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Assessment of psychometric properties and validation of Hindi version of marital communication inventory
Abstract
This study was carried out to establish the construct, convergent and predictive validity of Hindi version of Marital Communication Inventory (MCI) in Indian cultural settings. For this purpose three hundred married couples with at least graduation qualification were sampled from Varanasi city of Uttar Pradesh following a multistage sampling procedure. All participants completed the Hindi versions of Marital Communication Inventory (MCI), Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS-H) and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS-H).Principal components analysis of MCI-Hindi items yielded two factors with eigen value greater than 1.00. Factors rotated with Varimax criterion were identified as Supportive Communication comprising 12 items and Aversive Communication consisting of 13 items. The confirmatory factor analysis revealed an adequate model fit of two factors on 25 items. The psychometric properties of the MCI-H manifested good internal consistency with fairly high reliability and acceptable construct and convergent validity. Supportive Communication factor showed positive correlation with measures of dyadic adjustment as measured by DASH (dyadic consensus, dyadic cohesion, dyadic satisfaction & DAS Total) and satisfaction with life scale while Aversive Communication factor correlated with all these measures negatively. Moreover, no significant gender (husbands versus wives) and age (younger & older spouses) differences appeared for both supportive communication and aversive communication. The findings indicated that the instrument has adequate construct, convergent and predictive validity, thus, the MCI-Hmay be regarded as reliable and valid measure of marital communication for Hindi speaking Indian married couples.
The present study was planned to explore the effects of positive metacognitions and positive meta-emotions in marital communication. The sample consisted of 300 married couples (300 husbands and 300 wives) chosen from Chowk and adjoining areas of Varanasi city of Uttar Pradesh, India. The participants were individually administered Hindi version of Positive Metacognitions and Positive Meta-emotions Questionnaire and Marital Communication Inventory. The participants falling below Mean-1SD and above Mean+1SD on the facets of positive metacognitions and meta-emotions were respectively designated as low and high scorer participants (husbands & wives) were screed out. The effects of levels (low & high) of positive metacognitions and meta-emotions on marital communications (supportive & aversive) were analyzed by applying 2 × 2 ANOVA (2 spouses × 2 levels of facets of positive metacognitions & positive meta-emotions). Results revealed non-significant main effects of spouses on supportive and aversive communications, and significant main effects of levels of PMCEQ-H1, PMCEQ-H2 and PMCEQ-H3 on supportive and aversive communications, except non-significant main effect of levels of PMCEQ-H3 on supportive communication. Participants who scored higher on the PMCEQ-H aspects exhibited significantly higher levels of supportive communication and lower levels of aversive communication than participants who scored lower. The results showed that more supporting communication and lower aversive communication were both caused by high levels of positive metacognitions and positive meta-emotions, respectively.
This study was designed to establish the construct, convergent and predictive validity (gender and age differences) of Hindi version of Dyadic Adjustment Scale in Indian cultural milieu. For the purpose three hundred 21 to 75 years old married couples (300 husbands and 300 wives) with at least graduation qualification were sampled from Chowk and adjoining areas of Varanasi city of Uttar Pradesh following a multistage sampling procedure, and they completed the Hindi version of 32-items DAS (Spanier and Cole, 1976). Factor analysis (principal components) on Hindi version of DAS (DAS-H) with the loading equal to or more than 0.400, Eigen value equal to 1.00, by applying Promax rotation method following Scree plot revealed three factors, and finally, confirmatory factor analysis by AMOS - version 20 revealed an acceptable model fit on 17 items, content of 9 items of the first factor (# 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 14), 4 items of second factor (# 24, 26, 27 and 28) and 4 items of the third factor (# 16, 20, 21 and 22) showed similar behavioral components i.e., Dyadic Consensus (DC), Dyadic Cohesion (DCH) and Dyadic Satisfaction (DS). The psychometric properties of the DAS-H manifested good internal consistency with fairly high reliability and acceptable construct and convergent validity. The gender and age differences analyses also indicated that the instrument has good predictive validity, thus, the DAS-H produced a reliable and valid measurement of marital adjustment in Hindi speaking Indian cultural milieu.
