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IJBPAS, November, 2020, 9(11): 3016-3023
ISSN: 2277–4998
3016
IJBPAS, November, 2020, 9(11)
KALANCHOE PINNATA AND ITS REMEDIAL PROPERTIES TO TREAT KIDNEY
STONE– A LESSER KNOWN PLANT
NAGPAL G1 AND SHARMA M2*
1: M. Sc. Student, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences,
Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, Haryana 121004
2: Associate professor, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences,
Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, Haryana 121004
*Corresponding Author: Mahak Sharma: E Mail: mahak.fas@mriu.edu.in, Contact: 9999560399
https://doi.org/10.31032/IJBPAS/2020/9.11.5259
ABSTRACT
Background: The prevalence of kidney stones (Urolithiasis) is affecting 12% of world
population at the age of 20-30 years and it happens more frequently in men than women, but now
a day’s kidney stones are found in young children’s at the age of 5 years also and their main
cause is not drinking enough fluids and high intake of ultra-processed foods. To highlight the
properties of Kalanchoe pinnata as herbal remedy for kidney stones.
Material and Methods: 25 research papers were selected from Pub Med, research scholar,
science direct, herbal medicine and other reputed journals.
Result: Kalanchoe pinnata has significant ability to dissolve (calcium oxalate) that is most
common element in forming stones in urinary tract and also carry lots of phytochemicals such as
flavonoids, quercitrin, glycosides, carotenoids, saponin, kamferol and alkaloids. These
flavonoids prevent forming of CaOx crystal and calcium oxalate deposition in renal tubules.
Kalanchoe pinnata plant extract also reduces the size of calcium oxalate stone and has treatment
and preventive action in urolithiasis. And also cure Properties such as Diuretic and Antiurolithic,
anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-ulcer, wound healing,
Received 20
th
March 2020; Revised 22
nd
April 2020; Accepted 15
th
May 2020; Available online 1
st
Nov. 2020
Nagpal G and Sharma M* Review Article
3017
IJBPAS, November, 2020, 9(11)
Antileishmanial, Anticonvulsant, Antiproliferative, Hepatoprotective, Immunosuppressive and
Immunomodulatory by leaf extract of Kalanchoe pinnata which contain phenolics compound,
tannins, titerpenses, steroids, lipids, cardienolides.
Conclusion: Considering the properties of Kalanchoe pinnata herb, a study should be conducted
to develop a product and treat kidney stone by Kalanchoe pinnata as herbal remedy.
Keywords- Kidney stones, Kalanchoe pinnata, Treatment, Flavonoids, Stone prevention, Leave
INTRODUCTION
Illness is on hike from long time on the
globe. It is a big task for researchers to
develop cure for every diseases. Herbs are
blessing to humans. They are investigated,
examined and utilize to fight with numerous
diseases. Herbs that help to cure any medical
condition are reviewed as medicinal. These
herbs have many plant based compounds and
less side effects. Kalanchoep pinnata also
known as Bryophyllum pinnatum, air plant,
life plant, miracle leaf, patharchatta etc. It is
a medicinal plant and succulent perennial
that grows 4-5 feet tall and they reproduces
from leaf bubils and seeds both. It seems like
pendulous flower and contains fleshy dark
green leaves, tall hollow stems. This is an
ornamental plant and is cultivated in Indian
gardens and hills of Deccan & Bengal. It is a
medicinal plant and used to cure kidney
stones, pulmonary infection, rheumatoid
arthritis, gastric ulcers etc [1, 2]. Leaves of
this plant are the combination of leaf &stem
known as phylloclade and also known as
glabrous glaucous perennial herb. Leaves
have irregular intersecting, the bottom
normally straightforward or periodically
compound, 6-8 and 8-12cm in size, the upper
generally 3-5 or sometime 7- folio late,
extensive sharp, the stalk joined together by a
ridge round stem. Leaves are elliptical or
oval shaped, scallop or flat. The leaf often
produce on their scallop at the edge of the
slanting nerves, buds embellish with roots,
stem and leaves that will convert into the
new one (new plant). This paper highlight the
properties of K.P as herbal remedy for
kidney stones and highlight other medicinal
uses of K.P plant in Wounds, sores, scabies,
urinary insufficiency, insect bites, kidney
stones, indigestion, abdominal discomfort,
boils, bruises, cuts, diabetes, diarrhea,
dysentery, headaches, Anti-inflammatory,
antibacterial, Pimples, inflammation, eczema,
coughs, earaches, Menstrual disorders,
fevers, chicken pox, broken bones etc. This
plant is abundantly having flavonoids,
phenolics compound, tannins, titerpenses,
glycosides, cardienolides, steroids, lipids.
