Available via license: CC BY 4.0
Content may be subject to copyright.
UNDERSTANDING OF SMART CITIES, DIGITAL CITIES AND INTELLIGENT
CITIES: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES
D. Çinar Umdu1,*, E. Alakavuk2
1 Yasar University, Graduate School PhD in Architecture, 35100 Bornova İzmir, TURKEY - duygu.cinar.88@gmail.com
2 Yasar University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, 35100 Bornova İzmir, TURKEY -
ebru.alakavuk@yasar.edu.tr
KEY WORDS: Smart City, Digital City, Intelligent City, Similarities, Differences
ABSTRACT:
The modern world is fast in many ways and a place where technological innovations can be adapted immediately. This speed and
technological progress can be seen as a kind of development. It has positive as well as negative aspects. Economic and social
problems, population growth, consumption of resources, high energy use, environmental pollution and climate change are negative
phenomena brought by the modern world. Cities can also be seen as units that work on different strategies and models due to fast
living, environmental, social and economic problems. Especially developing urban technology, the increase in the population rate in
the cities and environmental problems have led to the development and discussion of many terms and concepts in the architecture
and design literature in the urbanization process. The word and concept accumulation they possess is too much to ignore. The
concepts of smart city, digital city and intelligent city are the concepts put forward to solve the problems caused by the urban
developing world. These three concepts are based on the use of urban technology and they are either confused with each other or
their boundaries are not determined too much. In this study, while determining the boundaries of these concepts, which have a lot in
common with each other, similarities and differences between the concepts were revealed and suggestions were made regarding the
definitions of the concepts.
* Corresponding author
1. INTRODUCTION
The modern world is a fast and technologically open space. It is
an integrated system open to both physical, virtual, and social
developments. In addition, the information age, innovations and
entrepreneurship have influenced and developed many things in
the urban dimension as well as in every field (Velibeyoğlu,
2016).
Technology, climate change and fast life brought many terms to
our lives. While some point to the same concepts, others have
changed their boundaries and definitions. Today, many
disciplines have met several terms that have not yet been
defined, or even whose boundaries are completely drawn.
One of these disciplines are design and architecture.
Urbanization is one of the most important issues of architectural
discipline, and according to the European Commission, more
than 70% of the world's population will live in cities (DG-
Energy, 2019) by 2050. Even now, about 75% of the European
population lives in cities (Kotzeva, Brandmüller, 2016).
This data indicates that energy consumption, the virtual network
and various social and economic formations are concentrated in
cities to a large extent. Cities are the main drivers of the world
economy and culture, also they open effective ways for growth,
socialization, and employment (Ateş, Önder, 2019; DG-Energy,
2019).
The characteristics of the cities in the old world were shaped by
the industrial development of the structural features of the
buildings in that city (Mittchel, 2007). The features of the cities
are shaped by the city technologies they hold. Now the
performance of a city is not only related to its physical
structures, but also to its social, economic, environmental, and
technological structures (Caragliu et al., 2011).
But it should not be forgotten that the urbanization process
brings with it many environmental, economic, and social
problems (Braun, 2005; Çelik, Güleç, 2014). To solve this
problem, many definitions have been made on urban basis and
various models have been developed and many of them are
based on urban technology (Velibeyoğlu, 2016). But some of
them were either confused or unable to form the main focal
points.
In the context of the solution of the problems related to
urbanization, smart city, digital city, data city, tele city, eco city,
intelligent city, info city, sustainable city, global city and many
more are defined in the literature.
In this study, the conceptual features, similarities and
differences of the terms smart city, intelligent city and digital
city, which are defined in the technological and environmental
development process of urbanization, are determined and their
limits are defined. In addition, suggestions about the use of
these terms are presented.
2. METHODOLOGY
In the study, a literature research was conducted on the concepts
of smart city, digital city, and intelligent city. Several
information, definition and terms about these concepts were
collected. In line with this information, the basic features,
characteristics, contents, and criteria of the concepts were
examined.
