Terrorism, Risk and the Global City: Towards Urban Resilience
... The UK has a long history of terrorism and has been the target or many terrorist groups over recent decades (e.g. Blake et al., 2012;Booth et al., 2020;Whittaker, 2007;Harmon, 2007;Richards, 2011;Coaffee, 2009;Martin, 2013). During the twentieth century, the UK faced several different terrorism-related challenges, with the most significant arguably emanating from the Northern Ireland conflict, which saw Northern Ireland related terrorist groups, such as the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA,) launch attacks against the UK (Reuveny and Thompson, 2010;Martin, 2016;Coaffee, 2003aCoaffee, , 2009. ...
... Blake et al., 2012;Booth et al., 2020;Whittaker, 2007;Harmon, 2007;Richards, 2011;Coaffee, 2009;Martin, 2013). During the twentieth century, the UK faced several different terrorism-related challenges, with the most significant arguably emanating from the Northern Ireland conflict, which saw Northern Ireland related terrorist groups, such as the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA,) launch attacks against the UK (Reuveny and Thompson, 2010;Martin, 2016;Coaffee, 2003aCoaffee, , 2009. Despite the range of security challenges posed by the Northern Ireland conflict, it is argued that these events led to the fundamental principles that have shaped today's UK responses to terrorism, such as the protective security measures and infrastructure that exists to strength the UK's defences against terrorism (Kennett, 2008;Pearse, 2015). ...
... Between the 1970s to the mid-1990s, Northern Ireland related terrorist groups launched a sustained campaign of attacks against UK interests, targeting many cities (Rogers, 2007;Martin, 2016;Coaffee, 2009); notable attacks included the 1993 improvised explosive device (IED) detonated in Bishopsgate, London (Andrew, 2010;Coaffee, 2003a), and the IED detonated in Manchester City Centre in 1996 (Hazley, 2013). However, the UK's terrorism experience goes beyond those attacks carried out by Northern Ireland related terrorist group, and has seen international terrorist related groups, such as Al-Qaeda and affiliate groups, and more recently Daesh, targeting the UK. ...
Crowded places have long been identified by the UK Government as terrorist targets. It is therefore crucial that security professionals responsible for the security of crowded places are provided with the relevant support and security awareness training to enable them to enhance protection. This research sets out to gain a better understanding of whether current protective security advice and training meets the needs of security managers. This study shows there are a range of challenges stemming from the received security advice; and in some cases, advice hinders the enhancement of protective security at some crowded places. Whilst significant efforts have been made by policymakers and Counter-Terrorism (CT) Policing to enhance security to protect against terrorist attacks, greater efforts are still needed to promote CT security.
... and it's affecting suburban areas that experience weak governance, as well as rising crime rates and urban poverty. Coaffee (2016) also said that changes in urban design and management have an impact on the presence of crime and acts of terrorism in urban centers. samper (2012) states that ongoing social and economic inequality in urban communities results in high levels of violence and crime while weakening the resilience of cities and countries. ...
The aim of this study was to determine the factors of urban crime and their impact on realizing urban resilience in Bandung City, Indonesia, and at the same time explore urban governance and policies in dealing with these problems. This research method uses a qualitative exploratory approach with an evidence-based approach and data analysis using the Nvivo 12 Plus tool. The results of the study show that there is a relationship between crime rates and resilience in Bandung City, in other words, people who have resilience have a much lower crime rate. In the criminal cases in Bandung City, it was found that the crime rates varied according to the social, economic, and physical characteristics of the city. Meanwhile, crime trends are visible in the deserted and seedy suburbs. To minimize these criminal acts, several billboards (crime warnings) and CCTV were distributed in several crime-prone areas in Bandung City by the Bandung City police. Although these efforts are still less significant in preventing and handling urban crimes in the city of Bandung, in the opinion of researchers it is more advisable to look at the root causes of the root causes of crimes that occur and carry out strategic resilience planning. This study can be useful for increasing knowledge both in the field of urban governance research and the field of public policy, and this description outlines the factors that cause urban crime.
... Whilst the 'protective' design measures highlighted above form one important strand of possible counter-terrorism intervention -with 'resilient design' becoming a well-used rhetoric associated with interventions that seek to mitigate the risks of terrorism (and other urban risks such as flooding) -an overarching use of resilience in policy discourse has been to frame national security policies with an emphasis is on the changing risk landscape and the need to prepare for future and unpredictable terrorist threats. In this new context resilience has emerged as perhaps the central organising metaphor within both the urban policymaking process and in the expanding institutional framework of national security and emergency preparedness (see for example Vale and Campanella, 2005;Coaffee, 2009;Coaffee and Lee, 2016). Post-9/11, national security policy in the West has increasingly adopted proactive and pre-emptive solutions where 100% security cannot be guaranteed and where urban security is scrutinised through the lens of 'resilience'. ...
