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Novelties in Sapotaceae from the Espírito Santo state, Brazil: updated checklist and new records with emended descriptions for two species
Abstract
Based on recent collections and fieldwork efforts, we provide an updated list of Sapotaceae of Espírito Santo state, Brazil and, in addition, we present the expanded geographical distribution of Manilkara multifida T.D. Penn. and Pouteria atlantica Alves‐Araújo & M.Alves, two endangered tree species from Atlantic forest with a poorly known biology. They are new records for Espírito Santo state‐Brazil and southeastern Brazil. We also emend the species original description by providing descriptions and images of the fruits and seeds for both species, as well as maps of the current geographical distributions, color photographs, and taxonomic comments.
Abstract Mimusops coriacea (A. DC.) Miq. (Sapotoideae, Sapotaceae, Ericales) is native to Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. This species is cultivated in many countries around the world and grows on sand in coastal vegetation. Here we sequenced, assembled, and annotated the first complete chloroplast genome of M. coriacea. The newly assembled chloroplast was analyzed with other available chloroplasts of Sapotaceae. Our results found a general conserved structure. The complete chloroplast genome has 159,689 bp, including 133 genes distributed in four regions: a large single-copy region of 88,887 bp, a small single-copy region of 18,618 bp, and two inverted repeats of 26,092 bp each. Our maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was generated with 80 protein-coding genes and recovered a monophyletic Sapotaceae sister to a clade formed by Ebenaceae + Primulaceae. In our analysis, Mimusops coriacea clustered with the other eight species of Sapotaceae included in the study.
In the present work, we synonymize Micropholis compta under M. gardneriana due to the overlap of morphoanatomical characters and the absence of distinctive attributes, verified during taxonomic and anatomical study of the genus Micropholis for Brazil. This study provides an updated description of M. gardneriana, including macro- and micro-morphological data, a distribution map, and comments on conservation status, ecological and taxonomy.
Resumo Os resultados aqui apresentados fazem parte de um trabalho maior que consiste na Flora Vascular da Pedra do Elefante, Nova Venécia, Espírito Santo. As expedições a campo foram realizadas de março de 2010 a julho de 2016, em um total de 23 visitas ao local. As amostras foram incorporadas principalmente nos herbários CEPEC, MBML, RB, UPCB, VIC e VIES. Sessenta e três espécies, uma subespécie, três variedades e dois híbridos de samambaias e licófitas foram registradas, distribuídas em 32 gêneros e 15 famílias. As famílias mais representativas foram Pteridaceae (14 spp.), Polypodiaceae (11 spp.), Anemiaceae (9 spp.) e Selaginellaceae (5 spp.). Os gêneros mais representativos foram Anemia (9 spp), Selaginella (5 spp.), Adiantum e Pteris (4 spp. cada). Dentre estas, três espécies são novas ocorrências para o Espírito Santo e oito táxons apresentam estado de conservação. Chaves de identificações em nível genérico e específico, comentários, e distribuição geográfica para todos os táxons são apresentados. Inventários florísticos no Espírito Santo são importantes, principalmente em áreas que possuem afloramentos rochosos, pois o baixo esforço de amostragem e a alta pressão antrópica, causam impactos negativos na preservação da vegetação nativa.
Resumo Sapotaceae (Ericales) é uma família pantropical com 58 gêneros e cerca de 1.250 espécies sendo Pouteria o gênero mais rico com aproximadamente 200 espécies. No Brasil são registradas 124 espécies, das quais 52 são endêmicas. Na Floresta Atlântica são citadas 40, das quais a maioria pode ser encontrada nos estados do Espírito Santo e Bahia. O presente trabalho visa contribuir com um melhor entendimento morfológico sobre as espécies de Pouteria ocorrentes na Estação Biológica de Santa Lúcia (EBSL), Espírito Santo, Brasil. Um total de 13 táxons foram identificados na EBSL: Pouteria bangii, P. bullata, P. caimito, P. cuspidata, P. durlandii, P. gardneri, P. guianensis, P. macahensis, P. macrocarpa, P. psammophila, P. reticulata, P. samborae e P. venosa subsp. amazonica. Descrições, chave de identificação e comentários taxonômicos são apresentados. Os principais caracteres vegetativos úteis à delimitação específica são padrão de venação foliar, presença/ausência de lenticelas, padrão da venação foliar secundária e terciária e indumento. Posição das inflorescências, número de sépalas, lobos da corola, lóculos e sementes são os mais importantes dentre os caracteres reprodutivos para determinação das espécies.