Nagpal G and Sharma M* Review Article
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IJBPAS, November, 2020, 9(11)
Some of the Macro elements i.e. calcium,
magnesium, potassium, phosphorous,
sodium, Micro elements: iron, zinc, vitamins,
ascorbic acid, riboflavin, thiamin, niacin.
Three new constituents were isolated from
Kalanchoe pinnata that is bryophyllol,
bryophollene and bryophollenone.
Methanolic extract take out from leaves of
K.P by two insecticidal bufadienolides that
are bryophyllin A and bryophyllin C. This
plant is accountable for antitumor activity
that extracted from by five bufadienolides
that are bryophollene, bryophyllin A,
bryophyllin C, beraldegenin-3-acetate,
bersaldegenin1,3,5-orthoacetate,
daigremotianin. Amino acids are also present
in the leaves i.e. thiamine, pyridoxine,
ascorbic acid, cysteine, glyciene, casein
hydrlylsate, nicotinamide. Also contain some
food content i.e. proteins, lipids, minerals,
carbohydrate, calcium, sodium, ferrous,
lipids, phosphorous, potassium, magnesium,
zinc, copper and sugars, raffinose, lactose,
sucrose, glucose etc [1, 3, 4-8].
METHOD
By using main key words like “Kidney
stones”, “Kalanchoe Pinnata”, “treatment”,
“Flavonoids”, “stone prevention”, and
“leaves”. This review paper has use 25
research papers they are sourced citation in
both local and globe witness derived studies,
by manage repeated literature searches
selected from Pub Med, research scholar,
science direct, herbal medicine and other
reputed journals.
RESULT
Nephrolithiasis, renal calculus, Kidney
stones are most prevalent and old diseases in
the urinary tract. At any stage of life people
can get kidney stones even children’s are also
suffering from kidney stones. The incident
rates of kidney stones are high in both
groups’ females as well as in males.
However, there is no treatment and medicine
for curing kidney stones. A study conducted
by Mamoori (2019) collected data from
experimental trials suggests with the aim of
management of renal lithiasis from different
medical approach which is medicinal plants
they are very effective in curing kidney
stones. Over a number of decades, kidney
stones have become one of the main
constraints in human health universally
and informs a great therapeutic threat
because of the lack of real treatments and
greater recurrence rates. Their review they
presented confirmation on kidney stones
treatment and prevention by showing
efficacy of various therapeutic plants. The
study stated that kidney stones are prevented
and treated by Medicinal herb Kalanchoe
Pinnata. It is very effective herb [9].
Nagpal G and Sharma M* Review Article
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IJBPAS, November, 2020, 9(11)
Kalanchoe pinnata contains different
compounds. These compounds have their
own properties which summarise in Table 1.
Table 1: Compounds present in Kalanchoe Pinnata
Compound Properties
Flavonoids Hinder the formation of CaOx stones and correlate with
diuretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial properties &
other protective effect.
Quercitrin Effective for preventing stone forming diseases and
decrease CaOx crystal deposition in renal tubules.
Phenolics More effective in dissolving calcium phosphate stones
than oxalate one.
Kamferol Inhibit effect on crystallization, nucleation and
aggregation of crystals.
Glycoside Prevent damage in kidneys and also decrease urinary
disorders.
Steroids It will help in reduction time of stone passage from urine.
(Source: Zeng, 2019 [10]; Zhu, 2014 [11]; Byahatti, 2010 [12]; Nirumand, 2018 [13]; Yadav, 2016 [14]; Nouri,
2017 [15])
Kalanchoe pinnata has significant ability to
dissolve (calcium oxalate) that is most
common element in forming stones in
urinary tract [16]. The leaves contain lots of
phytochemicals such as flavonoids,
quercitrin, glycosides, carotenoids, saponin,
kamferol and alkaloids. These flavonoids
prevent forming of CaOx crystal and calcium
oxalate deposition in renal tubules. This plant
also reduces the size of calcium oxalate
stones and has treatment & preventive action
in urolithiasis [17].
