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Tokenization of Real Estate on Blockchain
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The thesis presents a concept of a new generation of public property (real estate) registry on blockchain, which included a theory of Title Tokens, Smart Laws and Digital Authorities for blockchain public registries and a protocol for interoperability - Cross-Blockchain Protocol.
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... Đại học Nicosia tại Cộng hòa Síp đã áp dụng chuỗi khối cho việc công chứng và xác thực chứng chỉ học thuật trong môi trường kiểm soát và được áp dụng rộng rãi trong các tổ chức công cộng và tư nhân ở châu Âu (Konashevych, 2020). ...
... Chiến lược này đặt mục tiêu tăng cường ứng dụng công nghệ chuỗi khối trong nhiều lĩnh vực, trong đó giáo dục là một trong những ưu tiên hàng đầu nhằm đảm bảo tính minh bạch và hiệu quả trong quản lý hệ thống giáo dục quốc gia. Với định hướng rõ ràng từ Chính phủ, việc triển khai công nghệ chuỗi khối trong giáo dục sẽ không chỉ góp phần vào chuyển đổi số mà còn nâng cao chất lượng và minh bạch.Trước đó hơn ba năm, từ ngày 30/6/2021, Bộ Giáo dục và Đào tạo cũng đã tiên phong ứng dụng chuỗi khối để quản lý văn bằng, chứng chỉ quốc gia, yêu cầu các cơ sở giáo dục cập nhật thông tin từ năm2018-2020(Trần Thị Huyền Trang, 2021. Đây là những bước đi đầu tiên nhưng mang tính đột phá, thể hiện sự quyết tâm và tầm nhìn của Việt Nam trong việc xây dựng một hệ thống quản lý giáo dục hiện đại, an toàn và hiệu quả. ...
Ngày 22/10/2024, Thủ tướng Chính phủ đã có Quyết định số 1236/QĐ-TTg ban hành Chiến lược quốc gia về ứng dụng và phát triển công nghệ chuỗi khối đến năm 2025, định hướng đến năm 2030. Công nghệ chuỗi khối đã và đang được ứng dụng rộng rãi trong nhiều lĩnh vực, trong đó giáo dục là một trong những lĩnh vực ưu tiên. Bài viết này phân tích tiềm năng của công nghệ chuỗi khối trong việc tự động hóa hệ thống quản lý giáo dục tại Việt Nam. Qua nghiên cứu và đánh giá những hướng ứng dụng hiện tại cùng các bài học từ quốc tế, bài viết đưa ra các khuyến nghị cụ thể về phát triển hạ tầng kỹ thuật, xây dựng khung pháp lý, đào tạo nhân lực và hợp tác quốc tế nhằm tối ưu hóa việc ứng dụng công nghệ chuỗi khối trong giáo dục. Bài viết nhấn mạnh rằng phát triển giáo dục dựa trên nền tảng công nghệ chuỗi khối là cách tiếp cận bền vững, giúp nâng cao tính minh bạch, an toàn và hiệu quả trong quản lý giáo dục.
On October 22, 2024, the Prime Minister of Vietnam issued Decision No. 1236/QD-TTg promulgating the National Strategy for the application and development of blockchain technology until 2025, with orientation to 2030. Blockchain technology has been widely applied across various fields, with education as a key priority area. This article examines the potential of blockchain technology in automating Vietnam's educational management system. Through a review of current applications and international case studies, this paper provides specific recommendations on infrastructure development, regulatory frameworks, human resource training, and international collaboration to optimize blockchain adoption in education. The paper emphasizes that blockchain-powered education is a sustainable approach to enhancing transparency, security, and efficiency in educational management.
This paper provides the first comprehensive survey of methods for inserting arbitrary data into Bitcoin’s blockchain. Historical methods of data insertion are described, along with lesser-known techniques that are optimized for efficiency. Insertion methods are compared on the basis of efficiency, cost, convenience of data reconstruction, permanence, and potentially negative impact on the Bitcoin ecosystem.
Purpose
Many recent social media posts and news may create a perception of big success in the use of blockchain for the real estate industry, land registration and protection of titles and property rights. A sobering outlook is crucial because misleading concepts may bury the whole idea of blockchain use. This paper aims to research the possibilities of blockchain and other distributed ledger technologies (DLT) and applicability of these technologies for different purposes in real estate, property rights and public registries.
Design/methodology/approach
This research is framed with policy studies and focuses on property rights, land registration regulatory framework and information and communication technologies innovations. The context of this paper is decentralization which has been developed in political science studies and the role of blockchain and DLT in it. Therefore, the provided analysis of blockchain and DLT is interdisciplinary research to interpret the facets of DLT technologies in the context of real estate and land title registration.
Findings
Permissioned and private DLT systems cannot be considered a significant evolutionary step in government systems. Blockchain, which is distinguished from permissioned systems as the technology of the immutable ledger that does not require authorities, is a new word in governance. However, this technology has some principal features that can restrain its implementation at the state level and thus require further research and development. The application of blockchain requires a proper architecture of overlaid technologies to support changes of outdated and mistaken data, address issues of digital identity and privacy, legal compliance and enforceability of smart contracts and scalability of the ledger.
Originality/value
This paper shows the constraints of the technology’s properties which were not explained before in the context of title rights and land registration even though technological limits are known in more specific technical sources. Along with the known benefits this meant to help to avoid misinterpretation of some DLT features by non-technical people. A multidisciplinary approach in analyzing the technology and laws helped to better understand what can and cannot be beneficial for public registries and the protection of property rights. The presented outcomes can be laid down as requirements for the technical protocols aimed at addressing the issues of DLT and public policies to put blockchain at the service of society.