... Indeed, business and society are increasingly vulnerable to disruption in operations, supply chains, and our ways of life due to risk and uncertainty (OECD, 2003). These risks can be associated with a range of factors such as information security (Yao & Jong, 2010), terrorism (Coaffee, 2016), natural hazards (Kleindorfer & Saad, 2005), climate change and extreme weather events (Scott et al., 2020), aging infrastructure (Osei-Kyei et al., 2021), and global health threats (McInnes & Roemer-Mahler, 2017;OECD, 2003). National and international standards and guidelines for risk and disaster management offer structured frameworks and technical guidance that represent emerging consensus on best practice as firms seek to enhance organizational resilience (Tiernan et al., 2019). ...
Disruption is an inevitable factor in business and society, while inability to mitigate and manage risk can cause irreparable damage to business, the economy, and our ways of life. The COVID-19 pandemic has heightened interest in standards-based strategies for risk management and crisis preparedness to enhance organizational and societal resilience. University curricula that integrate national and international standards offer students a rich skill-set for effective performance in their careers. Moving forward, we must cultivate capable professionals who understand the challenges and risks facing society, and who grasp standards and systems for strategic planning, response, and recovery to promote organizational resilience and sustainable development. This paper focuses on the effectiveness of integrating risk management and continuity standards into university curricula, based on implementation at a large private university and regional community college in the Northeastern United States. We propose and evaluate a modular approach to introduce students to specific national and international standards, and teach them to identify and apply relevant standards based on the locally driven, whole community nature of disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. Education using standards-based curriculum and the competencies that result will be key to readiness for tomorrow’s graduates.
... At first, it was used to test the vulnerability of the urban system to natural disasters, especially those caused by climate change (Colten et al., 2008). Later, it was further applied to other city systems, such as the urban social system (Waley, 2005), economic system (Pike et al., 2010), and safety system in response to growing terrorist threats (Coaffee, 2016). It was also applied to the spatial system (Cumming, 2011) and urban governance model (Klein et al., 2017), Thus began an improvement in its practical applicability, developing up a new vision of urban planning research (Davoudi et al., 2012). ...
Resilient city is an ideal goal and model of urban development proposed in response to today’s complex and dynamic environmental changes. In this study, a resilient city evaluation framework of “social resilience-economic resilience-urban infrastructure and service-urban governance” was built upon the multi-dimensionality of the urban system; the entropy weight method was used to measure the level of urban resilience in Hunan Province while an obstacle degree model was used to identify any obstacle factor restricting to the development of resilience. The results show that the level of urban resilience in Hunan Province has grown slowly over the past 10 years, and there is an obvious regional difference in it. There are more and more highly resilient cities, but medium/low-resilience cities still dominate the province, forming a spatial process of evolution from “medium/high-level dispersion” to “medium/high-level aggregation” in the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan Urban Agglomeration. The level of urban resilience is predominantly hindered by the social and economic systems; at the index layer, most obstacle factors are moving from the economic system to the social-economic-urban infrastructure and service system.
... Alexander argued that the word "resilience" was used in the developmental psychopathology of children, Garmezy, who began studying schizophrenia in the 1940s. However, after the concept entered the ecology field in the 1960s, we are witnessing its widespread use in various areas, like social sciences (Adger, 2000;Leichenko, 2011;Pelling, 2003), psychology, and the behavioral sciences (Norris et al. 2008), economic recovery (Rose, 2004;Pendall et al., 2010;Pike et al., 2010), disaster risk management (Cutter et al., 2008b;Colten et al., 2008;Vale & Campanella, 2005), governance (Pearson et al., 2014), education (Gillham et al., 2013), and urban resilience to terrorism (Coaffee, 2008(Coaffee, , 2009). Fig. 2 shows some of the different disciplines using the resilience concept. ...
Considering the rapid urbanization trends in many parts of the world and the increasing consequences of climate change, more and more cities are at risk of natural disasters and other environmental, socio-economic, and political disruptions. To address these issues, resilience thinking has attracted the attention of a wide range of stakeholders. However, despite considerable attention to this concept and its frequent usage, resilience remains ambiguous with diverse interpretations in policy discussions and academic debates about cities. Since such vague interpretations would lead to difficulties in theory and practice, the present study aims to clarify some of these concepts by providing a comprehensive review focused on resilience features and comparing different perspectives regarding urban resilience. The study results showed that the main reason behind such ambiguities is that resilience has undergone fundamental changes since its inception, and recent approaches to resilience are generally based on the non-equilibrium model of resilience. There are three main dimensions, including systems, agents, and institutions, as well as three main approaches to urban resilience, including recovery, adaptation, and transformation. This study's conceptual framework of urban resilience provides scholars and policymakers with a more transparent and comprehensive picture of urban resilience and helps them make better-informed decisions.