In addition, these 3 concepts were searched in the search
engines (Google, Bing and Yandex), which are the simplest
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLIV-4/W3-2020, 2020
5th International Conference on Smart City Applications, 7–8 October 2020, Virtual Safranbolu, Turkey (online)
This contribution has been peer-reviewed.
https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-4-W3-2020-173-2020 | © Authors 2020. CC BY 4.0 License.
173
method for non-disciplinary people to use them, to find out
whether the definitions of concepts are also reached by non-
disciplinary people and the results were compared.
Regarding the conceptual thoughts they want to reveal,
similarities and differences of the terms and obstacles about the
concepts have been put forward and a suggestion has been made
on how these concepts should be handled in today's world.
3. SMART CITY
One of the concepts presented for the solution of the urban
problems of the modern world is the smart city, which contains
many definitions and models. It was handled in the 90s for the
first time, and its popularity became an increasing concept in
the 2000s (Ateş, Önder, 2019; Dameri, 2013).
It is one of the solutions that correspond to the rapid
urbanization challenges (Estevez et al., 2016) which is complex
(Çelik, Güleç, 2014) and has more than one element (Dameri,
2013).
Many authorities, sectors and parties around the world have
done many studies on this concept and economic programs and
calls have been developed for these studies (Dameri, 2013;
Engelbert et al., 2019; Batagan, 2011).
On the European Commission's policy-related website, it has
defined the term: "A smart city is a place where traditional
networks and services are made more efficient with the use of
digital and telecommunication technologies for the benefit of its
inhabitants and business." (DG-Energy, 2019,
https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/smart-cities).
At the same time, cities are the main drivers of the EU
economy, opening up effective ways for growth and
employment. There are several EU policies, proposals and
initiatives that promote more attractive and competitive urban
areas, a healthier and more sustainable place to live, and also
combat climate challenges (DG-Energy, n.d.). The European
Union has opened a call on Horizon 2020 on smart cities and
continues to work on smart cities (Шнепс-Шнеппе, 2016).
Furthermore, this concept is a city vision, where the rapidly
developing technology is used to increase the quality of life in
urban processes, where social and environmental sustainability
exists, and information technologies are used in many ways
(Ateş, Öner, 2019).
The concept of smart city will be defined in different ways
throughout the developing technologies and the process of the
modern world. Because the economic, social and environmental
problems of each period will change. Many urban and rural
builders, not only smart cities, need to revise their policies for
development sustainability (Alkan, 2015).
Moreover, many different definitions were shared in the Smart
Sustainable Cities-Reconnaissance Study in 2016 by Estevez
and her team. These definitions are presented in Table 1.
Definition
Who
Date
utilizing “the opportunities
presented by Information and
Communication Technology (ICT)
in promoting … prosperity and
influence.”
Odendaal
2003
Definition
Who
Date
investing “in human and social
capital and traditional (transport)
and modern (ICT) communication
infrastructure to fuel sustainable
economic growth and a high quality
of life, with a wise management of
natural resources, through
participatory governance”
Caragliu et
al.
2011
“a high capacity for learning and
innovation, which is built-in the
creativity of their population, their
institutions of knowledge creation,
and their digital infrastructure for
communication and knowledge
management”
Allwinkle,
Cruickshank
/ Tranos,
Gertner
2011/
2012
a city where “ICT is merged with
traditional infrastructures,
coordinated and integrated using
new digital technologies.”
“a fusion of ideas about how
information and communications
technologies might improve the
functioning of cities, enhancing
their efficiency, improving their
competitiveness, and providing new
ways in which problems of poverty,
social deprivation, and poor
environment might be addressed”
Batty et al.
2012
“User-centred evolution of the
other city-concepts which seem to
be more technological deterministic
in nature.”
Schuuman et
al.
2012
“how investments in human and
social capital and modern ICT
infrastructure and e-services fuel
sustainable growth and quality of
life, enabled by a wise management
of natural resources and through
participative government”
Schaffers et
al.
2012
“urban environment which,
supported by pervasive ICT
systems, is able to offer advanced
and innovative services to citizens
in order to improve the overall
quality of their life“
Piro et al.
