Atmospheric chemistry research in Monsoon Asia and Oceania: Current status and future prospects

Abstract

We aimed to foster the community of atmospheric scientists in the Monsoon Asia and Oceania (MANGO) region to enhance communication among scientists in different countries and strengthen collaborations with the international community, with emphasis on air quality in Asia as it impacts human health and climate change. For this purpose, we have established a regional group, the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry–MANGO (IGAC–MANGO), under the IGAC project sponsored by Future Earth and the international Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution. Through a series of committee meetings, scientific workshops, and training courses for students and early-career scientists, we analysed scientific activities in each country and identified research priorities in the MANGO region, significantly contributing to enhancing the capability and capacity of air quality research as well as fostering the next generation of scientists in the MANGO region.

Full text

1/4/2021 Atmospheric chemistry research in Monsoon Asia and Oceania: Current status and future prospects – APN Science Bulletin
https://www.apn-gcr.org/bulletin/article/atmospheric-chemistry-research-in-monsoon-asia-and-oceania-current-status-and-future-prospects/ 1/7
Photo by Unsplash/Jerry Zhang
 CB A2 01 7- 02 MY-TA NI MO TO
Atmospheric chemistry research in Monsoon
Asia and Oceania: Current status and future
prospects
By Hiroshi Tanimoto , Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh, Manish Naja, Shih-Chun
Candice Lung, Mohd Talib Latif, Liya Yu, Abdus Salam, Maria Obiminda
Cambaliza, To Thi Hien, Ohnmar May Tin Hlaing, Puji Lestari, Hiranthi Janz,
Muhammad Fahim Khokhar, Bhupesh Adhikary, Melita Keywood, Tao
Wang, Jim Crawford, Mark Lawrence, and Megan Melamed
FIRST PUBLISHED ONLINE: 22 DECEMBER 2020
W E A I M ED T O foster the community of atmospheric scientists in the Monsoon Asia and Oceania (MANGO) region to enhance communication
among scientists in dierent countries and strengthen collaborations with the international community, with emphasis on air quality in Asia as it
impacts human health and climate change. For this purpose, we have established a regional group, the International Global Atmospheric
Chemistry–MANGO (IGAC–MANGO), under the IGAC project sponsored by Future Earth and the international Commission on Atmospheric
Chemistry and Global Pollution. Through a series of committee meetings, scientific workshops, and training courses for students and early-
career scientists, we analysed scientific activities in each country and identified research priorities in the MANGO region, significantly
contributing to enhancing the capability and capacity of air quality research as well as fostering the next generation of scientists in the MANGO
region.
KE YW OR DS
Air quality · Atmospheric chemistry · Climate change · Human health
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https://www.apn-gcr.org/bulletin/article/atmospheric-chemistry-research-in-monsoon-asia-and-oceania
-current-status-and-future-prospects/

1/4/2021 Atmospheric chemistry research in Monsoon Asia and Oceania: Current status and future prospects – APN Science Bulletin
https://www.apn-gcr.org/bulletin/article/atmospheric-chemistry-research-in-monsoon-asia-and-oceania-current-status-and-future-prospects/ 2/7
HI GH LI GH TS
A grassroots-level network was built for scientists in Monsoon Asia and Oceania.
Priority themes in atmospheric chemistry in Monsoon Asia were identified.
Air quality and human health research using low-cost sensors were established.
1. I NT RO DU CT IO N
The Monsoon Asia region is home to many countries undergoing rapid industrialisation in response to the demand for economic growth. As a
large portion of this region is located in a domain with copious amounts of water vapour and solar radiation, emissions associated with rapid
urbanisation lead to severe air pollution via complex atmospheric chemistry, causing critical environmental problems that are common among
neighbouring nations. In addition, the region is characterised by complex meteorology, with regular pollution transport from seasonal and
perennial anthropogenic sources (e.g., urban emissions).