... The concept of resilience has appeared in many disciplines, each discipline worked with a different aspect of resilience, causing varied but allied definitions. The concept of resilience's main objective is to define system's solidity besides interfering (MacKinnon & Derickson 2013) that can be an economic downturn or a social clash (Galaz 2005), devastation due to change in climate, extremist actions, or war, and a natural disaster (Coaffee 2009;Hutter et al. 2013;Stevens et al. 2010). The diverse concept of resilience can be investigated through a standpoint of a composite adaptive system and cannot be explained by an aptitude for confrontation or retrieval to a prior symmetry condition. ...
The present paper aims to analyze the influence of environmental practices over the sustainable development of economies which create economic resilience for the economies classified according to different income levels. The authors aim to assess the impact of high environmental degradation (HED) on GDP growth volatility and GDP growth for economies over the long term and short term for the period of 1955–2020 in 124 countries. The findings of empirical analysis conclude that HED economies will have high growth in the long term than their counterparts. The economies of HED have a significant mean difference in volatility with their counterpart control group that implies HED economies have low volatility than the control group. Economies with HED have higher financial development relative to their control economies. The empirical analysis of robustness checks shows that economies with HED have low volatility in GDP and higher growth rates. HED economies enjoy high and sustainable financial development and high gross fixed capital formation, which signifies a high level of investment in their economy than their control counterpart.
... Günümüzde de kentlere yönelen terör saldırıları tekrardan kent mimarisini güvenlikçi bir yaklaşıma doğru yöneltmektedir. En önemli fark eskiden taştan surlar yerine alıcı ağları ile örülmüş görünmez elektronik duvarların kurulmasıdır (Coaffee, 2003). ...
Enerji sektörünün alt başlıkları arasında yer alan ve 11 milyar tona ulaşan büyüklüğü ile deniz taşımacılığı; hava, kara ve demiryolu taşımacılığına kıyasla daha ekonomik olması nedeniyle en sık tercih edilen ulaşım şeklidir. Dünya ticaretin yaklaşık %90’ını oluşturan deniz taşımacılığı, ekonomik etki alanı ve bilhassa liman güvenliği açısından barındırdığı riskler nedeni ile kritik bir altyapı unsuru olarak öne çıkar. Bu bağlamda taşımacılık yapan gemilerin limanlardaki kontrol oranının sadece %5 civarında kalması oldukça düşündürücüdür. Bu duruma ek olarak teknolojik gelişmeler paralelinde geliştirilen otonom gemiler, dronlar ve blok zinciri gibi yenilikler, operasyonel etkinliği artırarak masrafları düşürürken diğer yandan da siber güvenlik bağlamında güvenlik kaygılarına yol açmıştır.
Ticari malların güvenli bir şekilde deniz yoluyla alıcılara ulaştırılması, ticari liman ve gemilerin güvenliğinin sağlanması ile mümkündür. Diğer yandan limanların büyük, geniş ve kalabalık olmaları teröristler açısından bir güvenlik zafiyeti oluşturur. Örneğin, Mayıs 2002’de konteynera gizlenerek ABD’ye eylem yapmaya giden bir grup terörist yakalanmıştır. Ayrıca Houston gibi dar kanallar barındıran limanlarda batan bir gemi, limanın haftalarca hatta aylarca kapalı kalmasına neden olarak ekonomik kaos yaratabilir.
Ülkemiz özelinde ise International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS)’e ek olarak bu kurallara tâbî olan limanlar için Acil Durum Planları ile Koruma ve Güvenlik Planlarının da hazırlandığını görmekteyiz. Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren deniz limanlarında 6331 sayılı İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Kanunu kapsamında Acil Durum Planı, 5188 sayılı Özel Güvenlik Hizmetlerine Dair Kanun kapsamında Koruma ve Güvenlik Planı ile ISPS Kuralları kapsamında Liman Tesisi Güvenlik Planı geçerlidir.
Üç tarafı denizlerle çevrili ve 180 tane uluslararası faaliyet gösteren liman tesisine sahip ülkemizde liman güvenliğine yönelik yapılan araştırmaların sınırlı sayıda olması bilhassa düşündürücüdür. Ülkemizin Asya, Afrika ve Avrupa kıtalarını birleştiren bir aktarma noktası konumunda bulunması nedeniyle olası bir terör eylemi bağlamında daha yüksek risk barındırdığı söylenebilir. Bu nedenle liman güvenliği ülkemiz açısından kritik bir konudur ve nicel analizlerle güvenlik, maliyet ve verimlilik dengesinin sağlandığı risk yönetim modelleri geliştirilmesi oldukça önemlidir.
