Article

Determinants of social entrepreneurial intentions in a developing country context

November 2020
Journal of Business Venturing Insights 14(2):e00207

DOI:10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00207

Authors:

José Milton de Sousa Filho

Universidade de Fortaleza

Stelvia Matos

University of Surrey

Samara Da Silva Trajano

Bruno de Souza Lessa

Universidade de Fortaleza

Social entrepreneurial intentions have become a key area of interest in the entrepreneurship discourse. Studies conducted in developed countries have shown that crucial determinants involve previous experience, mediated by empathy, moral obligation, self-efficacy and perceived social support. This paper brings new contributions on such determinants by replicating Hockerts (2017) on a developing country, a rather distinct social reality when compared to other analyses. We successfully replicated the results on social entrepreneurial determinants, except on the effect of empathy and perceived social support, in the case of individuals with very low income. These have important implications for policy and research as it shows the importance of developing incentives considering contextual drivers and the need to explore how theories developed in more privileged scenarios would persist or change under more unstable and challenging environments. We also suggest that the application of items in different contexts goes beyond careful translation and validation, requiring a deeper consideration of the context in which the data is collected, with direct implications for results interpretation and discussions.

The influence of perceived financial security on social intention entrepreneurs in Tunisia

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Purpose Although a limited number of studies have suggested that financial factors significantly impact social entrepreneurs, the extent to which financial incentives influence the likelihood of starting a new social venture remains unclear. This paper aims to examine the role of perceived financial stability in shaping the propensity to embark on a new social entrepreneurial venture within a specific socio-economic context. Design/methodology/approach This study introduces perceived financial stability as a new determinant of social entrepreneurial intention (SEI) and uses two distinct measurement tools to validate this model. Separate statistical analyses are conducted using groups of samples ( n = 204) to test the influence of perceived financial stability alongside other factors such as perceived social support and entrepreneurial social self-efficacy. Findings The results reveal that perceived financial stability, perceived social support and entrepreneurial social self-efficacy are all independent direct predictors of SEI. These factors also moderate the relationship between past experience and SEI. The study culminates in the development of the Hockerts model, highlighting the critical role of perceived financial stability in driving SEIs. Originality/value This research provides novel insights into how concerns about future financial security influence social entrepreneurs. It underscores the importance of perceived financial stability as a significant precursor to SEIs, offering a deeper understanding of the motivations behind social entrepreneurship.

Assessing Determinants of Social Entrepreneurial Intentions Among MBA Students in Windhoek

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Social entrepreneurship intention (SEI) is a key strategy to address social inequalities. Despite public and private efforts, the prevalence of inequality persists in society. Theory of planned behaviour (TPB) appears to be a fundamental theory in assessing SEI hence this study aims to assess determinants of SEI among students based on TPB. As the MBA program consists of five fields of study and the study intends to have representation from each field, using stratified random sampling was more appropriate as a sampling technique. Quantitative data was collected using structured questionnaires distributed online. SPSS software was used for data visualization and statistical data analysis. All respondents were employed, with 37% being self-employed. The Cronbach Alpha of 0.784 is a good reliable internal consistency, for the items used. Perceived social support (PSS), personal attitude, perceived behavioural control, and social entrepreneurial self-efficacy are the most influential predictors of SEI. Although empathy, moral obligation, and prior experience have weak relationships with SEI, although their correlations are positive. Independent variables account for 64.9% of the variance in SEI. The study contributes to the social entrepreneurship intentions literature among MBA students. Finally, social entrepreneurial intentions can be improved through institutional support. The study suggests conducting additional research covering a broader range of institutions offering MBA programs.

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Which Individual Characteristics Mediate the Relationship Between Social Entrepreneurial Passion and Social Entrepreneurial Intention?

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Social entrepreneurship, operationalized through social entrepreneurial behavior, focuses on social missions, primarily looking for new solutions to social problems. Social entrepreneurial intention, however, is the main foundation before the emergence of social entrepreneurial behavior. This research examines a model of social entrepreneurial intention empirically tested on undergraduate students involved in innovative business projects. Specifically, this study aims to test the positive relationship between social entrepreneurial passion and social entrepreneurial intention and verify which individual characteristics (i.e., social entrepreneurial self-efficacy, pro-social behavior, and social support) mediate the positive relationship between social entrepreneurial passion and social entrepreneurial intention. The data was collected from 416 undergraduate students and analyzed using the confirmatory factor analysis and Hayes’s PROCESS macro approach. The results showed that social entrepreneurial self-efficacy, pro-social behavior, and social support completely mediated the positive relationship between social entrepreneurial passion and social entrepreneurial intention. This study provides theoretical implications for extending the literature regarding the theory of planned behavior in the context of social entrepreneurship. This study also has practical consequences for entrepreneurship educators and policymakers in educational management.

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There has been a recent surge in social entrepreneurship to address pressing social problems. Social ventures drive positive change and reshape traditional business norms by providing innovative solutions and fostering inclusive growth. Social entrepreneurial intention (SEI) is crucial to studying social entrepreneurship since it sheds light on the underlying motivations and factors that drive people to engage in social enterprise. The study examines empathy, moral obligation, perceived social support, social self-efficacy, risk-taking motive, and innovativeness as determinants of SEI. Data collected through an online questionnaire from 349 commerce and management students were analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). Results reveal a significant influence of social self-efficacy, perceived social support, risk-taking motive, and innovativeness on SEI. Notably, the results highlight an indirect influence of empathy and moral obligation on SEI mediated by social self-efficacy and perceived social support. The study also reveals how social vision and social proactiveness relate to social self-efficacy. The findings have significant implications for encouraging social entrepreneurship. Policymakers and educators may use these insights to develop specific activities that assist prospective social entrepreneurs by enhancing the attributes that affect their desire to establish social ventures.

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Purpose This study aims to investigate the relationship link between societal and governmental support factors, individuals’ self-efficacy, experience and outcome expectations in framing nascent social entrepreneurs' intentions to establish e-government service centres in rural areas by using the integrated model approach of Hockert’s (2017) social entrepreneurial intentions (SEI) theoretical model and social cognitive career theory (SCCT). Design/methodology/approach Using a convenient sampling strategy, 615 survey samples were obtained through a questionnaire from e-governance-based social entrepreneurs in Karnataka. The primary data and theorised model are analysed and tested using partial least squares structural equation modelling. Findings This research findings indicate that appointing agency support, perceived societal support (PSS), government support, social entrepreneurial self-efficacy (SE-SE), public image, prior experience and outcome expectations substantially predicted SEI to establish an e-government service centre. Hence, prior experience and PSS were insignificant regarding direct influence outcome expectations towards establishing e-governance social ventures. Originality/value The present research study initially explored the social entrepreneur's intention to provide e-public services to people in rural and distant areas to fulfil social needs. Furthermore, this research revealed that new antecedents of government support, appointing agency support and public image influence the social entrepreneur's intention to establish e-governance service centres. These research findings evaluate the contribution of the government, appointing agencies, social entrepreneurs and citizens to make a framework for the inclination of e-government service centres to create a social impact in rural and remote areas.

Integrated model between Three Pillars of Institutions and Mair Noboa model to determine social entrepreneurial intention

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Purpose This study aims to expand antecedent roles on social entrepreneurial behavioural intention by integrating both the Three Pillars of Institutions and the Mair Noboa model. The literature lacks in investigating both institutional- and individual-level antecedents to determine social entrepreneurial behavioural intention. This proposed integrated model was developed in which the Mair Noboa's model antecedents mediates the positive relationship between the antecedents of Three Pillars of Institutions and social entrepreneurial intention. Design/methodology/approach This study uses quantitative research methodologies to answer the research question of the extent that institutional-level antecedents in turn influence individual antecedents and thus determine social entrepreneurial intention. To explore this, a Web-based survey distributed across Bangladesh ( n = 412). The confirmation of hypotheses involved using covariance-based structural equation modelling (SEM) for data analysis. The resulting measurement and structural models successfully met all criteria for reliability, model fit, convergent validity and discriminant validity. The hypotheses were subsequently assessed by examining both direct relationships and mediating effects. Findings The findings demonstrated a significant relationship between the antecedents of the Three Pillars of Institutions and the Mair Noboa model. The results suggest that the Mair Noboa model antecedents can mediate the relationship between the Three Pillars of Institutions and social entrepreneurial intention. Originality/value This paper advances the existing knowledge of social entrepreneurial intention, through the novel lens of combined institutional and individual antecedents. This paper fills an important knowledge gap by exploring both institutional- and individual-level antecedents to determine social entrepreneurial intention. This study findings yield fresh theoretical and practical insights into how institutional and individual antecedents jointly influence social entrepreneurial intention.

