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ROLE OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCE ON SELF-ACTUALIZATION OF ACADEMIC LEADERS IN TAMIL NADU UNIVERSITY

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Dr. GOPINATH. R. at Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd.
Dr. GOPINATH. R.
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Abstract

Background: An Individual’s Self-actualization is the prominent driving force for his success in life. Researches have been done to study the influence of self–actualization on extensive factors. And it is already proven that it has its own impact on the organizational behavior of employees and academicians. This study is an attempt to predict the role of demographic characteristics on the self-actualization of academic leaders in Tamil Nadu Universities. Methodology: Descriptive research design was followed in this study. To support the objective the researcher collected 419 samples by using purposive stratified random sampling technique. Descriptive statistics and correlation was used to analyze the data collected. Findings: The researcher found the gender, designation, years of experience and salary of respondents has some considerable influence of the level of self- actualization whereas the age and educational qualification of respondents doesn’t have much influence on their level of self -actualization. Conclusions: Extensive factors considered in this study have influence on the factors of self- actualization of the academic leaders of Tamil Nadu Universities.
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PJAEE, 17 (6) (2020)
9344
ROLE OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCE ON
SELF-ACTUALIZATION OF ACADEMIC LEADERS IN TAMIL
NADU UNIVERSITY
Dr. R. GOPINATH **
** D.Litt. (Business Administration)-Researcher, Madurai Kamaraj University, Tamil Nadu,
India, Mobile: 9442200888, E-Mail: dr.raju.gopinath@gmail.com
Dr. R. Gopinath -- Role Of Demographic Characteristics Influence On Self-Actualization
Of Academic Leaders In Tamil Nadu University -- Palarch’s Journal Of Archaeology Of
Egypt/Egyptology 17(6), ISSN 1567-214x
Keywords: Self- actualization, Demographic factors, Academic leaders
ABSTRACT
Background: An Individual’s Self-actualization is the prominent driving force for his
success in life. Researches have been done to study the influence of self–actualization on
extensive factors. And it is already proven that it has its own impact on the organizational
behavior of employees and academicians. This study is an attempt to predict the role of
demographic characteristics on the self-actualization of academic leaders in Tamil Nadu
Universities.
Methodology: Descriptive research design was followed in this study. To support the
objective the researcher collected 419 samplesby using purposive stratified random sampling
technique. Descriptive statistics and correlation was used to analyze the data collected.
Findings: The researcher found the gender, designation, years of experience and salary
of respondents has some considerable influence of the level of self- actualization whereas the age
and educational qualification of respondents doesn’t have much influence on their level of self -
actualization.
Conclusions: Extensive factors considered in this study have influence on the factors of
self- actualization of the academic leaders of Tamil Nadu Universities.
PJAEE, 17 (6) (2020)
9345
INTRODUCTION
Self-actualization is considered to have important implications form the
side of ethics and form of humanistic psychology. Self-actualization is
considered as educative and it is concerned with the person’s distinctive
development and, living of good life. According to Rogers (1959) self-
actualization is concerned with the getting of experience directly rather than
through a system of conceptualized structures and self-actualization give
emphasis to process of un- folding the self where by the individual to
understand inborn potentialities. Maslow (1968), introduced Self-actualization
has been the ultimate needs of human beings, a life-long process (Rogers,
1961), a way of living (Gowan, 1972), and a challenge (Kerr, 1991). It also
most frequently has been discussed in terms of actualizing tendency (Rogers,
1951), the desire, motive, or tendency to live up to the highest level of one’s
capabilities (Globe, 1970). Researchers have already proved that, the self-
actualization is influenced by various demographic factors like gender (Tosi,
1972, & Noll, 1974), family environment (Gaspard, 2011) educational
qualification (Hanlon, 1968; Gopinath, 2020 a), professional experience and
social classes (Hyman, 1966). But still they have controversies about the
factors influencing self-actualization. This paper aims to identify the role of
demographic factors on the self-actualization of academic leaders of Tamil
Nadu Universities.
1. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Older theories of personality have focused more on the pathological
aspects of personality development than on the characteristics of healthy
person. Writers and researchers eclectically grouped together as third force
psychologists, emphasize the positive, developing person in the process of
becoming. One of the leading writers in third force psychology, the late
Abraham Maslow developed a theoretical model for understanding human
behaviour based on the hierarchy of five basic needs: food, safety, love, esteem
and self-actualization. He theorized that the person’s degree of need
gratification is positively correlated with his degree of psychological health;
the psychologically healthiest persons being those motivated primarily by the
need of self-actualizing. Self-actualization is defined as the process or act of
becoming oneself, developing one’s potential, achieving an awareness of one’s
identity, and fulfilling oneself (Le François, 1996). According to Maslow the
healthiest (need gratified) people are better able to take positive self-action and
thus able to become better teachers, parents etc. Self-actualizing persons have
been described as individuals who are not saints and do have imperfections, but
these are those who are freer to give of themselves to humanity more
effectively than the average persons (AnvitiRawat, 2015). Maslow’s hierarchy.
Maslow theory has great impact on educational structure and each level of the
hierarchy of needs can be applied to the benefits of better education and the
emotional wellbeing (Gopinath, 2020 b) and Knowledge management
(Gopinath, 2019 b) of the students. It is the responsibility of a teacher to guide
PJAEE, 17 (6) (2020)
9346
the students towards personal growth using the principles of this theory in
practice. It cannot be denied that majorly it is the attitude of the teacher which
could contributes to the self-actualization of their students (Gopinath, 2020 c).