... A discussão teórica proposta, como pode ser observado, utiliza nomes clássicos da reflexão sobre a cidade e o urbano, como Mumford, Bolle, Lefebvre, Le Goff, Harvey, Castells e Sassen, está última tendo introduzido "uno de los conceptos con mayores repercusiones académicas y políticas ha sido el de ciudadglobal" (Cuervo, 2003, p. 9) 1 . Estes estudos têm sido atualizados (Parnreiter, 2002;Cuervo Gonzáles, 2003;Ferreira, 2004;Wanderley, 2006;Chang, 2000;Jansson & Power, 2010;Dupont, 2011;Cruz, 2015;Coaffee, 2016), mas, na sua maioria, em estudos de caso pontuais, não acompanhados de reflexões teórico-conceituais aprofundadas. Cuervo (2003), em texto da CEPAL-Serie Gestão Pública, destaca: ...
Esta reflexión trae discusiones anteriores del autor, proponiendo la semiótica, con énfasis en la teoría del texto en Barthes, para análisis y comprensión de la ciudad. Se considera que la ciudad recoge tiempos y espacios en contextos complejos y, por tanto, de lectura complicada. La discusión teórica se basa en autores clásicos a partir de 1990, como Mumford, Lefebvre, Le Goff, Jameson, Harvey, Castells y Sassen, porque continúan influenciando la investigación
contemporánea, en general en la forma de estudios de caso. Con fines analíticos, se propone que lo urbano es construido por los textos plaza, monumento y teatro. Se pregunta si tales construcciones incluyen complejos urbanos presentados hoy como las ciudades globales, las de los procesos en redes de flujos de información e finanzas, que vinculan local y global. En este artículo se resalta el texto teatro y su asociación con la visualidad, cuestionando la posible relación entre las ciudades globales y la demanda de calidad visual (hermosa) en las zonas urbanas. La reflexión sigue teniendo en cuenta que hay implicaciones entre visibilidad y ciudades globales, y que los lugares que se consideran como “hermosos” estarían en mejores condiciones para atraer flujos globalizados, económicos, tecnológicos y expertos.
... After the terrorist attack on the United States on September 11, 2001, the perspective of security management has changed globally from emergency planning to preventive measures (Coaffee & Wood, 2006). This anticipatory idea or preparedness has been expressed widely by the term "resilience" (Coaffee, 2009;DHS, 2007;Jackson, 2008;Walker & Cooper, 2011). Resilience here means the ability to detect, prevent, and if such necessity arises, confront the situation posed upon by terrorist groups who show keen interest in utilizing chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear sources in attacks (Coaffee et al., 2008). ...
Thermal power plants (TPPs) are the backbone of all critical infrastructures in India. But they urgently need to develop a sound security management strategy due to their vulnerable location in terrorism-afflicted remote areas. Through case studies and questionnaire surveys at three major TPPs, critical hazards for each of the seven major TPP components were identified. Accordingly, the fire protection system followed by the architectural-civil system and access control were noted as the key performance indicators (KPIs) of a security system. The findings were different from the general concept of hazards or security systems; hence they demonstrate the usefulness of this research in developing appropriate security strategies for TPPs.
Over the last two decades, research increasingly has paid attention to resilience as a way to strengthen electricity systems against the cascading impacts caused by electricity disruptions. Although much of the electricity resilience literature has focused on scale of large grids, a growing segment of research has focused on smaller-scale electricity systems, particularly with applications for communities. Research on financing these systems could encourage their uptake in local communities, particularly by including community in the ownership or operation of these systems; however, much of this research remains comparatively nascent. This paper seeks to review what previous studies have identified as some of the conditions that shape financing electricity resilience in local communities in G7 countries and how this field uses the term “electricity resilience” compared to broader uses of electricity resilience. The review provides a technical overview of smaller-scale systems for communities and a review of three socio-economic research areas—governance, cost-benefits, and business models—which shape financing electricity resilience in local communities. The discussion section finds that costs and the level of community involvement seem to play a fundamental role in shaping the conditions for financing electricity resilience across much of the research. Comparing this field to broader uses of “electricity resilience” suggests that more work is needed to understand the role of adaptation in financing electricity resilience for local communities, particularly over the long term. We posit that the field’s approach costs and its inclusion of the community in electricity resilience may contribute to its general lack of attention to long-run adaptation. Despite potential benefits of continued advancements from technical research, the maturity of the field and age of some of the early cases suggests that researchers could begin to study adaptation to electricity disruptions at the community level more than in the past.
