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Curcumin and its different forms: A review on fish nutrition
Abstract
Curcumin, an orange-yellow polyphenolic and hydrophobic phytochemical component of turmeric herb (Curcuma longa Linn.), has been recognized as a powerful immunomodulator in both animals and humans. Nanotechnology, a new scientific research field, is broadly utilized in medical sciences; however, it currently has limited applications in fish nutrition. Many studies have demonstrated the beneficial impacts of curcumin and its nanoparticles when used as pharmaceutical agents in animal nutrition. Curcumin has substantial pharmacological and biological properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, chemoprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-cancer, gastroprotective, and neuroprotective properties, and is also involved in growth promotion. Despite the favorable biological functions of curcumin, studies have shown that ingestion of curcumin or its nanoparticles does not benefit animal productivity or health status because of its inferior bioavailability caused by the rapid metabolism and speedy removal of curcumin from the animal body; therefore, advanced formulations of curcumin are required. This review highlights the health benefits and the potential application of curcumin and its nanoparticles in fish nutrition. Moreover, this review offers future perspectives on curcumin and its nanoparticles, and their applications in fish nutrition.
... According to [54], prolonged exposure to high CO2 levels can significantly change oyster gene expression. Additionally, research demonstrates that elevated CO2 levels might affect gene expression, compromising vital physiological functions such as metabolism and immunological response [55,56]. The sensitivity of oysters to diseases has also increased due to excessive salinity, which has led to a diminished immune system and, thus, increased mortality throughout the hot summer [57]. ...
... According to [54], prolonged exposure to high CO 2 levels can significantly change oyster gene expression. Additionally, research demonstrates that elevated CO 2 levels might affect gene expression, compromising vital physiological functions such as metabolism and immunological response [55,56]. The sensitivity of oysters to diseases has also increased due to excessive salinity, which has led to a diminished immune system and, thus, increased mortality throughout the hot summer [57]. ...
... However, prolonged CO 2 exposure may allow oysters to revert to normal levels (physiological adjustment) of H 2 O 2 in blood, intracellular calcium, and ROS level in hemocytes [35]. This, therefore, indicates that exposure to CO 2 can impact the expression of genes through changes in the regulation of transcription factors and modifications in the epigenetics of DNA or RNA-binding proteins [55]. One way in which CO 2 exposure can affect gene expression is by modifying the activity of transcription factors. ...
Recently, global demand for seafood such oysters is increasing as consumers seek healthy and nutritive alternatives to a diet dominated by animal protein. This trend is attributed to the growing interest in sustainable seafood strategies and a surge in customer demand. Despite oysters being one of the most promising seafoods, the oyster industry faces various challenges, such as increased infectious diseases promoted by climate change, pollution, and environmental burdens. Hence, the industry’s current challenges must be addressed to ensure long-term viability. One of the current challenges in the production industry (in response to climate change) is mortality or poor product quality from microbial infection. This review reveals that climate change fosters pathogen development, significantly impacting disease spread, host susceptibility, and the survival rates of oysters. Rising temperatures, driven by climate, create favourable conditions for bacteria and viruses to multiply and spread quickly, making oysters more susceptible to diseases and ultimately adversely affecting the oyster industry. Climate-induced changes in oyster-associated microbes and pathogens, coupled with disruptions in biochemical pathways and physiological functions, can lead to increased disease outbreaks and reduced survival in the industry, impacting production and profitability. These adverse effects could result in decreased oyster supply, potentially affecting seafood markets and prices, and necessitate additional investments in disease management strategies. This review identifies and highlights how aquatic pathogens promoted by climate change will affect the oyster industry on a global scale. This review also presents an in-depth global assessment of climate change’s impacts on oysters relative to their disease exposure and pathogen spread and identifies possible future directions.
... According to [54], prolonged exposure to high CO2 levels can significantly change oyster gene expression. Additionally, research demonstrates that elevated CO2 levels might affect gene expression, compromising vital physiological functions such as metabolism and immunological response [55,56]. The sensitivity of oysters to diseases has also increased due to excessive salinity, which has led to a diminished immune system and, thus, increased mortality throughout the hot summer [57]. ...
... According to [54], prolonged exposure to high CO 2 levels can significantly change oyster gene expression. Additionally, research demonstrates that elevated CO 2 levels might affect gene expression, compromising vital physiological functions such as metabolism and immunological response [55,56]. The sensitivity of oysters to diseases has also increased due to excessive salinity, which has led to a diminished immune system and, thus, increased mortality throughout the hot summer [57]. ...
... However, prolonged CO 2 exposure may allow oysters to revert to normal levels (physiological adjustment) of H 2 O 2 in blood, intracellular calcium, and ROS level in hemocytes [35]. This, therefore, indicates that exposure to CO 2 can impact the expression of genes through changes in the regulation of transcription factors and modifications in the epigenetics of DNA or RNA-binding proteins [55]. One way in which CO 2 exposure can affect gene expression is by modifying the activity of transcription factors. ...
Téllez-Isaías, G.; Khalifa, N.E.; Abdelnour, S.A.; Eissa, M.E.H.; Al-Farga, A.; Dighiesh, H.S.; et al. A Global Analysis of Climate Change and the Impacts on Oyster Diseases. Sustainability 2023, 15, 12775.
... Curcumin [(E, E)-1, 7-bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-1, 6-heptadiene-3, 5-dione], of the ginger family, is a bis-α, β-unsaturated β-diketone [1]. It is a hydrophobic polyphenolic molecule and one of the main active components of turmeric (Curcuma longa) extract, used as a spice and food dye in food preparations [2]. In many nations, the powder of C. longa has long been applied as a folk medicine anti-infective agent [3,4]. ...
... In many nations, the powder of C. longa has long been applied as a folk medicine anti-infective agent [3,4]. Moreover, it has many healthpromoting effects on fish health and immunity due to its robust biological actions, including antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune-modulating, appetite-inducing, and gastroprotective properties [2,5]. Despite curcumin's benefits, there are a few drawbacks, including poor water solubility, inferior availability and metabolism, unbalanced molecular assembly, and insufficient absorption by the body that prevents it from being widely used [6,7]. ...
... As illustrated in this research, the higher dose showed a significantly (p < 0.05) higher performance. This statement is advocated in various studies where a different dose of NC powder was used as a feed additive to the different fish species [2,11,33]. The current findings will serve as a new potential study on the tilapia fingerlings that NC improved the growth, feed competence, survival rate, and health status. ...
Citation: Eissa, E.-S.H.; Alaidaroos, B.A.; Jastaniah, S.D.; Munir, M.B.; Shafi, M.E.; Abd El-Aziz, Y.M.; Bazina, W.K.; Ibrahim, S.b.; Eissa, M.E.H.; Paolucci, M.; et al. Dietary
... Curcumin [(E, E)-1, 7-bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-1, 6-heptadiene-3, 5-dione], of the ginger family, is a bis-α, β-unsaturated β-diketone [1]. It is a hydrophobic polyphenolic molecule and one of the main active components of turmeric (Curcuma longa) extract, used as a spice and food dye in food preparations [2]. In many nations, the powder of C. longa has long been applied as a folk medicine anti-infective agent [3,4]. ...
... In many nations, the powder of C. longa has long been applied as a folk medicine anti-infective agent [3,4]. Moreover, it has many healthpromoting effects on fish health and immunity due to its robust biological actions, including antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune-modulating, appetite-inducing, and gastroprotective properties [2,5]. Despite curcumin's benefits, there are a few drawbacks, including poor water solubility, inferior availability and metabolism, unbalanced molecular assembly, and insufficient absorption by the body that prevents it from being widely used [6,7]. ...
... The trend of performance was NC3 > NC2 > NC1 > NC0, probably d the attributes of NC, which is identified as an anti-inflammatory agent [32,33 illustrated in this research, the higher dose showed a significantly (p < 0.05) h performance. This statement is advocated in various studies where a different dose powder was used as a feed additive to the different fish species [2,11,33]. The cu findings will serve as a new potential study on the tilapia fingerlings that NC imp the growth, feed competence, survival rate, and health status. ...
This research examined the role of nano curcumin (NC) on growth performances, body composition, and blood parameters of red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) challenged with Aspergillus flavus. Fish (5.0 g ± 0.30) were randomly distributed in four equal groups (20 fish per pond in triplicates) and fed various concentrations of NC fortified with 0 (Control), 40 mg/kg (NC1), 50 mg/kg (NC2), and 60 mg/kg diet (NC3) of nano curcumin. After eight weeks of the feeding trial, the fish were challenged with A. flavus for 15 days, and the cumulative mortality was recorded. Fish fed with different concentrations of NC improved significantly (p < 0.05) the growth performances, feed utilization, and survival rate. There was no significant (p > 0.05) difference between NC2 and NC3 treatments. However, NC3 exhibited higher performances. Fish feed supplemented with NC decreased the mortality rate when challenged with A. flavus. Hence, dietary supplementation of NC enhanced the growth and health status of Oreochromis sp. and protected it from A. flavus infection. This study suggests the optimum inclusion level of NC is a 50–60 mg/kg diet.
... The use of functional feeds can improve fish health and disease resistance, acting as prophylactic alternatives to antibiotics and others chemotherapeutics [4,30,33]. Some feed additives, such as β-glucans and curcumin, have multiple beneficial effects on fish, potentiating growth, physiological functions, immunity, antioxidant activity, and disease resistance [2,4,40,45,50,51]. In the present study, while some minor changes were observed at the systemic level in fish fed dietary treatments at the end of the feeding trial, health-promoting effects were evident at the local level (i.e., gut) due to dietary curcumin supplementation. ...
... Another biological property associated with curcumin and β-glucans is their antiinflammatory capacity [51,69]. Therefore, this study also aimed to evaluate the ability of these two feed additives to minimize DSS inflammatory effects since DSS is a common method used to study the intestinal inflammatory process in several animal models [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18], including in fish [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26], and feed additives can be used to reverse the effects of some intestinal inflammatory compounds [70]. ...
... In fact, lipid peroxidation was significantly increased in fish fed CTRL-D and BG-D while curcumin was able to improve the intestinal response to lipid peroxidation induced by the DSS chemical and tended to increase the sod and gpx transcripts. Curcumin has a strong ability to stimulate antioxidant enzyme activities and to inhibit lipid peroxidation [40,44,45,47,50,51,[78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85], reducing the levels of ROS and NOS, responsible for the breakdown of intestinal tight junctions, tissue injury, and necrosis [71]. An increase in the relative mRNA expression of sod, cat, gpx, gr, and gst after curcumin supplementation was found in previous studies [44,78]. ...
Several feed additives have proved to be beneficial in eliciting fish health. Β-glucans and curcumin are compounds with immunomodulatory capacities known to increase growth performance, stimulate immunity, improve general health, and enhance disease resistance in fish. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary Phaeodactylum tricornutum extracts rich in β-glucans and curcumin on gilthead seabream health status prior to and following an intestinal inflammatory stimulus. Three experimental diets were formulated: a practical commercial-type diet (CTRL), a CTRL diet supplemented with 1% microalgae-derived β-glucans extract (BG), and a CTRL diet supplemented with 0.2% of curcumin (CUR). After 30 days of the feeding trial, fish were sampled and subjected to an oral administration of 1% dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) to induce intestinal inflammation. Four groups were considered: a group of fish continued to be fed on the CTRL diet while the remaining groups were exposed to DSS, including CTRL-D (CTRL + DSS), BG-D (BG + DSS), and CUR-D (CUR + DSS), for 6 days. Growth, plasma and gut humoral immunity, liver and gut oxidative stress biomarkers, and intestinal gene expression were evaluated. No significant differences were found in growth after 30 days of feeding; however, seabream fed BG had decreased anti-protease activity and nitric oxide concentration in plasma while those fed CUR had increased mRNA levels of the tnfα, csf1r, and hep genes compared to those fed CTRL. After the inflammatory stimulus, hematocrit was enhanced in fish fed BG-D and CUR-D while red blood cell counts increased in those fed CTRL-D. Superoxide dismutase activity decreased in the intestine of all DSS groups while lipid peroxidation increased in the gut of fish fed CTRL-D and BG-D compared to CTRL. Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of csfr1 and sod decreased in fish fed CTRL-D and BG-D compared to CTRL, respectively. Despite the mild intestinal inflammatory condition induced by DSS, CUR was able to partially ameliorate its effects, improving the hematological profile and assisting against the oxidative stress.
... Hence, measures to prevent cold stress in livestock should be seriously considered. Among these measures, curcumin supplementation is a safe and nontoxic solution, making it more attractive to scientists compared to other phytogenic compounds [66]. Turmeric-powder addition has been shown to enhance nutrient utilization in female calves during the winter season [67]. ...