2014
“a generic term to describe IT-
based innovative urban
ecosystems”
Gabrys
2014
“smart ability to deal with a city’s
problems and provides citizens with
a better living environment through
intelligent accumulation and
analysis of different kinds of data
from the city’s routine operation
based on advanced information
technologies”
Wenge et al.
2014
Table 1. The definitions used by experts for the term smart city
In the Smart Sustainable Cities-Reconnaissance Study (Estevez
et al., 2016, p.10-11).
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLIV-4/W3-2020, 2020
5th International Conference on Smart City Applications, 7–8 October 2020, Virtual Safranbolu, Turkey (online)
This contribution has been peer-reviewed.
https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-4-W3-2020-173-2020 | © Authors 2020. CC BY 4.0 License.
174
In the report it is highlighted that the smart city is a structure
which is environment, economy, business, human capital,
education and social based existing systems are protected and
supported by technology and simulations, e-management
adopted (Estevez et al., 2016).
It is a formation where sustainability and digitalization coexist
and 119 cities in the world define themselves as smart city.
Some of these cities are also defined as both intelligent city and
digital city. (Estevez et al., 2016).
In Cities in Motion Index (CIMI) 2018, 165 cities from 80
countries in the world are listed in many respects and 25
smartest world cities are determined. These cities are given in
Table 2.
Rank
Country
City
1
USA
NewYork
2
UK
London
3
France (European-27)
Paris
4
Japan
Tokyo
5
Iceland
Reykjavik
6
Singapore
Singapore
7
South Korea
Seoul
8
Canada
Toronto
9
Hong Kong Special
Administrative Region of the
People's Republic of China
Hong Kong
10
Netherlands (European-27)
Amsterdam
11
Germany (European-27)
Berlin
12
Australia
Melbourne
13
Denmark (European-27)
Copenhagen
14
USA
Chicago
15
Australia
Sydney
16
Sweden (European-27)
Stockholm
17
USA
Los Angeles
18
New Zealand
Wellington
19
Austria (European -27)
Vienna
20
USA
Washington
21
USA
Boston
22
Finland (European-27)
Helsinki
23
Norway (European-27)
Oslo
24
Swiss
Zurich
25
Spain (European-27)
Madrid
Table. 2 The smartest 25 city of the world (Berrone et al. 2019)
According to this ranking, New York has become the smartest
city in the world. 9 dimensions addressed when ranking are:
Human Capital, Governance, Environment, Social Cohension,
Economy, Mobility and Transportation, International Outreach,
Urban Planning, Technology (Berrone et al. 2019).
The fact that 9 European-27 Cities, London from the UK and
Zurich from Swiss are on the list show that European Union
Countries and other European states' initiatives regarding
smartness have positive effects on this issue. Europe has 11
cities in total of of 25. With 5 smart cities, USA follows the
European Union.
It should also be underlined that smart city applications in the
world are handled differently (Alkan, 2015). While Europe
leaves the smart city formation to local authorities, countries
such as China and USA shape smart cities for state structures
(Engelbert et al., 2019).
This type of conceptual difference actually provides more
opportunities to synchronize the geographical, climatic, social,
economic and environmental structures and technological
structures of the cities but increases the administrative burden of
local authorities.
To make a definition in line with all this, smart city is a
technological infrastructure in which the data related to
urbanization is converted to BIG DATA thanks to IoT (internet
of things), but it is not only sufficient but it is constructed in
environmental, social and economic order. With the help of
technology, it is an urban model in which existing is preserved
and developed and sustainable development is based.
4. DIGITAL CITY
By the Internet being a part of urban technology and using
information systems on a city basis, the world met with digital
cities. The concept of digital city started to develop with the
network developed for Copenhagen's citizens in the 80s (van
Bastelaer, 1998).
Cities are economic, political, and cultural attractions. While
developing technology develops virtual networks, digital cities
create these integrations in virtual spaces. (Schuler, 2002).
Based on the fact that it is based on information exchange and
communication and the digital cities created have a community
network, it is inevitable to transfer the real features of the city to
you.
This is an urban space of flows situation that occurs with the
network society that Castel is talking about (Castells, 2004;
Castells, 1999).