Perspective-Taking or Feeling? The Role of Cognitive and Affective Empathy for Adolescents’ Social Entrepreneurial Intentions

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Given the world’s current challenges, including poverty, health care, and migration, adolescents will most likely play a critical part in the development of social entrepreneurial solutions that affect their own futures. Nonetheless, previous research mostly overlooks adolescents as prospective founders. This paper analyses how cognitive and affective empathy can affect adolescents’ intention to create a social enterprise. Data from 343 adolescents show that respondents are more prone to start a social venture if they have a high level of cognitive empathy. Affective empathy, however, plays a minor role in this regard. This indicates that perspective-taking abilities (i.e. cognitive empathy) are advantageous for the formation of social entrepreneurial intentions in adolescence, while emotional responses (i.e. affective empathy) may be less meaningful. We discuss implications for future research, policy making, and importantly, education to identify and support future social entrepreneurs at an early age.

How empathy and social entrepreneurial self-efficacy interact to affect social entrepreneurial intention: A polynomial regression with response surface analysis

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Research background: Previous studies have argued that empathy (EMP) is an important factor that enhances individuals’ intention to engage in social business. However, the effect of this factor on social entrepreneurial intention (SEI) is unclear (Ukil et al., 2023). Also, although numerous studies have explored the individual impacts of EMP and social entrepreneurial self-efficacy (SES) on SEI, there is a notable scarcity of research that delves into the combined influence of these two predictor variables on the intention to engage in social business. Purpose of the article: This study proposes that EMP does not only individually affect, but also interacts with other factors to influence the intention to start a social business. Therefore, this study aims to investigate how EMP and SES interact to promote SEI. Methods: Based on a survey dataset of 409 respondents in Vietnam, this study employed polynomial regression with response surface analysis to examine the complementary, balance, and imbalance effects of EMP and SES on SEI. Findings & value added: This study's results suggest complementary effects between EMP and SES on SEI. Specifically, this study finds that when EMP and SES are balanced at higher levels, SEI is higher, and when their imbalance increases in either direction, SEI is lower. In addition, this study finds that the degree of SEI is higher when individuals have high SES with low EMP compared to the other way round. The findings of this study enhance our understanding of the complexity of motivation and how it affects SEIs, revealing the complex interaction between EMP and SES in shaping these intentions within a multidimensional motivational framework.

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Purpose This paper aims to contribute to the field of social entrepreneurship by exploring the interrelationships among the antecedents of social entrepreneurial intention (SEI) through the lens of Mair Noboa model (MNM). In recent years, many researchers have applied the antecedents of MNM to determine SEI. However, interrelationship among these antecedents has not been a focus of enquiry despite the repeated scholarly calls. Design/methodology/approach Applying quantitative methodology, the data was collected from a Web-based survey distributed across Bangladesh ( N = 412). Data analysis was carried out based on the covariance-based structural equation modelling technique to confirm the hypotheses. The final measurement and structural models met all the requirements for reliability, model fit, convergent validity and discriminant validity. The proposed hypotheses were tested based on direct relationships and mediating effects. Findings The findings suggested that interrelationships among these antecedents do increase individuals’ intentions to become social entrepreneurs. Originality/value This paper fills an important knowledge gap by exploring the interrelationships among moral obligation, empathy, perceived social support and social entrepreneurial self-efficacy. This paper stressed identifying whether the SEI enhances through the interrelationships among these antecedents or not. The study findings bring new theoretical and practical implications on the role of empathy, moral obligation, perceived social support and social entrepreneurial self-efficacy.

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Abstract Purpose – This paper aims to identify the values antecedents of women’s social entrepreneurship. It explores where and how these values emerge and how they underpin the perceived desirability and feasibility of social venture creation. Design/methodology/approach – Values development across the life-course is interrogated through retrospective sense-making by thirty UK-based women social entrepreneurs. Findings – The findings express values related to empathy, social justice and action-taking, developed, consolidated and challenged in a variety of experiential domains over time. The cumulative effects of these processes result in the perceived desirability and feasibility of social entrepreneurial venture creation as a means of effecting social change and achieving coherence between personal values and paid work, prompting social entrepreneurial action-taking. Originality/value – This paper offers novel, contextualised insights into the role that personal values play as antecedents to social entrepreneurship. It contributes to the sparse literature focused on both women’s experiences of social entrepreneurship generally, and on their personal values specifically.

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Aug 2023

Persephone de Magdalene

Purpose This paper aims to identify the values antecedents of women’s social entrepreneurship. It explores where and how these values emerge and how they underpin the perceived desirability and feasibility of social venture creation. Design/methodology/approach Values development across the life-course is interrogated through retrospective sense-making by thirty UK-based women social entrepreneurs. Findings The findings express values related to empathy, social justice and action-taking, developed, consolidated and challenged in a variety of experiential domains over time. The cumulative effects of these processes result in the perceived desirability and feasibility of social entrepreneurial venture creation as a means of effecting social change and achieving coherence between personal values and paid work, prompting social entrepreneurial action-taking. Originality/value This paper offers novel, contextualised insights into the role that personal values play as antecedents to social entrepreneurship. It contributes to the sparse literature focussed on both women’s experiences of social entrepreneurship generally, and on their personal values specifically.

Influencing factors of social entrepreneurship intentions in a higher education context

Article

Jun 2023

The teaching of entrepreneurship has been progressively included in the curricula of several university courses to stimulate the development of empowering attitudes and an entrepreneurial mentality. However, a new form of entrepreneurship has emerged with a focus on sustainability and the creation of new projects that aim to reduce social asymmetries and contribute to a fairer and more balanced society. The role of universities is also to foster the emergence of these projects through the implementation of practices aimed at fostering social entrepreneurship among students. This study aims to understand the determinant dimensions that characterise the students' social entrepreneurial intention. For this purpose , a sample of 177 students attending a social entrepreneurship course in a higher education institution was employed. The findings indicate that individual, organisation, and context constructs are determinants of stu-dents' entrepreneurial intention. However, not all organisational factors contribute equally. Mentoring and social networks are relevant elements for the entrepreneurial intention of individuals, while curriculum and critical pedagogy are not recognised as determinants.

INSTASTORY INSTAGRAM DAN KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN ONLINE

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2023

Pemasaran digital merupakan salah satu bentuk pemasaran yang sedang menjadi trend saat ini. Pemasaran digital berkembang pesat seiring dengan berkembangnya penggunaan internet pada masyarakat. Salah satunya adalah penggunaan e-commerce dan platform media sosial sebagai sarana bisnis digital. Instagram sebagai salah satu media sosial memiliki fitur instastory yang sering dimanfaatkan sebagai media promosi online. Namun, persepsi konsumen terhadap fitur tersebut perlu dikaji lebih dalam. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh followers Instagram brand footwear Kota Denpasar, responden yang digunakan adalah 115 responden dengan teknik sampling adalah purposive sampling. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan kuesioner, selanjutnya dianalisis dengan SEM-PLS. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kualitas konten yang ditampilkan pada instastory berpengaruh positif terhadap pembelian online sedangkan informativeness tidak berpengaruh. Begitu pula dengan sikap konsumen dan kepercayaan konsumen yang berpengaruh positif terhadap keputusan pembelian produk. Penelitian ini berkontribusi terhadap perkembangan ilmu pemasaran digital khususnya dalam hal pemanfaatan media-media inovatif dan kreatif dalam rangkaian pemasaran.

Purchasing Behavior of Electric Motorcycles in Bali: The Mediating Role of Consumer Expectancy

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2024

The development of electric vehicles, particularly electric motorcycles, has seen an increase in sales in Indonesia; however, their contribution remains significantly low compared to conventional motorcycles. Despite being more competitively priced, electric motorcycles accounted for only 1% of total motorcycle sales in 2022. This phenomenon highlights an intriguing gap for research, particularly concerning consumer purchasing behavior. This study aims to analyze the influence of perceived behavioral control, herding behavior, sustainability attitude, motivation, and facilitating conditions on the purchasing behavior of electric motorcycles in Bali, with consumer expectancy as a mediating variable. The research employs a quantitative method by distributing questionnaires to electric motorcycle consumers and analyzes the data using SEM-PLS. The findings reveal that perceived behavioral control negatively influences purchasing behavior, while herding behavior, sustainability attitude, and facilitating conditions have a positive impact. Interestingly, motivation does not affect purchasing behavior. Additionally, consumer expectancy mediates the influence of sustainability attitude, motivation, and facilitating conditions on purchasing behavior but fails to mediate the effect of herding behavior.