The notion of resilience has gained increased attention in academic and policymaking discourse in recent years. In practice, however, the interpretation of resilience remains confusing, especially because current uses of the terminology express minimal new ideas. This study focuses on the evolution of resilience in discourse on planning for spatial development—to what extent the notion was adopted in shaping coalitions and how it reshapes planning in practice. The empirical study is based on resilient waterfront projects in the city center of Taichung, Taiwan, which is experiencing an economic downturn due to urban extension. Data for the study were mostly based on interviews conducted over the past two years, as well as on supplementary resources for policy analysis. Following a brief introduction, Sect. 2 sets up a theoretical groundwork for assessing the evolution of the notion of resilience in discourse, while Sect. 3 presents the empirical study. It traces the notion of resilience in discourse in the policymaking process, resulting in practical implementation. All the analyses lead to Sect. 4, which addresses the evolution of discourse and the directive factors in policymaking. We conclude that it is difficult, or may be impossible, for the notion of resilience to be “dis-contextual;” resilient planning, in practice, is very much related to the particularities of a local context.KeywordsUrban planningPolicymakingResilienceWaterfront redevelopmentTaiwan
This article engages with the material-discursive ways in which urban everyday life in London and Brussels has transformed under the impression of (counter)terrorism and demonstrates how human and non-human bodies are entangled in this process. Following Barad’s understanding of posthumanist performativity, I conceptualise urban everyday life as an entanglement of intra-acting sites, objects, and people. My historiographic analysis of everyday life in London and Brussels shows how both metropoles have incrementally adopted a culture of pre-emptive security because more and more human and non-human bodies are increasingly assigned with material-discursive suspiciousness, while simultaneously more and more human and non-human bodies are charged with looking out for suspiciousness. As the notion of entanglement reveals how everyone and everything that intra-acts in urban everyday life is also to some extent accountable for its securitisation, my findings imply ultimately an ethical responsibility to counter the securitisation of everyday life in European metropoles which I argue constitutes a process of urban segregation.
Ulusal güvenlik, askeri kapasite kadar askeri olmayan unsurların da savunmaya katılmasını ifade etmektedir. Bireylerin, özel sektörün, kritik altyapının, kentlerin ve siber alanın dirençliliği sivil savunmanın ilk basamağını oluşturmaktadır. Dirençlilik, sayılan unsurların topyekûn hazırlıklılığı anlamına gelmektedir. AB ve NATO güvenlik tanımlarında dirençliliği yeni bir konsept olarak kabul etmiştir. Bu çalışmada kritik altyapının ve siber alanın dirençliliğinin ulusal güvenlik üzerindeki yansımasını belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma nitel bir çalışma olup ilgili içerik literatürden derlenmiştir. Konu, güvenlik ve terör çalışmalarında görece yeni bir konsept olan sivil hazırlıklılık ve dirençlilik kavramları perspektifinden araştırılarak literatürdeki bu alandaki boşluk giderilmeye çalışılmıştır. İlk bölümde kavram analizi yapılarak kavramlar tanımlanmış, unsurları belirlenmiştir. İkinci bölümde kritik altyapılar ve kritik altyapıların dirençliliği incelenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde ise siber dirençlilik ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada terör saldırıları, KBRN saldırıları ve savaşlarda doğrudan siber alanın ve kritik altyapının hedeflendiği dolayısıyla bu alanlarda dirençliliği artırmanın ulusal güvenlik sorunu olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Kritik altyapının ve siber alanın dirençliliğinin bireyler, özel sektör ve devlet kuruluşlarının hazırlıklı olmasına ve işbirliğine dayalı olduğu ulaşılan sonuçlardan bir diğeridir.
Secure multiparty computation (MPC) is a promising technology for supporting privacy-preserving computation between multiple untrusted parties. Recent work has made progress reducing the number of online messages that must be sent by each participant to one, in an effort to improve communication overhead. These non-interactive protocols (NI-MPC) are efficient but do not offer standard security guarantees. A vital next step in the research is developing NI-MPC protocols that offer traditional security guarantees in the standard model. This is challenging, because protocols that are non-interactive are vulnerable to the residual function attack, and a malicious party can evaluate a function multiple times using different inputs to deduce the inputs provided by honest users. After proving NI-MPC protocols without extra trust assumptions cannot achieve fully malicious security, fairness, or robustness in the standard model, we solve this problem using trusted hardware. We then present two novel NI-MPC protocols that achieve standard privacy and correctness, and also provide guarantees of fairness and robustness (for the latter additional communication is necessary if an attack occurs). We also introduce the first implementation of an NI-MPC protocol with a one-round online phase that is secure in the standard model. In addition, we rigorously analyze the computational and communication complexity of existing protocols that require either two rounds of communication or one round of online communication. We demonstrate that our protocol outperforms or is comparable to their complexity. Furthermore, we provide rigorous proofs of correctness, security, fairness, and robustness in the covert and malicious adversary models.