In recognition of the common scientific challenges associated with critical environmental issues, and considering emerging atmospheric
chemistry activities in South and Southeast Asia (A Sustainable Atmosphere for the Kathmandu Valley (SusKat); Atmospheric Composition and
the Asian Monsoon (ACAM)), IGAC explored the feasibility of forming a Southeast Asia Working Group at its steering committee meeting in 2012
with a one-year scoping period. The idea was further discussed and evolved to become an overarching Asia Working Group, and the formal
proposal was presented at the 2013 IGAC SSC meeting. Then, a core-preparatory committee was formed from Northeast, Southeast, and South
Asia, and the possible structure was discussed and approved in the IGAC SSC meeting in 2014. To begin with, two workshops were held with the
support from the NIES International Coordination Fund for two years (2014–2015) and the group oicially started with the initial 17 members and
three co-chairs from Northeast, Southeast, and South Asia. This group was named as the Monsoon Asia and Oceania Networking Group (MANGO)
(Tanimoto, Kim Oanh, & Lawrence, 2015a; Tanimoto, Kim Oanh, & Lawrence, 2015b). Since 2017, the activities of MANGO have been boosted by
the APN CAPaBLE fund ‘CBA2017-02MY-Tanimoto: Fostering of the next generation of scientists for better understanding of air quality in the
Monsoon Asia and Oceania region’.
As the group was inexperienced, there was a need to strengthen the working relationships among the members. Furthermore, although
Monsoon Asia is a ‘frontier’ for atmospheric chemistry research, the scientific studies by the scientists in the region as well as by the international
community are limited. Hence, it was necessary to engage dierent countries from the Monsoon Asia region by holding meetings and capacity-
building workshops to foster the community and enhance communication among scientists as well as between scientists and policymakers, and
to establish close collaborations with the international community.
For this purpose, IGAC–MANGO aimed to form a cohesive network of atmospheric scientists in the Asian monsoon region, facilitate collaboration
between Asian and international scientists, and foster the next generation of scientists in this region.
2. M ET HO DO LOG Y
To establish a robust structure using top-down and bottom-up approaches, the capacity development activities were organised by IGAC-MANGO
and were three-fold: (1) committee meetings for country members; (2) scientific workshops for scientists including students and early- and mid-
career scientists; and (3) training courses for students and early-career scientists that included hands-on sessions and science-policy panel
discussions.
2.1 MANGO committee meetings
The IGAC–MANGO committee consists of members from South Asia, Southeast Asia, Northeast Asia, and Oceania. The committee meetings were
held to discuss priority themes and scientific activities to be strongly pushed forward in the MANGO region. The committee also discussed how to
enhance communication between scientists in Monsoon Asia, promote collaborations of the Asian community with the international community,
and explore opportunities for funding and infrastructure that were needed to foster scientific research, capacity building, and regional
collaborations.
2.2 MANGO science workshops
By bringing together scientists on atmospheric chemistry and environmental changes from East, South and Southeast Asia, science workshops
were held to enhance knowledge exchange and foster new knowledge for scientists, policymakers and other relevant stakeholders in Asia. These
workshops were also planned to help characterise regional similarities and dierences in Asia and to identify and assess air pollution and global
change issues at local, national, and regional levels. Recently, a virtual knowledge-sharing workshop was conducted to assess the regional and
local impacts of COVID-19 on air quality (Tanimoto et al., 2020). These information exchanges provided a crucial opportunity to build on existing
and establish new networks and relationships among scientists and policymakers throughout the region. Furthermore, these workshops
enabled us to identify priority areas for collaborative research among atmospheric scientists in the MANGO region.
2.3 MANGO training courses
Training courses were held for students and early career scientists (ECS) from developing countries in Asia to provide hands-on practises with
emission inventory, satellite data, and air quality modelling as well as basic air pollution instruments. The course also included science-policy
engagement to help bridge science and policy for the ECS. In addition, experts were engaged to participate in the workshop through a panel
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discussion to learn the relationship-building process.
3. R ES ULTS A ND D IS CUS SI ON
First, we recognised that the Monsoon Asia region is facing severe environmental issues, including air pollution and climate change, and that the
role of atmospheric scientists in understanding scientific principles and providing scientific support to policymakers is of utmost importance.
