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Circular Economy Practices in India
Abstract
Circular economy is considered as one of the important strategies to address the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Its multi-stakeholder platform encouraging a partnership approach towards resource conservation, resource efficiency and resource recycling has been found to be promising. In many countries, policies and strategies on circular economy are formulated to build the recycling infrastructure, promote new business models and spur innovations, especially in responsible product design. India has been on a pace of economic growth. Transiting to circular economy is therefore very relevant to India to achieve its development goals without compromising on the resource security. The various missions launched by the Government such as Make in India, Zero Defect India and programmes like Smart Cities and Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India) resonate with the principles of circular economy. This chapter introduces the concept and evolution of circular economy. It explains the key 6Rs, i.e. reduce, repair, refurbish, remanufacture, reuse and recycle. Challenges faced in the upstream and downstream of the material flows are also described. Case studies that present successes in moving towards circular economy are included with a focus on India. Finally, the chapter ends summarizing the status and way ahead in India’s circular economy.
... These cities thrive by preserving value and repeatedly generating value from the same material resources. Modak (2021) contends that the concept of a circular economy is multifaceted, converging management, resources, and residues in the service of the economy, livelihoods, and the environment. Thus, the pursuit of a circular economy is a vital strategy for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). ...
... As such, transitioning to a circular approach requires redesigning production and consumption systems, aiming to close the resource loop. This necessitates a multi-scale approach that extends from the household to the national level, involving policy formulations and ensuring active participation from multiple stakeholders (Modak 2021). Despite the importance of policy formation and stakeholder involvement, specific challenges may hinder the transition towards circularity at the household level and other sub-levels of engagement. ...
... Thus, efforts to minimize land use equate to conserving finite natural resources, a critical component of initiatives promoting circular and sustainable cities. In this context, vertical extensions as a housing transformation practice have direct implications for the assertions made by (Modak 2021;Seetharam et al. 2021). They emphasize that achieving circular cities requires measures like recycling and other actions to reduce land usage and conserve natural resources, such as virgin materials, to foster circularity. ...
This book takes a theoretical and empirical distance from urban slums/low-income settlements as a threat to environmental sustainability and recast them as places where environmentally rehabilitative and circular practices occur—drawing on the theoretical lens of the circular economy (CE). CE is defined as regenerative system that minimizes waste, emission, and energy leakage by slowing, closing, and narrowing material and energy loops. In principle, CE departs from the traditional linear model of take-make-use-dispose. As conceived in urban contexts, circular cities offer possibilities to regenerate natural systems, design out waste, and keep products in use. While the CE key principles of reduce, repair, and reuse are essential to the sustainable and inclusive interventions in urban slums, there is lack of case studies exploring the role of place and agency, especially the slum living-CE nexus in global south contexts. In inequitable urban transitions, a nuanced understanding of the synergies between urban slums and the circular economy is not only theoretically relevant for re-conceptualizing the slum in urban sustainability discourses but also exert policy and practice ramifications to decidedly figure out how the urban slum phenomenon can foster the sustainable and inclusive development of marginal areas through contextual and people-centered initiatives.
... These cities thrive by preserving value and repeatedly generating value from the same material resources. Modak (2021) contends that the concept of a circular economy is multifaceted, converging management, resources, and residues in the service of the economy, livelihoods, and the environment. Thus, the pursuit of a circular economy is a vital strategy for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). ...
... When properly executed, this policy improves household appliances' energy efficiency and reduces environmental pollution (Yu et al. 2021). Practices such as repairing damaged devices to a usable condition, refurbishing, and remanufacturing also indicate the principle of circularity (Gheewala and Silalertruksa 2021;Modak 2021). Cities, where land is scarce and finite, often prioritize high-value land uses; consequently, low-value activities that promote circular actions, such as urban farming, tend to lose out. ...
... As such, transitioning to a circular approach requires redesigning production and consumption systems, aiming to close the resource loop. This necessitates a multi-scale approach that extends from the household to the national level, involving policy formulations and ensuring active participation from multiple stakeholders (Modak 2021). Despite the importance of policy formation and stakeholder involvement, specific challenges may hinder the transition towards circularity at the household level and other sub-levels of engagement. ...