Determining antecedents and outcomes towards Philippine social enterprises: A theory of planned behavior perspective

Article

Dec 2024

Generation Z’s role in addressing social challenges through social entrepreneurship: Moral obligation is the key

Article

Dec 2024
J Educ Bus

Empathetic concern and social entrepreneurial intention: a moderated mediation model of social entrepreneurial self-efficacy and perceived cultural support

Article

Nov 2024

Purpose This study aims to explore whether social entrepreneurial self-efficacy (SESE) mediates the empathetic concern (EC)–social entrepreneurial intentions (SEIs) relationship. In addition, drawing on institutional theory, the authors propose that the EC–SESE–SEI relationship is contingent upon perceptions of cultural support (PCS) towards social entrepreneurship in a society. Design/methodology/approach Data from 232 Taiwanese business and management undergraduates were used to test the proposed relationships. Findings SESE was found to mediate the relationship between EC and SEI. However, cultural support towards social entrepreneurship in society had a negative moderating effect on the EC–SESE–SEI relationship, suggesting that the EC–SESE–SEI relationship was stronger under conditions of low, rather than high PCS. Originality/value This paper provides further insights into not only the link between EC and SEI but also the conditions under which EC is translated into SEI. It also enhances the recent limited knowledge about how context and cultural attitudes and values towards social entrepreneurship shapes SEI.

Women-Led Social Entrepreneurship: A Phenomenological Study in Peru

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2024

This study uses a phenomenological approach to explore the experiences of 30 women leaders in Peruvian social entrepreneurship. Through in-depth interviews analyzed using Moustakas's (1994) methodology, the research proposes a framework for understanding the initiation and development of women-led social enterprises, considering individual, social, cultural, and institutional factors. It also examines the impact of these ventures on the leaders and society, as well as the resources utilized. The findings offer insights for policymakers aiming to support entrepreneurial ecosystems. This study is unique in its focus on Peru, a country with the highest women labor force participation in Latin America and strong entrepreneurial activity.

The Effect of Empathy, Self-Efficacy, and Perceived Social Support on Social Entrepreneurial Intention among Youth in Malaysia

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2024

This study examined the effects of empathy (EM), social entrepreneurial self-efficacy (SE) and perceived social support (PS) on social entrepreneurial intention (SEI). The study employed a quantitative research survey to achieve the research objectives and answer the research questions using an online self-administered questionnaire adopted and modified from previous research. Data was collected using convenience sampling techniques from Malaysian youth between the ages of 18 and 30; 250 responses were collected. The data was then analyzed using SEM-PLS (SmartPLS 4.0). Only two out of the three hypotheses formulated were found to have significant relationships. Contrary to expectation, empathy did not affect the inclination toward social entrepreneurial intention. Meanwhile, consistent with the theory of social-cognitive theory (SCT), social entrepreneurial self-efficacy and perceived social support have a positive effect on social entrepreneurial intention. This research fills the gaps in the limited research by using the three factors in the context of youth in developing countries such as Malaysia.

Jamsostek Mobile (JMO): Analysis of Service Quality from a Digital Application on BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Member's Satisfaction

Conference Paper

Jul 2024

Catalysts of social change and innovation: Mediating role of social self-efficacy and social support on social entrepreneurial intentions

Article

Sep 2024

Digital Transformation of Entrepreneurship on a Global Scale Using a Technological Platform

Chapter

Jun 2024

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION ON INTENTIONS OF STUDENTS IN SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Article

Apr 2024

The capacity to affect change on a local and global scale about a range of political, social, environmental, and economic challenges is known as social entrepreneurship (SE). Young exposure to theory and practice of social entrepreneurship at postsecondary educational institutions is thought to influence this change. In this study, we examine the intentions of students in social entrepreneurship. This study's objective is to assess the degrees of social and entrepreneurial entrepreneurship. For the study, 150 college students served as the sample. This study examines empathy, moral duty, social support, self-efficacy, social impact, and educational level as principal motivators for social entrepreneurship intentions. The SPSS is a software program used to analyse the data and perform statistical analyses. The findings indicate that the only factors that were statistically correlated with the desire to engage in social entrepreneurship were empathy, self-efficacy, and psychological support. The association between social support and the ambitions for social entrepreneurship was shown to be unfavourable. In conclusion, the study provides insightful information for practitioners and educators who aim to foster a vibrant environment for student social entrepreneurship.

How Karmic Beliefs and Belief in Just World Interact to Activate Social Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Polynomial Regression with Response Surface Analysis

Article

Apr 2024

Doanh Duong

Little is known about how religious beliefs (i.e. karmic beliefs and beliefs in a just world) can active individuals’ social entrepreneurship. Integrating the justice motive theory within stimulus-organism-response framework, our study aims to explore the individual, complementary, congruent, and incongruent impacts of karmic beliefs and belief in a just world on social entrepreneurial intention as well as the mediation role of empathy and moral obligation in this relationship. Using a sample of 401 individuals and employing polynomial regression with response surface analysis, findings indicate that karmic beliefs and belief in a just world serve as significant stimuli which not only inspire empathic and moral organisation, but indirectly reinforce individuals’ social entrepreneurial intentions. Moreover, high levels of both karmic beliefs and beliefs in a just world can enhance organisms (empathy and moral obligation), and behavioural responses (social entrepreneurial intentions), but imbalanced levels of these beliefs erode such organisms and responses. Some practical implications have been recommended to foster social business ventures based on the findings of the current study.

Social Entrepreneurial Intention among Youth in Vietnam: The Roles of Prior Experience and Perceived Educational Support

Article

Aug 2023

Towards a Sustainable Society: Exploring the Services of Social Entrepreneurs through an Islamic Lens

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2023

Financial support is the basic need of a society to fulfil its economic requirements. But due to the limited resources, it is not possible for the governments of poor countries to perform sustainable tasks for the betterment of human society. This paper examines the significance of social entrepreneurs who establish their businesses to resolve social, cultural, or environmental issues while taking higher financial risks. This act of social entrepreneurship is the novelty of this study. Moreover, this study adds to the body of knowledge by contrasting the Islamic perspective of Social Entrepreneurship with contemporary thoughts. The science-direct and google-scholars databases have been used for reviewing the data collection. The study may provide a benchmark to assist government policymakers. This paper is also discussing the Islamic perspective of social entrepreneurship.

The Influence of Love of Money and Machiavellian Towards Fraud with Faith of Karma Phala as Moderation

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

This study aims to analyze the effect of love of money and machiavellian on fraud, as well as to test whether belief in karma phala can weaken this influence. This research was conducted on LPD administrators in Buleleng Regency with a total sample of 213 respondents, which were analyzed by SEM PLS 3.0. The results showed that love of money and machiavellian positively affect fraud. This means that the more the love of money and machiavellian possessed by the LPD management, the higher the tendency to commit fraud. Belief in karma phala can weaken the influence of the love of money and machiavellian on fraud. This means that the attitude of love of money and machiavellian accompanied by the practice of good karma phala can reduce the negative influence of the love of money and machiavellian on fraud.

Influence Attitude and Behavioral Intention of the Millenial Generation to Adoption of Telemedicine Platforms in Bali in the New Normal Era

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2023

The pandemic has brought various impacts and changes in people's lives, one of which is the use of digital telemedicine applications. Health is a vital aspect of human life; therefore, telemedicine applications have an important role in facing the changing era. This study attempts to describe the attitudes and behavioral intentions of the millennial generation in adopting telemedicine platforms in the new normal era. The data in this study were collected by distributing questionnaires to 120 respondents, namely the millennial generation in Bali. Data were analyzed using the SEM-PLS analysis technique. The results of this study found that perceived ease of use, social influence, perceived usefulness had a positive and significant effect on behavioral intention, while e-trust had no effect. Perceived ease of use has a positive and significant effect on perceived usefulness. Social influence has a positive and significant effect on E-trust. E-trust is not able to mediate the influence of social influence on behavioral intention. Perceived usefulness is able to positively mediate the effect of perceived ease of use on behavioral intention. This research is expected to provide an overview of consumer behavior towards digital services, as well as an evaluation for digital service providers themselves.

