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A new genus of Liocranidae
(Arachnida: Araneae) from Tajikistan
Yuri M. Marusik1,2,3, Alexander A. Fomichev4
1 Institute for Biological Problems of the North RAS, Portovaya Str. 18, Magadan, 685000, Russia
2 Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
3 Zoological Museum, Biodiversity Unit, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland
4 Altai State University, 61 Lenina Prospect, Barnaul, 656049, Russia
Corresponding author: Yuri M. Marusik (yurmar@mail.ru)
Academic editor: R. Yakovlev|Received 15 October 2020|Accepted 29 October 2020|Published 4 December 2020
http://zoobank.org/C5FA8CFC-953F-43EE-8CEC-7F08B23A39C1
Citation: Marusik YuM, Fomichev AA (2020) A new genus of Liocranidae (Arachnida: Araneae) from Tajikistan.
Acta Biologica Sibirica 6: 583–594. https://doi.org/10.3897/abs.6.e59687
Abstract
A new genus, Platnick gen. n., with three new species, P. s hab l ya i sp. n. (♂, type species), P. astana sp.
n. (♀) and P. sanglok sp. n. (♀), are described from Tajikistan. e male of the type species has a unique
pair of longitudinal ventral postgastral scuta. Females have such scuta also, but they are much shorter.
e new genus is placed in Liocranidae Simon, 1897. A discussion on the subfamilies of Liocranidae
and comments on the family-group names are provided.
Keywords
Aranei, biodiversity, Central Asia, Dionycha, morphology, Oedignathinae, spider, taxonomy
Introduction
Liocranidae Simon, 1897 is a relatively small spider family with 290 extant named
species belonging to 32 genera distributed worldwide (WSC 2020). is family is
poorly delimited, with an unclear number of subfamilies and currently contain-
ing genera that have ping-ponged from family to family (cf. Deeleman-Reinhold
Acta Biologica Sibirica 6: 583–594 (2020)
doi: 10.3897/abs.6.e59687
https://abs.pensoft.net
Copyright Yuri M. Marusik, Alexander A. Fomichev. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Cre-
ative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any
medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
584Yuri M. Marusik, Alexander A. Fomichev / Acta Biologica Sibirica 6: 583–594 (2020)
2001, Bosselaers and Jocqué 2013 and Ramírez 2014). e most recent publications
mention dierent names. Bosselaers and Jocqué (2013) reported two subfami-
lies: Cybaeodinae Simon, 1893 and Liocraninae Simon, 1897; Ramírez (2014), in
the fundamental revision of the Dionycha, mentioned only one subfamily name
Oedignathinae Simon, 1897 and did not discuss the division of Liocranidae to
subfamilies or tribes. Five genera of Liocranidae, all belonging to Liocraninae,
are known from Central Asia: Agraecina Simon, 1932, Agroeca Westring, 1861,
Apostenus Westring, 1851, Liocranum L. Koch, 1866 and Mesiotelus Simon, 1897
(Mikhailov 2013; WSC 2020); however, none are known from Tajikistan. While
studying spiders collected in Tajikistan, we found several specimens of Phruro-
lithidae- (a similar, also poorly delimited family)/Liocranidae-like spiders, be-
longing to three species from one genus, which do not correspond to any known
genus of either Phrurolithidae Banks, 1892 (a family recently reviewed in Central
Asia by Zamani and Marusik 2020) or Liocranidae. e males of this genus have
a pair of unique, large, longitudinal postgastral scuta, a character unknown in all
other spiders, and both sexes are somewhat dorsoventrally attened. Scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) of the male palp revealed the presence of the tegular
apophysis. is, and the similarity of abdominal scuta with some genera of Oed-
ignathinae led us to the conclusion that these new species belong to Liocranidae
sensu Ramírez (2014). e goals of this paper are to provide comments on the
family group names of Liocranidae, briey discuss the subfamilies, their author-
ship, and describe a new genus with three new species of this genus.
