Relationship Between Self-Concept and Subjective Well- Being in Late Adolescent Social Media Users

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between self-concept and subjective well-being in late teens social media users in Jakarta. The total participants of this research are 185 with an age range of 18-21 years old. This research used the Spearman Rho's correlation as its data analysis technique. The results of this study indicate that there are positive and significant relationship between self-concept and subjective well-being, with a significance level (p) = 0.000>0.05 between positive affect's dimension and self-concept, (p) = 0.001>0.05 between negative affect's dimension and (p) = 0.000>0.05 between general life satisfaction (GLS) and self-concept. It means that the higher self-concept, the higher value of subjective well-being in someone.

Full text

Relationship Between Self-Concept and Subjective Well-
Being
in Late Adolescent Social Media Users
Adinda Rasdanintia1 Debora Basaria1 Riana Sahrani1*
1Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Tarumanagara
* Corresponding author. Email: rianas@fpsi.untar.ac.id
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between self-concept and subjective well-being in
late teens social media users in Jakarta. The total participants of this research are 185 with an age range of 18-
21 years old. This research used the Spearman Rho’s correlation as its data analysis technique. The results of
this study indicate that there are positive and significant relationship between self-concept and subjective well-
being, with a significance level (p) = 0.000>0.05 between positive affect’s dimension and self-concept, (p) =
0.001>0.05 between negative affect’s dimension and (p) = 0.000>0.05 between general life satisfaction (GLS)
and self-concept. It means that the higher self-concept, the higher value of subjective well-being in someone.
Keywords: Self-concept, subjective well-being, late adolescents, social media
1. INTRODUCTION
Internet users in Indonesia are increasing every year, if seen
from the average population in Indonesia, internet usage
continues to increase from year to year. According to APJII
(Association of Indonesian Internet Service Providers) in
2017, received 54.86% of Indonesia's population using the
internet. The number then rose to 64.8% in 2018, this is
calculated from Indonesia's total population of 264 million
people, if totaled it takes 171.17 million people who use the
internet. This data shows internet users in Indonesia
increased by 10.2% [15].
Social media users of various age ranges, from teenagers,
adults to the elderly. The survey stated that a person has an
average use of social media for 2 hours 52 minutes per
shipment [8]. When viewed from the report "Digital 2020:
Indonesia" from the site "We are Social" it was revealed that
there were 160 million social media users, of which 18.5
were the most social media users, reaching 16.1% for men
and 14.2% for women [11]. Can be seen teenagers who use
social media. Now social media is a place for teenagers to
do interpersonal communication, here social media
provides an ideal space for teens to develop their self-
concept [12].
Self-concept that can help in the achievement of self-
actualization (self-actualization) is the highest level of need
in the Maslow pyramid, in the sense that the individual has
reached the highest level of growth, in terms of potential,
value or self-related assessment. Congruent self-concept is
a condition in which the current self-concept (true self) is in
harmony with the self-concept that becomes its expectation
(ideal self). Another thing if there is an incongruence in the
self-concept, namely the condition where there is a
mismatch and there is a difference between the current self-
concept (real self) with the self-concept to be achieved
(ideal self) [8]. Rogers announced that happening could
develop negative self-concepts, and this would certainly
adversely affect adolescent development [8]. The use of
social media can lead to distance or actual self-concept with
an ideal self-concept [8]. This relates to teenagers who
question a good image in their social media accounts. This
is not in accordance with their true self [8].
According to a survey conducted by Felita, teenage
respondents, social media as much as 54.6% of adolescents
want to be seen as having lots of friends on their social
media, and as many as 47.2% of adolescents want to find
out lots of new information. In addition, according to the
results of research conducted by Widiarti [21] obtained
results from the number of respondents as many as 222
subjects (49.4%), have low self-concept or are classified as
below average.
Feedback obtained from social media, in addition to
influencing self-concept, can also affect subjective well-
being of individuals. This is supported by Sari and
Maryatmi [17] who state that self-concept is the result of
self-evaluation, where self-evaluation also has a role in
subjective well-being. Diener [22] states that self-concept is
one of many determinants of the level of subjective well-
being. Research concepts that reveal the truth of self-
concept that has a negative relationship with psychological
pressure and depression, and a positive relationship with
subjective well-being Butzer & Kuiper [12].
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 478
Proceedings of the 2nd Tarumanagara International Conference on the Applications of
Social Sciences and Humanities (TICASH 2020)
Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Atlantis Press SARL.