Therefore, we identified three critical factors exemplified as a three-legged stool for the development and growth of atmospheric chemistry
research in the MANGO region (Figure 1). This approach entails science themes, human resources, and infrastructure that must each be firmly
rooted and balanced in the community, and connected to the IGAC’s focal areas.
FIGURE 1. Three-legged stool approach to atmospheric chemistry research in MANGO requires science themes,
human resource, and infrastructure that must each be strongly rooted and balanced in the community, and
connected to the IGAC’s focal areas.
3.1 Priority and emerging scientific themes
In recent years, Monsoon Asia has become a ‘frontier’ for atmospheric chemistry research at the international level. One of the earlier projects,
Atmospheric Brown Clouds (ABC) in the 2000s (Ramanathan & Crutzen, 2003), alerted the world that South Asia is a global air pollution hotspot,
based on extensive observations carried out during Indian Ocean Experiments (INDOEX). Aerwards, the SusKat project was initiated jointly by
the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) and the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) in 2012). The
study focussed on the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal and addressed the relative roles of various pollution sources. In 2013, the ACAM project was
initiated by the joint eorts of the IGAC and SPARC (Stratosphere–troposphere Processes And their Role in Climate) projects with a particular
focus on four scientific themes relevant to air pollution and climate change in Asia: emissions and air quality in the Asian monsoon region;
aerosols, clouds, and their interactions with the Asian monsoon; the impact of monsoon convection on chemistry; and the UTLS (the upper
troposphere and the lower stratosphere) response to the Asian monsoon (Pan et al., 2014; Schlager, Chin, Latif, & Ahamad, 2019). Other studies
include StratoClim (Stratospheric and upper tropospheric processes for better climate predictions) flight campaigns made over Nepal, India, and
Bangladesh (“Balloon campaigns taking place simultaneously with the aircra campaign,” 2017), the AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork)
project (AERONET), and SPARTAN (Surface Particulate Matter Network) project (SPARTAN: A Global Particulate Matter Network).
As such, research activities on atmospheric chemistry and air pollution need a significant boost in many Asian countries. Airborne pollutants are
a major environmental health risk across the MANGO region, where they are responsible for the premature deaths of a few million people
annually. Also, many Asian countries need to improve their understanding of changes in regional climate, which is vital for decision-making
processes regarding adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development.
We identified the following priority themes associated with emerging scientific and environmental issues that are common across MANGO
countries:
Air quality and health, including indoor air quality issues;
Biomass burning and anthropogenic emissions, and trans-boundary haze pollution;
Changes in atmospheric composition and interplay with Asian monsoons;
Air pollution and climate change.
3.2 Human resource capacity
Despite the importance of tackling the above-mentioned scientific themes relevant to air quality, the capacity of human resources and
infrastructure have yet to be improved. In the MANGO region, the number of atmospheric scientists was insuicient, and the scientists were not
well connected to the international scientific community. There was large asymmetry among the countries in the capacity to conduct scientific
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1/4/2021 Atmospheric chemistry research in Monsoon Asia and Oceania: Current status and future prospects – APN Science Bulletin
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research. Hence, coordination across Asian nations was developed, especially with a focus on countries that are not big enough to have a
national community, resulting in a cohesive network of atmospheric scientists in the Asian monsoon region.
Currently, the committee is represented by 17 dierent countries/regions: Australia, Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan,
Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan ROC, Thailand, and Vietnam (Naja, Yu, Salam, & Tanimoto, 2020).
The committee continued its eorts to engage new members from currently under-represented countries, such as Bhutan, Maldives, Cambodia,
Brunei, and South Korea.