Rapid urbanization, population growth, and a surge in household formation have outpaced the provision of affordable, decent housing for low-income city dwellers. These households have limited choices and transform existing structures to meet their housing needs. Though this housing transformation primarily focuses on meeting supply needs and strategizing adjustments, it also promotes the concept of circular and sustainable cities. Our review and analysis of the existing literature have allowed us to situate the principles of circularity within housing transformations, exploring the synergy between them. We found that households alter, extend, replace, and materially modify existing houses to meet housing needs. These practices align with the principle of repurposing. Furthermore, changes in construction materials contribute to enhanced durability and decreased reliance on finite natural resources, promoting sustainability. Moreover, this housing transformation process supports the reduction principle, as it fosters urban infilling, helping to prevent urban sprawl. When managed effectively, housing transformation can contribute to circular approaches that substantially reduce land and vegetation consumption, decrease waste, and aid in realizing circular and sustainable cities.
... Extended producer responsibility is a more targeted approach to policy than product stewardship because it places the onus of responsibility and costs for the disposal of post-consumer products on manufacturers. It is meant to prevent and prolong product life cycles to mitigate the negative effects of post-consumer waste (Modak, 2021), but requires tax changes rather than sharing in the responsibility of product stewardship. To lower concentrations of potentially toxic materials in secondary markets may also require passage of quality standards, legislation, or multilateral agreements (Johansson et al., 2020), yet progress has generally been slow due to the complexities involved. ...
... Challenges persist regarding material flows at the beginning and end of product life cycles (Modak, 2021). Manufacturing is often not set up with the capacity to integrate reverse engineering, lessen extraction of virgin resources or curb the prevalence of consumption. ...
... To assess the progress and effectiveness of actions in terms of stepping towards a CE, it is crucial to have a reliable set of indicators, which demands the development of circularity metrics for evaluating CE performance. To support this effort, CE operationalization consists in translating 6R circular strategies (Modak, 2021) or extended 10Rs (Morseletto, 2020) from concepts into parameters, then searching for ways to fix the object parameters, substantiate these parameters, and finally direct the fixing of data available for observation and measurement (Shevchenko and Danko, 2021). Note that existing practices for measuring this progress fail to fully reflect such concepts as the lifecycles of a material and product which are measured by the number of turns and duration of each turn. ...
... Circular business model design is about saving the value of materials and products in the economic system for as long as possible (Bakker et al., 2014), which translates into a number of circular strategies. The actual number is still disputed: Modak (2021) proposed 6Rs circular strategies and Morseletto (2020) proposed 10Rs strategies. In this study, we will adhere to the list of 6Rs circular strategies that prioritize "reuse", "repair", "refurbishment", "remanufacturing", "repurposing", and "recycling", as it reflects the essence of the EMF definition. ...
Critical literature review coupled with conceptual analysis provides a holistic framework for measuring a product's circularity performance based on its integrated contribution to the operationalization of various configurations of circular economy (CE) strategies. The following main results were obtained. First, we outline the "Сlosing-Slowing and Future-Past" ("CSFP") quadrant model ("CSFP" quadrant model) of CE-related product attributes and the circular product categories derived as findings of our previous study in the form of modifications to develop a product-level circularity metric. Second, we propose fifteen product circularity profiles with singular and configurative CE strategy-related contributions building on the "СSFP" model and circular product categories. Third, we quantify the 6Rs (reuse, repair, refurbishment, remanufacturing, repurposing, recycling) for the strategy-related contributions derived from the "CSFP" quadrant model to propose a product circularity data profile coupled with a metrical scale for measuring product circularity performance and visualizing quantified circular contributions. To trial, showcase and validate the relevance of the developed model and associated visualization tool, we conduct two case studies comparing the circularity performances of smartphones and packaging bags, respectively. Companies can use the proposed framework as a maturity scale to enhance the circularity performance of a product. This work contributes to a more accurate measurement of product circularity performance and a sharper understanding of its integrated contribution to circular strategies.
... The National Resource Efficiency Authority, established in 2019, oversees the "National Resource Efficiency Policy." India supports CE through various regulations despite lacking a dedicated CE law [22]. "National Manufacturing Policy 2011" for resource-efficient manufacturing, "Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules 2016" for enabling resource circulation, and "Solid Waste Management Rules 2016" for minimizing resource consumption based on CE and 5Rs are some fundamental policies. ...