A city creates virtual spaces with the widespread de-ruralisation
and digitalization, and these virtual spaces become places where
finance and society take place (Schuler, 2002).
In this transformation period, the physical and geographical
location changes with the developing virtual space and becomes
a global city (Sassen, 1991). Digital city is a model that
combines social, cultural, economic, and educational elements
(van Bastelaer, 1998).
Although digital cities, which can be called virtual city or tele
city, are not always a global city, every global city can be
considered as a digital city. Because the information obtained
after a while takes place not only in the databases of local
authorities, but also in the systems of economic parties (Sassen,
1991; van de Besselaar et al. 1999).
Every city that uses information and learning technology is
digitalized. While the world itself is digitizing, its cities are also
digitizing (Ishida, Isbister, 2000).
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLIV-4/W3-2020, 2020
5th International Conference on Smart City Applications, 7–8 October 2020, Virtual Safranbolu, Turkey (online)
This contribution has been peer-reviewed.
https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-4-W3-2020-173-2020 | © Authors 2020. CC BY 4.0 License.
175
The fact that millions of people who have to stay at home and
live in different cities with their COVID-19 pandemic spend
their time with the opportunities offered by digitalized cities
emphasizes the importance of the formation of digital cities.
Although it is not a problem in this process to go to concerts,
exhibitions or museums through the internet (Paull, 2020), to
visit cities and to get information about them, these cities have
also served people in different cities by gaining a global
identity.
When the definitions related to this concept are analysed, unlike
the smart city definitions, they meet with each other with more
consistent definitions. Some of definitions in literature is shown
in Table 3.
Definition
Who
Date
an online network connected, IoT
related city equipped with
technological platforms for
information and communication
management.
Enelx
n.d.
a virtual network-based bridge for
information exchange between
city authorities and citizens within
the system
van
Bastelaer
1998
the complex relationship between
urban and technology is the link
between urban society and
information and communication
technologies.
van de
Besselaar et
al.
1999
a city transformed digitally or
reorganized by technology and a
digital representation or reflection
of some aspects of a real or virtual
city.
Schuler
2002
by the creative integration of
telecommunications into urban
policy and planning practices and
strategies created to have a more
inclusive and sustainable urban
future.
Nunes
2005
it is a community that is
interconnected and uses various
information and communication
technologies.
it is a flexible, service-based
computing infrastructure that
adopts open industry standards.
Innovative online services
provided for the needs of
governments, other sectors,
employees and citizens.
Yovanof,
Hazapis
2009
an infrastructure in which digital
technologies and urban elements
are integrated.
Estevez et
al.
2016
Table 3. Definitions in literature about digital cities
However, some people define the term digital city as designing
rhizome formations and creating organic forms in city
silhouettes thanks to digital technologies, but this is a purely
physical (Leach, 2009) digital city depiction and does not match
the scope of this study.
In short, digital city is a developing city model of urban
technology related to the creation of cultural, social, economic,
and educational data related to citizens. Any city with
communication, telecommunication and virtual city features can
come across digitally.
5. INTELLIGENT CITY
Another term that emerged with the developing city technology
is the concept of intelligent city. This concept started to form in
the 80s-90s like the other two concepts and many local and
governmental authorities, business and other third participants
have worked on this concept (Lipman et al., 1986; Kingston et
al., 2005).
Intelligent city is the solution of all kinds of services over a
certain network system. By transferring the physical features of
the existing urban space to an urban online network, it shapes
the intelligent technology according to the existing urban
features (Komninos, 2011).
In addition, intelligent cities have intelligent communities and
this structural structure increases the cognition and innovation
level of the city (Komminos, 2006).
This network system operates in line with the information
obtained by teleport providers in the city (Lipman et al., 1986).
Intelligent city not only tries increase the efficiency of the urban
system, but to work in a regular and grounded manner
(Yovanos, Hazapis, 2009). The aim of intelligent cities are
(Kingston et al. 2005):
1. Supporting the daily needs and activities of residents,
businesses, and visitors of the city
2. Receiving and directing information from the city
government, transportation system, security system
and other service providers
3. Thanks to the developing drawing technologies, to
realize a better urban planning by predicting the
effects of structural changes on urban and rural life
Manchester (UK), Taipei (Taiwan), Spokane (USA), Songdo
(Korea), and Cyberjaya and Putrajaya (Malaysia) and Neapolis
(Cyprus) are some examples of the intelligent cities. There are
approximately 175 intelligent cities in the world (Estevez et al.,
2016; Intelligent Community, nd.).