Communication styles among the couples may have a key association with marital satisfaction. Marital communication patterns vary across cultures. The present study aims to understand the relationship between marital satisfaction and communication skills among married couples. Further this study aims to find out the influence of demographics such as age, gender, years of marriage on marital satisfaction. The sample for the present study consisted of 50 couples, (50 wives and 50 husbands) from Kannur district, Kerala. Marital Satisfaction Scale and Interpersonal Communication Inventory were administered on the couples. With the supporting studies, results have shown that the interpersonal communications among couples can predict satisfaction of their marital life. The study findings highlight the influence of gender and other demographic factors on marital satisfaction. The results of the study have an important implication for couples, family counselors and educators.
Although much has been learned from cross-sectional research on marriage, an understanding of how marriages develop, succeed, and fail is best achieved with longitudinal data. In view of growing interest in longitudinal research on marriage, the authors reviewed and evaluated the literature on how the quality and stability of marriages change over time. First, prevailing theoretical perspectives are examined for their ability to explain change in marital quality and stability. Second, the methods and findings of 115 longitudinal studies--representing over 45,000 marriages--are summarized and evaluated, yielding specific suggestions for improving this research, Finally, a model is outlined that integrates the strengths of previous theories of marriage, accounts for established findings, and indicates new directions for research on how marriages change.
Couples are usually advised to improve their communication skills to increase harmony and avoid conflicts. However, studies aimed at increasing marital adjustment in primary care are limited.
A Couple Communication Program was announced at the Ondokuz Mayis University Permanent Education Center, and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale was administered to 67 couples who volunteered. Twenty-eight persons (14 couples) with the lowest test scores were randomized into study and control groups. At the end of the program (post-test), the scale was again administered to the study group. Afterward, the pretest and post-test scores of the study and control groups were compared. The study group's pretest, post-test, and follow-up test scores were also examined.
No difference in marital adjustment was found between the study and control groups before the start of the program (P > .05). The post-test scores of the couples attending the Couple Communication Program proved to be higher in total than the scores of those who did not attend (P < .001). The post-test and follow-up scores of the study group were significantly higher than their pretest scores (P < .001). There was no significant difference between the post-test and follow-up scores of the study group (P = 1.0).
This program may have a positive effect on marital adjustment levels by improving communication skills and may lead to long-term behavioral modifications in couples.
The present study aimed to elucidate the psychometric properties, factorial structure,and predictive validity of Hindi version of Satisfaction with Life Scale in Indian cultural milieu. A total of 1817 participants ranging in age from 16 to 78 years were conveniently sampled from Chowk and adjoining areas of Varanasi city of Uttar Pradesh, completed the Hindi version of five items of Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS-H; Diener, et al., 1985). Factor analysis (principal components) with the loading equal to or more than 0.400, eigen value equal to 1.00, and the Scree plot revealed single factor, explaining a total of 50.743 % of variance. Confirmatory analysis revealed that the goodness of fit indexes were fairly acceptable (RMSEA = 0.083; TLI = 0.940; CFI = 0.970; GFI = 0.985; AGFI = 0.954; RMR = 0.112; SRMR = 0.033) indicating a good model fit. The reliability coefficients of the single factor (Split half = 0.714, Guttmann lambda = 0.748, Cronbach's alpha = 0.743) emerged fairly high and indicated good reliability of the Hindi version of SWLS.
An analysis of clinical data from 17 middle-aged couples suggests that the Marital Communication Inventory, as a global measure, primarily assesses the perceived supportiveness of one's spouse. Previous reports of substantial correlations between self-report measures of marital adjustment and total scores on the inventory may be reinterpreted as artifacts of a general evaluative component common to the measures. Further research is needed to clarify the relationship between marital communication and marital adjustment.