... Most of the RMG industry is controlled digitally (Salman et al. 2024) Blockchain and AI are incorporated partially into the supply chain system (Chawla et al. 2023) Fully digital and automated system in the RMG sector (Altenburg et al. 2020) Sustainability and Green Factories A total of 204 green factories Solar and eco-friendly dyeing facilities (Pham & Bechtold, 2023) Circular economic practices (Modak, 2021) Carbon reduction goals and sustainable textiles (Xu et al. 2023) P-ISSN: 2407-5434 E-ISSN: 2407 Accredited ...
Background: The Ready-Made Garment (RMG) industry is a vital contributor to Bangladesh’s economy, generating 8.29% export revenue, and employment of over 5 million workers. This sector plays a significant role in poverty reduction and gender empowerment. However, challenges such as unsafe working conditions, low wages, environmental issues, and inadequate technological innovation persist.Purpose: The study aims not only to explore the RMG sector’s impact on Bangladesh's economy but also to highlight the challenges and recommendations for sustaining this sector’s global competitiveness. Design/Method/Approach: A mixed-method approach was used, integrating a systematic literature review (SLR) with the PRISMA model and a comparative analysis to obtain actionable insights. Findings/Result: The RMG sector has made achievements like workers’ pay scale and green factory initiatives, but several significant gaps such as workers’ training, export diversification, and technology adoption. Additionally, major global concerns such as environmental sustainability, excessive water consumption, and discharge of chemicals need to be addressed. Conclusion: The contribution of this sector to Bangladesh’s economy is remarkable but must address challenges in the RMG sector. Strategic actions are necessary to ensure long-term competitiveness and growth. Originality/value (State of the art): This review paper consolidated the RMG sector’s contribution, challenges, and future directions. It also highlighted actionable recommendations for export diversification and how to address the challenges. Keywords: Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Ready-Made Garment (RMG), Green Factory, environmental sustainability, technological innovation
... It has been very much crucial for the last few decades around the global world as well as developing countries like India are more conscious of a green environment across the whole nation. In India, many campaigns are introduced by the Indian government, like the clean India Community Led Environment Action Network (LEAN) including the first one is the introduction about sustainability and promoting the welfare of society (Modak, 2021). In that stage, the network created awareness and assessed the green crusaders to connect and focus on a healthy life to promote green environment. ...
The purpose behind this in-attendance piece of work is to answer the question that in a developing country, India, whether the consumers are willing to pay a premium price for eco-friendly products with special reference to FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods). The study also attempts to figure out demographic pattern of purchase intention for FMCG. In developed countries it has already been proved that people have health and environment concerns, and they have the intention to pay a premium price for eco-friendly products. What is new with the study is that an attempt has been made to find out whether people even in a developing country want to buy eco-friendly products. The study consists of Delhi-NCR of India. Study outcomes are based on 384 respondents. Convenience sampling approach has been adopted. The strength of relationship between constructs has been analysed using Structural Equation Modelling. Analysis has been carried out using AMOS 20 and SPSS 22. The study concludes that males, youngsters and consumers having high qualifications are more interested in eco-friendly products. This research reveals that a few interrelated factors predominantly steer consumers' intentions to pay a premium for green items in the fast-moving consumer goods sector. Two of the most potent influences are the opinion of friends and family (what we term "reference group involvement") and the degree of environmental concern a consumer possesses (which varies quite a lot from person to person). Both factors are strongly associated with "green knowledge"—that is, knowledge about the environmental impacts of consumer goods and the degree to which something is "eco-friendly." The realism of this study could be a driving force for marketers, policy makers and environmental advocates to design their strategies for eco-friendly products in FMCG sector.
... Initiatives have been implemented across various sectors, including manufacturing, agriculture, and waste management. One area where India has made significant headway is in the recycling and waste management sector (Modak, 2021;Yaduvanshi et al., 2016). Table 11.2 is showing the best practices of CE in Indian context. ...