Intelligent city has more overlapping definitions in the
literature, like digital city. Some of these definitions are given in
Table 4.
Definition
Who
Date
the transformation of urban life
participants and elements into
spatial intelligence architecture
within the framework of an
institutional cooperation.
Komninos
2011
the transformation of the hardware
of urban space and urban
technology into a kind of artificial
urban nervous system in
collaboration with the software.
Mitchell
2007
to improve the services provided
to citizens and businesses through
electronic city management.
Kingston et
al.
2005
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLIV-4/W3-2020, 2020
5th International Conference on Smart City Applications, 7–8 October 2020, Virtual Safranbolu, Turkey (online)
This contribution has been peer-reviewed.
https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-4-W3-2020-173-2020 | © Authors 2020. CC BY 4.0 License.
176
Definition
Who
Date
It is the collection and connection
of urban structures, transportation
plans with various interactive
information systems and
development systems for
municipal and private services and
governance.
Weinstock,
Gharleghi
2013
A system includes that innovation,
education, knowledge creation and
problem solutions
Estevez et
al.
2016
Table 4. Definitions in literature about intelligent cities
Briefly, intelligent city is the technological computing and
management network required for the smooth urbanization of
physical urban components, residents, and other city
participants.
6. SIMILARITIES, DIFFERENCES AND OBSTACLES
When these concepts are viewed from a general framework, it is
observed that the similarities between the concepts are more
than the differences.
The great interest in the concept of smart city recently has not
been shown much in the other two concepts in the time they
appeared. While conducting this study, more scientific articles
about smart city were found in the literature research and the
resources were reached more easily.
However, the European Union, which adopted the first climate
law of Europe in March 2020 and made sustainability,
smartness and economic growth its mission (European
Commission, 2020; European Commission, 2010), continued its
studies on these 3 concepts and created projects and calls related
to these concepts (Engelbert et al., 2019; Kingston et al. 2005;
van Bastelaer, 1998.
Also, considering the basic similarities of the concepts, it is
necessary to examine the themes they want to turn to and the
criteria they have created within themselves.
The determined criteria of smart city are (Sharifi, 2019):
1. Smart economy
2. Smart people
3. Smart data
4. Smart mobility
5. Smart living
6. Smart governance
7. Smart environment
In general, even though the researches mention 6 criteria
(Sikota-Fernandez, Stawasz, 2016) Sharafi (2019) emphasized
that there should be smart data. Table 5 shows the areas of
interest for these concepts.
Except for good information, urban communication and
community network, there is no clearly defined criterion for a
city to become a digital city. But the characteristics that must be
found in a digital city have been determined (Schuler, 2002; van
Bastelaer; 1998):
1. Commercial
2. Governmental
3. Educational
4. Representational
5. Informative
Digital City has a more social and economic dimension. Social
connection and virtual network are the key phenomena of the
concept. By the existence of these two key phenomena, the
growth of technological development and the development of
the economy occur in the virtual adoption of the city.
Moreover, when people focus on the concept of intelligent city,
these features are important (Lipman et al., 1986):
1. Accessibility
2. Flexibility
3. Reliability
4. Economy
5. Dependability
6. Knowledge,
7. Planning,
8. Quality of life
9. Growth
10. Site use
11. Land availability
The features like knowledge, quality of life and economy are
the features they are interested in in the other two concepts.
Table 5 gives the areas that these 3 concepts examine and
emphasize.