In addition to enhancing the diversity of the current MANGO membership by including under-represented countries, we strived to promote the
growth of the next generation of scientists in this region. One good measure was the participation of ECS in the 2018 joint 14th iCACGP
Quadrennial Symposium and 15th IGAC Science Conference (iCACGP-IGAC 2018) (Tanimoto et al., 2018) held in Takamatsu, Japan. In this
conference, which was held in Asia for the first time since 2012, 196 ECS from 17 APN member countries/regions participated. These
countries/regions included Australia, Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia,
Singapore, Taiwan ROC, Thailand, the USA, and Vietnam. Notably, there were a total of 321 participants, inclusive of non-ECS, from 19 APN
countries with Indonesia and Sri Lanka added to the above-listed countries. A large proportion of ECS came from Japan (31%) as Japan was the
host country, followed by China (22%), USA (17%), South Korea (8%), India (5%), Australia (3%), Hong Kong (3%), and Bangladesh (3%). Smaller
numbers of participants came from other countries (Figure 2). All the ECS participated in the face-to-face sessions and breakout discussions of
atmospheric chemistry as they pertain to human activities, ecosystems, climate/weather, fundamental understanding, and future challenges
(Ishino et al., 2018; Willis et al., 2018).
FIGURE 2. iCACGP-IGAC 2018 participants of early-career scientists from APN countries/regions. The
definition of ECS is a current postgraduate student and a junior-level scientist within three working
years of completing their PhD.
3.3 Infrastructural capacity
It was strongly recognised that more scientific infrastructure was needed to improve the scientific research and associated activities in the
MANGO region, and also to help foster the capacity development of the ECS and regional collaboration of MANGO scientists. As mentioned
above, common issues across the MANGO region have been raised. However, its severity diers from country to country. In some countries,
atmospheric chemistry was not perceived as an important concern compared to water quality, which was seen as a more ‘visible’ environmental
issues associated with “direct” health risks. This was linked to the small number of atmospheric scientists and poor networking of local scientists
in the country and aected the level of overall scientific activities and contributions to society. In some countries, national funding was minimal,
aecting the level and amount of instruments/equipment for atmospheric chemistry research. ‘Which is lacking between observational or
experimental instruments and modelling or theoretical tools?’ was an interesting question. Some countries needed observational or
experimental instruments, but some modelling or theoretical tools. However, the most important message was the importance of strengthening
fundamental science in ‘both’ ways.
With respect to observational infrastructures, many scientific instruments are costly and complex to operate. We highlighted the great potential
of easy-to-operate instruments, with aordable cost for the Asian region, in a variety of research including domestic pollution hot spots, biomass
burning, and trans-boundary long-range transport.
The importance of investigating air pollution and health issues in Asia was emphasised earlier. Air pollution, especially aerosols, considerably
contribute to human health risks. Millions of deaths worldwide are attributable to PM2.5 (fine aerosols), which is potentially a human carcinogen
and a major environmental health concern. Especially in Asia, rapid economic growth has taken its toll on human health. It was estimated that

1/4/2021 Atmospheric chemistry research in Monsoon Asia and Oceania: Current status and future prospects – APN Science Bulletin
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2.2 million of the world’s 7 million premature deaths each year from household (indoor) and ambient (outdoor) air pollution occur in Asia or the
Pacific, which roughly coincides with the MANGO region (“Air pollution”, 2018). Among the 2.2 million air pollution-related deaths in this region in
2016, 29% were due to heart disease, 27% by stroke, 22% by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 14% by lung cancer, and 8% by
pneumonia. The health impacts of PM2.5 could be classified into acute and chronic eects. Chronic health impacts, such as COPD and lung
cancer, are associated with long-term exposure. In contrast, acute health impacts such as asthmatic attacks and irregular heart conditions are
directly associated with peak exposures, which are diicult to measure up to now. As the Asian population is exposed to considerable levels of
PM2.5 compared to the rest of the world, research on the impacts of air pollution on health is necessary for Asia.
Emerging new technologies such as low-cost sensors (LCS) may assist Asian scientists to tackle the challenges and provide scientific evidence to
set short-term standards to reduce health risks of acute eects. By taking advantage of these technologies, we have started a joint research
project entitled ‘Health Investigation and Air Sensing for Asian Pollution (HI-ASAP)’ led by Shih-Chun Candice Lung (Taiwan ROC), in
collaboration with scientists from 13 countries.
3.4 Current issues and future challenges
We analysed the current issues, causes, and gaps in science, communication and collaboration, and early career capacity building based on what
was actually working well in promoting early career capacity building. We also discussed potential ideas for short-term as well as future
improvements.