An abbreviated version of the Relationship Inventory (Barrett-Lennard, 1962) was administered to a random sample of 98 urban married couples to replicate an earlier study involving a sample of 83 rural married couples. Principal components were analyzed to assess the dimensionality of items pertaining to empathy, congruence, and regard. In general, results of the previous study were confirmed. Although the abbreviated inventory may have limitations, it appears to be adequate enough to warrant use in future research in that the same dimensions were found across four different groups of respondents in the two studies.
An abbreviated version of the Marital Communication Inventory was administered to a university sample of 54 married couples in an earlier study. To assess the dimensionality of the scale, the data were analyzed through a common factor analysis with varimax rotation. Results indicate that the inventory does not appear to be unidimensional as has been commonly assumed, but instead appears to be heavily loaded with an element of marital adjustment or conventionality rather than being solely a measure of marital communication. The consequences for previous research and the implications for the future assessment of marital communication by researchers and clinicians are discussed. Guidelines for further investigation of the validity of the inventory are proposed.
The present study yielded results which indicate that spouse communication apprehension is conceptually and factorially distinct from general communication apprehension. An instrument labeled the Personal Report of Spouse Communication Apprehension was developed and found to have adequate internal consistency, face validity, and predictive validity. Comparative analysis indicated different effects of general communication apprehension and spouse communication apprehension.
This article reports the development and validation of a scale to measure global life satisfaction, the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Among the various components of subjective well-being, the SWLS is narrowly focused to assess global life satisfaction and does not tap related constructs such as positive affect or loneliness. The SWLS is shown to have favorable psychometric properties, including high internal consistency and high temporal reliability. Scores on the SWLS correlate moderately to highly with other measures of subjective well-being, and correlate predictably with specific personality characteristics. It is noted that the SWLS is suited for use with different age groups, and other potential uses of the scale are discussed.
Evidence is presented on the degree of association between measures of companionship behavior and overt hostility in marriage and marital satisfaction of each spouse. Hostility correlates strongly and negatively with marital satisfaction; Companionship, moderately and positively. Correlation magnitudes are only slightly higher for wives than for husbands. It is concluded that companionship may not be as important a basis of marital satisfaction as is currently believed and negative aspects of the marriage relationship, though infrequently studied, appear to be of major relevance to marital satisfaction.
This study reports on the development of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, a new measure for assessing the quality of marriage and other similar dyads. The 32 item scale is designed for use with either married or unmarried cohabiting couples. Despite widespread criticisms of the concept of adjustment, the study proceeds from the pragmatic position that a new measure, which is theoretically grounded, relevant, valid, and highly reliable, is necessary since marital and dyadic adjustment continue to be researched. This factor analytic study tests a conceptual definition set forth in earlier work and suggests the existence of four empirically verified components of dyadic adjustment which can be used as subscales [dyadic satisfaction, dyadic cohesion, dyadic consensus and affectional expression]. Evidence is presented suggesting content, criterion related, and construct validity. High scale reliability is reported. The possibility of item weighting is considered and endorsed as a potential measurement technique, but it is not adopted for the present Dyadic Adjustment Scale. It is concluded that the Dyadic Adjustment Scale represents a significant improvement over other measures of marital adjustment, but a number of troublesome methodological issues remain for future research.