This chapter explores the dynamic landscape of smart and circular economies within the urban context of India. As India grapples with the challenges of rapid urbanization and resource scarcity, novel approaches are essential for achieving sustainability. This study introduces a pioneering circular economy framework, synthesized from existing literature, to assess the concept’s applicability and effectiveness in ten diverse Indian cities. The research provides a comprehensive analysis of the distinctive Circular Economy (CE) framework, offering valuable insights into its integration with smart city principles. The study adopted mixed method in writing this chapter and prepared a circular economy framework to evaluate the concept of CE in 10 cities of India. To select the cities, India Smart City Award (ISAC 2022) under Smart Cities Mission (SCM) and Swachh Survekshan ranking 2022 under Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)-Urban has been considered.
The findings of this study demonstrate the innovation and adaptability of the proposed circular economy framework, highlighting the strategies and initiatives that each city has employed to foster sustainability, innovation, including waste reduction, resource optimization, and sustainable urban planning. The study also examines the challenges faced during the transition, such as regulatory hurdles, infrastructure limitations, and behavioral change. Furthermore, the research underscores the broader implications of smart and circular economies, encompassing economic growth, environmental conservation, and enhanced quality of life. It emphasizes the importance of multi-stakeholder collaboration and policy interventions to facilitate a smoother transition toward circular and smart urban ecosystems.
This study offers a valuable resource for policymakers, urban planners, and researchers seeking to comprehend and implement sustainable development practices in Indian cities. The unique circular economy framework, based on a thorough literature review, provides a novel perspective on the multifaceted challenges and opportunities faced by each city in their pursuit of smart and circular sustainability. It contributes significantly to the ongoing dialogue on sustainable urbanization in emerging economies.
... This enables the reuse and recycling of products and materials in multiple cycles (Hansen and Schmitt, 2021). The СE model introduces a range of R-strategies varying from 3Rs (Blomsma and Brennan, 2017), 4Rs (EU Directive, 2008/98/EC), 6Rs (Modak, 2021), 9Rs (Kirchherr et al., 2017) to 10Rs (Morseletto, 2020), and corresponding circular business models capitalizing on residual materials and products (Geissdoerfer et al., 2020). ...
Circular product design is widely acknowledged as a foundational step for enterprises to implement and establish viable circular business models. To support this objective, it is vital for industrial enterprises to have an easy-to-apply practical design toolkit that can facilitate the assessment and enhancement of product circularity performance. To address this cross-cutting concern, this article proposes a novel framework called the Design for Product Circularity (DfPC) Toolkit which is an extension of our previous "Closing-Slowing Future-Past" (CSFP) quadrant model, the associated fifteen categories of CE-related products, and the associated product circularity index. The present framework aims to provide comprehensive diagnostics and guidelines to enhance product circularity. The original diagnostic approach presented augments the circularity metrics with a hierarchical calculation principle of a product circularity index, from the elementary circularity indexes of components and parts. The DfPC Toolkit design resulted in the presentation of 15 guidelines for design for product circularity, accompanied by 43 strategies and 225 sub-strategies. The findings of this study contribute to product circularity improvement across various industries by offering recommended alternatives for (re)design. In practice, the present DfPC Toolkit has been deployed on an industrial case study and validated through the proposition of valuable circularity-related improvement targets. The DfPC Toolkit provides a practical approach for industrial enterprises to assess and enhance their product circularity performance, ultimately enabling the transition to circular business models.
... These wastes generated provide an opportunity for the fashion industry to recover value from the wastes, which may reduce the input capital cost of the raw materials [21]. However, as of now, no visible initiatives have been made by the fashion industry in India regarding CE practices [22]. Bearing this in mind, this research raises the following for analyzing the challenges that restricts CE practices by Indian fashion industry. ...
The fashion industry, during production and post-consumption, has major adverse environmental impacts. With the recent circular economy (CE) practices initiative, discarded fashion materials are reused to recover value from the waste. However, the CE practices initiative have not been well-received by society. The role of CE practices is very crucial in fashion industry as it helps in lowering the environmental burden caused by the discarded fashion materials, which in turn help to achieve the sustainable development goals (SDG). This study aims to collect and evaluate the challenges restricting the preference for CE practices initiative in Indian fashion industry. Based on literature review and inputs from the fashion industry experts, the study identified twenty-one challenges, in seven categories (Industrial management, Labour, Material, Regulations, Knowledge, Collaboration, and Infrastructure). An integrated multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach comprising fuzzy Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory Model (DEMATEL), Analytical Network Process (ANP), and Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is used to evaluate the challenges. The outcome of the study identifies costly raw materials, absence of certifications, problem in collection and separation, weak technical know-how, and absence of shared vision as the top five challenges to CE practices in Indian fashion industry. Further, the revelation of the causal interrelationship among the challenges helps the industrial management in taking appropriate steps to avert the challenges.
