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UNDERSTANDING INTERNAL CONNECTIONS OF MUSIC FESTIVALS’ EXPERIENCE DIMENSIONS
Abstract
Purpose – For Generation Z (born after 1995) tourism during the summer usually means visiting festivals (especially music festivals) or seeking for extraordinary experiences. For them, the classical tourist attractions are not satisfying and interesting anymore. The aim of the paper is to examine experience factors based on models from the literature review and understand the internal connections among the experience dimensions in the case of music festivals in Hungary. Design / Methodology / Approach – For testing the suggested model based on the literature review and previous researches, a quantitative primary research was conducted. A structured questionnaire was used focusing on five factors of experience economy in case of Hungarian music festivals. The data was collected by an online survey via LimeSurvey, and PLS-SEM path analysis was used to interpret the acquired data. Findings – As a result of the quantitative research significant connection appear among the five experience factors in the field of festivals like other previous researches suggested in other fields. Education, entertainment and escapism experience can be built on aesthetics and economic value – the fifth experience factor – can be built on these four factors. Originality of the research – Knowing how experience factors are based on each other and how they can influence each other is an important factor for festival managers to create an optimal and balanced mix of experience for visitors. By achieving this memorable experience and long lasting memories of the event can be reached.
... Süli and Martyin-Csamangó (2017) acknowledged that Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat are the main platforms where festival-goers share their festival experiences. Iványi and Bíró-Szigeti (2020) added that the Generation Z audience of Hungarian music festivals does not only share their experiences to create memories but also to help others or become a social media celebrity. This behaviour implies that music festivals not only have a self-experience utility for festival-goers, they are also useful to signal their identity to others (Bronner & de Hoog, 2021). ...
... Furthermore, this experience economy model was extended by a fifth element, economic value by Rivera et al. (2015), creating the 5E model in a music festival context. Based on the 5E model, Iványi and Bíró-Szigeti (2020) found that in the context of Hungarian music festivals several of these elements are interconnected. Education, entertainment, and escapist elements are influenced by aesthetic elements 9 and economic value is influenced by the other four elements (Iványi & Bíró-Szigeti, 2020). ...
... Based on the 5E model, Iványi and Bíró-Szigeti (2020) found that in the context of Hungarian music festivals several of these elements are interconnected. Education, entertainment, and escapist elements are influenced by aesthetic elements 9 and economic value is influenced by the other four elements (Iványi & Bíró-Szigeti, 2020). Finally, what is important to remember is that these elements are intangible and subjective and therefore difficult to define (Brown & Sharpley, 2019). ...
The Sziget Festival is one of Europe’s biggest music events, held every August on the Óbuda Island in Budapest. The elements of festival experiences were analysed through social media opinions of Sziget Festival attendees published between 1 January 2014 and 31 July 2022, using structural topic model (STM) computer algorithm and latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA). Our findings support existing literature, showing that festival experiences are cognitive-affective in nature with key elements of socialisation, environment, and festival value, some of which are inter-connected. Although this kind of research is rare in tourism, our paper argues for its usefulness and provides an example of application, using consumer data to facilitate decision-making and support the festival industry. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research, as well as incorporating LDA with other qualitative and quantitative research.
... They enable Generation Z to discover, document, and share memorable moments, reinforcing perceived value and fostering emotional connections to destinations (Losada et al. 2022). This emotional satisfaction, coupled with positive perceptions, strengthens psychological bonds, such as place attachment (Lin et al. 2022), which in turn influences future travel choices and encourages destination loyalty (Iványi and Bíró-Szigeti 2020;Lončarić et al. 2013). ...
... 4-Yellow Cluster-delves into the dissemination and communication aspects within the tourism field, focusing on how information is shared and consumed. The most important research topics involve "travel"(Lončarić et al. 2013;Zhang et al. 2024), "information"(Aras 2023;Machado Carvalho 2024), and "authenticity"(İlhan et al. 2022;Iványi and Bíró-Szigeti 2020;Lebrun and Bouchet 2024). • Cluster 5-Purple Cluster-includes studies that compare various generational cohorts within the tourism framework. ...
In recent years, Generation Z has had a pivotal influence across global industries, with tourism being significantly impacted. As the first generation fully immersed in digital technology, Generation Z members have travel preferences, behaviours, and values which differ markedly from previous generations, presenting both challenges and opportunities for the tourism sector. This study explores studies on Generation Z in the context of the tourism industry through key research questions, including the primary trends and thematic clusters in the existing literature, the most influential journals and authors, and the temporal evolution of research in this area. To address these questions, this article presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of 217 publications on Generation Z and tourism, spanning from 2018 to 2024, sourced from the Web of Science. Using VOSviewer, the analysis maps the main trends, the most influential publications, and the emerging themes, providing insights into how Generation Z is reshaping the tourism landscape. The bibliometric analysis and VOSviewer mapping add a rigorous methodological approach, offering a structured overview of existing research while identifying gaps for further exploration, especially in this emerging field. The study highlights the most published and cited journals, providing a broad contextual view, followed by an in-depth exploration of thematic clusters within Generation Z tourism research. The results indicate that although research on this topic gained attention in 2018, it is still in its early stages, with significant room for expansion. Current studies primarily focus on social media marketing communications for Generation Z, as well as Generation Z tourism experiences and their attitudes and preferences towards tourism, suggesting areas for future exploration.