Throughout the development sector there has been a pronounced call for new funding mechanisms to address the climate crisis, and much of this is focused on attracting private sources of capital to fund ‘bankable’ projects in climate-vulnerable cities throughout the world. Enacted amidst a 21st century landscape of interlocking financial, epidemiological, and ecological crises, this call features an urgent narrative of ‘resilience-amidst-crisis’ that promotes large-scale, profitable investments as a form of green growth through debt-financing. The political orchestration and administration of new funding mechanisms (particularly green bonds and sustainable bonds) requires a new form of climate governance focused on the channeling of enormous sums of private capital through an assemblage of intermediaries toward profitable climate projects. This article interrogates this trend in climate finance, revealing that the framing, monetization, and orchestration of climate projects is dependent on a narrative of crisis capitalism deeply rooted in a colonial mindset of exploitation and profit. A key aim of this article is to deconstruct the contemporary dominance of crisis-oriented development and suggest the goal of decolonizing and democratizing the climate finance system.
This article engages in the understanding of resilience from the perspective of socio-ecological systems (SES) and the reconstitution of events of recovery and reconstruction in the city of Talca after the 27-F earthquake in Chile, between 2010 and 2012. For such purposes, we have developed a chronological or timeline-analysis model. This methodology, which uses mostly ethnographic and participant-observation techniques to recapitulate these events, observes the interaction of social agents, elements of the built environment, government institutions, and other institutional functions of the urban domain within the socio-ecological panarchy. The results suggest that key events, such as local government institutional actions, the observation of probable property speculation events, and community agency efforts dismissal, among other factors, could alter both human and natural resilience processes. In turn, this could affect the capacity of this city, its inhabitants, and its social institutions to endure future crises, as a product of deteriorated and maladaptive resilience mechanisms, aside from the natural and geographical conditions of Chile, exposed to future earthquake events. Likewise, the partial loss of the civic environment in this historic city and weakened neighborhood networks, contrasting with the redevelopment of real estate in central areas, altogether portray considerable risks with regard to the (un)generated social mechanisms of resilience, affecting future developments. The final section focuses on discussing these findings and their relevance in integrating a coherent understanding of SES resilience in urban planning and governance practice, especially in cities or urban areas that are prone to natural risks or catastrophes.
This paper examines the integral role of beheading videos published by the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) in its establishment of allegiances and channels of communication with affiliated jihadist groups to expand its Dune organization. Coined by Mishal and Rosenthal [2005. Al Qaeda as a Dune organization: Toward a typology of Islamist terrorist organizations. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 28(4), 275–293], the concept of ‘Dune organization’ is a terrorist structure that fluctuates between local presence and disappearance. Put another way, it is a tactic that allows global terrorist organisations to assume dune-like behaviours. The theoretical framework for this analysis is Diffusion of Innovations (DoI). DoI explains the manner and the rate by which innovations (i.e. new ideas or inventions) spread across the globe Rogers [1962. Diffusion of innovations (1st ed.). New York: The Free Press]. An important conclusion of this analysis is that the difficulty of media-sharing sites like YouTube to filter and vet content are characteristics of the technological innovations that promote the use of these channels to diffuse ISIS beheading videos.
This article theorises epistemologies of ‘space’ in critical studies on terrorism, expanding the research agenda beyond the straitjacket of historicism and discourse-centrism. It traces two theoretical approaches: 1) rescaling terrorism as mundane, situated and private, and 2) treating the ‘space’ of terrorism as a liminal zone between potentiality and anticipatory space-making. This critical spatial lens offers new insights to CTS. In terms of securitisation, this perspective is attentive to the ‘space of securitisation’, the dynamics of space, or space as a discursive process and a subject constitutive of securitisation. In the study of radicalisation, it can help us understand how space and the psychological interpretation of material conditions are co-constituted to shape the process of radicalisation. Finally, it also creates new possibilities for CTS practitioners to employ the embodied, embodying and sensory dimensions of violence, involving not only visual and material dimensions but also sound and hearing, to form an individualised form of resistance against state terrorism. This article attempts to systematically map the permutations of new theoretical and conceptual developments in the critical studies on the spatiality of terrorism.
In the last decades, the discourse on resilience has become extremely influential across the globe. In urban studies, debates have emphasised how cities can be interpreted both as spaces critically exposed to different kinds of risks, as well as actors who must mobilize political initiatives in order to cope with them. This chapter focuses on the mainstreaming and institutionalisation of discourses on urban resilience within local and supralocal networks. The paper analyses the implementation of the international initiative ‘100 Resilient Cities’, promoted by the Rockefeller Foundation, in Milan and Rome. Based on observant participation and in-depth interviews with stakeholders, this study mobilises empirical evidence according to three analytical dimensions: downscaling; internal institutionalisation; and external institutionalisation.