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In a previous study conducted by Zhang [22], obtained
results that there is a positive relationship between self-
concept and subjective well-being of students in China.
While research conducted by Ghobadi, Shafiei and Gorbani
[10] which states that criticism has a significant negative
relationship with one's welfare. In other words, self-
criticism can reduce the level of well-being of the
individual, where according to Fitts self-criticism is how
individuals assess and analyze the person, self-criticism
openness accepts everyone accepts criticism from others,
accepts and allows directly or even shut down [2].
In addition, there are no studies on self-concept and
subjective well-being located in Jakarta. The author
conducted a short survey in February 2020 and this
interview was conducted to the end teenagers of social
media users with an age range of 18-20 who are domiciled
in Jakarta. From the results of a short survey conducted, the
authors found that 3 out of 4 people stated that their self-
concept changed after using social media, they were not
confident, and sometimes they unconsciously lost their
identity because they tended to follow the content they saw
on social media. In addition, 2 out of 4 people are
dissatisfied with their lives because of the content they see
on their social media accounts. They consider social media
to be a measure of life satisfaction. This phenomenon shows
the importance of conducting research on self-concept and
its relationship to subjective well-being in adolescent end
users of social media in Jakarta.
The formulation of this research is whether there is a
relationship between self-concept and subjective well-being
in adolescent end users of social media in Jakarta. Based on
the background above, the purpose of this study is to
determine the relationship between self-concept and
subjective well-being in the late teens of social media users
in Jakarta. This research is expected to be able to contribute
thoughts for further research that wants to investigate
further, regarding the relationship between self-concept and
subjective well-being in adolescent social media users. The
results of this study are expected to be beneficial for the
development of Social Psychology, which is to see how
social media can influence identity and self-concept and
subjective well-being in adolescents.
2. THEORETICAL STUDY
Self-Concept according to Fitts is the self (self) that is
observed, experienced and assessed by the individual
himself, this is a self that the individual is fully aware of,
self-concept includes awareness (awareness) and
perceptions about oneself [20]. Agustiani [1] also mentions
that self-concept is an image that an individual has about
himself, this is the result of the interaction and experience
in the individual's environment. Self-concept always
develops from time to time, so this self-concept is not the
result of offspring but develops from the experience that it
feels. Bruns [18] states that positive self-concept, equals
self-appreciation, positive self-evaluation and also positive
self-acceptance. Whereas negative self-concept can be
likened to self-loathing, self-esteem and also negative self-
evaluation.
Subjective well-being (SWB) is a personal perception and
positive and negative experience of emotional and global
responses, it is also a specific cognitive evaluation of
satisfaction with life. This has been defined as "cognitive
and affective evaluation of a person from his life" [4]. Every
person has a standard of life satisfaction, where the standard
of life satisfaction is determined by the individual himself
[3]. Diener, Lucas and Oishi [4], subjective well-being is a
broad concept, which includes the experience of pleasant
emotions, negative moods and also the satisfaction of life.
Steinberg [19] states that late adolescence is in the age range
of 18-21 years. Late teens are thought to be undergoing a
puberty transition. Many significant changes occur in
psychosocial and cognitive at this time, including
increasing orientation towards peers, romantic attraction,
exploring self-identity. In addition, better cognitive abilities
such as more abstract thoughts, plans and goals for the
future, as well as career exploration [9].
According to Parker and Boyd [8] stated that teenagers who
use social media often compare themselves with other
teenagers by looking at other people's social media profiles.
This comparison will unconsciously form an ideal self-
concept that is increasingly high and far from the self-
concept that is actually owned by the teenager [8]. Siegle
[8] states that the more frequent use of social media, the
greater the gap or incongruence of self-concept in
adolescents. Rogers stated that congruent self-concept is
where the individual's current self-concept (real-self) with
the self-concept that he hopes (ideal-self) is in harmony.
Conversely, self-concept is incongruent, which is a
condition of incompatibility or there is a gap between the
two self-concepts [8].
This is also called discrepancy theory in which Michalos [5]
states that discrepancy theory is individuals who compare
themselves now with various ideal standards including
others, past conditions, remember the ideal satisfaction and
goals. The assessment of satisfaction is based on the
difference between the current conditions and the standards
they have. Differences involving upward comparisons
(comparing current conditions with higher standards) will
result in a decrease in satisfaction and vice versa, a
downward comparison will result in an increase in
satisfaction, they also state that the upward or the
comparison can be a potential for increasing or decreasing
happiness [5]. This satisfaction and feeling are components
in subjective well-being.