... Fontos kiemelni azt is, hogy a fesztiválszervezők további célja olyan éves rendezvények létrehozása, melyek imázsukkal látogatókat vonzanak (Raj, 2003;Liang et al., 2008), gondoskodva arról, hogy a helyi közösség értékeit, kultúráját és fejlődését közvetítse a látogatóknak (Liang et al., 2008;Iványi & Bíró-Szigeti, 2020). ...
... The experience of a tourist is the personal state of the mind that is felt during a tourism service encounter (Ryan 2010). Tourism experience comprises of multiple aspects, encompassing behavior, perception, cognition and emotions: that may be explicitly expressed or implied (Kim and Chen 2020) and internal connections are important for extraordinary experience (Iványi and Bíró-Szigeti 2020). Multiple conceptualizations of tourism experience have been constructed including travel experience (Ryan 2010); transformative tourism experience (Kirillova, et al. 2017); and memorable tourism experience (Kim 2014;Kim and Chen 2019;Kim and Chen 2020), of which the last one received significant importance among researchers. ...
Purpose - The concept of tourism as an experience is gaining interest among practitioners and academics alike. This study contributes to the tourism literature by integrating the antecedents and outcomes of memorable tourism experiences (MTE) and consumer-level factors as moderators into a single model. Design - The study applies primary survey using structured questionnaire. The study hypotheses are empirically tested based on survey data of 700 tourists (both domestic and foreign) in India. Methodology - The data collected is analyzed using structural equation modeling. The model also includes the moderating role of tourists’ openness to experience. Findings - Findings show a positive impact of destination attributes on MTE. MTE is observed to positively affect its immediate outcomes, perceived value and satisfaction from tourism experiences. Subsequently, satisfaction has a positive effect of loyalty and word of mouth (WOM), but perceived value affects only on word of mouth. Openness to experience moderated the impact of destination attributes on MTE. Originality - The study makes new theoretical and managerial contributions. The study is one of the first of its kind to integrate the antecedents and outcomes of MTE in a single study. Moreover, the study also considers the moderating influence of tourist personality in the same study.
Purpose
Music festivals are categorized as event management in the hospitality and tourism (H&T) industry. Additionally, music festivals or events are a continuous phenomenon in the context of the hospitality and tourism industry. In this study, a bibliometric approach was proposed to examine research that addresses both the H&T industry and music festivals.
Design/methodology/approach
A total of 462 studies covering the years 1981–2024 were retrieved from the Scopus database. The study analyzed keywords, institutions, sources, countries, and titles. During the analysis phase, descriptive analysis, clustering, thematic mapping, and relationship networks were employed using Bibliometrix and VOSviewer analysis programs.
Findings
As a result of the analysis, the most frequently used keywords were “tourism” and “festival,” with the most prolific author being Kruger M., the most productive country being the United States of America, and the leading journal being Event Management. Seven different clusters emerged from the networking of keywords. In the thematic map, the motor themes were music festivals, experience, social media, and co-creation. The basic themes were festival, music, tourism, event management, market segmentation, and music tourism. The emerging or declining themes were culture, music events, and COVID-19. Finally, the niche theme was entrepreneurship.
Research limitations/implications
It’s noted that this research solely utilized the Scopus database and publications such as chemistry and mathematics, were excluded. The findings were limited to bibliometric analysis, and future studies could include content and thematic evaluations.
Social implications
The research is useful in understanding how music festivals socially direct tourists and their future perspectives. On the other hand, determining the global status of scientific publications regarding music festivals with high social and economic impact is important for proper planning and sustainability of such events.
Originality/value
Music festivals are an important type of event in terms of mobility in the H&T industry. In this respect, it is in a state of change and development over the years. This research examined publications about music festivals in the H&T industry from the past to the present with a bibliometric approach. In this way, the development of publications produced on the relevant subject was revealed.