The triad model seems to offer a number of advantages over alternative training approaches. It provides an opportunity for persons from different cultures under controlled conditions to accomplish a training goal. As a simulated interview, it offers greater safety to demonstrate strong feelings and provide direct feedback. (Author)
Reviews a wide range of research studies from a variety of disciplines, settings, and treatment perspectives and seeks to identify gaps in evidence, areas of agreement and difference between studies, and the degree of congruence between researcher's observations and those of practitioners. 6 areas are covered: a census conducted by the Family Service Association; global outcomes; controlled studies of individual, joint, or group marital counseling; communication training; behavior modification; and marriage enrichment groups. Outcome findings in the marital area are considerably more positive than those concerning the effectiveness of casework counseling in general. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Investigated how relations between communication and marital adjustment might vary according to whether individual or various types of group scores were used. Self-reports from 44 couples using the Social Desirability Scale and scales of communication and marital adjustment suggest that the issue of whether an individual's or a couple's score is used need not only concern scientists, despite the plausible theoretical questions raised. (3 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Discusses the major propositions of psychological differentiation theory, cross-cultural studies of the theory's validity and generality, and problems in the existing research evidence and lines of further study that are suggested by the theory. Operative variables in the cross-cultural situation, including socialization, social tightness, ecological adaptation, and biological effects, are identified and discussed as antecedents to the development of psychological differentiation. It is suggested that characteristic levels of differentiation are adaptive to the ecological and cultural settings which societies occupy, and that levels of psychological differentiation do make a difference in the process of acculturation. The need for extending research findings on acculturation and differentiation back to the social and cultural settings that nurtured differentiation theory itself and the tools for its measurement is noted. (91/2 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The relationship between marital communication and adjustment is assumed to be a strong one, although little research has been done to verify the assumption. This article reports a study in which the relationship was shown to be positive; it also describes some clinical observations of the sample couples in a related research task. It suggests that those scoring low on marital adjustment tended to either communicate more about their relationship than about the content of the task or to ignore each other in favor of working on the task independently.
Twenty-one college couples were identified as maritally satisfied and 21 couples as maritally dissatisfied by the Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Scale. The Marital Communication Scale (MCS), a new behavioral measure of accuracy of marital non-verbal communication, and the Primary Communication Inventory (PCI), a self-report measure, were administered to each couple. The results indicate a relationship between marital satisfaction and accuracy of non-verbal communication as assessed by both measures. The commonality of the two measures was found to be limited, however.
The abstract for this document is available on CSA Illumina.To view the Abstract, click the Abstract button above the document title.
Readers who want a less mathematical alternative to the EQS manual will find exactly what they're looking for in this practical text. Written specifically for those with little to no knowledge of structural equation modeling (SEM) or EQS, the author's goal is to provide a non-mathematical introduction to the basic concepts of SEM by applying these principles to EQS, Version 6.1. The book clearly demonstrates a wide variety of SEM/EQS applications that include confirmatory factor analytic and full latent variable models.
Patterns, characteristics and styles of interpersonal communication in 316 adult men and women were investigated by use of an Interpersonal Communication Inventoy. Development of the Inventory was based upon previous research in related areas of marital communication, parent-child communication, group therapy and intragroup communication. Item analysis yielded 50 items which discriminated between good and poor communicators. Factors of good and poor communication are identified and discussed. Uses of the Inteversonul Communication Inventory in counseling, teaching and research are proposed.
There is substantial evidence in this study to conclude that no significant relationship exists between child density and 2 measures of the marital relationship, marital communication and marital adjustment. However, further research is needed to either confirm the results of the Hurley Palonen study or totally dismiss the concept of child density. Two other conclusions may be drawn from this study: a dramatic decrease in marital adjustment and marital communication occurs during the childrearing period; and there is a low point reached in the marital relationship in the period just prior to the departure of the children from the home.
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One hundred and eleven subjects, 14 and 15 years of age, were administered the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory and two questionnaires, modified from Bienvenu's Adolescent Communication Inventory, eliciting adolescents’ perceptions of their communication with both parents. The 10 males and 10 females with the highest self-esteem scores, and the 10 males and 10 females with the lowest scores were identified to form two groups: the High Self-Esteem Group and the Low Self-Esteem Group. Parents of these students completed questionnaires concerning parent-adolescent communication and marital communication and adjustment.
This longitudinal study predicted marital outcome from communication skills gained from participation in the Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program (PREP; H. J. Markman, S. L. Blumberg & S. M. Stanley, 1989; Stanley et al., 2001) by 39 women and 38 men. Results were in the expected direction for men but not for women. Men's pre- to posttest decrease in negative communication and increase in positive communication predicted decreased risk of marital distress onset in men. Women's pre- to posttest increase in positive communication, which was related to self-reported avoidance of problem solving, predicted an increased risk of male and female distress onset. Couples with men relatively high on premarital risk factors demonstrated a greater benefit from men's positive communication skills acquisition.
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