... According to numerous studies, oxidative stress in aquaculture can be induced by various chemotoxic agents (pesticides, insecticides, etc.) or environmental factors (DO, pH, salinity, etc.), which can impact various biological processes, including fish development, physiology, and metabolic processes [107]. Due to its safety, affordability, nontoxic nature, and remarkable functionality [66], curcumin offers a superior dietary supplement compared to other options for addressing this issue (Table 5). ...
Stress has brought about a variety of harmful impacts on different animals, leading to difficulties in the management of animal husbandry and aquaculture. Curcumin has been recognized as a potential component to ameliorate the adverse influence of animal stress induced by toxicity, inflammation, diseases, thermal effect, and so on. In detail, this compound is known to offer various outstanding functions, including antibacterial properties, antioxidant effects, immune response recovery, and behavioral restoration of animals under stress conditions. However, curcumin still has some limitations, owing to its low bioavailability. This review summarizes the latest updates on the regulatory effects of curcumin in terms of stress management in terrestrial, avian, and aquatic animals.
... Curcumin (Cur) is a hydrophobic and polyphenolic natural-derived compound, representing 60-70% of the main active ingredient found in turmeric [14,15]. Dietary supplementation with Cur and Cur-nanomicelles improved growth performance, antioxidant status, body composition, and ameliorated the toxicity effects of silver nanoparticle in Cyprinus carpio [7]. ...
... In addition, dietary Cur in nano-form improved growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, antioxidant enzyme activities, and humoral immunity in Nile tilapia [17]. Therefore, Cur is proven to have growth-promoting, antioxidative, and immunostimulatory effects on different aquaculture species [15]. Nevertheless, Cur has many problematic delivery issues, including low bioavailability and poor absorption [14]. ...
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with nano-curcumin (NCur) and a nano-curcumin/chitosan blend (NCur/Ch) on growth performance, digestibility, immune response, antioxidant status, intestinal morphometric characters, and gene regulation in Nile tilapia. Fish (n = 180, initial body weight = 12.0 ± 0.53 g) received supplementary NCur at rates of 0 (control), 0.00625, and 0.0125, and NCur/Ch at rates of 0.00625 + 0.5 g/kg diet for 4 weeks. Growth performance parameters (final weight and length, body mass gain, specific growth, and length gain rates) were markedly increased, and the feed conversion ratio was significantly decreased in the NCur- and NCur/Ch-supplemented groups. Digestive enzyme (amylase), immune response markers (immunoglobulin M, nitrous oxide, and lysozyme activity), plasma albumin, and total protein were increased significantly, mainly with a diet supplemented with 0.00625 g NCur/kg. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glucose, and cortisol levels decreased in the supplemented groups compared to the control. Significantly increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were observed in the NCur/Ch group. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was improved in the 0.0125 NCur group. Intestinal morphometric characters, including villus length, width, interspace, and goblet cell abundance, were increased to cope with improved growth performance and were associated with upregulation of insulin-like growth factor 1 (igf-1) and complement C-5 (cc5) compared to the control group. Therefore, NCur and an NCur/Ch blend could be supplemented in the Nile tilapia diets as a natural alternative to promote growth, digestion, immune status, liver function, antioxidant status, and related gene expression in O. niloticus.
... Curcumin (CU) is a polyphenolic and hydrophobic phytochemical component of the turmeric herb Curcuma longa and has been recognized as an immunomodulator of human and domestic animals [14]. Previous studies reported that CU supplementation could improve growth of crucian carp Carassius auratus, Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, and large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea [15][16][17], and positively afect hematological parameters, immunity, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia, carp Cyprinus carpio, and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss [18][19][20]. ...
... Te bioavailability of CU is limited by its low solubility in water, low absorption, chemical instability, and rapid metabolism [33]; therefore, the biological activity of CU might be dependent on its content and retention time in blood and tissues. Mahmoud et al. [14] indicated that CU might increase feed intake by improving diet palatability due to its attractive favor. Ahmed et al. [34] reported that CU supplementation could enhance antibacterial capacity of gilthead seabream. ...
Two feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the influence of dietary curcumin level on fish meal replacement with poultry by-product (PBM) in a largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) diet. In trial I, the reference diet (R) contained 400 g/kg fish meal, and PBM replaced 60 and 80% of the fish meal (P16 and P8). In trial II, the diet containing 80 g/kg fish meal (P8) served as control (C), and curcumin was added at 5000 and 10000 mg/kg (C5 and C10), respectively. Replacement of fish meal with PBM significantly influenced feed intake, phosphorus retention efficiency (PRE), body lipid content, the ratio of fish meal consumption to fish production (RCP), and wastes of carbon and phosphorus but did not result in significant alternation in weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), retention efficiencies of nitrogen (NRE), carbon (CRE) and energy (ERE), viscerosomatic index (VSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and body composition. The RCP, body lipid content, and phosphorus waste were higher in fish fed diet R than in fish fed diets P16 and P8. Curcumin supplementation influenced weight gain, feed intake, FCR, carbon waste, and RCP, but did not result in significant alternation in CRE, NRE, PRE, ERE, condition factor, VSI, HSI, body composition, and nitrogen and phosphorus wastes. The weight gain and feed intake were higher in fish fed diet C10 than in fish fed diet C, while the carbon waste was higher in fish fed diets C5 and C10 than in fish fed diet C. Overall, the minimum dietary fish meal level for largemouth bass could be dropped to 80 g/kg when PBM was used as an alternative ingredient, and 10000 mg/kg curcumin could obviously improve growth of fish fed diet containing 80 g/kg fish meal.
... Similarly, the results of this study demonstrated that dietary curcumin promoted ACP levels in plasma, the intestine, and the liver of greater amberjack. All the results suggested that curcumin could enhance innate immune response in fish species, and curcumin has been considered to be an effective immunomodulator in both animals and humans [9]. ...
... Curcumin is a natural ingredient that can also enhance the activities of antioxidative enzymes [33]. Curcumin exerts antioxidant effects mainly due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds as its main component [9,34]. Many plant extracts (also called herbal extracts) contain such substances, thus exerting antioxidant effects directly or indirectly [34,35]. ...
In this study, we investigated the effect of dietary curcumin on non-specific immune responses and antioxidative ability in Seriola dumerili under ammonia stress and post-recovery. Three diets were prepared to contain 0, 75, and 150 mg/kg of curcumin. A total of 225 greater amberjack (ini-tial weight: 100.90 ± 0.03 g) were distributed into nine cylindrical tanks, constituting an experimental design with three treatments and three replicates. After 56 days of feeding, plasma, intestinal, and hepatic enzyme activities were evaluated. Then, an acute ammonia challenge experiment was conducted. Ten fish per tank were subjected to acute ammonia stress (total ammonia-N: 1000 mg/L) for eight minutes followed by six minutes of recovery. The results indicated that dietary curcumin significantly promoted intestinal and hepatic alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) levels as well as hepatic antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxi-dant capacity (T-AOC), reduced glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) of greater amberjack. In addition, curcumin addition improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD, T-AOC, GSH, GSH-Px, and catalase (CAT), and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content in liver, spleen, head kidney, and brain tissues after post-recovery. The indexes related to immunity and antioxidant enzymes in the liver, gill, and spleen rose again to some extent, but they showed the worst recovery ability in the head kidney and brain tissue samples. These results indicate that dietary curcumin supplementation could increase non-specific immune responses, antioxidant ability, and enhance resistance to high ammonia stress in juvenile S. dumerili.
... All of the plant-derived fungicides (first five listed) are known to inhibit human fungal (i.e., Candida and Aspergillus spp.) and bacterial pathogens [21][22][23][24][25][26]. Thymol is commonly used in aquaculture as a nutritional supplement in fish feed, and has been found to improve fish health and increase immune response to various infections and diseases [27,28]. The fungicides, 6-gingerol (200 µg/mL), allicin (3.375 µg/mL), curcumin (6 µg/mL), and Virkon ® S (1%; Syndel, Ferndale, WA, USA), similar in formulation to Virkon ® Aquatic, are all toxic to Bd zoospores [19,29]. ...
... In aquaculture, plant-derived compounds have been used to boost immunity, reduce stress, prevent and treat infections and diseases (i.e., parasitic, bacterial, and fungal), and improve overall fish health [67][68][69][70][71]. Specifically, previous studies have proven the antimicrobial abilities and benefits of allicin, thymol, 6-gingerol, curcumin, and West Indian bay tree on aquatic organism health [27,33,[72][73][74][75]. Despite their potential aquatic applications, plant-derived fungicides have yet to be extensively considered and investigated as a potential treatment for chytridiomycosis. ...
The emerging fungal amphibian pathogen, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), is currently spreading across Europe and given its estimated invasion potential, has the capacity to decimate salamander populations worldwide. Fungicides are a promising in situ management strategy for Bsal due to their ability to treat the environment and infected individuals. However, antifungal drugs or pesticides could adversely affect the environment and non-target hosts, thus identifying safe, effective candidate fungicides for in situ treatment is needed. Here, we estimated the inhibitory fungicidal efficacy of five plant-derived fungicides (thymol, curcumin, allicin, 6-gingerol, and Pond Pimafix®) and one chemical fungicide (Virkon® Aquatic) against Bsal zoospores in vitro. We used a broth microdilution method in 48-well plates to test the efficacy of six concentrations per fungicide on Bsal zoospore viability. Following plate incubation, we performed cell viability assays and agar plate growth trials to estimate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of each fungicide. All six fungicides exhibited inhibitory and fungicidal effects against Bsal growth, with estimated MIC concentrations ranging from 60 to 0.156 μg/mL for the different compounds. Allicin showed the greatest efficacy (i.e., lowest MIC and MFC) against Bsal zoospores followed by curcumin, Pond Pimafix®, thymol, 6-gingerol, and Virkon® Aquatic, respectively. Our results provide evidence that plant-derived fungicides are effective at inhibiting and killing Bsal zoospores in vitro and may be useful for in situ treatment. Additional studies are needed to estimate the efficacy of these fungicides at inactivating Bsal in the environment and treating Bsal-infected amphibians.
... This observation could be ascribed to the accelerated metabolism and clearance of CM within the animal organism, leading to diminished bioavailability. Previous studies have indicated that encapsulated formulations can enhance the biodistribution and bioavailability of CM [30]. The molecular mechanism underlying the impact of CM on soft-shelled turtles warrants further investigation. ...
This experiment aimed to assess the impact of different dietary curcumin (CM) levels on growth, muscle quality, serum-biochemical parameters, antioxidant-enzyme activities, gut microbiome, and liver transcriptome in Chinese soft-shelled turtles (Pelodiscus sinensis). Five experimental diets were formulated to include graded levels of curcumin at 0 (control, CM0), 0.5 (CM0.5), 1 (CM1), 2 (CM2) and 4 g/kg (CM4). Each diet was randomly distributed to quadruplicate groups of turtles (164.33 ± 5.5 g) for 6 weeks. Our findings indicated that dietary curcumin supplementation did not have a significant influence on growth performance (p > 0.05); however, it significantly improved the muscular texture profiles (p < 0.05). Serum total superoxide dismutase (SOD), liver catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) activities increased significantly as dietary curcumin levels rose from 0.5 to 4 g/kg (p < 0.05). Dietary curcumin supplementation improved gut microbiota composition, as evidenced by an increase in the proportion of dominant bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Flavobacterium. Liver transcriptome analysis revealed that curcumin altered metabolic pathways in the liver. In conclusion, based on the evaluation of the activities of SOD in serum and CAT in liver under current experimental design, it was determined that the appropriate dietary curcumin supplementation for Chinese soft-shelled turtles is approximately 3.9 g/kg.
... [249] It has been considered as a powerful immunomodulator in both humans and animals. [250] Neuro-protective agent It is a neuroprotective source that can be applied in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases. [251,252] Wound healing and therapeutic for burn pain ...
Background:
Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), belonging to the Zingiberaceae family, is a perennial rhizomatous plant of tropical and subtropical regions. The three major chemical components responsible for the biological activities of turmeric are curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin.
Method:
The literature search included review articles, analytical studies, randomized control experiments, and observations, which have been gathered from various sources, such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. A review of the literature was carried out using the keywords: turmeric, traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Iranian medicine, traditional Indian medicine, curcumin, curcuminoids, pharmaceutical benefits, turmerone, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin. The main components of the rhizome of the leaf are α-turmerone, β-turmerone, and arturmerone.
Result:
The notable health benefits of turmeric are antioxidant activity, gastrointestinal effects, anti-cancer effects, cardiovascular and antidiabetic effects, antimicrobial activity, photoprotector activity, hepatoprotective and renoprotective effects, and appropriate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and inflammatory and edematic disorders.