A fesztiválok népszerűsége töretlen, különös tekintettel a zenei fesztiválokra, amelyek nagymértékű változáson mentek keresztül az utóbbi két évtizedben. A résztvevői kör ismeretében megállapítható, hogy főként a fiatal korosztály látogatja ezeket a rendezvényeket, ezért a tanulmány célja a Z generáció attitűdvizsgálata a zenei fesztiválokkal kapcsolatban. Kvalitatív kutatás keretében fókuszcsoportos interjúk kerültek lefolytatásra a célcsoport gondolatainak megismeréséhez. A fesztivállátogatás gyakorisága szerint három csoportban vizsgáltuk a résztvevőket. A primer kutatás eredményei azt mutatják, hogy a fiatalok számára a fellépők, a társaság és az élmény jelentik az elsődleges motivációt a fesztiválon való részvételre, míg a magas árak, a tömeg és a társaság hiánya korlátozza a részvételi szándékot. A tanulmány végén olyan gyakorlati javaslatokat fogalmazunk meg, amelyek a jövőben segítségül szolgálhatnak a fesztiválszervezők számára a potenciális célközönség eléréséhez.
Menedżerowie dużych festiwali, wobec wzrostu w ostatnich latach liczby organizowanych wydarzeń muzycznych, zmuszeni są coraz mocniej konkurować o uczestników i sponsorów. Trudno skutecznie zabiegać o klientów bez poznania ich potrzeb, a zwłaszcza oczekiwań wobec tego, co jest najważniejszym elementem produktu festiwalowego dostarczanych przeżyć. W związku z tym kluczowe staje się rozpatrywanie doznań osób przyjeżdżających na festiwale w kontekście założeń gospodarki doświadczeń. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest spojrzenie na Pol'and'Rock Festival - jedno z największych wydarzeń muzycznych na świecie - jako na przestrzeń dostarczania ponadprzeciętnych wrażeń. Zaprezentowano wyniki badania ankietowego, zrealizowanego na próbie 770 uczestników tego festiwalu. Badanie pokazało, że Pol'and'Rock Festival zdecydowanej większości respondentów kojarzył się z miejscem zdobywania silnych, unikatowych doznań. Dotyczy to zarówno komponentu rozrywkowego doświadczeń, jak i ich wymiaru społecznego. Wnioski płynące z badania powinny stanowić wstęp do kolejnych, bardziej pogłębionych eksploracji naukowych. Mają one również znaczenie aplikacyjne-wskazują kluczowe kwestie do uwzględnienia przy planowaniu dużych festiwali muzycznych.
Choirs constitute an important area of music education and play an important role in increasing the artistic, social, and academic quality of societies as well as spreading music education. Choir festivals, in which the works performed in choirs are exhibited, have become widespread in Turkey for the last ten years, and it is observed that the choirs participating in these festivals also participate in various events and festivals abroad. These festivals and events are important for choir members and conductors, as they introduce themselves and provide opportunities for choirs to take the stage outside of their own environment. Choirs from within each country and from all over the world participate in national-international festivals and festivities held in Turkey and in various countries of the world, exhibit their works, and benefit from these activities as a social and touristic trip. In this research, a study was conducted on the expenditures of 3 choirs and 4 organizations in order to address the economic dimension of choral festivals. In the study, the participation process of the three choirs in the choir’s festival/festivities held in a different city was discussed, and it was tried to determine what kind of expenditures a choir made, based on their expenditures during this participation process. In addition, the expenditures made in the organization of the 4 choir festivals were tried to be revealed and the economic dimensions of the festivals were tried to be exhibited. Thus, it is desired that the choir educators and conductors who will participate in the choir festivals/festivities are informed about financial expenditures and that the executives of the cities where the festival/festivities are held should follow the issue carefully.
Finding solutions for the careful management of our natural heritage is fundamental to sustaining humanity on the planet. In this sense, nature-based solutions (NBS), which are useful initiatives aimed at addressing socio-environmental challenges to achieve a relatively more natural environment, can be a fundamental tool for reaching this goal in an urban context. However, there is no evidence that having NBS in urban cities could attract the young generations. The present study investigates Generation Z’s interest in NBS and explores the possibility of them considering a city that offers NBS as a possible tourism destination. This study uses different NBS initiatives implemented in the metropolitan area of Turin. Using quantitative approaches to qualitative responses, that is, multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, a hierarchical cluster structure was designed and gradually explored to identify main groups of respondents and subsequently deeper partitions. The results show that Generation Z perceives NBS initiatives as important for safeguarding and enhancing the cultural and natural heritage of the urban areas involved, which can improve their touristic and leisure value. This study is particularly relevant since it can help institutions to consider a new approach to stimulating proximity tourism in urban cities and their surroundings, by valorizing NBS as a possible attraction for Generation Z.
A fesztiválokat sok esetben a családbarát szabadidős tevékenységek közé sorolják, ugyanakkor kifejezetten erre a célcsoportra vonatkozóan a korábbiakban még nem végeztek kutatást a fesztivállátogatások tekintetében. Tanulmányunkban bemutatjuk, hogy a szakirodalom alapján milyen dimenziói vannak az élménynek, és értelmezzük azt a fesztiválokra vonatkozóan. Primer kutatást végeztünk és azt vizsgáltuk, hogy ezek a dimenziók milyen mértékben jelennek meg két magyarországi családi fesztiválnál, illetve hatással vannak-e a fesztivál emlékezetességére. A kutatás alapján megállapítható, hogy mindkét fesztivál esetében a szórakozás élménye hat legerősebben az emlékezetességre.