The commonly identified issues are listed below:
1. Geopolitical issues
2. Cultural dierences in the workplace
3. Lack of connection between ECS and established scientists
4. Lack of connection among established scientists
5. Lack of understanding of regional atmospheric chemistry issues (e.g., air quality, waste and agriculture, biomass burning)
6. Diiculty or challenge in connecting modelling, field measurements and laboratory studies
7. Lack of funding
8. Lack of awareness of available opportunities
9. Lack of academic courses at both graduate and undergraduate levels
10. Lack of regional cooperation or policy discussion to control transboundary air pollution (e.g., winter haze in the IGP region)
Given these issues, we identified some important points to be implemented to promote fruitful scientific collaboration:
1. Equal opportunities for all partner institutes
2. Gender balance
3. Participation of ECS in collaborative activities
4. Promotion of science and awareness beyond geopolitical dierences
5. Data and knowledge sharing through joint publications and collaborative projects
6. Joint publications and white papers for policymakers
7. Regularly sharing information, limitations, and experiences
8. Follow-up meetings to review the science questions, identified issues, and other aspects
We emphasise that MANGO can be a trusted platform that facilitates collaboration, as certain countries sometimes do not allow international
collaboration. In contrast, international institutions/organisations are neutral platforms in which researchers from conflicting countries can also
interact and establish international collaboration. We also find that MANGO can provide a platform for ECS to share their ideas, find potential
supervisors to pursue higher degrees, and find good mentors and spokespersons representing each country.
To further improve capacity building of ECS, we realised that greater awareness of opportunities for ECS is facilitated through multiple media
such as webinars, online courses, multidisciplinary workshops and internships, as well as a widely distributed news bulletins and newsletters.
4. CO NC LUS IO NS
We have established the IGAC–MANGO platform with the principal objective to enhance the capability and capacity of air quality research, with
emphasis on its links to human health and climate change, including the components of trans-disciplinary collaboration. In total, 17 countries
are involved in MANGO, namely Australia, Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan,
Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan ROC, Thailand, and Vietnam. By overseeing the scientific activities in the region and holding scientific
workshops and capacity-building activities, including training courses for ECS, we have facilitated the collaboration between Asian and
international scientists and accelerated the development of the next generation of scientists in this region. The project is expected to yield
several fruits, including new leaders from Asia in international committees, enhanced interactions between Asian scientists resulting in joint
research proposals, and increased opportunities for ECS to pursue their research with international scientists.
AC KN OW LE DG EM EN T

1/4/2021 Atmospheric chemistry research in Monsoon Asia and Oceania: Current status and future prospects – APN Science Bulletin
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We acknowledge the financial support from the Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (CBA2017-02MY-Tanimoto), NIES, IGAC, and in-
kind and logistics contributions from ARIES and AIT. We also acknowledge Maheswar Rupakheti, Erika von Schneidemesser (IASS), Julia Schmale
(Paul Scherrer Institute), Iq Mead (Cranfield University), David Koh (Universiti Brunei Darussalam), Tomoki Nakayama (Nagasaki University),
Silvia Bucci (Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique), Federico Fierli (EUMETSAT), and Ritesh Gautam (Environmental Defense Fund) for
contributing to the training course. Special thanks go to Yuriko Tan, Naoko Sasaki, Edit Nagy-Tanaka (NIES), Dang Anh Nguyet (AIT), and all other
local supporting sta for their dedicated work in making the project running smoothly.
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ISSUE
Issue 10 (1)
DOI
https://doi.org/10.30852/sb.2020.1246
LICENCE INFORMATION
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
ARTICLE METRICS
CITATION
Tanimoto, H., Oanh, N., Naja, M., Lung, S., Latif, M., Yu, L., . . . Melamed, M. (2020). Atmospheric chemistry research in Monsoon Asia and Oceania: Current status and future prospects.
APN Science
Bulletin,
10
(1). doi:10.30852/sb.2020.1246
 CONTENTS
Highlights
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results and discussion
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References

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