Resumo Neste trabalho são apresentados dados morfológicos, informações sobre distribuição geográfica e estado de conservação para as espécies do gênero Micropholis (Sapotaceae) nativas do Espírito Santo. Um total de cinco espécies de Micropholis foi encontrado: M. compta, M. crassipedicellata, M. gardneriana, M. guyanensis subsp. guyanensis e M. venulosa. Este número representa 100% das espécies ocorrentes na Mata Atlântica. Os caracteres mais importantes para a distinção das espécies são: nervura central sulcada ou não na face adaxial, nervuras secundárias espaçadas ou congestas entre si distinguíveis ou indistinguíveis das terciárias, indumento dos ramos jovens e forma da folha. Micropholis gardneriana constitui um novo registro para o Espírito Santo e Micropholis compta foi categorizada como Quase Ameaçada (NT).
Resumo Macrófitas aquáticas são organismos visíveis a olho nu e que apresentam partes fotossinteticamente ativas, permanente a temporariamente submersas ou flutuantes. Dada a relevância ecológica e fisionômica do grupo, este estudo objetivou determinar a riqueza de macrófitas aquáticas do Parque Estadual de Itaúnas, Espírito Santo, Brasil, e suas relações florísticas com outras sete áreas na Floresta Atlântica. Foram encontradas 66 espécies, 48 gêneros e 31 famílias de macrófitas aquáticas para o PEI, dessas, duas constituem registros inéditos para o Brasil (Sesbania herbacea e Utricularia biloba), cinco para o estado (Ipomoea bahiensis, Ludwigia cf. filiformis, Ludwigia hyssopifolia, Mollugo verticillata, Paspalum repens) e 49 novas ocorrências para o PEI. A grande maioria constitui-se por angiospermas e apenas três são pertencentes ao grupo das Samambaias e Licófitas. Os resultados da análise de agrupamento revelaram dois grupos, onde um é constituído exclusivamente por áreas cujas fitofisionomias são de restinga enquanto o outro é formado por áreas de fitofisionomias distintas. Dessa maneira, os novos registros aliados a baixa similaridade da composição de espécies, tornam evidente a importância da área para a conservação de macrófitas aquáticas dentro da Floresta Atlântica.
We provide a floristic inventory of Angiosperms from rocky outcrops of the Área de Proteção Ambiental Pedra do Elefante, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Fieldwork was performed monthly from March/2015 to July/2016. A checklist with 302 species belonging to 219 genera and 74 families is provided. Bromeliaceae, Orchidaceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, Cactaceae, Convolvulaceae, Rubiaceae, Bignoniaceae and Cyperaceae are the richest families with around 50% of the listed species. One hundred forty seven species are exclusively rupicolous, 125 spp. exclusively terricolous, 26 spp. are epiphytes, and six species are found as both rupicolous and terricolous. Phanerophytes and chamaephytes were predominant life forms. Our results added 18 new records to the Espírito Santo state, indicated the occurrence of nine endemic species for the state and noticed that only 55 taxa of the total of species have threat assessments according to IUCN.
Resumo Chrysophyllum é o segundo maior gênero da família Sapotaceae com 71 espécies conhecidas e distribuídas em sua grande maioria nos Neotrópicos. No Brasil, estima-se a ocorrência de 31 espécies, das quais 14 são endêmicas. Estudos recentes apontaram a ocorrência de nove táxons para o Espírito Santo, no entanto, o reconhecimento e a distinção taxonômica dos mesmos é incipiente. Este estudo apresenta chave de identificação, ilustrações, comentários taxonômicos e informações a respeito dos estados de conservação e da distribuição geográfica de espécies de Chrysophyllum nativas do Espírito Santo. Um total de sete espécies ocorrentes em áreas de Floresta de Tabuleiro, de Altitude e de Restingas foram registradas: Chrysophyllum flexuosum, C. gonocarpum, C. januariense, C. lucentifolium, C. splendens, C. viride e Chrysophyllum sp. nov. Os caracteres mais importantes para a distinção das espécies foram: 1. Vegetativos: formato da folha, indumento foliar e a coloração e densidade do mesmo, a disposição das nervuras secundárias foliares e presença/ausência de lenticelas nos ramos; 2. Reprodutivos: tamanho da corola e indumento nos verticilos reprodutivos, formato e coloração dos frutos.