Discussion:
Curcuminoids are phenolic compounds usually used as pigment spices with many health benefits, such as antiviral, antitumour, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, anticancer, and antifungal effects. Curcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, and demethoxycurcumin are the major active and stable bioactive constituents of curcuminoids. Curcumin, which is a hydroponic polyphenol, and the main coloring agent in the rhizomes of turmeric, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anticarcinogenic activities, as well as beneficial effects for infectious diseases and Alzheimer's disease. Bisdemethoxycurcumin possesses antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-metastasis activities. Demethoxycurcumin, which is another major component, has anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and anti-cancer activities and is the appropriate candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Conclusion:
The goal of this review is to highlight the health benefits of turmeric in both traditional and modern pharmaceutical sciences by considering the important roles of curcuminoids and other major chemical constituents of turmeric. .
... Numerous studies conducted in the past have shown the beneficial effects of turmeric and curcumin on human health, as well as on animals, in terms of their anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, and antiinflammatory properties. In addition, they have been found to act as growth promoters and provide antioxidant protection for various organs, including the liver, stomach, and nervous system [20,21]. Despite the numerous benefits associated with curcumin, its impact on animal health may be limited since it is rapidly metabolized and excreted from the body [22]. ...
The present study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of nanocurcumin (NCur = 150 ppm) in African catfish feed for 15 days along with two doses of florfenicol—a therapeutic dose (FFC1 = 10 mg/kg.BW) and a high dose (FFC2 = 30 mg/kg.BW). Serum biochemical parameters and histopathological changes in liver and kidney tissues were determined post-feeding. Additionally, fish were experimentally challenged with a virulent strain of Aeromonas veronii to explore the fish’s capacity to resist infections. Results indicated that the serum level of total protein was significantly elevated in the FFC2 + Ncur group compared with control, Ncur, and FFC2 groups. Total protein level was also higher in FFC1 + Ncur compared with that of the FFC1 group. Moreover, feeding NCur, FFC1 + Ncur, and FFC2 + Ncur resulted in a significant increase in globulin levels compared to control, FFC1, and FFC2-Fed groups. However, the albumin level was unaffected. Serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, and urea significantly increased in FFC2-fed fish compared to controls indicating liver damage. The higher dosage of FFC2 induced histological alterations in the liver and kidney architecture, represented by a rupture of the central vein, cytoplasmic vacuolation, hepatocytes necrosis, and severe inflammation. Surprisingly, NCur inclusion improved most of the altered biochemical parameters and mitigated FFC-induced histological damage in the hepatic and renal tissues. Similarly, fish that were fed a combination of both FFC and Ncur showed a higher resistance when exposed to A. veronii infection, as the mortality rates were significantly lower than those of the control group. Our findings indicated that incorporating NCur into the diet can have multiple benefits for the sustainable aquaculture of African catfish. These advantages encompass mitigating drug-induced damage to the liver and kidney tissues, augmenting the therapeutic efficacy of FFC in a synergistic manner and providing protection against A. veronii infections.
... Nanomediated co-delivery of curcumin with herbal chemotherapeutic agents Originated from Curcuma longa L., the family Zingiberaceae CUR is obtained as a hydrophobic yellowish component [109]. According to a plethora of research conducted in the past CUR has depicted its valuable role as being a potent anti-inflammator, immunoregulator, anti-tumoral, anti-bacterial, anti-fungus, and anti-oxidant agent [110,111] in treating various types of malignant cancers such as prostate, breast, gastric, ovarian, pancreatic, cervical, and colorectal cancers [112]. ...
Breast cancer due to the unpredictable and complex etiopathology combined with the non-availability of any effective drug treatment has become the major root of concern for oncologists globally. The number of women affected by the said disease state is increasing at an alarming rate attributed to environmental and lifestyle changes indicating at the exploration of a novel treatment strategy that can eradicate this aggressive disease. So far, it is treated by promising nanomedicine monotherapy; however, according to the numerous studies conducted, the inadequacy of these nano monotherapies in terms of elevated toxicity and resistance has been reported. This review, therefore, puts forth a new multimodal strategic approach to lipid-based nanoparticle-mediated combination drug delivery in breast cancer, emphasizing the recent advancements. A basic overview about the combination therapy and its index is firstly given. Then, the various nano-based combinations of chemotherapeutics involving the combination delivery of synthetic and herbal agents are discussed along with their examples. Further, the recent exploration of chemotherapeutics co-delivery with small interfering RNA (siRNA) agents has also been explained herein. Finally, a section providing a brief description of the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has been presented. From this review, we aim to provide the researchers with deep insight into the novel and much more effective combinational lipid-based nanoparticle-mediated nanomedicines tailored specifically for breast cancer treatment resulting in synergism, enhanced antitumor efficacy, and low toxic effects, subsequently overcoming the hurdles associated with conventional chemotherapy.
... Natural sources of antioxidants with higher levels of phenolic compounds have been shown to decrease the oxidation as efficiently as synthetic antioxidants [13][14][15]. Lately, phytogenic natural composites have been generally used as growth enhancers than antibiotics in the fish feed [16,17]. Nowadays, attentive in the use of natural polyphenols' composites such as antioxidant agents as alternatives for synthetic additives has climbing in aquaculture [4,18]. ...
Application of novel trend comprising antioxidant phytogenics is aiming to minimize the stress related factors and associated diseases in intensive fish culturing. Today, the concept of exploiting and protecting natural antioxidants represents a paradigm shift for the aqua feed industry. Therefore, our principal goal targeting liposome as a novel nanocarrier for curcumin is directed to attain superior performance, fillet antioxidant stability and bacterial resistance in Nile tilapia. A total of 500 Nile tilapia fingerlings (average body weight, 10.27 ± 0.10 g) assigned into five experimental groups in 25 glass aquaria of 120 L capacity at the density 20 fish/aquaria. The experimental groups were supplemented with varying doses of liposomal curcumin-NPs, LipoCur-NPs (0, 5, 15, 25 and 35 mg/kg diet) were reared for 12 weeks and later Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) challenged model was performed. Inclusion of LipoCur-NPs (25 and 35 mg/kg diet) had the most prominent impact on Nile tilapia growth rate and feed conversion ratio. The immune boosting outcomes post supplementing 35 mg/kg diet of LipoCur-NPs were evidenced by higher myeloperoxidase, lysozyme and total immunoglobulin levels. Even after 4 weeks frozen storage, LipoCur-NPs at the dose of 35 mg/kg diet prominently increased (P < 0.05) the fillet scavenging capability for free radicals (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) with an inverse reduction in lipid peroxidation biomarker (malondialdehyde). Notably, upregulation of GSH-Px, CAT, and SOD genes in fillet of 35 mg/kg LipoCur-NPs fed fish coordinated with higher T-AOC and lower oxidative markers (ROS and H2O2). Post S. agalactiae challenge, higher supplementation levels of LipoCur-NPs (35 mg/kg diet) greatly attenuated the expression of its vital virulence genes (cfb, fbsA and cpsA) with higher expression of Igm, CXC-chemokine and MHC genes. Concordantly, downregulation of inflammatory markers (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-8) and upregulation of anti-inflammatory ones (IL-10 and TGF-β) were remarkably documented. Based on these findings, the innovative curcumin loaded liposome was considered a novel multitargeting alternative not only playing an imperative role in Nile tilapia growth promotion and fillet stability upon storage, but also protecting efficiently against S. agalactiae.
... By obstructing the NF-B signaling network, COX-2, in addition to inflammationpromoting cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-18, and also the tumor necrosis factors (TNF), curcumin exerts anti-inflammatory properties. (12), (13). The NF-B pathway, which primarily controls the manifestation of prostaglandin E2, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-, and COX-2 is the most significant mediator of inflammatory responses (PGE2) (6). ...
The objective of this research is to provide a quick, easy, and definitive method, i.e. UV-visible Spectrophotometry procedure for calculating the precise amount of the pure type of curcumin in simulated tear fluid (STF). To date, no confirmed methodology has been established for estimating the presence of curcumin within simulated tear fluid. Curcumin exhibits strong biological effects like anti-cancer, antiangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anti-depressant, antifungal, and antidiabetic, anti-bacterial. Curcumin was determined utilizing a UV-Visible spectrophotometer with two beams at an absorption maximum of 430 nm in a solvent system with simulated tear fluid (pH 7.4). The International Conference on Harmonisations (ICH) recommendations were followed while determining analytical parameters including linearity, precision, and accuracy. Simulated tear fluid was chosen as the solvent system for the approach because it satisfied the ideal requirements for the penetration of drugs into the eye cavities and high-quality peak at the chosen wavelength. According to Beer's law, the devised method demonstrated a linear response with a 2-10 μg/ml curcumin dosage range, and a correlation value of 0.9992 was discovered. The accuracy was found between 99.00 and 101.01%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for the method's sensitivity were found to be 0.0308 μg/ml and 0.9334 μg/ml, respectively, while the percent RSD value was less than 2. According to the study, calculating curcumin is a linear, accurate, exact, and cost-effective method that may also be used to assess drug compositions.
... Hence, nutraceutical therapies such as dietary supplements can be considered adjunctive or alternative treatments that can be utilized as antiinfammatory agents [6][7][8]. Curcumin is remarkable bioactive polyphenol extracted from the rhizome of turmeric (Curcuma longa) [9,10]. Curcumin has a wide range of medicinal efects such as hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, antiinfammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor activities [11,12]. ...
Objective:
Several meta-analyses have shown that curcumin can reduce inflammatory biomarkers, but the findings are inconsistent. The objective of the present umbrella meta-analysis was to provide a more accurate estimate of the overall effects of curcumin on inflammatory biomarkers.
Methods:
The following international databases were systematically searched until March 20, 2022: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. A random-effects model was applied to evaluate the effects of curcumin on inflammatory biomarkers. Meta-analysis studies investigating the effects of curcumin supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers with corresponding effect sizes (ES) and confidence intervals (CI) were included in the umbrella meta-analysis. GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) was used to evaluate the certainty of evidence.
Results:
A meta-analyses of ten studies with 5,870 participants indicated a significant decrease in C-reactive protein (CRP) (ES = -0.74; 95% CI: -1.11, -0.37, p < 0.001; I2 = 62.1%, p=0.015), interleukin 6 (IL-6) (ES = -1.07; 95% CI: -1.71, -0.44, p < 0.001; I2 = 75.6%, p < 0.001), and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) levels (ES: -1.92, 95% CI: -2.64, -1.19, p < 0.0; I2 = 18.1%, p=0.296) following curcumin supplementation. Greater effects on CRP and TNF-α were evident in trials with a mean age >45 years and a sample size >300 participants.
Conclusion:
The umbrella of meta-analysis suggests curcumin as a promising agent in reducing inflammation as an adjunctive therapeutic approach in diseases whose pathogenesis is related to a higher level of inflammatory biomarkers.
... One of the most studied non-flavonoid polyphenols is curcumin, a highly hydrophobic, yellow polyphenol extracted from turmeric (Curcuma longa) [50]. Curcumin has shown a broad-spectrum of antibacterial activity [51,52]. ...
One of the main concerns in the food industry is the growing presence of bacteria resistant to common synthetic antibiotics that could enter the food production chain and lead to several foodborne diseases. Over the last decades, the use of natural antimicrobials has appeared as an alternative to microorganism control in food production and preservation. These natural antimicrobials are heterogeneous groups of molecules isolated from vegetal, animal, and microbial origins that have multiple mechanisms for bacterial inhibition. This chapter discusses natural antimicrobials (derived from microbial, plant, and animal sources), and overview of the chemical features and antimicrobial capabilities.
... Curcumin is a bioactive polyphenol compound from the rhizome of turmeric (Curcuma longa) (Alagawany et al., 2021;Naeini et al., 2022). It has been shown that the significant effects of Curcuma longa are primarily due to curcumin (Pulido-Moran et al., 2016). ...
Background
Curcumin, a natural polyphenolic compound, can affect anthropometric and glycemic indices; however, the findings of existing meta-analyses are controversial.
Study design
The current umbrella meta-analysis was performed among present systematic reviews and meta-analyses to investigate the effect of curcumin supplementation on anthropometric and glycemic indices.
Methods
A comprehensive systematic search was performed on Embase, PubMed, WOS, Scopus, and Cochrane Library to obtain peer-reviewed papers published before 30/November/2021. meta-analysis was conducted using the random-effects model.
Results
12 meta-analyses were included in the current study. Our results have revealed that the curcumin supplementation can significantly decrease body mass index (BMI) (ES: −0.26; 95 % CI: −0.38, −0.14, p < 0.001; I² = 0.0 %, P = 0.842), body weight (BW) (ES: −0.55; 95 % CI: −0.99, −0.12, p = 0.013; I² = 81.1 %, p < 0.001), waist circumference (WC) (ES: −0.66; 95 % CI: −1.23, −0.09, p = 0.023; I² = 72.4 %, p = 0.003), fasting blood sugar (FBS) (ES: −1.63; 95 % CI: −2.36, −0.89, p < 0.001; I² = 88.4 %, p < 0.001), homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (ES: −0.38; 95 % CI: −0.48, −0.28, p < 0.001;I² = 35.9 %, p = 0.142), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (ES: −0.44; 95 % CI: −0.67, −0.21, p < 0.001;I² = 65.0 %, p = 0.014), and insulin (ES: −0.86; 95 % CI: −1.52, −0.21, p = 0.010; I² = 92.5 %, p < 0.001).