The Effect of Herding Behavior on Millennial Generation Intentions in Investing Crypto Assets

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2023

More and more millennials are interested in investing in crypto assets like Bitcoin and Ethereum. However, there is still uncertainty and hesitation in making this investment. This study aims to determine the effect of herding behavior on the millennial generation's intention to invest in crypto assets. This research was conducted in Indonesia with the respondents being the millennial generation who adopted crypto assets. The population in this study is the millennial generation of crypto asset adopters throughout Indonesia which continues to change every time, so the number is unknown. The sampling technique was carried out by purposive sampling with a sample of 220 respondents. Data was collected by distributing questionnaires via google form. The analysis used is SEM-PLS. The results of this study indicate that herding on social media environment has a positive and significant effect on behavioral intention. Herding on social media environment has a positive and significant effect on financial literacy. Herding on social media environment has a positive and significant effect on E-trust. Financial literacy has a positive and significant effect on behavioral intention. E-trust has no effect on behavioral intention. Ethical concern is able to moderate the influence of herding on social media environment on behavioral intention.

A reconciliação entre o econômico e o social na noção de empresa social: limites e possibilidades (no contexto brasileiro)

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2020

Resumo O texto tem como objetivo destacar distintos atributos atinentes ao conceito de empresa social para contribuir na especificação dos usos possíveis. Parte da seguinte questão: que noções qualificam a variedade de significados atribuídos a práticas vinculadas à expressão “empresa social”? Derivada de questionamento em torno dos limites das iniciativas exclusivamente econômicas, de base monetária, quanto à capacidade para responder demandas sociais, a noção de empresa social representa, em certa medida, o ressurgimento de experiências que mobilizam propósitos variados entre lógicas econômicas e sociais. Contudo, a propagação da noção de empresas sociais no mundo tem se prestado a diferentes e até mesmo conflitantes interpretações, entre uma versão anglo-saxônica, uma versão europeia clássica, uma versão latino-americana e outra europeia renovada (Laville, Young, & Eynaud, 2015). É sob tais vieses que o termo pode aparecer, em diferentes contextos, como negócios sociais, terceiro setor, economia social ou economia solidária, conforme aqui pontuamos.

Organizational social entrepreneurship: scale development and validation

Article

Full-text available

May 2019

Purpose Social entrepreneurship has become a growing field of research interest. Yet, past research has been held back by the lack of a rigorous measurement instrument. Rather than defining social entrepreneurship as an organizational form that a venture does or does not have, this paper agrees with Dees and Anderson (2006) that the construct is better thought of as a set of practices, processes and behaviors that organizations can engage in to a higher or a lesser degree. In other words, the construct is a set of behaviors that any organization can engage in. The purpose of the paper is to develop scale items to measure the construct of organizational social entrepreneurship (OSE). Design/methodology/approach Drawing on previous literature, this paper first develops and then validates scales for measuring OSE as a third-order formative construct. As its second order, the scale includes three components that capture the heterogeneity of the OSE concept: social change intention, commercial activity and inclusive governance. Findings The OSE scale is developed and tested through a sample of 182 nascent social enterprises from 55 different countries in the world and then revalidated using a second sample of 263 mature social enterprises from 6 European countries. Results suggest that the scale items exhibit internal consistency, reliability, construct validity and nomological validity. Research limitations/implications The scale presented here offers an important new venue for social entrepreneurship theorizing. First, it allows scholars to take a broad approach toward a diverse field and to study OSE behavior in any empirical field in which it may occur. Second, the scales also allow for more focused theorizing. Scholars are encouraged to delve into the antecedents of all three components presented here and to study the different performance effects they have in terms of likelihood to survive, growth rate or potential to achieve financial sustainability. Originality/value The paper develops a multidimensional construct for OSE. In particular, the authors propose scale items for three central components of social entrepreneurship, namely, social change intentions, commercial activities and inclusive governance. The scales thus measure the three formative dimensions identified by Dees and Anderson (2006) and Defourny and Nyssens (2010).

A replication of ‘Entry regulation and entrepreneurship: a natural experiment in German craftsmanship’

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2019
EMPIR ECON

Rostam-Afschar (Empir Econ 47:1067–1101, 2014) analyzes the impact of the deregulation of the German Trade and Crafts Code of 2004 on entrepreneurial activity, using German microcensus (MC) data. He finds a uniform positive effect on market entry in partially and fully deregulated trades and no change in exit probabilities. We replicate and extend this study. Most importantly, we generate a novel classification scheme that aims to achieve an improved identification of crafts trades in the microcensus. It is necessary to remove non-craftsmen from the analysis as the policy change exclusively pertains to the crafts sector. In contrast to Rostam-Afschar’s findings, the increase in self-employment and entry is more pronounced in the completely deregulated B1-trades rather than the partially deregulated A-trades. In addition, exit probabilities in fully deregulated trades do not remain constant but rather increase.

Learning from your neighbor: tax-benefit systems swaps in Latin America

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2017

Over the last decades, Latin American countries have experienced a noticeable decrease in income inequality. While this trend is mainly associated with a decline in wage inequality, progressive reforms of the tax-benefit systems of the region may have played a role. While redistributive systems in Latin America are still in their infancy, they are constantly expanding and do so at different pace in the region. To investigate this point in a comparative way, the present study exploits newly developed tax-benefit microsimulation models for Ecuador and Colombia. These two neighboring countries show contrasted situations in terms of income distribution and we characterize the extent to which this difference is explained by different tax-benefit systems. The comparative nature of our microsimulation models allows us to swap tax-benefit systems between countries to produce counterfactual simulations whereby the system of a country is applied to the population of the other. In this way, we can decompose the total country difference in income distribution to extract the role of different tax-benefit policies. We confirm that the Ecuadorean system is more redistributive and quantify the difference: if the Ecuadorean system was applied to the Colombian population, the Gini coefficient would be reduced by 1.7 points in Colombia. Headcount poverty would decrease by around 10% and the intensity of poverty by up to 14.7%. This analysis contributes to the recent literature on the redistributive role of tax-benefit systems in Latin America and highlights the role of microsimulation techniques to show how countries in the region can learn from each other in order to improve social protection and reduce income inequality.

Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change

Article

Full-text available

Mar 1977

Albert Bandura

Presents an integrative theoretical framework to explain and to predict psychological changes achieved by different modes of treatment. This theory states that psychological procedures, whatever their form, alter the level and strength of self-efficacy. It is hypothesized that expectations of personal efficacy determine whether coping behavior will be initiated, how much effort will be expended, and how long it will be sustained in the face of obstacles and aversive experiences. Persistence in activities that are subjectively threatening but in fact relatively safe produces, through experiences of mastery, further enhancement of self-efficacy and corresponding reductions in defensive behavior. In the proposed model, expectations of personal efficacy are derived from 4 principal sources of information: performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological states. Factors influencing the cognitive processing of efficacy information arise from enactive, vicarious, exhortative, and emotive sources. The differential power of diverse therapeutic procedures is analyzed in terms of the postulated cognitive mechanism of operation. Findings are reported from microanalyses of enactive, vicarious, and emotive modes of treatment that support the hypothesized relationship between perceived self-efficacy and behavioral changes. (21/2 p ref)

The social economy in Latin America as alternative development

Article

Full-text available

May 2017

Henry Veltmeyer

The concern of this article is with the dynamics of an emerging social and solidarity economy in Latin America, which can be traced back through a long history of the cooperative movement and diverse experiments in workers’ self-management. In its contemporary form, the social economy is presented by its advocates and protagonists as an alternative to (capitalist) development; however, it can also be seen as the embodiment of the neoliberal agenda of structural reform and a response of the mainstream development community to forces of change released with the implementation of this agenda.

Social and Solidarity Economy in South American regional governance

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2017

The article analyzes the scaling up of the Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) agenda in the regional integration processes of Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) and MERCOSUR. We ask how the SSE is being used in processes of regional policy cooperation and what implications this has for the construction of regional governance frameworks supportive of social development. Our argument is that the regional processes in the contexts of UNASUR and MERCOSUR adopt a narrow concept of SSE that defines it as a social policy instrument to combat poverty. This limits the transformative potential of the SSE agenda, a more expansionist interpretation of which would otherwise herald the strengthening of socio-productive practices as an alternative to extractivist development in the region.