A technológia fejlődése és az internet térnyerése új trendeket indított el a turizmusban is. A közösségi média használatának terjedésével az élmények online megosztása, keresése egyre népszerűbbé válik, mely egyrészt befolyásolhatja az utazási döntések meghozatalát, másrészt hozzájárulhat az adott desztináció imázsának javításához, ismertségének növeléséhez. A fesztiválok, különösen a zenei fesztiválok évek óta egyre több – elsősorban fiatal – turistát vonzanak, akik túlnyomó többsége a közösségi hálózatokat használja élményei megosztására. Kutatásunk során a Szegedi Ifjúsági Napok és a Green Future fesztiválozói körében végeztünk kérdőíves felmérést, melyben a
közösségi média fesztiválturizmusra gyakorolt hatása mellett vizsgáltuk, hogy a megkérdezettek hogyan ítélik meg a fesztiválok desztinációra gyakorolt hatásait. Ezek közül az imázserősítő hatás megjelenését több módszerrel is vizsgáltuk. Az eredmények alapján megállapítható, hogy a megkérdezett fesztiválozók nagy jelentőséget tulajdonítanak élményeik megosztásának és jelentős arányban használják a közösségi médiát információk keresésére. Megállapítható az is, hogy a két könnyűzenei fesztivál hozzájárul a települések imázsának alakításához, hiszen mind a vizsgált bejegyzésekben, mind a válaszadók asszociációiban többször együtt jelentek meg.
This study aims to investigate the impact of tourist experience on tourists’ perception of memorability and authenticity in the context of creative tourism. A total of 574 valid responses were collected on site in the Tianzifang district, Shanghai. The findings identified a second-order construct of creative experience with five dimensions: escape, recognition, relaxation, interactivity, and learning. Using PLS-SEM, the study found creative tourist experience has a positive impact on memorability and authenticity. The study findings provide valuable implications for creative tourism practitioners and policymakers as well as contribute to the scarce literature body of creative tourism, authenticity, and memorability.
Purpose –The aim of the present study is to understand the effect of travelers’ motivations and technological acceptance factors on intentions to post online reviews.
Design- Uses and gratification and the extended unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2) were applied as the basis of the present study.
Methodology – A structured questionnaire was designed on the basis of the previous literature. 600 questionnaires were distributed out of which 273 valid responses were considered for statistical analysis.
Findings – The results reveal that altruism, reciprocity, effort expectancy, habit and hedonic motivations have positive influence, whereas economic rewards negatively influence the intentions of travelers to post online reviews. However, there is no significant relationship between social influence and review posting intentions of travelers. Moreover, a significant relationship was observed between altruism and effort expectancy; reciprocity and effort expectancy and habit and
effort expectancy. Further, both behavioural intentions and habit were significant predictors of actual usage.
Originality/ Value – The present study is among the few studies which investigate the effect of motivational factors in conjunction with technological acceptance factors on travel review posting intentions.
Purpose – To propose a new decision-making process that Generation Zers adopt when they shop for travel and tourism services through social and mobile applications (i.e., hotels, airlines, attractions, and restaurants).
Design – A qualitative research was used to explore the changes and unique characteristics of the Generation Z’s different stages of social travel decision-making.
Methodology – A conceptual approach that relies on an extensive literature review of classical decision-making models reflecting the changes and differences in each stage in the process.
Approach – The authors rely on Engel-Kollat-Blackwell’s (EKB) consumer decision-making model as a base to understand and propose a modified model.
Findings – The authors propose a new social decision-making process model for Generation Z. The proposed model consists of five stages and each step is deeper and more complex than ever
before. These stages are as follows: 1) Inspiration, 2) Need for Social Recognition, 3) Planning, Search and Evaluation, 4) Booking, and 5) Post-Booking Evaluation.
Originality of the research – The paper is the first study to propose a unique decision-making process for Generation Z travellers in the realm of social and mobile business.
Purpose – The aim of this study is to determine the factors that motivated people to participate in the Alaçatı Herb Festival, their satisfaction levels, revisit and recommend their intentions.
Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire was prepared, drawing from the scales in literature and applied to the 8th Alaçatı Herb Festival, Turkey. Multiple regression analysis was applied to test the hypotheses on the data set of 455 completed questionnaires.
Findings – The findings indicate that the factors that motivated people to participate in the Alaçatı Herb Festival were: (1) regional attractiveness, (2) festival attractiveness, (3) travel attractiveness and (4) entertainment attractiveness. These results indicated that although these four factors increased: the satisfaction of participants, only regional attractiveness, festival attractiveness, and entertainment attractiveness increased revisit intentions and recommendation intentions.