Conclusion
These findings recommend curcumin supplementation as a favorable intervention to improve anthropometric and glycemic indices.
... In the present study, both the C and CI challenge induced an acute response of nfκβ2 gill gene expression after stress challenge in fish fed the control diet, whereas fish fed the GMOS and PHYTO diets presented an attenuated pro-inflammatory response against the stressors, with the highest nfκβ2 gill gene-expression levels at 24 h after being subjected to the C and CI challenge. Previous studies have reported on the ability of phytogenic compounds derived from oregano, curcumin, and thymol to modulate pro-inflammatory response in fish [67][68][69]. These compounds have been shown to be able to directly regulate the NFKB-and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-signaling pathways, attenuating the inflammatory response [27]. ...
The aim of the present study is to evaluate the potential of two functional additives as gill
endogenous antioxidant capacity boosters in European sea-bass juveniles fed low-FM/FO diets
when challenged against physical and biological stressors. For that purpose, two isoenergetic and
isonitrogenous diets with low FM (10%) and FO (6%) contents were supplemented with 5000 ppm
plant-derived galactomannan–oligosaccharides (GMOS) or 200 ppm of a mixture of garlic and labiate
plant essential oils (PHYTO). A control diet was void from supplementation. Fish were fed the
experimental diet for nine weeks and subjected to a confinement stress challenge (C challenge) or a
confinement stress challenge combined with an exposure to the pathogen Vibrio anguillarum (CI
challenge). Both GMOS and PHYTO diets attenuated fish stress response, inducing lower circulating
plasma cortisol and down-regulating nfκβ2 and gr relative gene-expression levels in the gill.
This attenuated stress response was associated with a minor energetic metabolism response in relation
to the down-regulation of nd5 and coxi gene expression.
... In addition, the sole anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β1 we determined to be obviously improved in the high curcumin-dosage group. Transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) has a central role in promoting the process of inflammation and cancer, and cytokine expressions can be activated via this signaling pathway [86,87]. Curcumin inhibits the expression of cytokine via blocking the NF-κB pathway. ...
This study was conducted to determine whether curcumin has a positive effect in greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili), especially the ammonia nitrogen stress tolerance ability. The results showed that the stress recovery process of digestive enzymes amylase and trypsin, as well as absorptive enzymes Na + /K +-ATPase, γ-GT and CK, was accelerated. Lysozyme activity increased in the fish fortified with both curcumin diets. Aspartate aminotransferase activity restriction was activated at a low curcumin level. However, alanine aminotransferase activity restriction happened only at 0.02% dietary curcumin. Facilitation of lipid metabolism by curcumin was very clear, as triglyceride and total cholesterol content was basically maintained at the original level or even showed a slight decrease after recovery. HSP70 and HSP90 genes were not evidently stimulated to express in liver, kidney and spleen tissues. In addition, curcumin showed its inhibition capacity on IL1β and IFN-γ and a promoting effect on TGF-β1. The expression of NF-κB1 decreased in a higher degree in fish fed with 0.02% dietary curcumin, while 0.01% dietary curcumin accelerated the recovery pace of C3 and lgT after stress. This study showed that dietary curcumin supplementation can enhance ammonia nitrogen stress tolerance in greater amberjack, and its application prospect can be confirmed.
... Curcumin (CUR) (diferuloylmethane), a polyphenol compound obtained from turmeric, is a naturally available molecule that has robust anticatabolic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antirheumatic properties [5][6][7]. Accordingly, CUR seems to be a promising approach in OA therapy. Nevertheless, the therapeutic efficiency of CUR is extremely restricted because of its low water solubility and limited oral bioavailability [8]. ...
Aim:
This study is aimed at evaluating the use of curcumin-loaded polylactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles (CUR-loaded PLGA NPs) as a treatment against monosodium iodoacetate- (MIA-) induced knee OA.
Materials and methods:
Eighteen rats were assigned to three groups (n = 6), namely, normal control group that received intra-articular injections (IAIs) of saline, an OA control group that received an IAIs of MIA (2 mg/50 μL), and a treatment group (MIA+CUR-loaded PLGA NPs) that received IAIs of CUR-loaded PLGA NPs (200 mg/kg b.wt).
Results:
The CUR NP treatment against knee OA alleviated radiographic alternations and histopathological changes and inhibited the upregulation in the serum levels of interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and transforming growth factor-beta and the downregulation in interleukin-10. CUR NP-treated joints also decreased the mRNA expression of nuclear factor-kappa B and inducible nitric oxide synthase and the protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase-13 and caspase-3. Finally, CUR-loaded PLGA NP treatment mitigated the loss of type II collagen, which resulted in a significant reduction in malondialdehyde level and increased the glutathione content and superoxide dismutase activity compared with that of the OA group.
Conclusion:
This study demonstrated that the administration of CUR NPs could provide effective protection against MIA-induced OA and knee joint histological deteriorated changes due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic properties.
... For the sake of reducing unnecessary use of antibiotics in aquaculture, herbal components are supplemented in aquatic feed due to their low toxicity, high safety, and environment-friendly advantage, in addition to their effects in enhancing disease resistance, immune and antioxidative status, promoting growth, and treating metabolic disorders (Zhu, 2020). Recently, the application of natural compounds has been widely explored in feed to replace antibiotics in monogastric animals, fish, and poultry (Alagawany et al., 2021;Tadese et al., 2022). ...
Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid found in some traditional medicinal plants, such as Berberis vulgaris and Coptis Chinensis, has been considered as an effective drug in treating obesity, hypertension, type-2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and gout in humans and animals. It currently has certain applications in fish nutrition and health, mainly because it has strong biological and pharmacological properties, such as antioxidative, anti-inflammation, antidiarrheal, analgesic, antimicrobial, anticancer, hepatoprotective, and lipid- and glucose-lowering properties. Recent studies revealed that berberine supplementation in different fish diets could alleviate liver pathological changes, intestinal histological and microbiota alterations caused by high lipid and carbohydrate diets, as well as improve growth performance, antioxidative and immune status, and stress resistance ability of fish. However, the beneficial effects of berberine vary with fish species, basal diet, feeding modes, supplementation level, and etc. This review highlights the bioavailability and toxicity of berberine, and its mechanisms in lipid and glucose metabolism, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and protection of intestinal health, as well as the other findings on supplementing berberine in the fish diet. Moreover, this review provides future perspectives on berberine application in fish nutrition and health.
... The solubility, absorption rate and bioavailability of nanocurcumin are higher than curcumin (Hani & Shivakumar, 2014;Kurita & Makino, 2013;Ma et al., 2007;Song et al., 2011). Therefore, lower doses of nanocurcumin can be used instead of large ones to be more cost-effective (Alagawany et al., 2021). ...
The study aims to investigate the potential effect of nanocurcumin as feed additive in the diet of Oreochromis niloticus to improve its growth performance, health status and resistance against Aspergillus flavus. The control group was fed on a basal diet without nanocurcumin, and four diets T1, T2, T3 and T4 were supplemented with 10, 25, 40 and 55 mg/kg of nanocurcumin, respectively, in triplicate (20 fish/replicate). The duration of the feeding trial was 60 days. The final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and survival rate showed significantly (p < 0.05) increased values in the nanocurcumin groups than the control. Fish fed with nanocurcumin supplementa-tion showed improvement in RBCs, haemoglobin, total protein, albumin and globulin while there was a decrease in the liver enzymes (AST and ALT), glucose and alkaline phosphatase. The creatinine was also decreased in fish fed nanocurcumin. The digestive enzymes amylase and lipase increased in the nanocurcumin-treated groups, and the triglycerides values showed non-significant increase, whereas the cholesterol values showed non-significant decrease in T1 and T4. Meanwhile, the cortisol was
... In recent years, herbal products with antioxidant compounds have found much more applications as popular additives in aquaculture feeds. These phytogenic compounds can serve as non-antibiotic immunostimulants (Alagawany et al. 2021;Moniruzzaman and Min 2020) to guarantee the health and boost the immune response of shellfish and fish by arresting the reactions caused by free radicals (Ming et al. 2020;Zhai and Li 2019). ...
The dietary impacts of turmeric, curcumin, and nanomicelle curcumin on the digestive enzyme activities, intestinal histology, and gut microbiota of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, were assessed. The shrimps (2.96 ± 0.10 g) were fed with different dosages (g kg−1 diet) of turmeric (TUR 2.5, TUR 5, and TUR 10), curcumin (CUR 0.075, CUR 0.150, and CUR 0.300), nanomicelle curcumin (NMC 0.075, NMC 0.150, and NMC 0.300) and a control diet with no feed additives. Experimental treatments improved the intestinal amylase, protease, and lipase enzyme activities compared with the control group. The intestine enzymes recorded the highest activities in shrimp groups fed with NMC 0.150 (P < 0.05). TUR, CUR, and NMC treatments also increased the intestinal muscle thickness, villus height, and villus width in comparison to the control group. The intestine histomorphological indices were the highest in feeding with NMC 0.150 among all the treatments (P < 0.05). The study of the intestinal microbiota indicated that the total bacterial counts (TBC) and total Vibrio sp. counts decreased significantly when the shrimps were fed with experimental feed additives. Of interest, NMC treatments showed lower TBC and Vibrio sp. counts compared with CUR and TUR treatments (P < 0.05). TBC and total Vibrio sp. counts of the intestine were the highest in the control group (P < 0.05). To conclude, the application of nanomicellar carriers was proven promising as nanomicelle curcumin promoted the activities of digestive enzymes, gut microbiota, and intestinal health of L. vannamei through more efficient delivery of dietary immunostimulants.
... Phytobiotics such as plant extracts [124], plant essential oils [125][126][127][128], garlic extract [129,130], and turmeric extract [61,131] gained much attention for the treatment of mange in rabbits. Emtenan et al. [128] found that rabbits treated with cinnamon oil and infested with sarcoptes revealed an elevation in the total protein, albumin, and globulin when compared to non-treated animals. ...
Mange in rabbits is a very important parasitic disease causing high losses. The disease is caused mainly by Sarcoptes scabiei, Psoroptes cuniculi, Cheyletiella parasitovorax, and Notoedres cati. Body mange and ear mange are the most common forms of this disease in rabbits. Animals can get mite infestation through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated fomites. This infestation is characterized by zoonotic nature and public health burden. The skin affection is characterized by pruritus, alopecia, severe cachexia, and sometimes death. Infestation is diagnosed mainly by skin scraping and microscopic examination. Control measures mainly depend on the use of different types of systemic and topical acaricides and the use of natural products and supportive elements. Vaccine is not commercially available and is still under investigation. Accordingly, this review article was designed to shed the light on the mange disease in rabbits in terms of mite’s infestation and susceptibility, clinical manifestations, zoonosis, diagnosis, and control strategies.
The effect of dried porcine soluble (DPS) supplementation on replacement of dietary fish meal with soy protein concentrate (SPC) for large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea , was assessed in a feeding trial conducted in inshore net pens. Five isoproteic and isolipidic diets were tested. A basal diet (BD) contained 400 g/kg fish meal, and SPC was used as an alternative ingredient to replace 40% (F24) and 60% (F16) of the fish meal in BD at an equal protein basis. DPS was added at 5 g/kg in F24 (FD24) and F16 (FD16). Fish weighing 33.6 ± 7.4 g were fed with the test diets in 1.5 × 1.5 × 2 m net pens for 9 weeks. The fish meal replacement level significantly affected weight gain, feed conversion ratio, phosphorus retention efficiency, body phosphorus content, and ratio of fish meal consumption to fish production (RCP), while the DPS supplementation level significantly affected weight gain. The weight gain of fish fed FD24 was higher than that of fish fed F16, while no significant difference was found in weight gain between fish fed BD and fish fed FD24, F24, FD16 and F16. The feed cost, RCP and phosphorus waste of fish fed BD were higher than those of fish fed FD24, F24, FD16 and F16. Fish fed FD24 exhibited the best production performance, and the production performance of fish fed F24 and FD16 was close to that of fish fed BD. The present study indicates that the fish meal level in large yellow croaker diet could be lowered to 240 g/kg with SPC alone as a fish meal substitute, and could be further reduced to 160 g/kg by supplementation of 5 g/kg DPS. Therefore, DPS supplementation can benefit to increase fish meal replacement with SPC in large yellow croaker diet.