The Influence of Language Differences on Power Dynamics in Multinational Teams

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2017
J WORLD BUS

Based on 90 interviews with leaders and members of 15 multinational teams, this study explores the influence of language differences on power dynamics in multinational teams. First, we establish hierarchical position and professional expertise as general sources of power in teamwork. Subsequently, we demonstrate how different language policies, the degree of formality in language structures, and language proficiency disparity moderate team members’ capacity to capitalize on these power sources. Our study elucidates the complexity of linguistic influences on power dynamics in teamwork, reveals previously neglected differences in language structures, emphasizes the importance of relative proficiency and carries significant practical implications.

Modelagem de Equações Estruturais com Utilização do Smartpls

Article

Full-text available

May 2014

O objetivo deste artigo é a apresentação de um exemplo de forma mais didática de uso da modelaem de Equações Estruturais com o software SmathPLS 2.0 M3. O referido programa usa o método de Mínimos Quadrados Parciais e busca atender situações muito frequentes na pesquisa de Marketing: Ausência de distribuições simétricas das variáveis mensuradas, teoria ainda em fase inicial ou com pouca “cristalização”, modelos formativos e/ou quantidade menor de dados. O uso crescente do SmartPLS vem mostrado a robusteza e aplicabilidade do modelo nas pesquisas da área. DOI: 10.5585/remark.v13i2.2717

Social Entrepreneurship: How Intentions to Create a Social Venture are Formed

Chapter

Full-text available

Jan 2006

Entrepreneurship aiming at social benefits has become ubiquitous. Social entrepreneurship (SE) involves innovative approaches to address issues in the domains of education, environment, fair trade, health and human rights and is widely regarded as an important building block of the sustainable development of countries.

Religion and Social Entrepreneurship

Chapter

Full-text available

Jan 2010

Roger Spear

This chapter is concerned with the role of religion in social entrepreneurship. It takes an institutional perspective and examines the way religious institutions and actors have supported social entrepreneurship. Max Weber has argued for the role of (Protestant) religion in motivating people to take entrepreneurial activity, leading to the rise of capitalism in the West. It has often been observed that religious groups, especially sects or minority religious groups such as Quakers or Jews, have strong links with entrepreneurial activity—there are a range of factors in the literature which help us explain this. These include in particular the place of high trust networks in facilitating entrepreneurial activity. In addition, religious institutions (through leadership discourse and institutional networks) have historically played important roles in shaping the activities of religious members and priests as well as philanthropists. This has operated through religious leadership discourse, for example papal encyclicals orienting priests to support economic solutions to poverty and social problems in their communities, and the direct action of individual priests, institutional development (networks/organizations) and local religious leaders to catalyse entrepreneurial activity. Thus these three dimensions of religious institutions (ideological discourse, networks and leadership) will be examined in relation to social entrepreneurship.

On the scientific superiority of conceptual replications for scientific progress

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2016

There is considerable current debate about the need for replication in the science of social psychology. Most of the current discussion and approbation is centered on direct or exact replications, the attempt to conduct a study in a manner as close to the original as possible. We focus on the value of conceptual replications, the attempt to test the same theoretical process as an existing study, but that uses methods that vary in some way from the previous study. The tension between the two kinds of replication is a tension of values—exact replications value confidence in operationalizations; their requirement tends to favor the status quo. Conceptual replications value confidence in theory; their use tends to favor rapid progress over ferreting out error. We describe the many ways in which conceptual replications can be superior to direct replications. We further argue that the social system of science is quite robust to these threats and is self-correcting.

Determinants of Social Entrepreneurial Intentions

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2017
ENTREP THEORY PRACT

Kai Hockerts

This article tests the model proposed by Mair and Noboa (2006) who identify four antecedents which they suggest predict social entrepreneurial intentions. The study extends the model by including prior experience with social problems as an additional variable. Findings show that prior experience predicts social entrepreneurial intentions. This effect is mediated by the antecedents suggested by Mair and Noboa. Social entrepreneurial self-efficacy has both the largest impact on intentions as well as being itself most responsive to prior experience. Lastly, the study shows that the amount of optional social entrepreneurship electives students enroll in is predicted by social entrepreneurial intentions.

The Theory of Planned Behavior

Article

Full-text available

Dec 1991

Icek Ajzen

Research dealing with various aspects of* the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985, 1987) is reviewed, and some unresolved issues are discussed. In broad terms, the theory is found to be well supported by empirical evidence. Intentions to perform behaviors of different kinds can be predicted with high accuracy from attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control; and these intentions, together with perceptions of behavioral control, account for considerable variance in actual behavior. Attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control are shown to be related to appropriate sets of salient behavioral, normative, and control beliefs about the behavior, but the exact nature of these relations is still uncertain. Expectancy value formulations are found to be only partly successful in dealing with these relations. Optimal rescaling of expectancy and value measures is offered as a means of dealing with measurement limitations. Finally, inclusion of past behavior in the prediction equation is shown to provide a means of testing the theory*s sufficiency, another issue that remains unresolved. The limited available evidence concerning this question shows that the theory is predicting behavior quite well in comparison to the ceiling imposed by behavioral reliability.

A systematic literature review on Entrepreneurial Intentions: Citation, Thematic Analyses, and Research Agenda

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2015
Int Enterpren Manag J

Entrepreneurial intention is a rapidly evolving field of research. A growing number of studies use entrepreneurial intention as a powerful theoretical framework. However, a substantial part of this research lacks systematization and categorization, and there seems to be a tendency to start anew with every study. Therefore, there is a need to take stock of current knowledge in this field. In this sense, this paper carries out a review of the literature on entrepreneurial intentions. A total of 409 papers addressing entrepreneurial intention, published between 2004 and 2013 (inclusive), have been analyzed. The purpose and contribution of this paper is to offer a clearer picture of the sub-fields in entrepreneurial intention research, by concentrating on two aspects. Firstly, it reviews recent research by means of a citation analysis to categorize the main areas of specialization currently attracting the attention of the academic community. Secondly, a thematic analysis is carried out to identify the specific themes being researched within each category. Despite the large number of publications and their diversity, the present study identifies five main research areas, plus an additional sixth category for a number of new research papers that cannot be easily classified into the five areas. Within those categories, up to twenty-five different themes are recognized. A number of research gaps are singled out within each of these areas of specialization, in order to induce new ways and perspectives in the entrepreneurial intention field of research that may be fruitful in filling these gaps.

Rethinking the Space of Ethics in Social Entrepreneurship: Power, Subjectivity, and Practices of Freedom

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2014
J BUS ETHICS

This article identifies power, subjectivity, and practices of freedom as neglected but significant elements for understanding the ethics of social entrepreneurship. While the ethics of social entrepreneurship is typically conceptualized in conjunction with innate properties or moral commitments of the individual, we problematize this view based on its presupposition of an essentialist conception of the authentic subject. We offer, based on Foucault’s ethical oeuvre, a practice-based alternative which sees ethics as being exercised through a critical and creative dealing with the limits imposed by power, notably as they pertain to the conditioning of the neoliberal subject. To this end, we first draw on prior research which looks at how practitioners of social enterprises engage with government policies that demand that they should act and think more like prototypical entrepreneurs. Instead of simply endorsing the kind of entrepreneurial subjectivity implied in prevailing policies, our results indicate that practitioners are mostly reluctant to identify themselves with the invocation of governmental power, often rejecting the subjectivity offered to them by discourse. Conceiving these acts of resistance as emblematic of how social entrepreneurs practice ethics by retaining a skeptical attitude toward attempts that seek to determine who they should be and how they should live, we introduce three vignettes that illustrate how practices of freedom relate to critique, the care for others, and reflected choice. We conclude that a practice-based approach of ethics can advance our understanding of how social entrepreneurs actively produce conditions of freedom for themselves as well as for others without supposing a ‘true self’ or a utopian space of liberty beyond power.