Areas
Smart City
Digital
City
Intelligent
City
Education and Learning
Information and
Network
Sustainable
Environment
Mobility
Quality of Life
Business and Economy
Government
Technology and Data
Urban Land
Urban Planning
Protection of The
Existing
Social and Cultural
Features
Urban Services
Citizen Knowledge
Table 5. Areas of interest for concepts
Furthermore, it is observed that different structural clusters
(Komminos, 2006) have some way of communicating with each
other in these concepts. In this case, these 3 concepts cannot be
considered as concepts that only architectural or computer
engineering should work. All disciplines that are interested in
all the cluster formations that make the city urban should work
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLIV-4/W3-2020, 2020
5th International Conference on Smart City Applications, 7–8 October 2020, Virtual Safranbolu, Turkey (online)
This contribution has been peer-reviewed.
https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-4-W3-2020-173-2020 | © Authors 2020. CC BY 4.0 License.
177
together under the roof of smart, digital, or intelligent cities.
Interdisciplinary studies will improve urban technology.
At the same time, it is a desired and expected situation for
citizens to use these technologies and use existing conceptual
systems with hardware and software systems in some way in all
concepts (Lenormand, 2014).
However, in many planning and the first conceptual structuring
developed, city residents are somehow neglected, in fact, social
connections and human-related regulation, which are the basis
of digital city and smart city, are the latest criterion (Engelbert
et al., 2019; Schuler; 2002).
In addition, when searches related to these concepts are made in
search engines, the results and web pages that are pointed out
differ. In other words, if local government does not inform, it
can be quite difficult for city citizens to experience
developments related to urban technologies.
Generally, citizens can be isolated, because they don’t informed
very well, local governments has a lot to do about this. It is
important to remember that citizens work as human sensors of
the system (Mostashari et al., 2011).
In addition, although transportation and mobility are very
important in these three concepts, it is wrong to place this event
developed on the basis of urban technology at the centre of the
concepts. It is important to consider all criteria, elements and
indicators of these holistic systems while creating concepts.
Moreover, although areas such as quality of life, smart living,
smart people and community network emphasize the social
aspects of these concepts, wellbeing and healthcare are not
included in these areas. Although some publications which are
related to these concepts have been analysed as subtitles, it has
shown that the health system of the pandemic period should
also work with smart urban technologies. Technological
innovations can take the information and direction of the
pandemic in the city to a better level.
7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE STUDIES
It is observed that they have intersecting points in each of the 3
terms. Urban technology, computing, IoT and ICT are the key
components in the formation of these concepts. At the same
time, considering the definitions in 3 concepts, human, service
management, economy and local management are arranged in a
way.
Although some sources say that the concept of 3 occurred in the
90s, digital city and intelligent city are older concepts compared
to smart city, with the growth of smart city’s sustainability
concept is emerging as a richer state of intelligent and digital
city.
Because now, with the guidance and demands of today's
communication society and globalization, every local
government is developed or developed in the way of
digitalization. Even though urban planning is mentioned in
concept of intelligent city, it is seen that sustainability is not
only addressed in terms of technological and systematic aspects,
but environmental sustainability is not mentioned.
In addition to all this information, it can be said that the concept
of smart city covers two other terms. However, it should be
underlined that the smart city is not only a vision directed by
BIG DATA, it can also use passive systems in place and on
time (economically, socially and environmentally) and also,
while equipped with BIG DATA and urban technologies, the
city's existing resource values are preserved.
In terms of the meanings of the terms smart, intelligent and
digital, it is seen that the word smart is in the context of logic, in
an appropriate place, at the appropriate time, at the appropriate
time and in an action such as doing the appropriate one.
The missing work is to explain these concepts to better people
and to find their limits. It was observed in the Corona era that
mankind is not within digital limitation. The real limit is to
leave an important factor like "citizen" to the end while
studying the concepts.
Because people who are unable to fully discriminate between
concepts or who are non-disciplinary, especially residents of the
city should be well informed about the concepts. For example,
when searching for “intelligent cities in the world” in the
Google Search Engine, the first answer given is the "The Top
Ten Smartest Cities in the World" list published on Forbes's
website. On the other hand, when Bings replied in an article
entitled "The Ten Smartest and Intelligent Cities in the World"
by SUNTRUST BLOG's Iniobong nickname in 2019, Yandex
showed the article "The Most Intelligent Cities in the World"
written by Parry in 2015 on the Lostwaldo website. These
distinct responses can mislead people who do not know the
concepts fully or who are unable to search for an academic
literature.