Raw aquatic food is regarded as an important source of proteins. However, the presence of various bacteria can increase the risk of disease in humans. As a result, a crucial step in the processing of aquatic products is the disinfection of raw aquatic food. An intelligent ultraviolet c radiation (UVC) sterilization system was established and evaluated in this study. On the automated production line, the UVC lamp's sterilization intensity can be automatically adjusted to achieve intelligent sterilization of the various aquatic product categories. The system was implemented and evaluated for oyster surface sterilization experiments in the production line. The quality indicators of oysters, such as volatile salt nitrogen content and aerobic bacterial count, were measured before and after sterilization. The average sterilization rate of the intelligent system is 96.4%. The results showed that the system had an excellent sterilization effect and improved the shelf life of aquatic products.
The present study aimed to examine individual nutritional and ameliorative effects of silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) and natural zeolite nanoparticles (ZeNPs) and their potential role as carriers to alter the bioavailability of curcumin. Common carps (Cyprinus carpio) were fed during 60 days with a control diet, and curcumin, turmeric, SiO2NPs, curcumin-loaded SiO2NPs, ZeNPs, and curcumin-loaded ZeNPs each at 1, 50, 6.15, 7.15, 39, and 40 g/kg diet, respectively. The highest weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) were observed in fish fed with turmeric (P < 0.05). Moreover, dietary curcumin and ZeNPs increased the content of monounsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.05). After exposure to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), the lowest amount of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was obtained in fish fed with curcumin (P < 0.05). In addition, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) decreased significantly in the negative control, curcumin, and curcumin-loaded SiO2NPs treatments in comparison to the positive control group (P < 0.05). The lowest silver accumulation was observed in the negative control and SiO2NPs groups (P < 0.05). This experiment demonstrated that while the nanoencapsulation of curcumin on SiO2NPs and ZeNPs did not enhanced the impact of curcumin on the growth and biochemical factors of carps, it can still be considered a potential dietary supplement for enhancing growth and antioxidant indices when added individually to the diet.
Graphical abstract
This study investigated the potential role of curcumin (CUR) in preventing oxidative stress and ferroptosis induced by ammonia exposure in gibel carp. Experimental fish (initial weight: 11.22 ± 0.10 g, n = 150) were fed diets supplemented with or without 0.5% CUR for 56 days, followed by a 24 h ammonia (32.5 mg/L) exposure. Liver damages (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), adenosine deaminase (ADA), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)) and oxidative stress enzyme activities (reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA); and the content of antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) were induced by ammonia stress. The antioxidant capacity was decreased, as indicated by inhibited gene expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (ho-1), catalase (cat), and sod. Ferroptosis was induced by ammonia stress, as suggested by upregulated mRNA levels of nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (ncoa4), transferrin receptor 1 (tfr1), and iron-responsive element-binding protein 2 (ireb2), and downregulated expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (gpx4), ferroportin (fpn), and ferritin heavy chain 1 (fth1). In addition, both mRNA and protein levels of ferroptosis markers acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) were upregulated, while cystine/glutamate antiporter (SLC7A11) was downregulated. However, liver injury and ferroptosis in fish induced by ammonia could be attenuated by CUR. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that CUR ameliorates oxidative stress and attenuates ammonia stress-induced ferroptosis. This study provides a new perspective on potential preventive strategies against ammonia stress in gibel carp by dietary CUR.
Breast carcinoma is a common illness among females. Various therapies, including hormone therapy, surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted treatment, have been available to treat existing breast cancer. These therapies can potentially halt the development and spread of cancer, especially if the disease is at an early stage, but all these treatments have various adverse effects on human health. Cancer cells proliferate more rapidly than most normal cells, so chemotherapy is the most suitable treatment. Certain medications can cease dividing cells by destroying the cell's control center region. Other drugs can inhibit the chemical processes essential for cell division. On the contrary, because cancer is frequently identified at a late phase, treating the disease is extraordinarily challenging. Therefore, it is advisable to avoid this fatal condition from occurring. Multiple studies have revealed a continuous inverse connection between cancer and natural materials, such as plant extracts, their fractions, and active principles. These bioactive phytochemicals' have synergistic or cumulative effects in the treatment of cancer disease. This review article examined the effect of various extracts/fractions/active principles obtained from diverse plant origins against breast cancer disease. Information regarding the most commonly used plants, including Alpina galaga, Urtica dioica, Annona muricata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Ficus carica, Nigella sativa, Murraya koenigii, and Urtica dioica have been presented in this study. Owing to the information in this study, these plants exhibited anticancer activities in preclinical MCF-7 carcinoma models by decreasing cell proliferation, inducing programmed cell death, and triggering cell-cycle arrest. The information generated from this review will significantly contribute to developing knowledge of the scientific and medical communities in developing innovative breast cancer treatments.
Curcumin is a bioactive functional feeding stimulant that is widely used as an additive in cuisine and animal feeds. Owing to its hydrophobic nature and low bioavailability, the nanoformulation of curcumin has recently received special attention from researchers. In this study, we investigated the effects of curcumin nanospheres (CN) on the growth performance, serum biochemistry, meat quality, intestinal immunohistochemistry, fecal malodors and microbes in finishing pigs. A total of 90 crossbred pigs (Duroc × [Yorkshire × Landrace]) with an average initial body weight of 73.77 ± 0.08 kg were randomized into 3 dietary groups in triplicate pens (10 pigs in each pen): control (CON) without supplementation of CN and the pigs in the remaining two groups were supplemented with CN at 1.0 (CN1) and 2.0 (CN2) mL/kg diet for a 40-day long experiment. The results showed that pigs fed the higher CN supplemented diet (CN2) had significantly higher final weight (FW) and weight gain (WG) than those fed the CON diet, and no significant differences were observed in the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) after 28 days. At the end of the experiment, pigs fed the CN supplemented diet showed no significant difference in WG, ADFI or FCR compared to those on the CON diet. Overall, at the termination of the 40-day feeding trial, dietary CN had a significant effect on FW and WG, except for ADFI and FCR, in finishing pigs. After 40 days of the feeding trial, serum biochemical parameters such as glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, triglycerides, and total cholesterol levels were significantly decreased in pigs fed the CN supplemented diet. However, high density lipoprotein levels were significantly increased in pigs fed the CN diets. Protein and lipid contents, as well as yellowness and lightness of the neck and longissimus dorsi muscles were not significantly affected by CN supplementation; however, there was a tendency to increase the redness of the longissimus dorsi muscle in pigs fed the CN2 supplemented diet compared to the CON diet. Meat grading and carcass weight significantly increased in pigs fed a higher CN supplemented diet. Fecal Escherichia coli and ammonia gas were significantly depleted in pigs fed CN diets. Histomorphological parameters, such as villus height, crypt depth and goblet cells in the jejunum of the intestine were significantly increased in pigs fed CN diet. Immunohistochemical staining showed that pro-inflammatory cytokine like tumor necrosis factor-α expression was reduced in pigs fed CN supplemented diets compared to the CON diet; however, antibodies such as immunoglobulin A and tight junction proteins such as claudin 3 were highly expressed in the intestine of pigs fed the CN diets. Overall, the results demonstrate the potential of dietary curcumin nanospheres as a nanobiotechnology tool as well as an effective feed additive for improving the performance and health status of finishing pigs.
Botanical medicine is an ancient medicine used by human beings for thousands of years. Recently, phytobiotics, which are phytochemical compounds derived from plants, are investigated and used widely in the veterinary field as an alternative feed additive to antibiotic growth promoters. Phytobiotic feed additives can be defined as plants-/herbs-derived products added to the feed in order to improve performance of animals. Phytobiotics include herbs (non-woody and non-persistent plants), spices (with a powerful scent or flavour) and essential oils. These phytobiotics conatin subsequent tens of active principles that are classified into six major bioactive chemicals: phenolic, organosulfur, nitrogen-containing compounds, phytosterols, alkaloids, and carotenoids. Each chemical class of phytobiotics has a mode of action; e.g. phenolic compounds or flavonoids as major active ingredients are identified as potential antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. Therefore, the growth promotion outcome induced by phytobiotic feed additives varies depending on the phytochemical mixture used and their active chemicals as well as their concentrations. This review highlights the mode of actions of various phytobiotics, and their beneficial effects on feed intake, gut health, immune system, blood picture and biochemical indices as well as visceral organs, and subsequently their final outcome as growth promoters in poultry nutrition.
Aquaculture is an important a key food sector throughout the globe because of its importance in ensuring the availability of nutritious and safe food for human beings. In recent years, this sector has been challenged with several obstacles concerning especially the emergence of infectious disease outbreaks. Various treatment and control aspects, including antibiotics, antiseptics, and other anti-microbial pharmaceuticals agents, have been used to protect farmed fish and shrimp against infectious diseases. Nonetheless, these medications have been prohibited and banned in many countries because of the development of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial strains, the accumulation of residues in the flesh of farmed fish and shrimp, and their potential environmental threats to aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, scientists and researchers have concentrated their research on finding natural and safe products to control disease outbreaks. From these natural products, bovine lactoferrin can be utilized as a functional feed supplement. Bovine lactoferrin is a multi-functional glycoprotein applied in various industries, like food preservation, and numerous medications, livestock, and aquaculture production, due to its non-toxic and ecological features. Recent research has proposed multiple advantages and benefits of using bovine lactoferrin in aquaculture. Reports showed its potential ability to enhance growth, reduce mortalities, regulate iron metabolism, improve blood metabolites, decrease disease outbreaks, stimulate the antioxidant defense system, and recuperate the overall health conditions of the treated fish and shrimp. Besides, bovine lactoferrin can be considered a safe antibiotic alternative and a unique therapeutic agent to decrease the negative impacts of infectious diseases. These features can be attributed to its well-known antibacterial, anti-parasitic, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulatory, and antioxidant capabilities. This literature review will highlight the implications of bovine lactoferrin in aquaculture, particularly highlighting the implications of bovine lactoferrin in aquaculture, specifically its therapeutic features and ability to promote immunological defensive pathways in fish. The information included in this article would be valuable for further research studies to improve aquaculture’s sustainability and the functionality of aquafeeds.
The use of natural ingredients in food formulation has been facing an increasing demand worldwide. Aiming to preserve the consumer’s health and provide better guidance to the food industry, regulatory agencies must propose precise definitions and establish safe limits of use for additives of natural origin. In this book chapter, we discuss the lack of specific regulations for natural additives and list the substances currently approved by two important regulatory agencies in the globe: the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) from the United States. Other regulatory documents from Asia, Australia, and South America are briefly mentioned. Clearly, there is a need for an international regulatory consensus to minimize ambiguity around the term ‘natural’ with a better understanding of what the term “natural” meant and how it can be applied to food labelling and international trade.
Functional foods have been developed as a response to the demands from modern society for a heathy life style. In this way, synthetic colorants have been replaced by natural counterparts. The potential use of several natural pigments such as anthocyanins, betalains, carotenoids, annatto, β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, paprika, carminic acid, chlorophylls, and curcumin as food colorants have been explored in recent years. These pigments can be used to impart different colors in foods such as red, pink, orange, blue, green, and yellow, among others. Most of these natural colorants can be isolated from vegetal sources, with exception of lutein which can be also isolated from animal sources. However, natural pigments are sensitive to heat, oxygen, and light, as well as to modifications of pH, limiting their use as food colorants. This chapter reviews the state of the art with regard to the sources and properties of natural colorants, as well as their food applications.
High-pressure processing, ultrasound, pulsed light, UV-light, cold plasma, and pulsed electric field are emerging nonthermal treatments for food industry application due to being cleaner, more environment-friendly, and sustainable. This processing occurs near to room temperature, and from applying the external fields – pressure or electromagnetic – several physical and chemical changes occur, resulting in desirable or undesirable food properties. This chapter describes changes caused by these techniques in natural food components/additives. Structural modifications caused by nonthermal treatments in cell membranes can increase mass transfer, improve compound extraction, and trigger defense response in plant tissues that increases phenolic compounds. Structural proteins and starch modifications are also reported. The effects promoted by nonthermal treatments in natural additives will result in increased antioxidant activity, improved digestibility, water-binding ability, and alterations of sensory, thickening, and texture characteristics. However, to obtain the benefits of nonthermal processing and avoid undesirable compound degradation, it is necessary to define the appropriate operating parameters and optimize the process. In this sense, increasing the mechanistic understanding of each treatment and its impact on the food product is necessary.
The preservation of natural food additives (NFAs), such as bioactive compounds, colorants, stabilizers, emulsifiers, among others, is one of the challenges of researchers in recent years, due to direct use of natural compounds into food products could present some difficulties such as inactivation by binding to food components, uneven distribution in the food matrix, loss of their functionality during food processing or storage, and degradation by gastrointestinal conditions. Because of the importance of NFAs in the food industry and biological activity that present some compounds with proven biological activity in health, nutrition, and food preservation; a lot of research has focused on using different techniques and methods such as absorption, trapping, and encapsulation that allow them to be chemically stabilized mainly when NFAs are exposed to food processing and storage at high temperatures, light, and humidity. The present chapter aimed to review the main aspects of these three physical methods used to preserve NFAs, as well as to analyze their applications in the dairy, meat, fruit, and vegetable industries.