We present the first voucher-based record of Pouteria macrocarpa for Brazilian Atlantic forest and extend the occurrence area of it. Besides, a brief taxonomic description, an identification key for lignified-fruits Pouteria species, and information about phenology and herbarium records are provided. According to the IUCN Red List and the Red Book of the Brazilian Flora, the species is considered Vulnerable (VU). However, facing the new available data, we believe it should be reassessed as Endangered (EN).
This paper provides a floristic inventory of Angiosperms reported from Parque Estadual de Itaúnas, Espírito Santo, Brazil. The inventory was performed with fortnightly fieldwork from 2012 to 2015. The samples collected are available at the herbarium VIES. A checklist with 562 species, from 345 genera and 110 families is provided. Lifeforms categories were established: shrubs and trees; terrestrial herbs; herbaceous and woody climbers; epiphytes and hemiepiphytes; aquatic herbs, parasites (holo- and hemi-), and myco-heterotrophs (saprophytes). Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Cyperaceae, Rubiaceae, Bromeliaceae, Apocynaceae, Orchidaceae, Poaceae, Bignoniaceae, and Melastomataceae presented the greatest species richness. The genera Eugenia (16 spp.) (Myrtaceae), Passiflora (10 spp.) (Passifloraceae), Myrcia (9 spp.) (Myrtaceae), Cyperus (7 spp.), and Chamaecrista (Fabaceae) and Miconia (Melastomataceae) (6 spp., each) presented the greatest species richness. Most of the previous checklists elaborated in the Espírito Santo state have underestimated plant species diversity. This floristic inventory confirms the ecological value of the restingas in the Atlantic Forest located at Parque Estadual de Itaúnas.
A checklist of angiosperm species for the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil is presented. A total of 6,204 native species was recorded, representing an increase of 16% in species richness for the area. Espírito Santo shelters 32% of the native species of Brazil's Atlantic Forest and holds 516 endemic species (8.3% of the total registered taxa for the State). Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae are the families with highest number of endemic species (142 spp. and 80 spp., respectively), followed by Myrtaceae (33 spp.), Melastomataceae (30 spp.), and Araceae (23 spp.). This paper represents an important landmark for future research in plant diversity in Espírito Santo, and highlights the importance of consulting online databases in order to update the knowledge presented by the Brazilian flora checklist.
Abstract— Pouteria s. s. (Chrysophylloideae) includes ca. 200 species, representing the largest genus of Sapotaceae. In Brazil, 120 species are recorded in Amazonia and in the Atlantic Rainforest where the genus is centered. This paper presents a taxonomic survey of the 34 species of Pouteria s. s. from the northern portion of the Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil, and includes an identification key, nomenclatural updates, new synonyms, descriptions, and detailed information about geographic distribution and phenology for all taxa, and illustrations. Species of Pouteria are mainly separated based on leaf venation, trichome type, stamen and staminode morphology, and fruit traits. Out of the 34 species recognized, 18 are endemic to the Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil, 10 are disjunctly distributed with Amazonia, and six are widespread in South America. According to the IUCN red list criteria, 20 of the 34 species treated here are threatened; of these, 10 are vulnerable, seven are endangered, and three are critically endangered.
This paper provides descriptions and illustrations of two new species of Pouteria from the Atlantic forest of Bahia, Brazil ( P. atlantica and P. trifida ). In addition, distribution maps and a table with main characters to distinguish the new species from related taxa are also included. Pouteria atlantica is characterized by large trichomes that cover the corolla lobes, anther's outer surface, and form tufts on the apex of anthers. Pouteria trifida is distinguished by its long petioles and trifid staminodes. Due to intense deforestation in the Atlantic forest, preliminary IUCN red list assessments are provided. Pouteria atlantica is proposed in the IUCN status critically endangered (CR), while the data for P. trifida are still insufficient.