Many research results have tried to link self-concept with
subjective well-being which can support the above
statement. Previous research conducted by Zhang [22]
showed results, there was a significant positive relationship
on self-concept ¬ and subjective well-being in students in
China, the results of this study were in line with research
conducted by Yosendi [22], showing a positive relationship
significant between the two variables on the subject of
selling herbal medicine. The meaning of the two studies is
that the higher the self-concept in a person, the higher the
subjective well-being, and vice versa if the self-concept in
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a person is low, the subjective well-being in that person is
also low.
Based on the results of research conducted by previous
researchers that have been written above, the hypothesis in
this study is that there is a relationship of self-concept with
subjective well-being in adolescent end users of social
media in Jakarta.
3. METHOD
Participants in this study had a total sample of 185 people.
Research subjects have the characteristics of individuals
living in the Jakarta area aged 18 to 21 years who are active
users of social media. For gender, religion, education,
ethnicity and race are not restricted. These criteria will be
used as participants in this study. The subject of this study
was determined by purposive sampling. Purposive
sampling determines the sample through consideration and
criteria that are in accordance with what is needed for
research.
In this study, to measure positive self-concept in
adolescents using the Tennese Self-Concept Scale (TSCS).
The original measuring instrument was developed by
William H. Fitts in 1965. The Tennese Self Concept Scale
(TSCS) was adapted into Indonesian by Sri Rahayu
Partosuwido in 1979 from Gajah Mada University,
Yogyakarta [2]. The TSCS measuring tool used in this study
was quoted from a study conducted by Febisahfitri [7] titled
the relationship between self-concept and the hedonic
lifestyle of students in Jakarta. The TSCS measuring
instrument has six dimensions namely physical self, moral
ethical self, personal self, family self, social self and self-
criticism. The TSCS measuring instrument used by
researchers has previously been tested for validity and
reliability by Febisafitri [7] and has a Cronbach alpha value
per dimension as follows. Cronbach's alpha value in
previous studies were physical self dimensions at 0.702,
moral ethical self dimensions at 0.748, personal self
dimensions at 0.764, family self dimensions at 0.876, social
self dimensions at 0.773, and self-criticism dimensions at
0.790. Whereas in this study Cronbach alpha owned
namely, physical self dimension of 0.682, moral ethical self
dimension of 0.762, personal self dimension of 0.792,
family self dimension of 0.879, social self dimension of
0.806, and dimension of self-criticism of 0.799.
Conceptual definition of self-concept according to Fitts is a
perception, and also a person's assessment of himself. Self-
concept is also a reference in individuals interacting with
society, therefore human behavior can be influenced by
self-concept [13]. The operational definition of the self-
concept variable is the higher the total score on the
measuring instrument, the more positive the self-concept it
has, and vice versa if the lower the self-concept score on the
subject, the more negative the self-concept owned by the
subject.
Measuring instruments for the Subjective Well-Being
variable were obtained from research conducted by Maria
[14] entitled Preceived Emotional Support from Pet Dogs
as Predictors of Subjective Well-Being Owners. Maria [14]
used the SWB measurement tool in her research which was
borrowed from the Tarumanagara University Research and
Measurement Section which has a total of 45 items, and has
three dimensions, namely positive affect, negative affect
and General Life Satisfaction (GLS). This measuring
instrument has previously been tested by Maria [14] and has
an Cronbach alpha value in each dimension, as follows.
Cronbach's alpha value on the positive affect dimension is
0.944, the negative affect dimension is 0.937, the GLS
dimension is 0.865. While the Cronbach alpha in this
researcher is, the dimensions of the positive affect by 0.891,
the dimension of the negative affect by 0.936, and the GLS
dimension by 0.812.
The conceptual definition in the first dimension, namely
General Life Satisfaction (GLS) is the ability of a person to
evaluate his life as a whole from the moment he was born
until now. The operational definition is the higher the
general Life Satisfaction (GLS) score, the higher the life
satisfaction that the subject currently has, and vice versa.
This component has 5 statements which are all positive
statements. For example the GLS item through a statement
that "My living conditions are perfect." and another
example is "I feel satisfied with my life".