A 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with curcumin on growth, intestinal health, and gills resistance to ammonia stress in juvenile Seriola dumerili. Three isonitrogenous and isolipidic test diets were prepared by supplementing incremental levels of dietary curcumin at 0% (CUR0%, control), 0.01% (CUR0.01%), 0.02% (CUR0.02%), respectively. Fish were fed with experimental diet. Recovery and protection capacity after ammonia challenge assay was adopted to test the effect of curcumin. At the end of the feeding trial, the results showed that dietary supplementation with proper curcumin level had a significant positive effect on fish survival and intestinal histology structure. Meanwhile, dietary supplementation with proper curcumin level can improve intestinal health by increasing immune enzyme activity, up-regulating the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, down-regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and regulating other immune-related genes. Subsequently, after the ammonia challenge and recovery experiment, the results of antioxidant-related genes and antioxidant enzymes showed that dietary supplementation with proper curcumin level can improve the gill protective and recovery capacity from ammonia stress through increasing antioxidant capacity. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with proper curcumin can promote the growth, intestinal health, gill resistance and recovery to ammonia stress of S. dumerili.
Bioactive food packaging is a trend in food packaging science and technology, which is focused on the consumer's health benefits provided by the edible polymeric packaging and the inclusion of bioactive molecules of natural origin, probiotic microorganism and/or prebiotic molecules. Several types of edible films and bioactive molecules have been used in order to create bioactive molecules. In some cases, mechanical and barrier properties of the edible film are enhanced by the bioactive molecule. Likewise, inclusion of probiotics could also lead to enhanced properties of the film. This review will be useful to understand the different components and characteristics of the different types of bioactive films. Bioactive edible coatings are a promising thread in food packaging, allowing implementation of bioactive molecules, probiotics and prebiotics.
The massive use of antibiotics in aquaculture and resulted antibacterial resistance problem urgently need antibiotic substitutions. Herein, we report a promising substitution of aquaculture antibiotics using a synergistic combination of biodegradable peptide polymers and curcumin, a natural compound from plant. The synergistic combination show strong antibacterial activity against V. fluvialis and some other common bacteria in aquaculture. The membrane‐damaging antibacterial mechanism echoes our finding that the synergistic combination will not induce bacteria to develop resistance after continuous use. The synergistic combination also displays effective cure on V. fluvialis‐infected zebrafish. The biodegradability of the peptide polymer enables the combination to lose antibacterial activity and will not cause selective pressure on bacterial in the environment. Our study indicates potential application of synergistic composition, biodegradable peptide polymer and curcumin, as promising antibiotic substitution in aquaculture, which representing a promising strategy to address the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis , a ciliated parasite causing ichthyophthiriasis (white spot disease) in freshwater fishes, results in significant economic loss to the aquaculture sector. One of the important predisposing factors for ichthyophthiriasis is low water temperature (i.e., below 20°C), which affects the health and makes freshwater fishes more susceptible to parasitic infections. During ichthyophthiriasis, fishes are stressed and acute immune reactions are compromised, which enables the aquatic bacterial pathogens to simultaneously infect the host and increase the severity of disease. In the present work, we aimed to understand the parasite–bacteria co-infection mechanism in fish. Later, Curcuma longa (turmeric) essential oil was used as a promising management strategy to improve immunity and control co-infections in fish. A natural outbreak of I. multifiliis was reported (validated by 16S rRNA PCR and sequencing method) in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus from a culture facility of ICAR-CIFRI, India. The fish showed clinical signs including hemorrhage, ulcer, discoloration, and redness in the body surface. Further microbiological analysis revealed that Aeromonas hydrophila was associated (validated by 16S rRNA PCR and sequencing method) with the infection and mortality of P. hypophthalmus , confirmed by hemolysin and survival assay. This created a scenario of co-infections, where both infectious agents are active together, causing ichthyophthiriasis and motile Aeromonas septicemia (MAS) in P. hypophthalmus . Interestingly, turmeric oil supplementation induced protective immunity in P. hypophthalmus against the co-infection condition. The study showed that P. hypophthalmus fingerlings supplemented with turmeric oil, at an optimum concentration (10 ppm), exhibited significantly increased survival against co-infection. The optimum concentration induced anti-stress and antioxidative response in fingerlings, marked by a significant decrease in cortisol and elevated levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in treated animals as compared with the controls. Furthermore, the study indicated that supplementation of turmeric oil increases both non-specific and specific immune response, and significantly higher values of immune genes (interleukin-1β, transferrin, and C3), HSP70, HSP90, and IgM were observed in P. hypophthalmus treatment groups. Our findings suggest that C. longa (turmeric) oil modulates stress, antioxidant, and immunological responses, probably contributing to enhanced protection in P. hypophthalmus . Hence, the application of turmeric oil treatment in aquaculture might become a management strategy to control co-infections in fishes. However, this hypothesis needs further validation.
In general, starch, as a complex carbohydrate, is the most economical energy source in aquaculture for its relatively low cost. However, excessive dietary levels of carbohydrate result in pathological conditions. An 8-week feeding trial with CT (control diet, containing 21% carbohydrate), HC (a high-carbohydrate diet, containing 50% carbohydrate) and HCR (a HC diet supplemented with 0.015% Rhizoma curcumae Longae) was performed to investigate the protective effect of curcumin on high-carbohydrate-induced hepatic oxidative stress and intestine lesion in juvenile Trachinotus ovatus. In the current study, HC group significantly decreased WGR, SGR, plasma CAT activity, intestinal C4 levels, hepatic Nrf2, Keap1, Bach1, HO1, CAT, and GPX mRNA expression as well as ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-3, TGF-β mRNA transcription levels, while the opposite was true for plasma AST activity, hepatic MDA contents, intestinal Claudin-15, NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA expression. In contrast with the HC group, the HCR group significantly increased the activities of hepatic CAT, SOD, intestinal C3, C4, IgG and LZM levels, hepatic Nrf2, Bach1, CAT, and GPX mRNA expression as well as intestinal ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-3, TGF-β and IL-10 mRNA expression levels, but the opposite trend was found in plasma triglyceride content, hepatic lipid deposition, hepatic Keap1 mRNA level as well as intestinal NF-κB, IL-6. In conclusion, high-carbohydrate diet can cause detrimental effect on physiological health status in Trachinotus ovatus, while adding Rhizoma curcumae Longae can improve hepatic and intestinal health status via attenuating the oxidative stress, inflammation, and reducing lipid deposition.
In this study, we investigate the potentials of dietary curcumin and resveratrol on blood biochemistry, immune responses and resistance to the toxicity of the pesticide, abamectin. 540 common carps (30.78 ± 0.17 g) were randomly distributed into 18 tanks (30 fish per tank), as six experimental groups (T1: non-supplemented and on-exposed fish, T2: 300 mg/kg curcumin, T3: 300 mg/kg resveratrol, T4: 12.5% LC50 of abamectin, T5: 300 mg/kg curcumin +12.5% LC50 of abamectin, T6: 300 mg/kg resveratrol + 12.5% LC50 of abamectin). Use of 300 mg/kg resveratrol in the diet of non-abamectin exposed fish improved the growth performance (P < 0.05), while such effects were not observed for curcumin (P > 0.05). There were no differences in the final weight (FW), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and weight gain (WG) between control and fish of the treatments, resveratrol + abamectin and curcumin + abamectin (P < 0.05). The immune components in blood [lysozyme, complement activity, Total immunoglobulin (total Ig), protease, myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitro-blue-tetrazolium (NBT), peroxidase, albumin] and mucus [acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), esterase, antiprotease)] and antioxidant enzymes [(superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] exhibited various change patterns compared to the control group, however, these components were almost all higher in fish supplemented with curcumin and resveratrol in an abamectin-free medium than in control and other groups (P < 0.05). In most cases, the levels of immune and antioxidant components in the control did not show significant difference with the treatments, resveratrol + abamectin and curcumin + abamectin (P > 0.05). Abamectin induced oxidative stress in fish, as the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels significantly increased in the exposed fish compared to non-exposed groups (P < 0.05). It appears that neither curcumin nor resveratrol were as effective in preventing oxidative stress, because MDA levels were higher in exposed fish (abamectin, curcumin + abamectin, resveratrol + abamectin) than in control and non-exposed individuals (P < 0.05). Curcumin and resveratrol also showed protective effects on liver, since the levels of liver metabolic enzymes [aspartate transaminase (AST), ALP, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)] were lower in the supplemented fish in a abamectin-free medium than in control (P < 0.05). Curcumin and resveratrol also mitigated the stress responses in the exposed fish, as cortisol and glucose levels showed significant decreases in the supplemented fish (P < 0.05). In conclusion, this study revealed that abamectin can depress the growth and immunity in the common carp. Although, both resveratrol and curcumin were mitigated the toxic effects of abamectin, it seems that resveratrol be more effective than curcumin.
Single cell protein (SCP) is a bulk of dried cells which can also termed as bioprotein, microbial protein or biomass. SCP is produced by the microorganisms such as algae, yeast, fungi and bacteria, however, fungi and bacteria are the major producers of this protein. High production of proteins from these sources was mainly due to their fast growth rate and relatively higher protein level in their chemical structure. Some algal species were also used for this purpose which specifically cultivated in the aquatic medium. In addition to high content of protein, SCP also contains carbohydrates, nucleic acids, fats, minerals and vitamins. Additionally, SCP has a high level of essential amino acids such as lysine, methionine, and threonine. This source of protein (SCP) has been proved a good replacement of other expensive protein sources like fish and soybean meals. Therefore, conclusion can be made that SCP can easily replace traditional (plant and animal) protein sources in human, animal as well as fish diets without any detrimental effect. Finally, in this review, we focus on new feeding trials on SCP in some aquaculture species, such as Atlantic salmon, white leg shrimp and rainbow trout.
Infectious diseases usually occur in response to the highly intensive rearing conditions in fish farms. The use of feed additives is still one of the most practical options in the field of aquaculture. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the impact of raffinose on the growth rate, antioxidative status, and immunity of Nile tilapia. For 60 days, fish fed five test diets with raffinose at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 g/kg. The FBW was increased by feeding raffinose at 0.5 or 1 g/kg levels over the control, whereas no significances were observed among the other groups. Feeding tilapia with raffinose at 1 g/kg increased the WG and SGR and decreased the FCR with regards to the control. The activity of SOD was enhanced by feeding raffinose at all levels, while GPX and SOD were improved by 1 or 1.5 g/kg levels over the control. On the contrary, the concentration of MDA was decreased by raffinose, and the lowest levels were observed by 1 or 1.5 g/kg levels. The lysozyme activity was increased by level 1 g/kg over the other levels without significant differences with 1.5 g/kg. The phagocytic activity and index were also boosted by feeding raffinose at 1, 1.5, and 2 g/kg levels over 0 and 0.5 g/kg. Taking together, dietary raffinose increases Nile tilapia growth performances, and immune responses and 0.85–1.37 g raffinose per kg diet is recommended for this species nutrition.
The thymol molecule is a food additive, used to boost the growth, production and feed efficiency via improving the digestive secretion and activating the structure and function of digestive system. The major application of thymol essential oil is used in animal rations, particularly as a natural feed additive to decrease hazardous compounds in a wide range of animal species. Thymol essential oil plays an important role in improving the nutrient bioavailability, reproductive and productive performance, general health and immunity of livestock besides reducing problems of many animal diseases such as cancer and some other diseases. These roles may be attributed to the ability of thymol as anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, immunomodulators, anti‐inflammatory and antispasmodic factors through suppressing free radicals and harmful constituents from interacting with cellular biological components and its capability to manipulate the balance of the intestinal microbiota, increased digestion, metabolism and absorption of nutrients. This review elucidates the chemical structure and natural sources, physical proprieties and practical applications of thymol in fish nutrition.