We present the first cladistic study of the largely tropical family Sapotaceae based on both morphological and molecular data. The data were analyzed with standard parsimony and parsimony jackknife algorithms using equally and successive weighted characters. Sapotaceae are confirmed to constitute two main evolutionary lineages corresponding to the tribes Isonandreae-Mimusopeae-Sideroxyleae and Chrysophylleae-Omphalocarpeae. The Sideroxyleae are monophyletic, Isonandreae are polyphyletic as presently circumscribed, and as suggested by the analyses, the subtribe Mimusopeae-Mimusopinae has evolved within the Mimusopeae-Manilkarinae, which hence is also paraphyletic. Generic limits must be altered within Sideroxyleae with the current members Argania, Nesoluma and Sideroxylon. Argania cannot be maintained at a generic level unless a narrower generic concept is adopted for Sideroxylon. Nesoluma cannot be upheld in a narrow or broad generic concept of Sideroxylon. The large tribe Chrysophylleae circumscribes genera such as Chrysophyllum, Pouteria, Synsepalum, and Xantolis, but the tribe is monophyletic only if the taxa from Omphalocarpeae are also included. Neither Chrysophyllum nor Pouteria are monophyletic in their current definitions. The results indicate that the African taxa of Pouteria are monophyletic and distinguishable from the South American taxa. Resurrection of Planchonella, corresponding to Pouteria section Oligotheca, is proposed. The African genera Synsepalum and Englerophytum form a monophyletic group, but their generic limits are uncertain. Classification of the Asian genus Xantolis is particularly interesting. Morphology alone is indecisive regarding Xantolis relationships, the combined unweighted data of molecules and morphology indicates a sister position to Isonandreae-Mimusopeae-Sideroxyleae, whereas molecular data alone, as well as successive weighted combined data point to a sister position to Chrysophylleae-Omphalocarpeae. An amended subfamily classification is proposed corresponding to the monophyletic groups: Sarcospermatoideae (Sarcosperma), Sapotoideae (Isonandreae-Mimusopeae-Sideroxyleae) and Chrysophylloideae (Chrysophylleae-Omphalocarpeae), where Sapotoideae circumscribes the tribes Sapoteae and Sideroxyleae as well as two or three as yet unnamed lineages. Morphological characters are often highly homoplasious and unambiguous synapomorphies cannot be identified for subfamilies or tribes, which we believe are the reason for the variations seen between different classifications of Sapotaceae.
© The Willi Hennig Society 2005.
GeoCAT is an open source, browser based tool that performs rapid geospatial analysis to ease the process of Red Listing taxa. Developed to utilise spatially referenced primary occurrence data, the analysis focuses on two aspects of the geographic range of a taxon: the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO). These metrics form part of the IUCN Red List categories and criteria and have often proved challenging to obtain in an accurate, consistent and repeatable way. Within a familiar Google Maps environment, GeoCAT users can quickly and easily combine data from multiple sources such as GBIF, Flickr and Scratchpads as well as user generated occurrence data. Analysis is done with the click of a button and is visualised instantly, providing an indication of the Red List threat rating, subject to meeting the full requirements of the criteria. Outputs including the results, data and parameters used for analysis are stored in a GeoCAT file that can be easily reloaded or shared with collaborators. GeoCAT is a first step toward automating the data handling process of Red List assessing and provides a valuable hub from which further developments and enhancements can be spawned.
The new species Chrysophyllum pubipetalum from the Brazilian Atlantic forest of Espírito Santo state is described and illustrated. This new species is characterized by the presence of trichomes on both surfaces of the corolla (a character unique in the genus), channeled petioles, a relatively short pedicel length, and various characters of the fruits and seeds. A distribution map and a table distinguishing the new species from morphologically similar species are also included. As based on IUCN criteria, the species is considered critically endangered.
A new species assigned to the genus Pouteria is described and illustrated. Pouteria samborae is morphologically similar to Pouteria glomerata subsp. glomerata and Pouteria macrocarpa, but differs from them by its eucampto-brochidodromous venation pattern, well developed intersecondary veins, tertiary veins with a loose reticulum, and fimbriate inner sepal margins. Environmental, geographic distribution and conservation information for the new species is provided. In addition, a key to the four-lobed corolla species of Pouteria with ciliate margins from the Atlantic rainforest of Brazil is presented.
We present here the fern and lycophyte species found in three areas of Atlantic Forest with lowland forest physiognomies, in northern Espírito Santo State, Brazil, and compare their floristic relationships with other physiognomies of that biome in the state. We recorded 57 species, distributed among 35 genera and 18 families within the Córrego Grande Biological Reserve, Rio Preto National Forest, and the Córrego do Veado Biological Reserve. The most representative families were Pteridaceae (17 spp.) and Polypodiaceae (eight spp.), while the genus Adiantum demonstrated the greatest species richness (eight spp.). The fern and lycophyte floras differed significantly between the different Atlantic Forest physiognomies, with indicator species identified for each, as well as species that occur preferentially in certain physiognomies. Correspondence analysis and grouping analysis employing relative Sørensen distances indicated the existence of four floristic groups associated with the different Atlantic Forest physiognomic types related to altitudinal gradients. Greater similarities were found between the floras of the same physiognomies, with the greatest consistency and floristic homogeneity being seen among regions below 300 m, principally the Tabuleiro lowland forests in the northern region of the state.
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