Material and methods
Specimens were photographed using an Olympus Camedia E‐520 camera attached to
an Olympus SZX16 stereomicroscope or to the eye piece of an Olympus BH2 trans-
mission microscope, and a SEM JEOL JSM-5200 scanning electron microscope at the
Zoological Museum of University of Turku, Finland. Digital images were prepared
using Helicon Focus 7.5.8 and/or Zerene Stacker version 1.04 image stacking so-
ware. Illustrations of endogynes and palps were made aer clearing them in a 10%
KOH aqueous solution and in lactic acid, respectively. Lengths of leg segments were
measured on the dorsal side. All measurements are given in millimeters. All types
are deposited in the Zoological Museum of the Moscow State University (ZMMU).
Abbreviations
Leg segments: Fe – femur, Mt – metatarsus, Pt – patella, Ta – tarsus, Ti – tibia.
Spination: d – dorsal, pv – proventral, r – retrolateral, rv – retroventral, v – ventral.
A new genus of Liocranidae from Tajikistan585
Taxonomic survey
Family Liocranidae Simon, 1897
Family-group names in Liocranidae
In the current literature, we found ve family-group names provided for genera
that are currently placed in Liocranidae (WSC 2020): Cybaeodinae Simon, 1893
(WSC 2020), Liocraninae Simon, 1897, Oedignathinae Simon, 1897 (Ramírez
2014), amphilinae orell, 1897 and Sphingiinae (Deeleman-Reinhold 2001).
Only three names are mentioned in the catalog of Bonnet (1961): Cybaeodinae,
Liocraninae and Oedignathinae. It seems that Sphingiinae is a nomen nudum and
was suggested by Deeleman-Reinhold (2001) as a replacement name for am-
philinae (amphilus orell, 1895 is considered a junior synonym of Sphingius
orell, 1890). For some reasons amphilinae and Oedignathidae orell, 1897
are not mentioned among family group names in Bonnet (1961). e publica-
tion dates of Simon’s and orell’s works with Oedignathidae orell, 1897, Oe-
dignatheae Simon, 1897 and Liocraninae Simon, 1897 reveal that Simon’s names
were published aer orell’s Oedignathidae. Below we list all taxonomic names
currently considered within Liocranidae:
Cybaeodinae Simon, 1893: 341 (key), 387 (description); Tucker 1923: 253, 431;
Bonnet 1956: 1297; Bonnet 1961: 12; Platnick and Di Franco 1992: 1.
Liocraninae Simon, 1897: 23–24; Bonnet 1957: 2540; Bonnet 1961: 13.
Liocranidae Lehtinen, 1967: 312, 340 (raised to family level); Deeleman-Reinhold
2001: 399; Ramírez 2014: 343.
Oedignatheae Simon, 1897: 178 (key), 187 (description) [date of publication
15.II.1897]; Bonnet 1958: 3137; Bonnet 1961: 1218; Ramírez 2014: 343.
Oedignathidae orell, 1897: 197 [description is missing, date of publication 2.I.1897].
Sphingiinae Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001: 465 [nomen nudum]; Zhang et al. 2009: 31.
amphilinae orell, 1897: 230 (based on amphilus 1895=Sphingius orell, 1890).
Although Oedignathidae Thorell, 1897 has one month priority over Li-
ocraninae Simon, 1897, article 35.5 of the ICZN allows the junior name to re-
main if it has prevailing usage: “If after 1999 a name in use for a family-group
taxon (e.g. for a subfamily) is found to be older than a name in prevailing usage
for a taxon at higher rank in the same family-group taxon (e.g. for the fam-
ily within which the older name is the name of a subfamily) the older name
is not to displace the younger name”. Until recently, Oedignatha Thorell, 1881
was considered to belong in Corinnidae and was transferred to Liocranidae by
Ramírez (2014).