Research limitation/implications – The findings of this paper solely reflect the motivational factors and behavioural intentions during the Alaçatı Herb Festival. Destination managers should focus more on: regional attractiveness, festival attractiveness, and entertainment attractiveness to increase festival participants' revisit intentions and recommendation intentions.
Originality – Understanding the variables that predict event participation at a gastronomic festival provides useful data for practitioners. Additionally, this study establishes an empirical relation between motivational factors, satisfaction, revisit intentions, and recommendation intentions.
Purpose – This paper presents tourist attitudes regarding the tourism offer of Rijeka and the Opatija Riviera. The main purpose of this study is to find out whether there are any differences in attitudes towards the destination tourism offering between tourists visiting these destinations in 2014 and those visiting in 2016.
Methodology – Two tourist on-site-surveys were carried out, one during the summer months of 2014 and the other during the summer of 2016. The analysis was carried out on a sample of 1198 respondents. Data analysis included: descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, paired sample t-test and Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA).
Findings – The results of the independent t-tests confirmed that there are statistically significant differences in overall satisfaction, as well as in in seventeen offering elements (out of twenty-two), between tourists visiting these destinations during summer 2014 and those visiting in 2016, indicating that tourists who visited these towns in 2016 were more satisfied that those who visited in 2014. However, the IPA results suggest that the offering should be additionally improved in order to exceed tourists’ expectations.
Contribution – These results confirm that the efforts and overall improvements made by destination management and all stakeholders have contributed to higher tourist satisfaction. The findings can serve as a quality information base for destination management in making future decisions on the allocation of scarce resources to improve those offering attributes that the tourists nevertheless
found to be less satisfactory.
Screen tourism is becoming increasingly popular. Successful feature films and television series can form, enhance or alter place image, and put filming locations on tourists' mental maps. Very little is known, however, about how the resonance of landscape depiction and place attachment may affect the gathering of information about different filming locations and, consequently, consum-ers' travel intentions. This study seeks to identify such a nexus between landscape depiction and travel intention through an exploration of the fantasy television series Game of Thrones (GoT). The structured questionnaire survey carried out with 314 GoT fans reveals that different dimensions have had a scale-effect on travel intentions. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM)-considered the most appropriate for this exploratory study-was applied for the data analysis. The results indicate that landscape depiction has a positive effect on place attachment, information gathering and travel intentions , thus providing destination management organisations (DMOs) with opportunities to interact with potential tourists to promote filming locations.
Recent advanced technologies have enabled travelers to communicate, interact, and form relationships with destinations, businesses, and other travelers through social media. However, the nature/patterns of use of social media by travelers varies substantially between travelers and across the trip experience (e.g. pre-, during, and post-trip); consequently, travelers develop their own idiosyncratic strategies (i.e. media repertoires) for information searching, communicating, and storing memories. There are four distinct and dominant repertoires of social media use across the three stages of the trip experience. As such, the findings clearly indicate that destination marketers should target the respective groups very differently.
The purpose of this study is threefold. First, to test the experience economy framework in the context of a small island destination (SID) in order to determine if a music festival may be used as an experiential product to lure a cohort replacement. Second, to examine a music festival's experiential domains that may influence the overall experience of Generation Y (Gen Y) tourists. And, third to determine if the overall experience of Gen Y tourists who attend a music festival may predict their behavioral intentions to return to and recommend a SID. The study investigates whether a music festival may be used as an experiential attraction to draw the Gen Y market segment to a SID as a cohort replacement for the baby boomer generation. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is used to test the application of the experience economy framework to a generational cohort's behavioral intentions after the consumption of an experiential product in the context of a SID. The study suggests that in the case of Gen Y it may be necessary to reference economic value as part of the second-order construct for overall experience in order to predict future intentions.
Building on Pine and Gilmore’s experience economy concepts and recent related travel research, this study newly investigated the relationships among the experience of film festival visitors, their satisfaction, and their behavioral intention. In particular, the study focused on how an escapist experience and traveler satisfaction mediated the effects of the other experiential dimensions on behavioral intention. The data supported the proposed theoretical relationships among the constructs and the applicability of the experience economy scales to festival management. The results also validate a mediating role of the escapist experience between the tourist’s perceptions of festival performance and behavioral intention toward future film festival participation.
Purpose
– A desirable experiential environment is an essential source of competitive advantage in the festival industry. Understanding festival attendees' experience is imperative for festival organizers because attendees' experience is a predictor of their future behavior. With the experience economy concept of Pine and Gilmore (1998), the study identified four underlying dimensions of festival attendees' experience (education, entertainment, esthetics, and escapism) and examined the impacts of these experience dimensions on festival attendees' vividity of memory and loyalty.
