Article

Geçiş Dönemi Sürecinde Kırım’da Güç Yapılarının ve Politikaların Oluşturulması: 2014 – 2016

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Abstract

In March 2014 following the military intervention of the Russian troops into the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the latter announced its independence and, through the illegal referendum, declared its entrance into the Russian Federation. The period between 2014 and 2016 this article concentrates on is considered as transitional period insofar as the most important issues were to be solved. Among them, one can name the formation of the institutions and legal framework, new appointments and political elites. This article argues that the main objective of Kremlin during the mentioned period was rapid and unobstructed inclusion of Crimea into the Russian Federation after the military invasion and annexation. While Moscow aimed at accelerated creation of the institutions and legislative base in Crimea, it filled Crimea with the Russian elites removing all local professionals. At the same time, Moscow not only neglected the issues of the human rights and rights of minorities but tried to prevent the emergence of the opposition voices. Author employs analysis of the legislation related to the transition period as well as the media coverage of the issues.

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Throughout history, the Crimean Tatars have challenged Russian aggression by utilizing two main strategies: engaging and confronting. Since its annexation of Crimea in March 2014, Russia has left no room for engagement and has demanded the complete submission of the Crimean Tatar population. This article argues that the Crimean Tatars should not yield to Russian demands, but rather pursue an integrated policy aimed at rallying potential allies such as Turkey, Ukraine, and the EU around their cause, lobbying through their diaspora organizations, and advocating for their human rights through non-violent means. In addressing Turkey's conflicting allegiances to the EU and the Crimean Tatars on the one hand and a burgeoning strategic and economic partnership with Russia on the other, the author argues that Turkey has the capacity to address this challenge creatively, rather than reacting to involved actors.
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Article
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Abstract: This article analyses the relations between Crimean Tatars and Ukraine after the occupation and the illegal annexation of the Russian Federation in the Crimean Peninsula. Euromaidan protests, which took place between November 2013 and February 2014, started a revolutionary process in Ukraine and gave way the changes in the domestic and foreign policies of Ukraine. Besides, Russian assistance to the separatists in the Eastern Ukraine and illegal annexation of the Crimean Peninsula bred a regional crisis. Support of Crimean Tatars, the indigenous people of the Crimean Peninsula, to the Ukrainian territorial integrity and their solid resistance against the Russian occupation is one of the most remarkable issues in this crisis. By the end of 2018, Crimean Tatars and Ukraine, who are rewriting their history on the basis of common sufferings and happiness, in a situation of alliance against the Moscow administration. This article, relies on the qualitative data gathered during the field researches held in Ukraine and Turkey and secondary sources in the literature, analyzes the change in the relations between Crimean Tatars and Ukraine, while discussing how an alliance became possible between these two. Öz: Bu makale, 2014 yılında Rusya Federasyonu’nun Kırım Yarımadası’nı işgal ve yasadışı ilhakını takip eden süreç içerisinde, Kırım Tatarları ve Ukrayna arasında gelişen ilişkileri incelemektedir. Kasım 2013 ve Şubat 2014 tarihleri arasında gerçekleşen Euromeydan (Euromaidan) olayları, devrimsel bir süreç başlatmış ve Ukrayna’nın iç ve dış siyasetini yeni baştan kurmasının önünü açmıştır. Diğer yandan Rusya Federasyonu’nun, Kırım’ı yasadışı ilhakı ve Doğu Ukrayna’da başlayan ayrılıkçı hareketlere destek vermesi bölgeyi bir krize sürüklemiştir. Bu krizin tam ortasında Kırım’ın yerli halkı (indigenous people) Kırım Tatarlarının kitlesel olarak Ukrayna’nın toprak bütünlüğünü desteklemeleri ve Rus işgaline karşı gerek Kırım Yarımadası’nın içerisinde gerekse uluslararası alanda sert bir direniş göstermeleri bu krizin en dikkate değer noktalarından bir tanesidir. 2018 yılı sonu itibariyle Ukrayna ve Kırım Tatarları, tarihlerini ortak acılar ve ortak mutluluklar temelinde yeniden gözden geçirirken; Moskova’ya karşı bir ittifak kurmuş durumdadırlar. Ukrayna’da ve Türkiye’de yürütülen saha çalışmalarında elde edilen nitel verilere ve literatürdeki ikinci el kaynaklara dayanılarak hazırlanan bu makale, Ukrayna ve Kırım Tatarları arasında ilişkilerin nasıl değiştiğini ve bu ittifakın ortaya çıkışının nasıl mümkün olduğunu irdelemektedir.
Chapter
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This chapter focuses on contemporary strategies of ethnic consolidation during a crisis. The ethnic discourse reflected in accumulated collective memories, helped to overcome the past traumatic event and to provide ethnic group with vital sense of identity. Based on the trauma of Sürgün (forceful deportation of Crimean Tatars from Crimea in 1944), I will research the practices of remembering of the Event (deportation). By using theories of political victimization, I will establish a new framework for analysis of mechanisms for political mobilization during the crisis. The empirical part will be devoted to current interpretations of the traumatic Soviet past in Crimean Tatar community’s relation to the ongoing political changes in both mainland Ukraine and the annexed Crimea since 2014.
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Chapter
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The accelerated integration of Crimea into Russia's state system illuminates the overall sociopolitical process in Russia. The process was largely improved, with various agencies each pursuing its own course of action. Some were formed on the basis of existing Ukrainian institutions, while others were created de novo. In some cases, locals were given senior positions, while in others the top posts were assigned to appointees from other regions who had no previous ties to Crimea. Overall, Moscow was careful to take into account local factors, such as the role of the Crimean Tatar population. The situation remains fluid, with many state institutions still subject to modification.
Article
The author examines the role of Crimea in the Russian state, beginning with a justification of the legality of the region's annexation as both a reflection of the historical connection between Crimea and Russia and the result of the illegitimacy of the post-coup government in Ukraine. He then turns to the potential role of the integration of Crimea as a national project that could revive Russia while allowing its leaders to root out traitors and other undesirables from among the Russian elites.
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