586Yuri M. Marusik, Alexander A. Fomichev / Acta Biologica Sibirica 6: 583–594 (2020)
Oedignathinae orell, 1897
Comments
e genera currently (WSC 2020) considered in Liocranidae that share characters also
found in Oedignatha, such as the epigastric scutum forming a petiolar tube, postgas-
tral scuta connected to book-lung spiracles and males with a large dorsal scutum, are:
Koppe Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001; Oedignatha orell, 1881; Platnick gen. n., Sesieutes
Simon, 1897; Sphingius orell, 1890; Sudharmia Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 and Teu -
tamus orell, 1890. e characters mentioned above are not known in Liocraninae
sensu stricto. Ramírez (2014) considered the aforementioned genera and also Jacaena
orell, 1897 as closely related and belonging to the Teu tamu s group, although Sud-
harmia, Oedignatha and Koppe were placed in this group with some reservations.
Genera considered by us to belong in Oedignathinae or the Teut a m us group (sensu
Ramírez, 2014) were until recently placed in Corinnidae and Phrurolithinae (a sub-
family of Liocranidae, raised to family level by Ramírez (2014)). Historically, dierent
genera have been placed in Clubionidae, Gnaphosidae, Micariinae Simon, 1897 and
Molycriae Simon, 1897 (see Deeleman-Reinhold 2001). Seven genera that we consider
to belong to Oedignathinae are known from Central Asia—from Tajikistan, south to Sri
Lanka and southeast to Samoa. Only two Oedignatha species, the type species O. scro-
biculata orell, 1881 and O. mogamoga Marples, 1955, have a wider distribution than
mentioned above, known outside of the region due to introduction (cf. WSC 2020).
Platnick gen. n.
http://zoobank.org/824BDBFE-0DCA-4EF3-A850-BAF54807FE09
Type species. Platnick shablyai sp. n. from Tajikistan.
Et y molog y. e genus is named aer the late Norman I. Platnick (1951–2020)
who made unprecedented contributions to arachnology, including creating the
World Spider Catalog. e gender is masculine.
Diagnosis. e new genus is most similar to the Southeast Asian genera Oedig-
natha orell, 1881, Sesieutes Simon, 1897 and Sphingius orell, 1890. e male of
the new genus diers from all other Oedignathinae by having a pair of longitudinal
(longer than wide) ventral scuta (vs. absent). In addition, the male can be distin-
guished by having an antero-ventral femoral extension of the palp (vs. lacking) and
a helical (screw threading) embolus embedded in a collar (Cl) (vs. lamentous em-
bolus, lacking collar). Females of Platnick gen. n. dier from Oedignatha by lacking
a dorsal scutum and having small (smaller than the epigyne) postgastral scuta (vs.
scuta larger than the epigyne, transverse and almost touching each other).
Description. Small, body length 2.1 in male and 2.18‒2.35 in females; carapace
0.96 long in male, and 0.86‒1.03 in females. Prosoma uniformly colored, at, >2
A new genus of Liocranidae from Tajikistan587
times longer than high, carapace rather at; carapace length/height ratio >3; cara-
pace covered with ne granulation; fovea short, longitudinal, about as long as AME
diameter; margin with small spines. Carapace and sternum fused. Sternum oval,
posterior edge truncate, slightly wider than labium; sternum covered with ne pits
bearing setae. Female palp with claw. Chelicera covered with small spines anteri-
orly, basal part extended anteriorly. Labium about 1.5‒1.6 times longer than wide.