The conceptual definition in the second dimension is
positive affect, which is the frequency and intensity of
pleasant feelings felt by individuals. Based on this concept,
then operationally the higher the positive affect score on the
subject, the higher the level of happiness felt by the subject.
This also applies to the opposite.
The conceptual definition in the third dimension is negative
affect, which is the frequency and intensity of unpleasant
feelings. Based on this, the operational definition is the
lower the negative affect score on the subject, the higher the
level of happiness is felt. Vice versa, namely the higher the
negative affect score eating the lower the level of happiness
in the subject.
This study departs from the phenomenon that researchers
observe related to self-concept and subjective well-being
with teenagers who use social media in Jakarta. The author
also reads journals and research results related to these two
variables. The next stage the author begins to formulate the
background of the problem, after which the author compiles
the theoretical foundation that can support this research.
After that the researcher asked for permission to borrow a
measuring instrument that will be used to measure the
related variables. Because the validity and reliability of the
borrowed measuring instrument was good, the researchers
immediately distributed the questionnaire.
The author distributes questionnaires to subjects who are in
Jakarta and have an age range of 18-21. The distribution of
questionnaires through two ways, namely the printed
version (offline) and Google-Form form (online).
Distribution of the printed version by printing all statements
and giving directly to participants who are in the campus
environment. While the online version, researchers will use
Google Form and spread links to participants through social
media such as line, Instagram, Whatsapp. The filling out of
the questionnaire can be filled via via smartphone from each
participant. After all the data is collected, the next step the
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researcher will analyze the data is using Statistical Product
and Service Solution (SPSS) version 25.00.
4. RESEARCH RESULT
Data were processed using descriptive statistical analysis in
SPSS so as to produce an overview of self-concept
variables. In this section the researcher will discuss the
mean (empirical mean) self-concept variable owned by 185
participants is 3.35. The maximum value is 4.42 and the
minimum value is 2.49 with a standard deviation of 0.36.
Self-concept measuring instrument has a scale of 1-5 so that
the hypothetical mean (median) is 3. Based on comparison
with the hypothetical mean, it appears that the empirical
mean is higher than the hypothetical mean of 3.35> 3. This
shows that the self-concept on the subject is said to be high.
The results of data processing using descriptive statistical
analysis in SPSS so as to produce an overview of subjective
well-being variables. The scale of the subjective well-being
gauge is 1-6, so the hypothetical mean is 3.5. Empirical
mean values in each dimension on the variable subjective
well-being, there are three sub dimensions, namely positive
affect, negative affect and general life satisfaction (GLS).
On the positive affect dimension, the empirical mean value
is 4.10> 3.5 so that it can be concluded that the positive
affect value of the subjects is high or above average.
Dimensions of negative affect the empirical value of 3.12
<3.5, it can be concluded that the negative affect value
owned by subjects is classified as low or below the average.
In the GLS dimension, the empirical mean is 3.55> 3.5, so
it can be concluded that the satisfaction value of the subject
towards life is high or above average. Based on the
empirical value obtained, it can be concluded that the value
of subjective well-being in subjects is high or above
average.
In this section, we will discuss whether there is a
relationship between self-concept and subjective well-being
to answer the research analysis hypotheses. The main data
analysis was performed using the correlation test of the self-
concept variable with subjective well-being. The
correlation test was conducted using the Spearman’s Rho
correlation test because based on the results of the normality
test on the data above, the distribution of the data was
abnormal.
Both variables are said to have a correlation, if the
significance value is less than 0.05. Correlation test results
between self-concept with positive affect dimensions of the
subjective well-being variable that shows that r (185) =
0,000 with p = 0,000 <0.05. Based on these results, it can
be said that there is a positive and significant relationship
between self-concept and positive affect. Correlation test
results between self-concept with negative affect
dimensions of the subjective well-being variable that shows
that r (185) = 0.001 with p = 0.001 <0.05. Based on these
results, it can be said that there is a positive and significant
relationship between self-concept and negative affect.
Correlation test results between self-concept with the
dimensions of general life satisfaction (GLS) of the
subjective well-being variable which shows that r (185) =
0,000 with p = 0,000 <0.05. Based on these results, it can
be said that there is a negative and significant relationship
between self-concept and negative affect.