This paper deals with critical issues that affect populations after environmental and ecological disasters, such as earthquakes and solutions to issues alike those is are important for the recovery and the survival of people. In doing so, this study attempts to respond to major contemporary environmental challenges and issues, mainly connected to unexpected and hazardous events, by providing a unique contribution in exploring solutions to build a sustainable future. More specifically, this study provides a conceptual framework that helps understanding how emergency can be managed in an efficient, effective and sustainable manner. Recovery after disaster and development of humanity is, yet complex, but strictly intertwined with social, economic and political factors. If computing systems, physical systems, data sources and infrastructure represents the tangible factors having a major impact on quality of life by delivering progress and advancement, yet these could not work without an intangible human and social infrastructure. The latter is the engine, better, the connective element which connects the engineering and technical infra-structure to recovery and human development. The exploratory research has been conducted through the analysis of a two-case study on two Italian cities affected by the earthquake: the city of L’Aquila in 2009 and the City of Macerata between August 2016 and January 2017. This study will lead to the conclusion that cultural, social and managerial factors are the foremost compared to other ones, hence, they are conceptually indispensable to activate the technical and technological dynamics toward development.
Part of the Book:
The City in Need: Urban Resilience and City Management in Disruptive Disease Outbreak Events
https://www.springer.com/cn/book/9789811554865#aboutBook
All over the world, many types of building and spaces have been targeted to be more secure because of the current political, social and cultural situation. Urban cultural landscape can support the necessary condition of social security. Landscape design elements have many purposes, such as functional, environmental and aesthetical aspects. One of these purposes is to ensure the defensive role that the design could apply to different zones of building security. The balance between security aspects and other aspects of landscape design is a must to achieve effective risk reduction without losing the identity of a building’s surrounding spaces. This paper aims to observe and analyse the efficiency of landscape elements in acting as defensive tools, through the different levels of security building zones (such as building parameter, building yard, sidewalks, parking line and street) in several case studies in the Middle East.
Scholarly research has shown the importance of moments of crisis, in particular the direct aftermath of urban crises, as opportunities to learn about urban vulnerabilities. However, if it is widely assumed that learning is important, in particular for resilience-building, we still know very little about how such learning occurs in a moment of crisis. This paper starts addressing this gap, arguing that moments of crisis constitute a specific type of ‘learning space’. This proposition is taken forward through the analysis of a large-scale (social and humanitarian) urban crisis in the city of Cape Town. The paper maps out the emergence of multi-stakeholder knowledge networks throughout the crisis management process and explores the extent to which these were embedded into city-wide learning infrastructures after the crisis. It shows that moments of crisis represent an opportunity for ephemeral transsectorial knowledge coalitions to come about around issues that are made visible through the crisis itself. This can also be seen as an opportunity for potential learning spaces to open up.
The functioning and resilience of modern societies have become more and more dependent on critical infrastructures. Severe disturbance to critical infrastructure is likely to reveal chaotic operational conditions, in which infrastructure service providers, emergency services, police, municipalities, and other key stakeholders must act effectively to minimize damages and restore normal operations. This paper aims to better understand this kind of operational environment resulting from, for example, a terrorist attack. It emphasizes mutual interdependencies among key stakeholders in such situations. The empirical contribution is based on observations from a workshop, in which participants representing the critical services and infrastructures in Finland discussed in thematic groups. Two scenarios guided the workshop discussions; nationwide electricity grid disruption and presumably intentionally contaminated water supply in a city. The results indicate that more attention should be paid to the interdependencies between critical infrastructures, as well as to the latent vulnerabilities hidden inside the systems. Furthermore, producing security seems to require continuous interaction and creation of meanings between extremely different actors and logics. This implies a need for changes in thinking, particularly concerning the ability to define problems across conventional administrative structures, geographical boundaries and conferred powers.
This paper develops geographical work that is attentive to, and critical of, how safety is lived and narrated. In contrast to previous work on safety that focuses on fear, the paper looks at safety as something more than aspiration for women. To do so, the paper utilises the metaphor of the “expatriate bubble” to explore how safety is constructed and experienced by privileged migrants in Singapore. Utilising research from two projects, we argue that we need to think about how gender and Othering intersect to construct safety. In doing so, we explore how we can use conceptualisations of privileged migrants to research how safety can be understood and therefore practised more widely.
Urban resilience assessment can help planners understand the status of resilience in an urban system and identify needs for improving resilience capacities. The issues related to urban resilience are complex because of multiple urban system components, threats from different sources, and uncertainty of the future. Urban resilience theories have progressed to consider an urban system as an integrated complex system; however, urban resilience assessments are inconsistent and underdeveloped in assessing an integrated urban system for different threats at various uncertainties. In an effort to address this deficiency, we propose to develop an Integrative Urban Resilience Capacity Index (IURCI) for assessing urban resilience capacity for all threats. To improve the quality of urban resilience assessment, the IURCI considers urban physical form, spatial structure, preparation for future, and performance after plan implementation to measure resilience capacities of absorption, mitigation, and adaptation. It is built in a Scenario-Based Planning Support System (SB-PSS). The SB-PSS is a framework and an open system that integrates IURCI with scenario generation, modeling, and assessment to inform the public, planners, and other stakeholders about the consequences of different planning policies and to assist them make decisions for implementing a preferred scenario.