Design/methodology/approach
– Data were collected from online surveys completed by 338 attendees of VEISHEA festival. This study employed confirmatory factor analysis, regression analysis, and structural equation modeling to achieve its goals.
Findings
– Experience has a positive effect on vivid memory, which consequently influences loyalty. Each dimension of experience economy significantly influences vividity of memory. However loyalty is affected only by the entertainment and esthetics dimensions.
Practical implications
– Festival marketers are advised to design activities that provide memorable experiential products and services for attendees based on the four dimensions of the experience economy.
Originality/value
– The study is a pioneer in the evaluation of vividity of memory to the festival context.
This study determined whether Pine and Gilmore's four experience economy realms (education, entertainment, escapism and esthetics) were represented by visitors' experiences of three South African heritage museums, evaluated whether their experience expectations associated with the experience realms had been met, and examined the relationship between the latter, satisfaction and behavioral intentions. In addition, the relationship between personal and trip-related factors and the experience realms was investigated. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses identified three experience realms-edutainment, escapism and esthetics. While visitors had positive on-site experiences within all three experience realms, edutainment made the strongest contribution to the prediction of overall satisfaction and behavioral intentions. Age had a significant effect on respondents' judgment about all three realms. Place of residence (local, national or international) had a significant effect on edutainment and esthetics.
This paper resumes the discussion in information systems research on the use of partial least squares (PLS) path modeling and shows that the inconsistency of PLS path coefficient estimates in the case of reflective measurement can have adverse consequences for hypothesis testing. To remedy this, the study introduces a vital extension of PLS: consistent PLS (PLSc). PLSc provides a correction for estimates when PLS is applied to reflective constructs: The path coefficients, interconstruct correlations, and indicator loadings become consistent. The outcomes of a Monte Carlo simulation reveal that the bias of PLSc parameter estimates is comparable to that of covariance-based structural equation modeling. Moreover, the outcomes show that PLSc has advantages when using non-normally distributed data. We discuss the implications for IS research and provide guidelines for choosing among structural equation modeling techniques.
The quality experiences provided to customers, which are indeed memorable, directly determine a business’s ability to generate revenue (Pine and Gilmore 1999). However, the extant tourism literature has provided limited explanation of the factors that characterize memorable tourism experiences. Thus, the goal of the present study was to develop a valid and reliable measurement scale that will assist in understanding the concept and in improving the effective management of the memorable experience. Following Churchill’s (1979) recommended process, we developed a 24-item memorable tourism experience scale that we believe is applicable to most destination areas. The scale comprises seven domains: hedonism, refreshment, local culture, meaningfulness, knowledge, involvement, and novelty. The data support this dimensional structure of the memorable tourism experience as well as its internal consistency and validity (i.e., content, construct, convergent, and discriminant validity). Theoretical and managerial implications of the study results are discussed in detail.
The authors develop a measurement scale tapping Pine and Gilmore's (1999) four realms of experience that is applicable to lodging and, potentially, tourism research across various destinations. Focusing on the bed-and-breakfast industry, the authors conducted preliminary qualitative studies and a subsequent field survey to collect data from bed-and-breakfast owners and guests to develop and test a proposed model of experience economy concepts. The proposed measurement model includes four realms of experience and four theoretically justifiable nomological consequences. The data supported the dimensional structure of the four realms of experience, providing empirical evidence for both face and nomological validities of these realms and a starting point for measuring emerging experience economy concepts and practices within lodging and tourism settings. The authors discuss ways the measurement scale can be further refined for adoption by destination marketers and directions for future research.
Most methodological fields undertake regular critical reflections to ensure rigorous research and publication practices, and, consequently, acceptance in their domain. Interestingly, relatively little attention has been paid to assessing the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in marketing researchdespite its increasing popularity in recent years. To fill this gap, we conducted an extensive search in the 30 top ranked marketing journals that allowed us to identify 204 PLS-SEM applications published in a 30-year period (1981 to 2010). A critical analysis of these articles addresses, amongst others, the following key methodological issues: reasons for using PLS-SEM, data and model characteristics, outer and inner model evaluations, and reporting. We also provide an overview of the interdependencies between researchers’ choices, identify potential problem areas, and discuss their implications. On the basis of our findings, we provide comprehensive guidelines to aid researchers in avoiding common pitfalls in PLS-SEM use. This study is important for researchers and practitioners, as PLS-SEM requires several critical choices that, if not made correctly, can lead to improper findings, interpretations, and conclusions.