Table 1
Correlation Test Results Between Variables
Variable
Positive
Affect
Negative
Affect
GLS
Self-
concept
r
0.438
-0.241
0.398
p
0.000
0.001
0.000
N
185
Based on the analysis of the correlation test above, it can be
said that there is a positive and significant relationship
between self-concept and subjective well-being. The higher
the value of self-concept possessed by the subject, the
higher the level of subjective well-being possessed by the
subject. And vice versa the lower the self-concept that is
owned, the level of subjective well-being is also lower.
5. CONCLUSION
Based on the results of an analysis of research conducted on
the relationship of self-concept with subjective well-being
in end adolescents using social media in Jakarta, researchers
can finally conclude that there is a positive and significant
relationship between self-concept with subjective well-
being in end adolescents users social media in Jakarta. This
can be interpreted that the higher the self-concept in a
person, the higher the value of subjective well-being.
Likewise, vice versa, the lower the self-concept, the lower
the level of subjective well-being they have.
6. DISCUSSION
Based on the results of data analysis between self-concept
and subjective well-being shows a positive and significant
relationship. This can be interpreted that the higher the
value of positive self-concept in a person, the higher the
subjective perception of his current emotional state
(Positive Affect and Negative Affect) and general life
satisfaction (General Life Satisfaction). This result is in line
with research conducted by Zhang [22] which states that
there is a positive relationship between self-concept and
subjective well-being. According to Lin et al. [12] self-
concept clarity is a very important source psychologically
for dealing with stress related to colleagues or people
received from social networking sites. Beyens [12] states
that when people use social media passively, the function of
self-concept clarity may be disrupted and subsequently
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result in the value of someone's subjective well-being
decreases.
In this study, self-concept in adolescent end users of social
media has a high average value. This can be interpreted that
the use of social media in adolescents does not make teens
confused about the clarity of their self-concept or develop
negative self-concept. This result is in line with research
conducted by Sari, Siswadi and Sriarti [16] which shows
that most teenagers who use social media have a positive
self-concept, this is because the use of social media helps
adolescents in forming identity, and also understands their
role .
In this study, the average value of subjective well-being
possessed by the subject of this study is relatively high. This
means showing that the use of social media does not always
make a person have a low subjective well-being. The results
of this study are in line with research conducted by [6], that
there is a positive and significant relationship between the
use of social media with pleasure, well-being and also life
satisfaction. In other words the use of social media can
make teens feel happy. This is similar to Ong and Lin's
research [6] which shows that there is a positive relationship
with Facebook use with life satisfaction.
There are also research limitations that might affect the
results of this study. First is the limited number of subjects
in this study. During this research, there was a pandemic
caused by COVID-19 so that most of the data was taken
online so the researcher could not control the seriousness of
the subjects in filling out this questionnaire. Researchers
also did not get the number of respondents they should have.
Second, the distribution of questionnaires was uneven in
terms of the age group of the subjects, where very few
subjects aged 18 years participated in filling out the research
questionnaire. Third, the control data in this study were felt
to be lacking because the researchers did not include
questions to the subjects, what content they visited when
using social media as well as the reasons for adolescents
using social media. Fourth, this study also does not provide
space for subjects to argue in writing about the subject's
perspective on social media at this time. Because with this,
it is possible for researchers to see the subject's perspective
on social media and can be considered in this discussion.
Fifth, the self-concept measuring instrument used in this
study was deemed not fulfilling all the writer's expectations
in measuring the self-concept variable. This is because the
authors cite measuring instruments that have been tested for
validity and reliability in previous studies, which should be
better writers use original measuring instruments.
7. SUGGESTION
Suggestions for further research are that researchers
should consider the number of subjects, and questions on
control data such as what content is accessed while using
social media. For students who want to research about
social media. Based on the explanation above, it is expected
that the results in further studies can be more accurate and
valid.
Suggestions for parents who have children in their teens,
that is, parents are expected to take part in the socialization
of adolescent users of social media so that parents know
how suggestions and advice should be given to teens when
using social media. Parents also need to keep abreast of
current times, so parents are expected to understand what
content is likely to be accessed by teens when using social
media.
Suggestions from writers for adolescents namely the
existence of the results of this study are expected
adolescents to be wiser in using social media. An example
is teenagers can access information and knowledge that can
add insight to adolescents. Like attending an online
seminar, watching motivational videos so that teenagers can
become better personalities and understand each other's
identity. And teens can watch or read informative content to
develop their hobbies, so that teens can be productive and
benefit after using social media.
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