Maxillae slightly concave, rebordered mesally. Legs uniformly colored, with darker
femora and coxae I; femora I‒II and metatarsi IV without spines; tibiae I‒II with 4‒6
pairs of ventral spines; metatarsi I‒II with a pair of spines. Spine locking mechanism
barely developed. Metatarsi III‒IV with preening brush on distal half. Leg formula
4123. Leg I (leg I/carapace length) longer in females (2.5‒2.6) than in male (2.3).
Abdomen elongate and at, 1.5‒2 times longer than wide and >2 times longer
than high, uniformly colored. Both sexes with epigastral scutum, in male encircling
petiolus, in female scutum encircling ventral and lateral parts. Dorsum of male al-
most entirely covered with brown scutum; female abdomen pale, covered with small
setae, with a pair of sigillae medially. Venter of abdomen in male with epigastric
scutum rebordered posteriorly, postgaster with pair of longitudinal scuta tapering
posteriorly, length/maximum width is about 2, connected to epigastral scutum near
postero-lateral edge of book-lung opercula. Female with a pair of small transverse
postgastral scuta attached to epigastral scutum near postero-lateral edge of book-
lung opercula. In both sexes, epigastral scuta extend into petiolar tube. Spinnerets
not darker than venter.
Male palp: femur 2.3 times longer than wide, with distal ventral extension (Ve), fe-
mur slightly shorter than cymbium; patella modied, with retrolateral outgrowth (Po),
dorsal length longer than tibia; tibia as long as wide in dorsal view, with short prolat-
eral apophysis (Pa); cymbium oval, about 1.6 times longer than wide; bulb oval, about
1.5 times longer than wide; sperm duct (Sd) long and wide, encircling retrolateral and
posterior edge of tegulum, its broad part terminating at about 8:30 o’clock position;
tegulum with apophysis (Ta), with claw-like tip directed retrolaterally; conductor small
(Cn), weakly sclerotized; embolus (Em) located medially, embedded in tegulum, tegu-
lum forms a collar (Cl) around embolus, embolus with weakly sclerotized helicoid tip.
Epigyne with distinct, or indistinct fovea (Fo), with separate copulatory open-
ings (Co); receptacles (Re) tubular; receptacular glands (Rg) thick, extend anteriorly,
close together; fertilization ducts (Fd) located posteriorly.
Comment. We were unable to match the species known only from the male
with either morphospecies represented by females. All three specimens have dif-
ferent spination and were not collected from the same localities. erefore, we de-
scribe the females as a dierent species than the male, understanding that in the
future, one of the females may be synonymized with the generotype P. s hab ly ai sp. n.
Composition. Platnick astana sp. n., P. sanglok sp. n. and P. s h a bl y ai sp. n.
Distribution. All three species were collected in the Khatlon Region of Tajik-
istan (Figs 33–34).
588Yuri M. Marusik, Alexander A. Fomichev / Acta Biologica Sibirica 6: 583–594 (2020)
Platnick shablyai sp. n.
http://zoobank.org/CA063C93-70FA-4155-8192-1BE8DCD0D8C4
Figs 1–13, 26, 33–34
Type. Holotype ♂ (ZMMU), TAJIKISTAN, Khatlon Region, Dzhilantau Mt. Range,
2 km E from Kuybul’on Village, 37°53.970'N, 69°23.155'E, dry stony shiblyak shrub-
land with rocks, 970–1200 m, 14.04.2019 (A.A. Fomichev).
Et y molog y. e species is named aer the entomologist Vitaliy O. Shablya
(Moscow, Russia), who organized the expedition to Tajikistan in which the new
species was collected.
Diagnosis. Same as for the genus.
Description. Male. Total length 2.1. Prosoma 0.46 high. Carapace: 0.96 long,
0.74 wide, 0.3 high. Prosoma and chelicerae brown. Legs and palps pale yellow with
darker coxa and femur I. Abdomen with brownish dorsal scutum almost entirely
covering dorsum. Epigastral scutum encircling petiolus. Postgastral scuta as shown
in Fig. 2 and described for the genus.
Palp as in Figs 6–13. See description of the genus.
Habitat. e holotype was collected in shiblyak shrubland. Shiblyak is a kind
of vegetation similar to those called garrigue (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gar-
rigue) or maquis shrubland (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquis_shrubland),
composed of deciduous xerophilous shrubs and small trees.
Distribution. Known from the type locality only (Figs 33–34).