The growing attention placed on experiences can be regarded as a mega-trend, and has given currency to the proposition that experiences function as a personal source of information for the stories people tell about their lives and are important for their self-perception. This view implies the significance of experiences of individual satisfaction with a given product or visit. To assess this assumption, we have made use of Pine and Gilmore's widely known model, and in so doing have empirically examined the applicability of their concept of an “experience economy” and its four dimensions (education, escapism, esthetics, and entertainment). The necessary data were collected from two tourism contexts, the Ice Music Festival and the Maihaugen Museum. The results indicate that Pine and Gilmore's model can further our understanding of the experience market. However, the findings show that different experiential dimensions influence the visitors' overall satisfaction in different contexts. For instance, while the dimension of escapism has a significant effect on the visitors' overall satisfaction in the case of the Ice Music Festival, the dimension of education significantly influences the visitors' satisfaction at the Maihaugen Museum. The theoretical and practical implications of this study are also discussed.
The study queries whether providing a memorable music festival experience will encourage Gen Y attendees to share their experience via electronic word of mouth (eWOM) for a small island destination (SID) and a music festival. The study advances the 5E’s framework in festival experience for Gen Y by adjusting the dependent variable of interest to that of eWOM. The adjustment to the model framework is done in order to address some prominent challenges of confined island economies with regard to festival production, such as: restrictive market access, limited capital for promotions, and the need for generational market succession to sustain tourist arrivals. The research uses the case study of the Aruba Electric Festival, which was created by tourism officials in order to increase Gen Y tourist arrivals without deflecting other generational cohorts from arriving to the island. The study recognizes the importance of creating a music festival experience that would influence attendees’ intentions to promote the event and destination via eWOM, thus increasing market reach and decreasing promotional expenses. The data was assessed using a structural equation model. The results reveal that if festival organizers craft an overall memorable music festival experience that incorporates the 5Es, then Gen Y attendees are likely to provide positive eWOM for the festival and the destination. The results address some immediate industry concerns of Aruba’s destination managers and festival organizers.
Az élménymenedzsment vizsgálatát indokolja, hogy a fogyasztói élmény mindinkább az értékteremtés
kulcstényezőjévé válik. Jelentősége mára meghatározóvá vált. Erről tanúskodik az is, hogy az utóbbi másfél
évtizedben több élménymenedzsment-koncepció is született és többen a fogyasztást mint élményt vizsgálták.
A cikk az élménymenedzsment koncepcionális alapjainak feltérképezésére törekszik a koncepciók közös
pontjainak és ellentmondásos tételeinek elemzésén keresztül. A tanulmány többek között rámutat arra, hogy
a koncepciók terén az egyik fő törésvonal az élményteremtés eltérő módjaiban rejlik, ugyanakkor több területen
is egyetértenek, amely alapján következtethetünk egy közös nevezőre – az élményközpontú menedzsment
szemléletére.
This article reviews ‘event tourism’ as both professional practice and a field of academic study. The origins and evolution of research on event tourism are pinpointed through both chronological and thematic literature reviews. A conceptual model of the core phenomenon and key themes in event tourism studies is provided as a framework for spurring theoretical advancement, identifying research gaps, and assisting professional practice. Conclusions are in two parts: a discussion of implications for the practice of event management and tourism, and implications are drawn for advancing theory in event tourism.
Towns, villages and cities are increasingly keen to share their culture, environment and spending opportunities with visitors by the promotion of festivals. The fact that income can be generated by such festivals is clear but the true value of visitor spend is more complex to calculate with accuracy. This paper considers the contribution of festival tourism to sustainable local economic development. A festival typology is created that broadly identifies three festival types termed 'home-grown', 'tourist-tempter' and 'big-bang'. Here three festivals matching the typology are analysed against the model of sustainable local economic development activity created by the environment charity Forum for the Future. Results suggest that although festivals may have the potential to provide opportunities for sustainable local economic development such opportunities frequently remain unexploited. Nevertheless, some festival scenarios do indicate a closer match to the model of sustainable local economic development activity than others. This paper analyses why this should be and suggests ways in which festival tourism's contribution to local economies might begin to be better understood, and consequently, improved.
In this article, I contrast traditional marketing with a new approach to marketing called Experiential Marketing and provide a strategic framework for Experiential Marketing. Traditional marketing views consumers as rational decision-makers who care about functional features and benefits. In contrast, experiential marketers view consumers as rational and emotional human beings who are concerned with achieving pleasurable experiences. Five different types of experiences, or strategic experiential modules (SEMs), that marketers can create for customers are distinguished: sensory experiences (SENSE); affective experiences (FEEL); creative cognitive experiences (THINK); physical experiences, behaviours and lifestyles (ACT); and social-identity experiences that result from relating to a reference group or culture (RELATE). These experiences are implemented through so-called experience providers (ExPros) such as communications, visual and verbal identity, product presence, electronic media, etc. The ultimate goal of experiential marketing is to create holistic experiences that integrate individual experiences into a holistic Gestalt. The paper concludes with an examination of strategic issues and a discussion about how to create the experience-oriented organization.