Interpreting social enterprises

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2012

Institutional and organizational variety is increasingly characterizing advanced economic systems. While traditional economic theories have focused almost exclusively on profit-maximizing (i.e., for-profit) enterprises and on publicly-owned organizations, the increasing relevance of non-profit organizations, and especially of social enterprises, requires scientists to reflect on a new comprehensive economic approach for explaining this organizational variety. This paper examines the main limitations of the orthodox and institutional theories and asserts the need for creating and testing a new theoretical framework, which considers the way in which diverse enterprises pursue their goals, the diverse motivations driving actors and organizations, and the different learning patterns and routines within organizations. The new analytical framework proposed in the paper draws upon recent developments in the theories of the firm, mainly of an evolutionary and behavioral kind. The firm is interpreted as a coordination mechanism of economic activity, and one whose objectives need not coincide with profit maximization. On the other hand, economic agents driven by motivational complexity and intrinsic, non-monetary motivation play a crucial role in forming firm activity over and above purely monetary and financial objectives. The new framework is thought to be particularly suitable to correctly interpret the emergence and role of nontraditional organizational and ownership forms that are not driven by the profit motive (non-profit organizations), mainly recognized in the legal forms of cooperative firms, non-profit organizations and social enterprises. A continuum of organizational forms ranging from profit making activities to public benefit activities, and encompassing mutual benefit organizations as its core constituent, is envisaged and discussed.

A three-pronged approach to social business: a Brazilian multi-case analysis

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2012

Social businesses present a new paradigm to capitalism, in which private companies, non-profit organizations and civil society create a new type of business with the main objective of solving social problems with financial sustainability and efficiency through market mechanisms. As any new phenomenon, different authors conceptualize social businesses with distinct views. This article aims to present and characterize three different perspectives of social business definitions: the European, the American and that of the emerging countries. Each one of these views was illustrated by a different Brazilian case. We conclude with the idea that all the cases have similar characteristics, but also relevant differences that are more than merely geographical. The perspectives analyzed in this paper provide an analytical framework for understanding the field of social businesses. Moreover, the cases demonstrate that in the Brazilian context the field of social business is under construction and that as such it draws on different conceptual influences to deal with a complex and challenging reality.

Modelagem de Equações Estruturais com Utilização do SmartPLS

Article

Full-text available

May 2014

The article objective is to present a didactic example of the Structural Equation Modeling with the software SmartPLS 2.0 M3. The program mentioned uses the method of Partial Lease Square and seeks to serve the very frequent situations observed in marketing research: Absence of symmetric distributions of the variables measured a theory still in its beginning phase or still with little “consolidation”, formative models and/or a lesser amount of data. The growing use of SmartPLS has demonstrated its robustness and applicability of the model in the areas that are being studied.

Common Beliefs and Reality About PLS: Comments on Rönkkö and Evermann (2013)

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2014

This paper addresses Rönkkö & Evermann’s (2013) criticisms of the partial least squares (PLS) approach to structural equation modeling (SEM). We contend that the alleged shortcomings of PLS are not due to problems with the technique, but instead to three problems with Rönkkö & Evermann’s (2013) study: (1) the adherence to the common factor model, (2) a very limited simulation designs, and (3) over-stretched generalizations of their findings. Whereas Rönkkö & Evermann (2013) claim to be dispelling myths about PLS, they have in reality created new myths that we, in turn, debunk. By examining their claims, our paper contributes to re-establishing a constructive discussion of the PLS method and its properties. We show that PLS does offer advantages for exploratory research and that it is a viable estimator for composite factor models. This can pose an interesting alternative if the common factor model does not hold. Therefore, we can conclude that PLS should continue to be used as an important statistical tool for management and organizational research, as well as other social science disciplines.

PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2011

Structural equation modeling (SEM) has become a quasi-standard in marketing and management research when it comes to analyzing the cause-effect relations between latent constructs. For most researchers, SEM is equivalent to carrying out covariance-based SEM (CB-SEM). While marketing researchers have a basic understanding of CB-SEM, most of them are only barely familiar with the other useful approach to SEM-partial least squares SEM (PLS-SEM). The current paper reviews PLS-SEM and its algorithm, and provides an overview of when it can be most appropriately applied, indicating its potential and limitations for future research. The authors conclude that PLS-SEM path modeling, if appropriately applied, is indeed a "silver bullet" for estimating causal models in many theoretical models and empirical data situations.

Empathic concern: Distinguishing between tenderness and sympathy

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2012

The present research proposes that empathic concern, as assessed by six items of the ERQ, consists of two separate emotions, i.e., tenderness and sympathy. To test this assumption, nine studies were conducted among, in total, 1,273 participants. In these studies participants were presented with a hypothetical scenario of someone in need, after which empathic concern was assessed. Factor analyses showed that, indeed, the ERQ items that assess empathic concern can be split up in two factors, that is, one reflecting sympathy and one reflecting tenderness. In addition, in line with previous studies, our research showed that, in response to a need-situation that reflects current needs, individuals scored higher on the ERQ factor reflecting sympathy than on the ERQ factor reflecting tenderness. Findings are discussed in terms of the practical and theoretical implications of distinguishing between sympathy and tenderness.

Entrepreneurial Potential & Potential Entrepreneurs

Article

Full-text available

Jan 1994
ENTREP THEORY PRACT

Offers a model of entrepreneurial potential based on a social psychology perspective; the approach is a process-based, theory-driven micro-model. The model draws on cognition-based literature on intentions and theory and Albert Shapero's model of the entrepreneurial event, and builds on two previous models. In Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, three key attitudes predict intentions: attitude toward the act, social norms, and perceived behavior control. In Shapero's model, human behavior is governed by inertia until it is interrupted or displaced; the choice of resultant behavior (i.e., entrepreneurial event) depends on credibility of alternatives and some propensity to act (which constitute potential), which exist prior to the displacement. The proposed model has three major components: (1) perceived venture desirability, which comprises "attitude toward the act" and social norms; (2) perceived venture feasibility, which is a person's perceived ability to execute some target behavior; and (3) propensity to act. The first two components create credibility, which when combined with the third create potential. Potential coupled with interruption or displacement creates the intention. Some prescriptions for public policy are offered. Public policies must foster environments congenial to creating potential entrepreneurs; policies must increase the perceived feasibility and desirability for entrepreneurs; and they must support the general perception that entrepreneurial activity is both desirable and feasible. For corporations, individuals must perceive positive outcomes for internal venturing, plus intrinsic rewards and supportive culture; management must show commitment to risk-taking and innovation. In all, creating perceived feasibility is paramount. (TNM)

Are Social Networks More Important for New Business Activity in Emerging Than Developed Economies? An Empirical Extension

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2011
INT BUS REV

To extend prior theoretical and empirical work in the IB and entrepreneurship fields, this study examines how fundamentally different institutional conditions in emerging versus developed economies may clarify variations in the level of new business activity across countries. The empirical results support the argument that social networks are more important for new business activity in emerging than in developed economies. Furthermore, in emerging economies, the relationship between associational activity and new business activity is stronger for countries with higher regulatory and normative institutional burdens, whereas these moderator effects are absent in developed economies. The study's findings offer important implications for research and practice.

Entrepreneurship in and around Institutional Voids: A Case Study from Bangladesh

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2009
J BUS VENTURING

In many developing countries those living in poverty are unable to participate in markets due to the weakness or complete absence of supportive institutions. This study examines in microcosm such institutional voids and illustrates the activities of an entrepreneurial actor in rural Bangladesh aimed at addressing them. The findings enable us to better understand why institutional voids originate and to unpack institutional processes in a setting characterized by extreme resource constraints and an institutional fabric that is rich but often at odds with market development. We depict the crafting of new institutional arrangements as an ongoing process of bricolage and unveil its political nature as well as its potentially negative consequences.

An Empirical Comparison of the Efficacy of Covariance-Based and Variance-Based SEM

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2009
INT J RES MARK

Variance-based SEM, also known under the term partial least squares (PLS) analysis, is an approach that has gained increasing interest among marketing researchers in recent years. During the last 25 years, more than 30 articles have been published in leading marketing journals that have applied this approach instead of the more traditional alternative of covariance-based SEM (CBSEM). However, although an analysis of these previous publications shows that there seems to be at least an implicit agreement about the factors that should drive the choice between PLS analysis and CBSEM, no research has until now empirically compared the performance of these approaches given a set of different conditions. Our study addresses this open question by conducting a large-scale Monte-Carlo simulation. We show that justifying the choice of PLS due to a lack of assumptions regarding indicator distribution and measurement scale is often inappropriate, as CBSEM proves extremely robust with respect to violations of its underlying distributional assumptions. Additionally, CBSEM clearly outperforms PLS in terms of parameter consistency and is preferable in terms of parameter accuracy as long as the sample size exceeds a certain threshold (250 observations). Nevertheless, PLS analysis should be preferred when the emphasis is on prediction and theory development, as the statistical power of PLS is always larger than or equal to that of CBSEM; already, 100 observations can be sufficient to achieve acceptable levels of statistical power given a certain quality of the measurement model.