Randpay is a technology developed in Emercoin for blockchain micropayments that can be more effective in some scenarios than the Lightning Network, as seen in the paper. The protocol is based on the concept of Ronald L. Rivest published in the paper ‘Electronic Lottery Tickets as Micropayments’ (1997). The “lottery ticket” was designed for centralized systems where a trusted third party is required to provide payments, and in some scenarios, is also a lottery facilitator. The existing blockchain protocol cannot accommodate peer-to-peer “lottery” micropayments at least, without creating payment channels. Therefore, the implementation requires the development of an upgrade to the blockchain core. In the result, RandpayUTXO was introduced – an infinitely spendable zero output that requires the payee's signature to be published in the blockchain. Randpay is considered to be the first blockchain protocol to require the payee to sign the transaction by their private key. This is a significant feature to improve, not only microtransactions but also extend the use of the blockchain for legal deeds that require a payee's consent to be recognized in legal applications. The second important innovation of this research is the implementation of Blum's ‘coin flipping by telephone’ problem to design a ‘lottery ticket’ that does not require any third party to facilitate the lottery. The paper offers an analysis of the mathematical model, and proof of how ‘lottery’ can be beneficial, an API description is also added. There is also an attack analysis and an overview of existing solutions.
Available open access at https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-13363-4
This book shows the factors linking information flows, social intelligence, rights management and modelling with epistemic democracy, offering licensed linked data along with information about the rights involved. This model of democracy for the web of data brings new challenges for the social organisation of knowledge, collective innovation, and the coordination of actions. Licensed linked data, licensed linguistic linked data, right expression languages, semantic web regulatory models, electronic institutions, artificial socio-cognitive systems are examples of regulatory and institutional design (regulations by design).
Governments across the world are testing different uses of the blockchain for the delivery of their public services. Blockchain hashing-or the insertion of data in the blockchain (anchoring)-is one of the potential applications of the blockchain in this space. With this method, users can apply special scripts to add their data to blockchain transactions, ensuring both immutability and publicity. Blockchain hashing also secures the integrity of the original data stored on central governmental databases. The objective of this paper is to analyse the use of data hashing (anchoring) on the blockchain for public state-owned registries. This paper starts by analysing possible scenarios of hashing on the blockchain and assesses in which cases it may work and in which it is less likely to add value to a public administration. Second, the paper also compares this method with traditional digital signatures using PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) and discusses standardisation in each domain. Third, it also addresses issues related with concepts such as "distributed ledger technology" and "permissioned blockchains." Finally, it raises the question of whether blockchain hashing is an effective solution for electronic governance, and concludes that its value is controversial, even if it is improved by PKI and other security measures. In this regard, we claim that governments need to identify pain points in governance in the first place, and then consider the trade-offs of the blockchain as a potential solution versus other alternatives.
There is an ongoing competition among blockchain technologies, and the existence of one ultimate blockchain is impossible for many reasons. Though, such variety can create difficulties in adoption, especially for the governments and corporations. The proposed technology ensures a blockchain agnostic approach and is aimed to create a unified ecosystem of multiple networks without changes in their protocols. The cross-blockchain protocol can be used to develop services where end-users decide for themselves their preferred blockchain. Moreover, it also ensures the interaction of users from different networks and transferability of assets across the bundle of chains. The invention addresses problems of duplication of tokens in the result of hardforks, issues with scalability, digital identity and even the “problem” of immutability, including issues with the enforceability of smart contracts and token inheritance. A cross-blockchain DB means a consistent non-conflicting key-value database across a bundle of defined blockchains. It is not a new blockchain, but a protocol for developing databases on existing ledgers. The protocol is also a basis for “smart laws” which are a frame-work for public registries and governance.
Governance issues limit blockchains' ability to evolve and face unforeseen challenges. It seems possible to argue that this impasse is because most blockchains lack meta-rules. This work considers blockchains as a socio-technical system of rules, in order to draw a comparison with legal systems. Following the comparison, one finds that most blockchains lack what, in legal theory, are considered secondary rules. That is, the meta-rule of the system.
This works examines the relevant concepts and provides their definitions, then proceeds to outline concrete example of the failure of governance among popular blockchains before drawing the parallelism with legal systems and argue that secondary rules might solve some of the issues of the governance of blockchains.
Secondary rules are the necessary infrastructure for building sound governance structures and a necessary condition for blockchains to succeed as a new mode of governance. The conclusion provides future research directions.
New Public Governance (NPG) as a paradigm for collaborative forms of public service delivery and Blockchain governance are trending topics for researchers and practitioners alike. Thus far, each topic has, on the whole, been discussed separately. This paper presents the preliminary results of ongoing research which aims to shed light on the more concrete benefits of Blockchain for the purpose of NPG. For the first time, a conceptual analysis is conducted on process level to spot benefits and limitations of Blockchain-based governance. Per process element, Blockchain key characteristics are mapped to functional aspects of NPG from a governance perspective. The preliminary results show that Blockchain offers valuable support for governments seeking methods to effectively coordinate co-producing networks. However, the extent of benefits of Blockchain varies across the process elements. It becomes evident that there is a need for off-chain processes. It is, therefore, argued in favour of intensifying research on off-chain governance processes to better understand the implications for and influences on on-chain governance.
Land registries are successful when trust is ensured between all involved parties. In this paper we introduce the idea of improving the quality of land registries by using blockchain technolog y. With blockchain we can overcome the limitations (e.g. centralization) of the existing land registries and offer a trusted service that provides significant benefits to the participants. This paper also highlights the functionality of a blockchain land registry solution that can be adopted by the Republic of Cyprus and it suggests the implementation of a small pilot that can be used as proof of concept.