A research conducted by Sohgaura (2018)
discovered the calcium oxalate (CaOx)
crystal growth inhibition potential of
Kalanchoe Pinnata, rich in polyphenols and
flavonoids. From the hydromethanolic
extract of E. officinalis, B. nutans, K. Pinnata
and C. dactylon ethyl acetate was separated
and quantitative analysis is done for total
polyphenols & flavonoids content present in
leaves. For the inhibition of CaOx crystals
growth in all ethyl acetate fractions, sodium
oxalate is induced in all plants with proper
screening [18].
Another study conducted by Fernandes
(2019) in which Kalanchoe pinnata leaves
were used for their Diuretic and Antiurolithic
activity. Test was conducted on extract of
leaves for checking phytochemicals content
which include phenolic compounds, saponin
and flavonoids. Two analyze conditions were
studied in given research which is
aggregation assay and crystal nucleation.
Alcoholic extract of Kalanchoe pinnata
which has inhibitory prospective is tested for
CaOx Crystal formation which is present in
nearly all kidney stones. By using Spectro-
photometric method aggregation and
nucleation of CaOx crystals were
individually calculated. Result showed that
inhibition of crystal formation and
Nagpal G and Sharma M* Review Article
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IJBPAS, November, 2020, 9(11)
aggregation by alcoholic extract of
Kalanchoe pinnata leaves which have ability
to do it [19].
A research was done on alcoholic or aqueous
extract of Kalanchoe pinnata leaves
(Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves) which has
renal protective properties. From Nigeria
against gasoline vapor induced toxicity in the
kidneys of male albino rats. Clearly, 50
healthy 8-week-old male albino rats
weighing between 165 g and 185 g were
randomly divided into five groups of ten
animals each. Group 1 was presented as a
control and was not treated with Bryophyllum
pinnatum extract or exposed to gasoline
vapor. Group 2 was presented as a negative
control and was exposed to petrol vapor but
was not treated with the Bryophyllum
pinnatum leaf plant extract. Groups 3, 4 and
5 were treated with the plant extract at 20 mg
/ kg body weight, 40 mg / kg body weight, 60
mg / kg body weight respectively and were
exposed to petrol vapor for 5 hours, every
day for 21 days. The results show that the
average body weight of the treated animals
increased significantly compared to the
negative control. Hematological parameters;
PCV, Hb, total bilirubin, white blood cells
and red blood cells are increased, while the
biomarkers of renal function Na +, Ca2 +,
Mg2 + and Cl- are also increased in treated
animals compared to the negative control,
respectively. The effect of the plant extract
depends on the dose. The results show that
plant extract has renal protection potential in
experimental animals [20].
A realization survey by Salauniyan (2015)
assesses the agreement of lithiasis contrary to
the ethanolic concentration of the whole
Bryophyllum pinnatum or Kalanchoe pinnata
plant. Urolithiasis, nephrolithiasis or kidney
cancer etc. It is an infection caused by the
research and the effect of urolithiasis
(calculars) or calculi or extortionate events of
precious stones in the urinary tract. This type
of illness or sickness is suggested by many
names which include urinary calculi, bladder
stones, cystitis, or urethritis. The ethanolic
extract of the Bryophyllum pinnatum plant is
the expression of an antilithic accuracy in
rodents in ethylene glycol (0.75 (v / v)), if
used in particular for the causal cause.
Lithiasis action on treatment has serious
opponent on segments which shows marked
arise in phosphorus, oxalates, calcium and
creatinine in blood serum level saw in
lithiasis (100 and 200 mg/kg). The 300 mg /
kg portion of extract caused equally to
professional instrumentation of phosphorus,
calcium oxalates and creatinine in blood
serum level result exposed insignificant.
Ethanol split was discovered captivating with
Nagpal G and Sharma M* Review Article
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IJBPAS, November, 2020, 9(11)
that reference standard from antilithiatic
effect of plant [21].
Another studies and researches also showed
the same results in curing kidney stones from
Kalanchoe pinnata leaves extract [22-25].
CONCLUSION
The focus of the study will help us to
understand the positive impact of uses of
Kalanchoe pinnata herb specially leaves can
prevent and treat medical condition like
Kidney stone, which is increasing day by day
in younger population because of sedentary
life style and unhealthy eating patterns.
Considering the properties of Kalanchoe
pinnata herb, a study should be conducted to
develop a product and do clinical trials to
prevent and treat kidney stone by Kalanchoe
pinnata as an herbal remedial treatment.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I acknowledged my guide Dr. Mahak Sharma
for encouraging me to writing my review
article.
Contribution: Co-author- Idea
conceptualization and paper review.
Author- Paper writing
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