The neural substrates of cognitive empathy

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2007
SOC NEUROSCI-UK

Neuroscientific research has consistently found that the perception of an affective state in another activates the observer's own neural substrates for the corresponding state, which is likely the neural mechanism for "true empathy." However, to date there has not been a brain-imaging investigation of so-called "cognitive empathy", whereby one "actively projects oneself into the shoes of another person," imagining someone's personal, emotional experience as if it were one's own. In order to investigate this process, we conducted a combined psychophysiology and PET and study in which participants imagined: (1) a personal experience of fear or anger from their own past; (2) an equivalent experience from another person as if it were happening to them; and (3) a nonemotional experience from their own past. When participants could relate to the scenario of the other, they produced patterns of psychophysiological and neuroimaging activation equivalent to those of personal emotional imagery, but when they could not relate to the other's story, differences emerged on all measures, e.g., decreased psychophysiological responses and recruitment of a region between the inferior temporal and fusiform gyri. The substrates of cognitive empathy overlap with those of personal feeling states to the extent that one can relate to the state and situation of the other.

The higher returns to formal education for entrepreneurs versus employees in Australia

Article

Jun 2020

Van Praag et al. (2013) analyze whether the returns to formal education in terms of income differ between entrepreneurs and employees. Using US data (1979–2000), they find that entrepreneurs have higher returns to formal education than employees. They also find evidence that the level of personal control in one’s occupation explains these higher returns. In the present study, we aim to replicate these findings using a dataset from a different country (Australia) and time period (2005–2017). Moreover, we extend the study by Van Praag et al. (2013) by distinguishing between entrepreneurs with and without employees. In accordance with Van Praag et al. (2013), we also find higher returns to education for entrepreneurs compared to employees. However, this finding mainly applies to the entrepreneurs without employees. Moreover, we do not find evidence for a mediating role of personal control in this relationship.

An exploratory study of entrepreneurs in impoverished communities: when institutional factors and individual characteristics result in non-productive entrepreneurship

Article

Jul 2019

It is widely acknowledged that entrepreneurship can help the poor escape poverty. However, while many people in impoverished regions engage in entrepreneurial activities, many fail to develop successful businesses. This paper examines why impoverished people may choose to engage in entrepreneurship, the characteristics that shape their entrepreneurial behaviour and the struggles they face. We draw on the entrepreneurship literature that suggests institutional factors and individual characteristics shape new venture development. Following an inductive methodological approach utilizing a survey, interviews and focus groups collected from an impoverished community in Brazil, we explore entrepreneurial behaviour focused on perceived alertness, utilization of social networks, formal business registration and participation in training. We found that temporal myopia, misjudgement of their abilities, and counter-productive use of their social networks result in non-productive entrepreneurship. We contribute theoretically by suggesting that, in addition to productive, unproductive and destructive entrepreneurial outcomes shaped by institutions, non-productive entrepreneurship is also a prevalent problem, but is heavily shaped by the interactions between individual characteristics and the institutional environment.

Social innovation in Mexican coffee production: filling ‘institutional voids’

Article

Sep 2020

The focus of social innovation initiatives on the market through food production is a classic example of social inclusion within the context of emerging countries. From a long-term perspective, however, it is still not clear how social innovation contributes towards filling institutional voids. This paper aims to understand which institutional factors have influenced social innovation and how a coffee production initiative has transformed the reality in which it operates. We analysed a joint initiative of social enterprises that coordinate an organic coffee value chain in southern Mexico, a region in which extreme poverty affects 75% of the population. The case study involved thirteen semi-structured interviews with key actors and participant observation in situ, complemented by secondary data, in an interpretative perspective that adopted a qualitative and exploratory approach. The main results indicate that social innovation fills institutional voids by creating a ‘self-revolving system of activity expansion’. This system helps to scale social innovation based on the collaboration of different actors and the integration of the coffee production chain that promotes the social and economic development of the community by: (1) establishing a more productive relationship between small local producers; (2) adding value to the coffee; (3) encouraging social and economic empowerment in the cooperative; and (4) organizing local economic activities.

The mediating role of self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intentions: Exploring boundary conditions

Article

Jun 2019

Zhao, Seibert and Hills (“ZSH”) developed an important framework in their 2005 article in the Journal of Applied Psychology. Using a sample of MBA students, ZSH found that entrepreneurial self-efficacy mediated the relationship between certain factors and entrepreneurial intentions. In this study, we conduct a “quasi replication” and extension of the ZSH results. Using a sample of adults in the U.S., we both replicate key findings but also find considerable heterogeneity in effect sizes across certain sample sub-groups. Our results offer important insights regarding entrepreneurial processes across different sectors of the population.

Clustering social enterprises: an empirically validated taxonomy

Article

May 2019

Purpose This study aims to develop an empirically validated taxonomy. Typologies of social entrepreneurship are primarily based on conceptual considerations and case studies. There is a need for quantitative approaches and empirical testing of this emerging organizational form and its characteristics. Design/methodology/approach First, an item scale was developed that emerged from frequently mentioned elements in social entrepreneurship literature. Next, social entrepreneurs rated these items. Finally, the authors conducted a cluster analysis to derive a taxonomy with three distinguishable types of social enterprises. Findings Based on a cluster analysis ( N = 70), an empirically validated taxonomy is provided with three social enterprise types: social service providers, social change makers and social philanthropists. Practical implications Although this research has an exploratory character, it makes a clear contribution by complementing existing typologies, which tend to be conceptual in nature, with a taxonomy that is empirically grounded. This study defogs the blurry understanding and limited knowledge about different social enterprise forms and provides insight into meaningfully similar groups across the sector as a whole. Originality/value This article fills a void of empirically grounded taxonomies by analyzing which definitional aspects of social entrepreneurship literature correspond to the perceptions of social entrepreneurs regarding the nature of their organizations.

Is leadership language 'rewarded' in crowdfunding? Replicating social entrepreneurship research in a rewards-based context

Article

Mar 2019

Rewards based crowdfunding (where individuals provide funding for a campaign in exchange for a pre-specified reward) represents one of the largest forms of crowdfunding to date. While an emerging stream of research examines how the rhetoric used in crowdfunding campaigns impacts funding success, a number of studies examining language used in crowdfunding have only been explored in the context of social crowdfunding campaigns that rely on very different audiences, funding amounts, and project goals. To build knowledge surrounding the relationship between the rhetoric used in rewards-based crowdfunding and potential campaign success we replicate a number of rhetoric approaches previously examined in social contexts. Specifically, we examine the efficacy of charismatic rhetoric, political rhetoric, entrepreneurial orientation rhetoric, and virtue rhetoric in a sample of 1000 campaigns drawn from Kickstarter. Our replication results reveal relatively little consistency across contexts underscoring the value of repli-cation to understand boundary conditions of important entrepreneurial phenomena.

Revisiting the influence of institutional forces on the written business plan: a replication study

Article

Jun 2018

The present paper re-analyzes and extends a study on institutional forces and the written business plan (Honig and Karlsson in J Manag 30(1):29–48, 2004). We attempt to examine to what extent critical decision making is evident in model and variable choice, and whether the implications provided by systematic replication efforts may serve to provide additional and perhaps unrecognized theoretical and/or empirical observations. We find that the key result—formal business planning does not affect performance, does not hold. In fact, we find evidence that formal business planning affects survival but not profitability. The re-analysis also reveals, that institutional antecedents to formal planning appear to be fragile and prone to researcher biases due to different coding and assumptions. Our study underscores the consequences of access to original data and coding material, and to rely upon current methodological explanations for subsequent analyses.

Determinants of Social Entrepreneurial Intentions

Article

Jan 2015

Kai Hockerts

Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error

Article

Feb 1981

The statistical tests used in the analysis of structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error are examined. A drawback of the commonly applied chi square test, in addition to the known problems related to sample size and power, is that it may indicate an increasing correspondence between the hypothesized model and the observed data as both the measurement properties and the relationship between constructs decline. Further, and contrary to common assertion, the risk of making a Type II error can be substantial even when the sample size is large. Moreover, the present testing methods are unable to assess a model's explanatory power. To overcome these problems, the authors develop and apply a testing system based on measures of shared variance within the structural model, measurement model, and overall model.