Platnick sanglok sp. n.
http://zoobank.org/FA948D98-2431-4342-944D-3D3462FCC73C
Figs 14, 16, 18, 20, 29–34
Type. Holotype ♀ (ZMMU), TAJIKISTAN, Khatlon Region, Dangara Distr., SW
slope of Sanglogh (=Sanglok) Mt. Range, 38°13.091'N, 69°14.282'E, clay-sand clis
along road and among litter under Artemisia, 1362 m, 30.04.2015 (Y.M. Marusik).
Et y molog y. e species epithet is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.
Diagnosis. e new species diers from those of P. astana sp. n. by the indistinct
fovea and unconcealed copulatory openings (Co) (vs. fovea distinct, copulatory open-
ings concealed by hoods), as well as by the copulatory ducts (Cd) directed posteriorly
and the short glands of the receptacles (Rg) not extended anteriorly as much as the
Leg measurements: Leg spination:
Fe Pt Ti Mt Ta Total Fe Ti Mt
I 0.64 0.34 0.53 0.37 0.37 2.25 I - pv4 rv4 pv1 rv1
II 0.57 0.33 0.46 0.34 0.34 2.04 II - pv4 rv3 pv1 rv1
III 0.46 0.24 0.3 0.33 0.34 1.67 III d1 v1 pv1
IV 0.61 0.33 0.51 0.5 0.44 2.39 IV d1 r1 -
A new genus of Liocranidae from Tajikistan589
Figures 1–5. Male of Platnick shablyai sp. n.: 1–3 – habitus, 4 – cephalic part, 5 – leg I.
1–dorsal, 2 – ventral, 3 – lateral, 4 – frontal , 5 – prolateral. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (1); 0.2 mm (5).
receptacles (vs. copulatory ducts directed anteriorly, and glands of receptacles located
anterior to receptacles). e two species dier by the spination of tibia II: P. sanglok
sp. n. has 5 pairs of ventral spines, whereas P. astana sp. n. has 4 pairs.
Description. Female. Total length 2.18. Prosoma 0.5 high. Carapace: 1.03 long,
0.81 wide, 0.33 high. Prosoma and chelicerae brown. Legs and palps pale yellow,
femora and coxae I darker than other segments. Abdomen and spinnerets white.
Postgastral scuta elongate, ovoid, about 4 times longer than wide.
Epigyne as in Figs 29–32; fovea indistinct, copulatory openings (Co) uncon-
cealed, hood absent; copulatory ducts directed posteriorly; glands of receptacles
short, shorter than anterior extension of receptacles, diverging.
Leg measurements: Leg spination:
Fe Pt Ti Mt Ta Total Fe Ti Mt
I 0.77 0.41 0.66 0.43 0.43 2.7 I - pv6 rv5 d1 pv1 rv1
II 0.7 0.37 0.57 0.41 0.41 2.46 II - pv5 rv5 pv1 rv1
III 0.53 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.37 2.0 III d1 pv1 v1 pv1
IV 0.76 0.4 0.66 0.61 0.5 2.93 IV d1 pv1 r1 -
Distribution. Known from the type locality only (Figs 33–34).
590Yuri M. Marusik, Alexander A. Fomichev / Acta Biologica Sibirica 6: 583–594 (2020)
Figures 6–13. Male palp of Platnick shablyai sp. n.: 6–9, 12, 13 – whole palp, 10, 11 – ter-
minal part. 6, 13 – Retrolateral, 7 – prolateral, 8 – dorsal, 9–12 – ventral. Abbreviations: Cl
– tegular collar, Cn – conductor, Em – embolus, Pa – prolateral apophysis of tibia, Po – retro-
lateral outgrowth of patella, Sd – sperm duct, Ta – tegular apophysis, Ve – ventral extension
of femur. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (7); 0.05 mm (11); 0.1 mm (12, 13).