While even the simplest, fastest and easiest search method
brought by technology can not reveal these concepts simply,
removing the confusion and disregard of citizens' feelings
towards these concepts should be the primary priority. Because
one of the structural elements that make the city a city is
society.
Also, in this pandemic period, the use of technology of the
global community has increased involuntarily at this time. The
values that can be achieved through information, increasing the
quality of human life and urban and global technology in this
limited environment have been achieved with the help of the
identities that cities have gained globally thanks to
technological development and digitalization. In addition, health
checks and information systems caused us to question the
digital infrastructures and smart equipment of cities again (New
China TV, 2020). Perhaps it's time to re-examine which is the
smartest city or country in the world.
REFERENCES
Alkan, T. (2015). Akıllı kentler ya da 21. Yüzyıl şehirleri.
Bilişim Dergisi, S, 182, 70-77.
Ateş, M., Önder, D. E., 2019. 'Akıllı Şehir'Kavramı ve Dönüşen
Anlamı Bağlamında Eleştiriler. Megaron, 14(1).
BBC Turkish., 2020. Koronavirüs nedir: Covid-19 hastalığının
semptomları neler, hangi önlemler alınmalı?
https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-51177538,
accessed date 7 April 2020.
Berrone, P., Ricart, J. E., Carrasco, C., & Duch, A., 2019. IESE
Cities in Motion Index 2018, IESE. ST-509-E. Available online:
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLIV-4/W3-2020, 2020
5th International Conference on Smart City Applications, 7–8 October 2020, Virtual Safranbolu, Turkey (online)
This contribution has been peer-reviewed.
https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-4-W3-2020-173-2020 | © Authors 2020. CC BY 4.0 License.
178
https://media. iese. edu/research/pdfs/ST-0509-E. pdf, accessed
date 25 May 2019.
Braun, B., 2005. Environmental issues: writing a more-than-
human urban geography. Progress in human geography, 29 (5),
635-650.
Castells, M., 1999. Grassrooting the space of flows. Urban
Geography, 20(4), 294-302.
Castells, M., 2004. Informationalism, networks, and the
network society: a theoretical blueprint. The network society: A
cross-cultural perspective, 3-45.
Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C., Nijkamp, P., 2011. Smart cities in
Europe. Journal of urban technology, 18(2), 65-82.
Çelik, S., & Güleç, G., 2014. Kentleşme ve eğitim sürecinde
okul binaları. Eğitim Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4-18.
Dameri, R. P., 2013. Searching for smart city definition: a
comprehensive proposal. International Journal of computers &
technology, 11(5), 2544-2551.
DG-Energy, 2019. Smart Cities - Smart Living.
https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/smart-cities,
accessed date 6 June 2020.
DG-Energy, n.d.. Energy and smart cities | Energy - European
Commission., https://ec.europa.eu/energy/topics/technology-
and-innovation/energy-and-smart-cities_en, accessed date 6
June 2020
Enelx, n.d.. What does Digital City mean?,
https://www.enelx.com/en/questions-and-answers/ecity/what-
does-digital-city-mean, accessed date 14 July 2020
Engelbert, J., van Zoonen, L., Hirzalla, F., 2019. Excluding
citizens from the European smart city: The discourse practices
of pursuing and granting smartness. Technological Forecasting
and Social Change, 142, 347-353.
Estevez, E., Lopes, N., Janowski, T., 2016. Smart sustainable
cities: Reconnaissance study.
European Commission., 2020. REGULATION OF THE
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
establishing the framework for achieving climate neutrality and
amending Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 (European Climate Law)
European Commission (EC), 2010. EUROPE 2020: A strategy
for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. Working paper
{COM (2010) 2020}.
Kingston, R., Babicki, D., Ravetz, J., 2005. Urban regeneration
in the intelligent city. In Proceedings of the 9th International
Conference on Computers in Urban Planning and Urban
Management, 1-17.
Intelligent Community n.d. List of All Intelligent Communities.
https://www.intelligentcommunity.org/intelligent_communities
_list , accessed date 20 June 2020
Ishida, T., Isbister, K. (Eds.), 2000. Digital cities: technologies,
experiences, and future perspectives. Springer Science &
Business Media.