PLS-SEM: indeed a silver bullet

Article

Jan 2011

Sustainable Supply Chain Management in Emerging Economies: Environmental Turbulence, Institutional Voids and Sustainability Trajectories

Article

May 2015
INT J PROD ECON

Bruno Silvestre

Although research on supply chain management has made many valuable contributions, there is a dearth of empirical evidence and theoretical reflection on the characteristics of supply chains that operate mainly in developing and emerging economies. The aim of this paper is to help to fill this gap by exploring how supply chain sustainability can be implemented and managed in these settings. An in-depth case study of the upstream oil and gas industry supply chain in Brazil was used to develop propositions about supply chains that operate in developing settings. Drawing from institutional theory, evolutionary theory, complexity theory, and from the organizational learning, innovation, and strategy literatures, this paper offers four key findings and contributions to the supply chain literature. First, it shows that becoming a sustainable supply chain is not a destination, but a journey, where trajectory and time matter. Given the evolutionary nature of supply chain sustainability trajectories, this paper highlights that supply chains learn and evolve just as organizations do. Second, this research indicates that, although globalization is a trend, natural resource-based supply chains are often more geographically bounded and susceptible to local social demands than other supply chains. Third, this paper extends the supply chain literature by arguing that supply chains face additional barriers to sustainability in developing and emerging economies, which contribute to a higher degree of complexity and uncertainty due to the existence of highly turbulent business environments and institutional voids. These factors in turn hinder supply chain learning and innovation, and reduce the slope of supply chains sustainability trajectories. Finally, this research contributes to the literature by claiming that, due to the highly complex and uncertain business environments, in these settings focal companies play an even more important role in managing the escalating ambiguity, stimulating supply chain learning, and promoting innovation towards supply chains enhanced sustainability performance.

Unearned Status Gain: Evidence From a Global Language Mandate

Article

Apr 2015

Theories of status rarely address "unearned status gain," defined as an unexpected and unsolicited increase in relative standing, prestige, or worth attained not through individual effort or achievement but from a shift in organizationally valued characteristics. We build theory about unearned status gain drawing from a qualitative study of 90 U.S.-based employees of a Japanese organization following a company-wide English language mandate. These native English-speaking employees believed that the mandate elevated their worth in the organization, a status gain they attributed to chance, hence deeming it unearned. They also reported a heightened sense of belonging, optimism about career advancement, and access to expanded networks. Yet, among those who interacted regularly with Japanese counterparts, narratives also revealed discomfort, which was manifested in at least two ways. These informants engaged in "status rationalization," emphasizing the benefits that Japanese employees might obtain by learning English, and prevaricated on whether the change was temporary or durable, a process we call "status stability appraisal." The fact that these narrativeswere present only among those working closely with Japanese employees highlights intergroup contact as a factor in shaping the unearned status gain experience. Supplemental analysis of data gathered from 66 Japanese employees of the organization provided the broader organizational context and the nonnative speakers' perspective of the language shift. This study's findings expand our overall understanding of status dynamics in organizations, and showhow status gains can yield both positive and negative outcomes.

Social Entrepreneurial Intention Formation of Corporate Volunteers

Article

Jul 2013

The current paper aims to identify the antecedents of social entrepreneurial intention formation. Applying the theory of planned behavior on an international sample of 159 entrepreneurial volunteers in a corporate framework, we find positive relationships between empathy, perceived social norms, self-efficacy, perceived collective efficacy, and social entrepreneurial intentions with mediation by perceived desirability and perceived feasibility. Overall, we contribute to the upcoming domain of social entrepreneurship research by investigating the individual and environmental antecedents of social entrepreneurial action in a corporate setting.

Methods of Studying Mexican Peasant Personality: Rorschach, Tat and Dreams

Article

Oct 1970

This study has two aims. One is to use the Rorschach test, the TAT, and dreams as means to understand the personality of a peasant woman living in Tzintzuntzan, Michoacán, Mexico. The other aim is to compare the methods, their strengths and weaknesses. The results show that while the three methods give a consistent and complementary picture of the personality, each provides material that is not to be found in the other two. The most formal material on endowment and on character forces that block the full development of innate capacities is to be found in the Rorschach. The TAT provides the best material on interpersonal sensitivity. It also shows conscious goals and values more clearly than the other techniques. The dreams express emotions better than the other material. Each of the methods appears to have built-in limitations as well as possibilities.

How non-native English-speaking staff are evaluated in linguistically diverse organizations: A sociolinguistic perspective

Article

Dec 2014

The aim of this paper is to examine the effects of evaluations of non-native speaking staff’s spoken English in international business settings. We adopt a sociolinguistic perspective on power and inequalities in linguistically diverse organizations in an Anglophone environment. The interpretive qualitative study draws on 54 interviews with non-native English-speaking staff in 19 UK business schools. We analyze, along the dimensions of status, solidarity and dynamism, the ways in which non-native speakers, on the basis of their spoken English, are evaluated by themselves and by listeners. We show how such evaluations refer to issues beyond the speaker’s linguistic fluency, and have consequences for her or his actions. The study contributes to the literature on language and power in international business through offering fine-grained insights into and elucidating how the interconnected evaluative processes impact the formation and perpetuation of organizational power relations and inequalities. It also puts forward implications for managing the officially monolingual, yet linguistically diverse organizations.

An evaluation of the public response to a community recycling education program

Article

Nov 2008

Conserving resources and reducing the volume of garbage that must be incinerated or stored in landfills through recycling has become a major priority for many communities. Educational campaigns are often used to inform the public and induce recycling behavior. However, research evaluating the success of these campaigns has focused primarily on recycling behavior and not on cognitive factors such as awareness or motivation which may precede or accompany the behavior. This study evaluated the effects of a recycling education campaign on residents’ knowledge of recycling issues, motives to recycle, and recycling behavior. Residents of a Midwestern community were surveyed before and after implementation of a three‐year recycling education program. A comparison of pre‐ and post‐program survey results indicated that residents’ knowledge of recycling issues was more accurate, their motives reflected greater concern for the environment, and their recycling behavior increased after the education campaign.

Assessing Mission and Resources for Social Change: An Organizational Identity Perspective on Social Venture Capitalists' Decision Criteria

Article

Jul 2010

Social venture capitalists (SVCs) have emerged to provide a new source of funding for social entrepreneurs. Building on organizational identity theory, we examine how the dual identity of social ventures grounded within the social and entrepreneurship sectors prompts SVCs to value the resources and goals of both sectors. We use policy capturing to study the decision rules of 44 SVCs, finding that criteria of both sectors influenced SVC assessments, and entrepreneurial sector criteria were relied on most strongly in these assessments. Furthermore, not all SVCs evaluate social ventures similarly; their social investment focus influences their emphasis on social and entrepreneurial sector criteria.

Sentimental Drivers of Social Entrepreneurship: A Study of China's Guangcai (Glorious) Program

Article

Dec 2013
Manag Organ Rev

Social entrepreneurship plays an important role in local development in emerging economies, but scholars have paid little attention to this emergent phenomenon. Under the theory of moral sentiments, we posit that some entrepreneurs are altruistically motived to promote a morally effective economic system by engaging in social entrepreneurial activities. Focusing on China's Guangcai (Glorious) Program, a social entrepreneurship program initiated by China's private entrepreneurs to combat poverty and contribute to regional development, we find that private entrepreneurs are motivated to participate in such programs if they have more past distressful experiences, including limited educational opportunities, unemployment experience, rural poverty experience, and startup location hardship. Their perceived social status further strengthens these relationships. Our study contributes to the social entrepreneurship literature by offering a moral sentiment perspective that explains why some entrepreneurs voluntarily join a social entrepreneurship program to mitigate poverty in the society.

Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intent: A Meta-Analytic Test and Integration of Competing Models

Article

Dec 2013

Increasing interest in the development of entrepreneurial intentions has elevated the importance of theories that predict and explain individuals' propensity to start a firm. The purpose of this study is to meta-analytically test and integrate the theory of planned behavior and the entrepreneurial event model. We summarize the findings of 98 studies (123 samples, n = 114,007) and utilize meta-analytic structural equation modeling to examine the empirical fit of the competing theories and the integrated model. Our results demonstrate support for the competing theories and indicate the moderating role of contextual boundary conditions in the development of entrepreneurial intent. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the integrated model provides additional explanatory power and a fuller understanding of the process through which entrepreneurial intent develops.

Research on entrepreneurship in the informal economy: Framing a research agenda

Article