave (mm-wave) based wireless communications in the 30 to 300 GHz frequency band are attracting new attention because the existing frequency band below 6~GHz is very congested. In order to use the mm-wave bands for designing and assessing next-generation mobile systems, it is essential to characterize its propagation channel considering the spatial consistency (SC) for non-stationary user equipment in an outdoor environment. Since the mm-wave band has different characteristics from the microwave band, 3GPP has proposed an SC procedure that provides spatial correlation to clusters for beam-tracking evaluation in dynamic scenarios. However, this letter reports on the evaluation of SC of clusters in terms of cluster visible region based on the obtained measured data in two different mm-wave frequencies, 24 GHz and 60 GHz, in urban environments. The visible region is estimated by tracking the available clusters using the fourth-dimensional spatiotemporal multipath parameters: the departure/arrival angles (azimuth), delay time, and cluster power. The obtained visible regions for two different frequencies and scenarios are compared and confirmed the dependencies of SC of the clusters on frequency and environment.</p
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7109864
The relatively unused millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum offers excellent opportunities to increase mobile capacity due to the enormous amount of available raw bandwidth. This paper presents experimental measurements and empirically-based propagation channel models for the 28, 38, 60, and 73 GHz mmWave bands, using a wideband sliding correlator channel sounder with steerable directional horn antennas at both the transmitter and receiver from 2011 to 2013. More than 15,000 power delay profiles were measured across the mmWave bands to yield directional and omnidirectional path loss models, temporal and spatial channel models, and outage probabilities. Models presented here offer side-by-side comparisons of propagation characteristics over a wide range of mmWave bands, and the results and models are useful for the research and standardization process of future mmWave systems. Directional and omnidirectional path loss models with respect to a 1 m close-in free space reference distance over a wide range of mmWave frequencies and scenarios using directional antennas in real-world environments are provided herein, and are shown to simplify mmWave path loss models, while allowing researchers to globally compare and standardize path loss parameters for emerging mmWave wireless networks. A new channel impulse response modeling framework, shown to agree with extensive mmWave measurements over several bands, is presented for use in link-layer simulations, using the observed fact that spatial lobes contain multipath energy that arrives at many different propagation time intervals. The results presented here may assist researchers in analyzing and simulating the performance of next-generation mmWave wireless networks that will rely on adaptive antennas and multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems.
The advent of bandwidth–demanding mobile applications and services has led to a massive explosion of the network data traffic. In order to alleviate this issue, millimeter–Wave communications systems are a promising technology for future 5G systems thanks to the large amount of bandwidth available in this frequency range. However, in order to take full advantage of this technology, knowledge of the radio propagation channel characteristics in these frequency bands is paramount. Therefore, in this thesis, the objective is to study the frequency–dependence of the propagation channel large scale parameters (LSPs), which describe the main channel characteristics. These LSPs include the building penetration losses, the channel delay spread, the channel azimuth spread and the propagation path–loss. The studies are performed thanks to measurement campaigns conducted in Belfort, in typical 5G deployment scenarios such as outdoor–to–indoor and urban outdoor environments, between 3 and 60 GHz.
This paper provides an overview of the features of fifth generation (5G) wireless communication systems now being developed for use in the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency bands. Early results and key concepts of 5G networks are presented, and the channel modeling efforts of many international groups for both licensed and unlicensed applications are described here. Propagation parameters and channel models for understanding mmWave propagation, such as line-of-sight (LOS) probabilities, large-scale path loss, and building penetration loss, as modeled by various standardization bodies, are compared over the 0.5-100 GHz range.
Small cell networks (SCNs) are envisaged as a key technology enabling the fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication system to address the challenge of rising mobile data demand. Green communications will be another major attribute of 5G systems, as power consumption from the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector is forecast to increase significantly by 2030. Accordingly, energy-efficient small cell network design has attracted significant attention from researchers in recent years. In addition, to enable the ubiquitous deployment of dense small cells, service providers require energy-efficient backhauling solutions. In this paper, we present an energyefficient communication model for 5G heterogeneous networks (HetNets). The proposed model considers both the access and backhaul network elements. We formulate and present an analytical model to calculate the optimum number of small cells that need to be kept active at various times of the day in order to minimize power consumption while meeting users’ quality of service (QoS) demands. Based on our critical investigation of backhaul power consumption, we also isolate and present two energy-efficient backhauling solutions for 5G HetNets. Simulated results reveal that the proposed green communication model saves up to 48% more power than other existing models.
This paper presents a 3-D statistical channel impulse response (IR) model for urban line of sight (LOS) and non-LOS channels developed from 28- and 73-GHz ultrawideband propagation measurements in New York City, useful in the design of 5G wireless systems that will operate in both the ultra-high frequency/microwave and millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum to increase channel capacities. A 3GPP-like stochastic IR channel model is developed from measured power delay profiles, angle of departure, and angle of arrival power spectra. The extracted statistics are used to implement a channel model and simulator capable of generating 3-D mmWave temporal and spatial channel parameters for arbitrary mmWave carrier frequency, signal bandwidth, and antenna beamwidth. The model presented here faithfully reproduces realistic IRs of measured urban channels, supporting air interface design of mmWave transceivers, filters, and multi-element antenna arrays.
As the demand for wireless communication systems has exploded over the past few years, many researchers have taken on the challenge to model wireless channels more accurately. These models are very useful for enhancing the design of all aspects of wireless communications. Smart antennas and systems used in position location are among the most popular new studies that require signal information such as the amplitude, phase, and angle-of-arrival (AOA) of multipath delay spreads. For proper and efficient implementation of future systems, emerging wireless systems must be able to exploit processing of spatial information. The goal of the work presented in this thesis is to further improve two channel modeling tools, SMRCIM and SIRCIM, by implementing new geometrical models thatprovide users with angle-of-arrival information as well as amplitude and phase data for wideband wireless communication channels. The new angle-of-arrival models are explained and pseudo code is provided to demonstrate the software implementation of the models. Likewise, the channel models are explained and the usage and results of the simulation tools are described. The SMRCIM and SIRCIM tools are currently being used by researchers throughout the world. System requirements: PC, World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. Available electronically via Internet. Title from electronic submission form. Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1999. Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references.