Komninos, N., 2011. Intelligent cities: Variable geometries of
spatial intelligence. Intelligent Buildings International, 3(3),
172-188.
Komninos, N. 2006. The architecture of intelligent cities.
Intelligent Environments, 6, 53-61.
Kotzeva, M. M., Brandmüller, T., (Eds.), 2016. Urban Europe:
statistics on cities, towns and suburbs. Publications office of the
European Union.
Lipman, A. D., Sugarman, A. D., Cushman, R. F. (Eds.), 1986.
Teleports and the intelligent city. Homewood, IL: Dow Jones-
Irwin.
Louail, T., Lenormand, M., Ros, O. G. C., Picornell, M.,
Herranz, R., Frias-Martinez, E., ..., Barthelemy, M., 2014.
From mobile phone data to the spatial structure of cities.
Scientific reports, 4, 5276.
Mitchell, W. J., 2007. Intelligent cities. UOC papers, 5, 3-8.
Mostashari, A., Arnold, F., Mansouri, M., Finger, M., 2011.
Cognitive cities and intelligent urban governance. Network
Industries Quarterly, 13(3), 4-7.
New China TV, 2020. China turns to AI, robots in coronavirus
control, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YVzWgyMbl8,
accessed date15 February 2020
Nunes, F., 2005. Aveiro, Portugal: Making a Digital City.
Journal of Urban Technology 12(1):49–70.
Paull, L., 2020. Art, concerts and museums during a pandemic:
What is 'local'?, https://www.jweekly.com/2020/03/27/art-
concerts-and-museums-during-a-pandemic-what-is-local/,
accessed date 22 June 2020
Sassen, S., 1991. The global city. New York.
Schuler, D., 2001. Digital cities and digital citizens. In Kyoto
Workshop on Digital Cities, 71-85. Springer, Berlin,
Heidelberg.
Sharifi, A., 2019. A critical review of selected smart city
assessment tools and indicator sets. Journal of cleaner
production, 233, 1269-1283.
Sikora-Fernandez, D., & Stawasz, D. 2016. The concept of
smart city in the theory and practice of urban development
management. Romanian Journal of Regional Science, 10(1), 81-
99.
Van Bastelaer, B., 1998. Digital cities and transferability of
results. In 4th EDC Conference on digital cities, Salzburg 61-
70.
Van den Besselaar, P., Melis, I., & Beckers, D. (1999,
September). Digital cities: organization, content, and use. In
Kyoto Workshop on Digital Cities (pp. 18-32). Springer, Berlin,
Heidelberg.
Velibeyoğlu, K., 2016. Akıllı kentler: vaatler ve ötesi. Yenilikçi
Sürdürülebilir Gelişme Stratejileri Bağlamında Türkiye
Ekonomisinin Geleceğine Yönelik Çözüm Arayışları.
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLIV-4/W3-2020, 2020
5th International Conference on Smart City Applications, 7–8 October 2020, Virtual Safranbolu, Turkey (online)
This contribution has been peer-reviewed.
https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-4-W3-2020-173-2020 | © Authors 2020. CC BY 4.0 License.
179
Weinstock, M., Gharleghi, M., 2013. Intelligent cities and the
taxonomy of cognitive scales. Architectural Design, 83(4), 56-
65.
Шнепс-Шнеппе, М. А., 2016. How to build a smart city. Part
1. The project" Smart Cities and Communities" in the EU
Horizon 2020. International Journal of Open Information
Technologies, 4(1), 12-20.
Yovanof, G. S., Hazapis, G. N., 2009. An architectural
framework and enabling wireless technologies for digital cities
& intelligent urban environments. Wireless personal
communications, 49(3), 445-463.
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLIV-4/W3-2020, 2020
5th International Conference on Smart City Applications, 7–8 October 2020, Virtual Safranbolu, Turkey (online)
This contribution has been peer-reviewed.
https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-4-W3-2020-173-2020 | © Authors 2020. CC BY 4.0 License.
180