This study was planned to evaluate the impact of different nano-curcumin levels on the growth rate, carcass, blood chemistry and caecal microbes of growing quail. A total of 270 Japanese quails at one-week-old were distributed to six equal groups; each group consisted of 45 unsexed birds with five replications (nine quails each). The 1st group was fed a basal diet, whereas the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th groups were fed diets containing nano-curcumin (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 g/kg diet, respectively). Nano-curcumin levels significantly increased (p ≤ 0.0001) body weight at 3 weeks and 5 weeks of age. Body weight gain during 1–3, 3–5 and 1–5 weeks of age was significantly increased (p < 0.0001) in groups treated with nano-curcumin levels (except at 0.3 g/kg; 1–3 weeks) compared to control. During 1 to 5 weeks, feed intake was decreased (p < 0.0001) in birds receiving nano-curcumin (0.1, 0.3 and 0.4 g/kg) diets. The best values of feed conversion ratio were recorded for the 0.4 g nano-curcumin-treated group. Carcass traits were not affected Nano-curcumin levels. The inclusion of nano-curcumin (0.2, 0.3 or 0.5 g/kg) significantly increased serum TP (p = 0.0004), albumin (p = 0.0078) and globulin (p < 0.0001). Quails fed with nano-curcumin (0.2 g/kg) exhibited the highest SOD and GSH activities, serum IgG and IgM concentrations and complement values compared to control. The addition of any level of nano-curcumin in the quail diet also significantly improved the lipid profile. In conclusion, supplemental nano-curcumin had beneficial impacts on growth, lipid profile, blood constituents, antioxidant indices, and immunity of growing quail, as well as increasing counts of lactic acid bacteria and reducing pathogenic bacteria.
The removal of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) as feed additives in poultry nutrition from the market in many countries has compelled researchers to find unconventional and safe alternatives to AGPs. Probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes, organic acids, herbs, immune-stimulants and essential oils (EO) have been investigated as feed additives in poultry production. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), one of the oldest medicinal plants and widely used around the world, can be used in poultry rations in the form of powder or essential oil. Essential oils produced from aromatic plants have become more interesting owing to their potential effects as hypocholesterolaemic agents, antioxidants, antimicrobials, antifungals and stimulants of digestive enzymes. The potential insecticidal and antimicrobial activities of EO against pathogens that cause spoilage in agriculture crops and human diseases might be attributed mainly to the high content of volatile components (mainly cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and carvacrol) in cinnamon oil. The present review focuses on the effects of cinnamon oil as a feed additive on poultry performance, carcass traits, meat quality, hypocholesterolaemic impact, antioxidant activity, immunity and microbiological aspects.
The immune system is an efficient integrated network of cellular elements and chemicals developed to preserve the integrity of the organism against external insults and its correct functioning and balance are essential to avoid the occurrence of a great variety of disorders. To date, evidence from literature highlights an increase in immunological diseases and a great attention has been focused on the development of molecules able to modulate the immune response. There is an enormous global demand for new effective therapies and researchers are investigating new fields. One promising strategy is the use of herbal medicines as integrative, complementary and preventive therapy. The active components in medical plants have always been an important source of clinical therapeutics and the study of their molecular pharmacology is an enormous challenge since they offer a great chemical diversity with often multi-pharmacological activity. In this review, we mainly analysed the immunomodulatory/antinflammatory activity of Echinacea spp. and Curcuma longa, focusing on some issues of the phytochemical research and on new possible strategies to obtain novel agents to supplement the present therapies.
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether dietary curcumin affects lipid metabolism in the liver of broiler chickens. Four treatment groups were formed from 1200 1-day-old broiler chickens, including a base diet (control, supplemented with 0 mg/kg curcumin), 500 mg/kg, 1,000 mg/kg, and 2,000 mg/kg dietary curcumin, for 49 d. At the end of experiment, each group of 50 chickens were sampled and analyzed. Compared with the control group, the results have showed that body weight, average daily weight gain, absolute and relative liver weight significantly decreased in the 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg curcumin groups (P < 0.05). The absolute and relative abdominal fat weight were significantly decreased in the 2,000 mg/kg curcumin group (P < 0.05). The concentrations of plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.05) and plasma and hepatic triglyceride concentrations (P < 0.01) were markedly decreased in the 2,000 mg/kg curcumin group. The hepatic nonesterified fatty acid concentration (P < 0.05) and the hepatic glycogen (P < 0.05) and liver hepatic lipase activities (P < 0.01) were significantly increased in the 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg curcumin groups. The plasma-free triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentrations were significantly increased in the 2,000 mg/kg curcumin group (P < 0.05). The gene expression levels of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) were significantly decreased in all curcumin groups (P < 0.05), but the gene expression levels of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) and ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) were significantly decreased only in the 2,000 mg/kg curcumin group (P < 0.05). The expression levels of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor α (PPARα) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I (CPT-I) were significantly increased in the 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg curcumin groups (P < 0.05). These results indicated that curcumin plays an important role in reduction abdominal fat deposition by decreasing the hepatic and plasma lipid profile and affecting the expression levels of genes related to lipogenesis and lipolysis including ACC, FAS, SREBP-1c, ACLY, PPARα, and CPT-I.
Background: Indiscriminate use of antibiotics in livestock and poultry farming has caused emergence of new
pathogenic strains. The situation has warrented the development of safe and alternative growth promoters and
immunity enhancers in livestock. Herbal additives in animal and bird feed is a centuries-old practice. Thus, the
present study investigated the efficacy of a standardized formulation of lipophilic turmeric extract containing
curcumin and turmerones, (TF-36), as a natural growth promoter poultry feed additive.
Methods: The study was designed on 180 one-day old chicks, assigned into three groups. Control group (T0) kept
on basal diet and supplemented groups T0.5 and T1 fed with 0.5% and 1% TF-36 fortified basal diet for 42 days.
Each dietary group consisted of six replicates of ten birds. Body weight, food intake, food conversion ratio, skin
colour, blood biochemical analysis and antioxidant status of serum were investigated.
Results: Body weight improved significantly in T1 with a 10% decrease in FCR as compared to the control. TF-36
supplementation in T1 enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activity significantly (p < 0.05) with a decrease (p < 0.05)
in lipid peroxidation. It also caused a slight yellow skin pigmentation without any change in meat color, indicating
the bioavailability of curcumin from TF-36. However, no significant change in the concentration of serum creatinine,
total protein and liver enzyme activities were observed, indicating the safety.
Conclusion: In summary, we concluded that TF-36 can be a natural feed additive to improve growth performance
in poultry, probably due to the better antioxidant activity and antimicrobial effects contributed by the better bioavailability
of curcuminoids and turmerones. Besides, curcuminoids and turmerones were also known to be gastroprotective and
anti-inflammatory agents.
Aflatoxin B1 is one of the most important mycotoxins due to its hepatotoxic and carcinogenic effects on some fishes. This study was conducted to investigate the defensive role of curcumin and garlic on phase I of the biotransformation system in the liver of aflatoxicosis in Oreochromis niloticus in relation to the therapeutic properties by studying hepatic histopathology and cytochrome P450-CYP1A gene expression using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Although varieties of methods have been used for gene expression quantification and are still used today, real-time RT-PCR method has achieved prominence in recent years. One hundred and eighty (180) fish were equally divided into 10 groups. T1 was the negative control; fish in T2 were injected intraperitonealy (IP) with AFB1 at a rate of 6 mg kg⁻¹ B.W. and fed on a basal diet. Groups T3-T6 were fed with garlic (T3 & T4) and curcumin (T5 & T6) at 10 & 20 g kg⁻¹ diet, respectively. Groups T7-T10 injected IP with AFB1 and fed on both garlic and curcumin at the different concentrations (10 & 20 g kg⁻¹ diet). AFB1 reduced the HSI values in aflatoxicosis fish. Feeding a low dose of garlic led to significant improvement in the HSI values. Histologically, hepatic lesions were observed in the AFB1 injected groups; damage was reduced when fish were fed on garlic and curcumin diets at a concentration 10 g kg⁻¹. The highest induction of CYP1A expression was observed in the curcumin groups followed by AFB1. The over expression of CYP1A in T2 was alleviated by the garlic. Therefore, it was found that garlic enhances the detoxification of AFB1 through the suppression of CYP1A in the liver. © Published by Central Fisheries Research Institute (CFRI) Trabzon, Turkey.
Turmeric, a spice that has long been recognized for its medicinal properties, has received interest from both the medical/scientific world and from culinary enthusiasts, as it is the major source of the polyphenol curcumin. It aids in the management of oxidative and inflammatory conditions, metabolic syndrome, arthritis, anxiety, and hyperlipidemia. It may also help in the management of exercise-induced inflammation and muscle soreness, thus enhancing recovery and performance in active people. In addition, a relatively low dose of the complex can provide health benefits for people that do not have diagnosed health conditions. Most of these benefits can be attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Ingesting curcumin by itself does not lead to the associated health benefits due to its poor bioavailability, which appears to be primarily due to poor absorption, rapid metabolism, and rapid elimination. There are several components that can increase bioavailability. For example, piperine is the major active component of black pepper and, when combined in a complex with curcumin, has been shown to increase bioavailability by 2000%. Curcumin combined with enhancing agents provides multiple health benefits. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief overview of the plethora of research regarding the health benefits of curcumin.
The aim of this study was to determine protective effects of curcumin on oxidant/antioxidant parameters in Cyprinus carpio exposed to malathion. The fish were exposed to two sublethal concentrations of malathion (0.5 and 1 mg/L), and curcumin (100 mg per kg of fish weight) was simultaneously administered for 14 days. Malondialdehyde level and superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase activities were monitored in liver, kidney and gills, which were collected at the end of the experiment. The results revealed a significant increase in the malondialdehyde levels of the groups that were exposed to malathion. Also, malathion exposure caused a significant increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase activities and a significant decrease in glutathione peroxidase activity. Treatment with curcumin attenuated the malathion-induced oxidative stress by significantly decreasing the levels of malondialdehyde in the tissues. In addition, curcumin reversed the superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase activities. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that malathion caused oxidative stress and negative alterations on the antioxidant enzyme activities of the fish. However, this toxic effect was neutralised by the administration of curcumin.
Recently, research has focused on targeting the oxidative and metabolic vulnerabilities in cancer cells. Natural compounds like curcumin that target such susceptibilities have failed further clinical advancements due to the poor stability and bioavailability as well as the need of high effective doses. We have synthesized and evaluated the anti-cancer activity of several monocarbonyl analogs of curcumin. Interestingly, two novel analogs (Compound A and I) in comparison to curcumin, have increased chemical stability and have greater anti-cancer activity in a variety of human cancer cells, including triple-negative, inflammatory breast cancer cells. In particular, the generation of reactive oxygen species was selective to cancer cells and occurred upstream of mitochondrial collapse and execution of apoptosis. Furthermore, Compound A in combination with another cancer-selective/pro-oxidant, piperlongumine, caused an enhanced anti-cancer effect. Most importantly, Compound A was well tolerated by mice and was effective in inhibiting the growth of human triple-negative breast cancer and leukemia xenografts in vivo when administered intraperitoneally. Thus, exploiting oxidative vulnerabilities in cancer cells could be a selective and efficacious means to eradicate malignant cells as demonstrated by the curcumin analogs presented in this report with high therapeutic potential.
Curcumin, a plant-derived polyphenolic compound, naturally present in turmeric (Curcuma longa), has been the subject of intensive investigations on account of its various activities. The implementation of safe, beneficial and highly functional compounds from natural sources in human nutrition/prevention/therapy requires some modifications in order to achieve their multi-functionality, improve their bioavailability and delivery strategies, with the main aim to enhance their effectiveness. The low aqueous solubility of curcumin, its rapid metabolism and elimination from the body, and consequently, poor bioavailability, constitute major obstacles to its application. The main objectives of this review are related to reported strategies to overcome these limitations and, thereby, improve the solubility, stability and bioavailability of curcumin. The effectiveness of curcumin could be greatly improved by using nanoparticle-based carriers. The significance of the quality of a substance delivery system is reflected in the fact that carrying curcumin as a food additive/nutrition also means carrying the active biological product/drug. This review summarizes the state of the art, and highlights some examples and the most significant advances in the field of curcumin research.
Probiotics, prebiotics, and phytobiotics could be a possible solution as immunostimulants in monogastric animal nutrition. Beneficial effects of application thereof in animals are determined by many factors, e.g. the type of the probiotic strain, probiotic compounds, or plant species used as a supplement. A significant role is also played by the animal species, dosage, and the time and method of administration. The activity of these compounds is primarily focused on prevention of pathogen infections and, consequently, improvement of animal welfare. Probiotics compete with pathogenic bacteria by covering the intestinal epithelium mucosa, thereby interrupting pathogen colonization in the gastrointestinal tract. Supplementation with probiotics, prebiotics, and phytobiotics can also induce positive changes in the intestinal morphology, e.g. elongation of villi or deepening of intestinal crypts. In a majority of cases, they also modulate the immune response of the host. They mobilise the cellular components of the innate immune system (macrophages and heterophils), which defend the animal organism against gastrointestinal infection. Another possibility is the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that modulate adaptive immunity or stabilization of the intestinal microbiome. The main target of immunomodulatory feed additives is reduction of local inflammation, enhancement of the function of the immune system, a substantial impact on the health status of livestock animals, and improvement of their health status and production performance.
Hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia has been ranked as one of the greatest risk factors contributing to the
prevalence and severity of coronary heart diseases. The therapeutic effect of curcumin (CUR) administration on
enzymatic antioxidant status, hepatic oxidative stress, cardiac marker enzymes and inflammation in high
cholesterol diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats were evaluated. Sixty male rats were divided into four equal
groups. Group Ι :( Control group) rats fed on normal diet. Group Π: Rats fed hypercholesterolemic diet (HCD) [4%
cholesterol (w/w) and 1% cholic acid]. Group III: rats fed HCD + curcumin (200 mg/kg b.wt/day, orally). Group IV:
rats fed normal diet + curcumin (200 mg/kg b.wt /day, orally). Blood and liver tissue samples were collected at 2, 4
and 6 weeks from the onset of treatment with curcumin. The obtained results showed marked increase in TNF-α,
IL-6 concentrations, LDH, CK-MB, ALT, AST and GGT activities in addition to NO and L-MDA in liver tissue of
hypercholesterolemic rats fed with high cholesterol diet. However, a significant decrease in liver tissues antioxidant
enzymes(CAT, SOD and GPx) activities were observed in hypercholesterolemia induced in rats. Treatment with
curcumin to hypercholesterolemic rats lowered serum TNF-α, IL-6, liver and cardiac marker enzymes, NO and LMDA and ameliorate antioxidant enzymatic status in liver tissue. These results suggest that, treatment with
curcumin has a powerful modulating effect on hypercholesterolemia induced inflammation and hepatic oxidative
stress with enhanced the antioxidant defense system in liver tissues. Also, curcumin may be effective in controlling
cholesterolemic status and has the potential in reducing cardiovascular complications due to hypercholesterolemia
α-hemolysin (Hla) is a self-assembling extracellular protein secreted as a soluble monomer by most Staphylococcus aureus strains and is an essential virulence factor for the pathogenesis of various S. aureus infections. Here, we show that curcumin (CUR), a natural compound with weak anti-S. aureus activity, can inhibit the hemolysis induced by Hla. Molecular dynamics simulations, free energy calculations, and mutagenesis assays were further employed for the Hla-CUR complex to determine the mechanism of such inhibition. The analysis of this combined approach indicated that the direct binding CUR to Hla blocks the conformational transition of Hla from the monomer to the oligomer, leading to an inhibition of Hla hemolytic activity. We also found that the addition of CUR significantly attenuated Hla-mediated injury of human alveolar cell (A549) co-cultured with S. aureus. The in vivo data further demonstrated that treatment with CUR protects mice from pneumonia caused by S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA). These findings suggest that CUR inhibits the pore-forming activity of Hla through a novel mechanism, which would pave the way for the development of new and more effective antibacterial agents to combat S. aureus pneumonia.
The aim of this study was to develop a chemical method for demythylation of curcumin. The methoxy groups reduced solubility and low bioavailability of curcumin. The treatment of curcumin with hydrogen bromide (HBr) or choline chloride increased cucumin water solubility from 1 mg/ml to 30 or 25 mg/ml, respectively. 1HNMR spectra showed that the chemical shift of O-methoxy groups at 3.9 ppm disappeared upon chemical treatment of curcumin, and indicated that these groups were removed especially after HBr treatment. The antioxidant activity of treated curcumin and untreated curcumin was measured using different in vitro assays (i.e. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging, and phosphomolybdenum complex formation). A remarkable increase in DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging was observed as curcumin-HBr > curcumin-Choline chloride > curcumin. The formation of phosphomolybdenum complex was found to increase in the order of curcumin-choline cloride > curcumin-HBr > curcumin with EC50 30, 41 and 114 µg/ml, respectively. In conclusion, HBr-treated curcumin could be used as potential antioxidant in new functional foods.
Cancer is one of the main causes of mortality in the world which appears by the effect of enviromental physico-chemical mutagen and carcinogen agents. The identification of new cytotoxic drug with low sid effects on immune system has developed as important area in new studies of immunopharmacology. Curcumin is a natural polyphenol with anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Its therapeutic potential is substantially hindered by the rather low water solubility and bioavailability, hence the need for suitable carriers. In this report we employed nanogel-based nanoparticle approach to improve upon its effectiveness. Myristic acid-chitosan (MA-chitosan) nanogels were prepared by the technique of self-assembly. Curcumin was loaded into the nanogels. The surface morphology of the prepared nanoparticles was determined using SEM and TEM. The other objective of this study was to examine the in vitro cytotoxic activity of cell death of curcumin and nanocurcumin on human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MDA-MB231). Cytotoxicity and viability of curcumin and nanocurcumin were assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and dye exclusion assay.
Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the particle diameter was between 150 to 200 nm. Proliferation of MDA-MB231 cells was significantly inhibited by curcumin and nanocurcumin in a concentration-dependent manner in defined times. There were significant differences in IC50 curcumin and nanocurcumin. curcumin -loaded nanoparticles proved more effective compared to TQ solution. The high drug-targeting potential and efficiency demonstrates the significant role of the anticancer properties of curcumin -loaded nanoparticles.
This study was performed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with garlic and turmeric powder as growth promoter agents on performance, carcass traits, serum biochemistry, and antioxidant enzyme activities of growing rabbits. A total of 112, New Zealand White rabbits (NZW) at 5 weeks of age were randomly assigned to seven treatments with four replicates. The dietary treatments consisted of 7 groups as follows; the basal diet as control, phytogenic additives groups were supplemented with 2, 4, and 6 g/kg garlic or turmeric powder added to the basal diet. There were no linearly and quadratically differences (P
α-Tomatine is a glycoalkaloid found in tomatoes and curcumin is a major yellow pigment of turmeric. In the present study, the combined effect of these two compounds on prostate cancer cells was studied. Treatment of different prostate cancer cells with curcumin or α-tomatine alone resulted in growth inhibition and apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Combinations of α-tomatine and curcumin synergistically inhibited the growth and induced apoptosis in prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Effects of the α-tomatine and curcumin combination were associated with synergistic inhibition of NF-κB activity and a potent decrease in the expression of its downstream gene Bcl-2 in the cells. Moreover, strong decreases in the levels of phospho-Akt and phosphor-ERK1/2 were found in PC-3 cells treated with α-tomatine and curcumin in combination. In animal experiment, SCID mice with PC-3 xenograft tumors were treated with α-tomatine and curcumin. Combination of α-tomatine and curcumin more potently inhibited the growth of PC-3 tumors than either agent alone. Results from the present study indicate that α-tomatine in combination with curcumin may be an effective strategy for inhibiting the growth of prostate cancer.
The present study aims to investigate the effects of both garlic and curcumin through evaluating their therapeutic properties as antioxidants on liver and kidney functions, hepatic antioxidants and GPx gene expression against aflatoxicosis of O. niloticus. In total, 180 of tilapia were divided into ten groups; T1 represented the negative control fed on a basal diet, and T2 was injected with a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose of AFB1 (6 mg/kg b.w.). Fish in T3-T6 were fed on a basal diet supplemented with both garlic (T3 and T4) and curcumin (T5 and T6) at the two concentrations of 10 and 20 g/kg diet, respectively. Fish in T7-T10 groups were injected with AFB1 and fed on the garlic (T7 and T8) and curcumin (T9 and T10) dietaries. The results showed that AFB1 has significant potency for increasing the activity of plasma AST, ALT, creatinine and uric acid values, and hepatic MDA as well as for reducing the concentrations of plasma TP, AL, GL and hepatic activity of TAC, while AFB1 led to up-regulated GPx gene expression when compared to the control (T1). These harmful effects of AFB1 were alleviated due to the garlic and curcumin dietaries in some studied parameters. Garlic reflected the highest induction of gene expression (T7); however, curcumin showed significant down-regulated (T9). These results concluded that the effects of garlic were better than curcumin at the two concentrations and the low concentration of them is more beneficial than the high concentration when it used against AFB1 in O. niloticus.
Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is one of the potent, nontoxic, and major bioactive components present in turmeric. The major drawbacks of curcumin are low absorption and poor bioavailability. The present review highlights on the methods for the fabrication of curcumin nanoparticles and their applications in treatment of cancer and wound infections. Curcumin nanoparticles possess remarkable antibacterial, antiviral, and antiprotozoan activity. Hence, curcumin nanoparticle-loaded nano-gel, microemulsion, and nano-cream can be used for drug delivery.
The current study was conducted to investigate the stress effect of high stocking density and to evaluate the efficiency of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract (LE) and protexin concentrate (PC) in Oreochromis niloticus. A total of 360 Nile tilapia fingerlings were divided into 5 groups. The 1st and the 2nd groups were stocked at a rate of 10 fish/aquarium (control) and 20 fish/aquarium (HSD), respectively. The 3rd group (20 fish/aquarium fed on basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg protexin) (HSD + PC). The 4th group (20 fish/aquarium fed on basal diet supplemented with 500 mg/kg LE) (HSD + LE). The 5th group (20 fish/aquarium fed on basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg PC+ 500 mg/kg LE) (HSD + PC + LE). HSD group had the lowest body weight, specific growth rate and feed intake. After the Aeromonas hydrophila challenge, fishes from HSD recorded the highest mortality, while the opposite occurred in supplemented groups. It could be concluded that supplementation of LE, PC separately or in combination can positively attenuate the undesirable effects of HSD on growth, antioxidant, immunity and bacterial disease resistance of fish.
Aquatic organisms are susceptible throughout their lives to chemical and physical stressors, which negatively affect their health. Various aquatic pollutants derived from industrial effluents, overuse of some agricultural pesticides, herbicides and insecticides may cause devastating toxicological aspects of aquatic organisms and deteriorate their health and growth. They also led to oxidative stress to fish due to the stimulation of the production of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, the need for using natural antioxidants to be used as feed additives is of great importance to counteract the hazardous oxidative stress responses. The use of phytochemicals, which characterized by substantial antioxidative effects, has been raised. Lycopene is the principal carotenoid pigment found in tomatoes and their products, vegetables and red fruits. Numerous studies have recommended the use of lycopene as a powerful antioxidant to attenuate the oxidative stress responses in several fish species exposed to various toxicants or any other stress conditions. Lycopene maintains the health condition of fish by enhancing the immune and antioxidative responses. This review article aimed to elucidate the current information about the potential use of dietary lycopene for several fish species and its capability to attenuate the oxidative stress and haemato‐immunological alterations resulted from aquatic environmental pollutants and other physical stressors. Additionally, the review discusses some aspects regarding the lycopene mode of action to assess the profits that would be of importance in the aquaculture industry.
The motivation behind this article is to give point‐by‐point data about the beneficial applications of oregano feed supplement in fish diets as immunomodulators, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic. Use of this plant as feed additive plays an important role in the fish diet when compared to other synthetic feed additives. Oregano is rich in phytochemical compounds including carvacrol and thymol in addition to other phenolic compounds with antioxidant and immune‐enhancing activities. Origanum vulgare extract improved the immunological responses and enhanced non‐specific immunity. Also, non‐specific immunity and the lysosomal activity were significantly increased in rainbow trout fed diet enriched with 3.0 mL essential oil of Origanum onites L kg⁻¹ diet for 60 days. Furthermore, non‐specific immune stimulant, antioxidant and nitric oxide activities were improved due to O. vulgare oil supplementation. In some recent studies, Origanum heracleoticum L essential oil as a growth enhancer increased the antioxidant status. In rainbow trout, the hepatic levels of antioxidant enzymes and the total antioxidant capacity increased by feeding diet enriched with 6 and 10 g kg⁻¹ diet of O. vulgare extract. Therefore, the addition of oregano and/or derivatives as a dietary supplement in fish diet may promote growth and enhance the immunity and health of fish and this will be useful for nutritionists, physiologists and veterinarians.
The present study assessed the effects of dietary turmeric on Cyprinus carpio resistance and responses to copper exposure. First, the fish were assigned to four treatments received diets supplemented with 0 (control), 5, 10, and 20 g kg-1 turmeric for 3 weeks. Thereafter, the fish were exposed to lethal concentration (3.5 mg L-1) of ambient copper for 24 h and mortality was 65.3, 41.8, 22.7, and 20.6 %, respectively. In the second experiment, the fish were fed with the aforementioned diets and simultaneously exposed to sub-lethal concentration (0.25 mg L-1) of ambient copper for 3 weeks. Copper exposure led to increases in plasma cortisol, glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA), alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST), and decrease in plasma T4, T3, lysozyme, alternative complement haemolytic (ACH50), bactericidal activities, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and blood red blood cell count (RBC) and haemoglobin. Moreover, copper exposure led to significant up-regulation of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and interleukin 1-beta (IL1-b), and significant down-regulation of interleukin 10 (IL10) gene expressions in the fish liver. Turmeric administration at 10 g kg-1 significantly mitigated/inhibited the copper-induced negative effects, which seems to be due to the augmenting of the antioxidant defence.