A new genus of Liocranidae from Tajikistan591
Figures 14–26. Female habitus and details: 14, 16, 18, 20 – Platnick sanglok sp. n. 15, 17,
19, 21–25 – P. astana sp. n. 26 – P. s h a b l y a i sp. n. 14, 15 – Habitus, dorsal, 16, 17 – ditto,
ventral, 18, 19 – ditto, lateral, 20, 21 – female leg I, prolateral, 22 – female maxillae and
palps, dorsal, 23, 24 – female chelicera, mesal and anterior, 25 – the fang of the female
chelicera, posterior, 26 – leg I Ta of the male. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (14, 15); 0.2 mm (20, 22);
0.05 mm (24, 26); 0.02 mm (25).
592Yuri M. Marusik, Alexander A. Fomichev / Acta Biologica Sibirica 6: 583–594 (2020)
Figures 27–34. Epigynes: 27, 28 – Platnick astana sp. n.; 29–32 – P. sanglok sp. n.; 33, 34
– collecting localities of Platnick species. 27, 29 – Intact, ventral, 31, 32 – macerated, ven-
tral, 28, 30 – macerated, dorsal. Abbreviations: Ah – anterior hood, Cd – copulatory ducts,
Co – copulatory opening, Fd – fertilization duct, Fo – fovea, Re – receptacle, Rg –receptacle
gland. P. sh ab ly ai sp. n. – circle, P. astana sp. n. – triangle, P. sanglok sp. n. – diamond. Frame
on Fig. 34 refers to Fig. 33. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (27, 29).
Platnick astana sp. n.
http://zoobank.org/D3A9B738-19A0-4DA2-BD1C-A77C7015091B
Figs 15, 17, 19, 21–25, 27, 28, 33, 34
Type. Holotype ♀ (ZMMU), TAJIKISTAN, Khatlon Region, Pyandzh Karatau Mt.
Range, Astana Mt., 37°23.202ʹN, 69°14.810ʹE, 1674 m, 4.05.2015 (S.L. Zonstein).
Et y molog y. e species epithet is a noun in apposition taken from the type
locality.
Diagnosis. See diagnosis for P. sanglok sp. n.
Description. Female. Total length 2.35. Prosoma 0.43 high. Carapace: 0.86 long,
0.66 wide, 0.3 high. Carapace, maxillae, labium and chelicerae yellow-brown. Ster-
A new genus of Liocranidae from Tajikistan593
num dark yellow. Palps and legs light yellow with darker femur and coxa I. Legs III‒
IV lighter than others. Abdomen and spinnerets beige. Postgastral scuta elongate,
diamond-shaped, about 3 times longer than wide.
Epigyne as in Figs 27–28; fovea distinct, anterior hoods (Ah) conceal copula-
tory openings; copulatory ducts directed anteriorly; glands of receptacles separated,
parallel, longer than anterior extension of receptacles.
Distribution. Known from the type locality only (Figs 33–34).
Acknowledgements
We thank Vitaliy O. Shablya (Moscow, Russia), Murod Saidov and Rustam Muratov
(both from Dushanbe, Tajikistan) for organizing expeditions to Tajikistan in 2015
and 2019 in which the material treated here was collected. Special thanks to Sergei
L. Zonstein (Tel-Aviv, Israel) for great help in collecting. Also, we thank Seppo Ko-
ponen and Ilari Sääksjärvi (University of Turku, Finland) for providing museum fa-
cilities, Charles Haddad (Bloemfontein, South Africa) and Martin Ramírez (Buenos
Aires, Argentina) for consultations regarding the placement of the new genus. eo
Blick (Hummental, Germany) provided us with the dates of Simon’s and orell’s
publications. An earlier dra of the manuscript was reviewed by Martin Ramírez
and Mikhail M. Omelko (Vladivostok, Russia), and Sarah Crews (San Francisco,
USA) provided valuable comments on earlier versions of this manuscript and kind-
ly checked the English of the nal dra. We thank the reviewers and the editor for
their comments on the manuscript.
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