... The ban of single use plastics in India is still at stake amidst this global pandemic, in spite of India being the fourth largest producer of plastic waste among the whole world [32,33]. The plastic ban in several States across India have resulted in the development of various bioplastic alternatives [34]. Different strategies such as high payment for plastic bags, replacement of plastic bags by cloth bags or paper bags have been followed with the intention of reducing plastic waste across India. ...
The problem of plastic prevalence and associated pollution has grasped the entire planet drastically, putting all fields of science on the stake seeking remedies to this global havoc. To address this crisis, with a single remediation strategy is often found to be baseless, thereby much interest has been evoked in the development of multidisciplinary approaches – involving physico-chemical and biological strategies to nullify the aftermath of plastic pollution in all possible means. Even amidst, the availability of different approaches, the use of biological methods to combat plastic degradation has gained momentum. The most frequently used plastics appear in wide forms such as polyethylene plastic bags, polypropylene-based bottles, polyvinyl chloride pipes and polystyrene styrene cups. Plastic nicknamed as one of the toughest polymers viz. polycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and Polydicyclopentadiene; quite often are called so as they resist degradation in normal environmental strategies. They are often degraded in non-hostile and harsh environments of pH, temperature, radiation etc. However, not always it is possible to create such harsh environments for plastic degradation. In such a scenario, the use of gut microbes that can withstand the harsh atmosphere of gut environment could serve as promising candidates for plastic biodegradation. The current article envisages the various gut microbes of various biological agents and their role in plastic remediation. The current review compiles the techniques available for plastic remediation, the microbial prospects of plastic remediation, its challenges, and possible breakthroughs to effective plastic remediation.
Purpose
This paper aims to provide insights into the environment needed for advancing a digitally enabled circular plastic economy in Africa. It explores important technical and social paradigms for the transition.
Design/methodology/approach
This study adopted an interpretivist paradigm, drawing on thematic analysis on qualitative data from an inter-sectoral engagement with 69 circular economy stakeholders across the continent.
Findings
The results shows that, while substantial progress has been made with regard to the development and deployment of niche innovations in Africa, the overall progress of circular plastic economy is slowed due to relatively minimal changes at the regime levels as well as pressures from the exogenous landscape. The study highlights that regime changes are crucial for disrupting the entrenched linear plastic economy in developing countries, which is supported by significant sunk investment and corporate state capture.
Research limitations/implications
The main limitation of this study is with the sample as it uses data collected from five countries. Therefore, while it offers a panoramic view of multi-level synergy of actors and sectors across African countries, it is limited in its scope and ability to illuminate country-specific nuances and peculiarities.
Practical implications
The study underlines the importance of policy innovations and regulatory changes in order for technologies to have a meaningful contribution to the transition to a circular plastic economy.
Originality/value
The study makes an important theoretical contribution by using empirical evidence from various African regions to articulate the critical importance of the regime dimension in accelerating the circular economy transition in general, and the circular plastic economy in particular, in Africa.
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Purpose: India is transforming rapidly due to urbanisation and new technology is critical to this change. The impact is experienced in all areas of smart city missions which indicates a new way to supply services for citizens with innovative applications by integrating new and existing technology. The digital ecosystem provides the right platform to manage and monitor modern cityscapes as environmental, social, and economic sustainability is essential to keep pace with rapid expansion which puts all cities resources to test, and hence be used more efficiently and effectively compared to earlier traditional methods. This emergence has brought many disruptive innovations and many new changes with many issues; many have been solved, but still, many need to be addressed to make it sustainable. Design/methodology/approach: This study provides a comprehensive literature overview of smart city in India and its evolution through many initiatives. It also highlights the status in the different areas with issues faced currently. Findings: The analysis helped identify the various issues that need to be concentrated for its completion and the findings will be useful for academics, policymakers, and the government. For a nation such as India, utilising current opportunities is of great importance.