Urban security is a major challenge for cities across the globe. The attack on the Twin Trade Towers in New York City in September 2001 marked the start of a developing terrorist presence that physically and mentally affects the security and spirit of cities as safe places. This chapter presents the concept of “urban defensive” strategies for global cities as a way to frame the issue of public security. Governments face the challenge of introducing a defensive concept into urban fabrics without simultaneously violating the vibrancy of urban life. While this challenge seems universal, some complexities of urban life in Western society are not matched in many cities in Southeast Asia. This chapter analyses these issues from the perspectives of planning and design, and discusses them in the context of Jakarta, Indonesia.
This study examined a specific case of planning for policymaking in response to two physical environmental issues: flooding and the urban heat island effect (UHI). The Southern Taiwan Science Park (STSP) was selected as a case study. Data were primarily collected through interviews as well as through policy review. The assessment showed significant differences in policymaking when comparing these two issues. The issue of flooding was considered and managed well. The UHI, however, was poorly considered or ignored altogether in policymaking, even though it has shown an increasing trend over the last decades, to a greater degree in the STSP than in the city centre. The results implied that the neoliberal approach to planning of decision-making performed better in managing risks (i.e., flooding and relevant disasters which had occurred in the past) than costs (i.e., the UHI and the future threats resulting from development). The STSP’s spatial development strategy, underpinned by the neoliberal approach with an agenda for maximising economic growth, was questionable for environmental management toward resilience.
Though the choices of terrorists’ attack targets are vast, their resources are limited. In this paper, a game-theoretical model is proposed to study both the defender’s (government) and the attacker’s (terrorist) expenditures among multiple targets under budget constraints to guide investment in defense. We study how the defender’s and the attacker’s equilibrium allocations depend on the budget constraints, target valuations, cost effectiveness of their investments, and inherent defense levels of targets in both sequential-move and simultaneous-move games. The equilibrium solutions are provided using the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions. At the subgame-perfect Nash equilibrium, the defender’s total marginal effects are the same among targets. Moreover, the defender’s total marginal effects can be decomposed into direct and indirect effects. We also use the multiple-infrastructure and multiple-urban-area data sets to demonstrate the model results. The regression analysis shows that both the attacker’s and the...
The risk city is future-oriented. Planning and practices of the risk city are also future-oriented. In this chapter I want to shed the light on understanding the resilience of the risk city and its futures, what I will call here: the risk
city resilience trajectory. In other words, this chapter seeks to propose a conceptual framework for understanding future resilient of contemporary risk cities. Therefore, the main question in this chapter is how much our cities are resilient and how we can anticipate their trajectories in the future based on planning practices in the present. I suggest that a city’s resilience is composed of four interlinked dimensions: social, economic, environmental, and security resilience. Urban resilience is the totality of them. Yet, in this book, I focus on city resilience that is related to environmental crisis and climate change impacts and threats. This chapter aims to develop a theoretical framework for understanding and analyzing future urban resilience trajectories of the risk city. I employ the term risk
city trajectory in conjunction with the term resilience to yield the concept of ‘Risk City Resilience Trajectories,’ or RCRT. RCRT can be used to assess and explain the direction, patterns, and properties of a given city with regard to its current and future resilience setting. This chapter suggests that “resilience requires frequent testing and evaluation” based on our experience and emerging knowledge on vulnerability and adaptation measures.
The articles in this special issue are drawn from papers presented at a conference entitled “Neoliberalism and/as Terror”, held at the Nottingham Conference Centre at Nottingham Trent University by the Critical Terrorism Studies BISA Working Group (CSTWG) on 15-16 September 2014. The conference was supported by both a BISA workshop grant and supplementary funds from Nottingham Trent University’s Politics and International Relations Department and the Critical Studies on Terrorism journal. Papers presented at the conference aimed to extend research into the diverse linkages between neoliberalism and terrorism, including but extending beyond the contextualisation of pre-emptive counterterrorism technologies and privatised securities within relevant economic and ideological contexts. Thus, the conference sought also to stimulate research into the ways that neoliberalism could itself be understood as terrorism, asking - amongst other questions - whether populations are themselves terrorised by neoliberal policy. The articles presented in this special issue reflect the conference aims in bringing together research on the neoliberalisation of counterterrorism and on the terror of neoliberalism.
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