The statistical tests used in the analysis of structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error are examined. A drawback of the commonly applied chi square test, in addition to the known problems related to sample size and power, is that it may indicate an increasing correspondence between the hypothesized model and the observed data as both the measurement properties and the relationship between constructs decline. Further, and contrary to common assertion, the risk of making a Type II error can be substantial even when the sample size is large. Moreover, the present testing methods are unable to assess a model's explanatory power. To overcome these problems, the authors develop and apply a testing system based on measures of shared variance within the structural model, measurement model, and overall model.
This article explores the nature of extraordinary experiences through a netnographic analysis of the views of committed attendees at the 2005 Sidmouth Folk Festival. After uncertainty over finance and the withdrawal of the previous event management company, the festival eventually went ahead under a different, collaborative organization and on a reduced scale. The new format was vigorously debated by posters to an Internet message board, Mudcat Cafe, providing a wide-ranging and unprompted set of opinions on the criteria for a successful festival. To provide a framework for analyzing these responses, a holistic prism model was developed from the literature to bring together the main external and internal elements of the festival experience: "Design and Programming," "Physical Organization," "Social Interaction," "Personal Benefits," "Symbolic Meanings," and "Cultural Communication." This was used to analyze the messages and explore the way in which festival-goers evaluate their experience. The findings support the view that festivals provide a space and time away from everyday life in which intense extraordinary experiences can be created and shared. These are evaluated through a subjective response to the whole event, interpreted within the broader narrative context of the consumer's life and their values.
Marketing managers currently face an explosion of subjectivity. A glance at the business world reveals new solutions developed to offer customised products. Mass customisation is stressed by academicians in different ways. For example, relationship marketing emphasises the role of the relationship between a vendor and its customer, with particular reference to the importance of personal involvement and trust. Reading such phenomena as manifesting an explosion of subjectivity in consumption suggests an enhanced opportunity for applying the experiential view of consumer behaviour. This paper invites marketing managers, as well as marketing and consumer researchers, to recognise the changing environment more proactively and to embrace the increasingly well-established conceptions of the consumption experience more enthusiastically. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications.
Nowadays the experience factor plays an increasingly important role in determining the success of a company's offering. The literature on Customer Experience is growing fast and the debate among scholars and practitioners is fervent. While many studies explore such theme from a theoretical viewpoint, tools aimed at supporting marketing managers in devising the right stimuli to support an excellent Customer Experience are still scarce. In this perspective, this study sheds some light on the concept of Customer Experience, and on how the right environment and setting for the desired Customer Experience should be created in such a way as to contribute to the value creation for customers and the company itself. Drawing from the results of a survey submitted to several groups of customers, this paper attempts to understand the specific role of different experiential features in the success achieved by some well-known products. Following the empirical investigation, this work also suggests an interpretative model to support the marketing manager in generating the proper stimuli to activate the various components of the Customer Experience.
First there was agriculture, then manufactured goods, and eventually services. Each change represented a step up in economic value--a way for producers to distinguish their products from increasingly undifferentiated competitive offerings. Now, as services are in their turn becoming commoditized, companies are looking for the next higher value in an economic offering. Leading-edge companies are finding that it lies in staging experiences. To reach this higher level of competition, companies will have to learn how to design, sell, and deliver experiences that customers will readily pay for. An experience occurs when a company uses services as the stage--and goods as props--for engaging individuals in a way that creates a memorable event. And while experiences have always been at the heart of the entertainment business, any company stages an experience when it engages customers in a personal, memorable way. The lessons of pioneering experience providers, including the Walt Disney Company, can help companies learn how to compete in the experience economy. The authors offer five design principles that drive the creation of memorable experiences. First, create a consistent theme, one that resonates throughout the entire experience. Second, layer the theme with positive cues--for example, easy-to-follow signs. Third, eliminate negative cues, those visual or aural messages that distract or contradict the theme. Fourth, offer memorabilia that commemorate the experience for the user. Finally, engage all five senses--through sights, sounds, and so on--to heighten the experience and thus make it more memorable.
Események és élmények
- D Harsányi
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Turizmus, fesztiválok és helyi vonzerő
- A Husz
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Winning the Zero Moment of Truth
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A kultúra élménye, az élmény kultúrálja -A fesztiválok szerepe a kulturális turizmusban
- T Rátz
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Élménydimenziók belső struktúrája a családi fesztiváloknál
- K Ásványi
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- M Sija
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Eszképizmustól az ajánlásig -Élményfokozatok és hatásai a romkocsmákban
- A Kelemen-Erdős
- A Mitev
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romkocsmákban", Turizmus Bulletin, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 14-21.
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A Sziget Fesztivál turisztikai vonatkozásai
- G Kovács
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A Sziget Fesztivál és a Balaton Sound látogatói
- G Kovács
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Rendezvények, fesztiválok hatása a városok fejlődésére
- V Kundi
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