Global water scarcity is aggravating with increasing urbanization and inappropriate urban water management. Implementing circular economy (CE) strategies in the water sector followed by their assessment can prove to be beneficial. Recently, the water circularity indicator (WCI) has been developed to measure, monitor, improve and promote urban water circularity using the 5Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Reclaim, Restore). Apprehending the role and scope of each strategy is crucial while planning future water infrastructure, as each strategy has inherent advantages and limitations in application. This study aims to facilitate decision-makers with an approach to prioritize 5Rs CE strategies, which will be helpful in the efficient allocation of funds and resources related to water infrastructure. A methodology is proposed to prioritize and weigh 5Rs based on the effort required to fulfill the application of each strategy. Using weights assigned to each R, WCI is improved to WCI-2.0 and is evaluated for the region under the jurisdiction of Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation. The results from WCI-2.0 suggest which strategy to focus on out of the 5Rs to accelerate water circularity and effective infrastructure planning. Benchmarking of WCI-2.0 and its use to propose policies supporting urban water balance has the potential to change the prospects of the water sector.
The Sustainable Development Goals and circular economy are two critical aspects of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. They both seek to reduce the waste of natural resources and enhance society’s social, economic, and environmental goals. This study aims to identify, develop, test, and verify the significant antecedents that affect the adoption of supply chain analytics and its consequences for achieving the circular economy. We have divided the conceptual framework into two parts. In the first part, the relationship among data integration and scalability, organizational readiness, and policies and regulations as Technological–Organizational–Environmental factors as antecedents in adopting supply chain analytics. In the second part, the dynamic capabilities view grounded the relationship among supply chain analytics, supply chain integration, and sustainable supply chain flexibility effect directly and indirectly on the circular economy. Data have been collected using the survey method from 231 respondents from the manufacturing industry in Pakistan. Data have been analyzed using (i) partial least square structure equation modeling (ii) and artificial neural network approaches. The empirical findings proved that antecedents (data integrity and scalability, organizational readiness, and policy and regulation) and consequences (supply chain integration and sustainable supply chain flexibility) of supply chain analytics adoption would improve the circular economy performance. Additionally, artificial neural networks have supported these relationships. The adoption of supply chain analytics will enable organizations to supply chain integration. Additionally, organizations with more integration and analytics in their operations tend to have more flexibility and a circular economy. Moreover, organizations and society will obtain social, economic, and environmental benefits and reduce wastage and negative environmental impacts.
Purpose
A circular economy is a popular approach considered by many firms to address sustainable development goals strategically. Literature indicates that collaborative relationships among supply chain partners facilitate circular economy practices. However, there is a dearth of studies in lower-middle-income countries indicating the unique challenges industries face whilst practising circular economy principles and how the challenges can be overcome. To address the calls of previous researchers, this study aims to explore the following relationships: engagement and alliance capability whilst data analytics capability plays a mediating role; the relationship between alliance and data analytics capability with sustainable supply chain flexibility whilst industry dynamism is considered as a moderating variable and the relationship between sustainable supply chain flexibility and circular economy-target performance.
Design/methodology/approach
A cross-sectional survey was performed and data was collected from 760 employees of Indian firms. Covariance-based structural equation modelling was applied to perform the path analysis to determine a firm’s capabilities in shaping sustainable supply chain flexibility and enhancing circular economy target performance.
Findings
Drawing upon dynamic capability theory, it was first established that engagement capability has a positive and significant influence on alliance capability, whilst data analytics capability played a partial mediating role. Second, it was established that alliance capability and data analytics capability significantly affect sustainable supply chain flexibility, whilst industry dynamism played a moderating role. Finally, it was clear that sustainable supply chain flexibility had a significant and positive effect on circular economy target performance, ultimately enhancing sustainability.
Originality/value
This study advances the circular economy literature by recommending that firms must consider some critical operational level capabilities to develop their dynamic capability, i.e. sustainable supply chain flexibility, to better meet the competitive market conditions in turbulent business environments.
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