Thus, it is evident that if the natural ethical assumptions of Maslow’s self-
actualization concept are practiced in educational sphere by the teaching work
force then many of the educational problems could be solved and to drive a
successful economy of any country self-actualizers as intrinsically motivated,
more committed (Gopinath, 2020 d) and energized personalities could form the
backbone of society because of their special characteristics. The self -
actualized people are self-driven, that driving force has strong influence on
their level of satisfaction (Gopinath, 2020 e) involvement and commitment
(Gopinath, 2019 a)
Maslow's (1971) theoretical notion of self-actualization was employed
to guide the construction of selected indices. Among Maslow's several factors
postulated to be related to individual growth and development, and hence to
career satisfaction and success (Gopinath, 2020 f), four were selected self-
democratizes, support, tolerance, and trust. As for the environmental factors,
which could affect faculty growth and development and which would be open
to institutional determination, two indices the democratises of the department
and the opportunity for personal control of the work environment-were
selected. McGregor (1960) and Likert (1961) provided the theoretical bases for
the construction of the environmental indices. Both of their works were utilized
by Maslow in the development of his ideas. The personal (Maslovian) and
environmental indices were examined for their relationship to both satisfaction
and success outcome measures.
Self-actualization denotes the ability and the desirability of the
individual to initiate and withstand in a particular action without the support of
others. Such action will apparently be socially acceptable, but need not be.
Many researches mean that people form lower classes and who has
considerably less income, accept what they have but they do not have the thirst
of achieving their goals (Mann, 1970 & 1973; Parkin, 1971; Turner, 1964;
Keller and Zavalloni, 1964; Simmons and Rosenberg, 1971; Kerckhoff, 1972;
Scanzoni, 1967; Grabb, 1979).So they state that, the difference in social classes
influence not only their emotions (Chitra, 2020) but also their self-
actualization. (Edward, 1983; Skinner,1971; Gibbs, 1968) in his study find,
there was no prominent influence of gender and income on the self-
actualization of individual and self- actualization is completely regardless to
gender and income level of individual. But (Noll, 1974; Otten, 1977; Willis,
1974) are stated that female are much self- actualizing than male (Gopinath,
2020 g). Edward (1983) also found negative relationship between age and self-
actualization (Maslow, 1954). Unless the young one, aged people are not much
interested in achieving what they are capable of Hanlon (1968) stated that self-
actualization is impossible without education. Schools have the primary
responsibility of equipping the conceptual subsystem of students. Even though,
the choice of college or their academic grades has also found influence with
self-actualization of individuals (Gopinath, 2020 h). According to Gibbs (1968)
PJAEE, 17 (6) (2020)
9347
even the education level of parents has influence on the self- actualization on
their heirs.
From these reviews researcher identified the contradictory opinions about
the demographic variables roles on self- actualization. This induces the
researcher to conduct further study to find the demographic variables
influences on self- actualization for this purpose he has selected academic
leaders of universities of Tamil Nadu as his sampling frame of this study.
2. METHOD
Participants
A total of 419 participants were recruited from academic leaders in
Tamil Nadu University. While most participants are gendersplit (Male = 333,
Female = 86). The average age was 49-56 years.
Measures and Procedure
Participants completed a 15- to 20-minute online survey administered.
Most scales were on a 5-point Likert-type scale, ranging from1= disagree
strongly to 5 = agree strongly, except for the demographicquestions, which had
more relevant response options. Most scales havedemonstrated prior reliability
and validity (see the citations associatedwith each scale for further information
about the prior reliability and validityof each scale).
The samples for the study have been demanded by the main objective,
namely the efficacy of self-actualisation on the academic leadership of Public
Universities funded by both Central and State Governments in Tamil Nadu.
Thus, the focuses of the date collected were from the academics from the
universities of Tamil Nadu.
The correlations obtained were corrected using the Cronbach's alpha
prophecy formula. The high reliability value for the scale r=0.89 is an
indication of the suitability and the consensual reliability of the adopted
instrument for the study and the rapport that the researcher established with the
respondents for the reliable data collected.
3. DATA ANALYSIS
Hypotheses Testing for the Demographic Characteristics and Self-
Actualization Variable
The following hypotheses of demographic characteristics are
summarized the effects of gender, age, educational qualification, designation,
salary year of Experience and Self-Actualization.
Effect of the Age of respondents on Self-Actualization
H1: There is a significant difference between the age of the academic
leaders and Self-Actualization
Table No: 3.1 Age of the Respondents on Self-Actualization
Variables
Age
N
Mean
Standard
Deviation
F
Below 43 yrs
45
11.38
1.683
1.753
PJAEE, 17 (6) (2020)
9348
Acceptance
43 - 48 yrs
112
11.25
1.727
49 - 53 yrs
182
11.55
1.582
54 & Above
80
11.23
1.607
Authenticity
Below 43 yrs
45
11.39
1.638
1.753
43 - 48 yrs
112
11.15
1.946
49 - 53 yrs
182
11.44
2.163
54 & Above
80
11.36
1.944
Purpose
Below 43 yrs
45
11.38
1.683
1.120
43 - 48 yrs
112
11.25
1.727
49 - 53 yrs
182
11.55
1.582
54 & Above
80
11.23
1.607
Efficient
perception of
reality
Below 43 yrs
45
11.80
1.902
1.188
43 - 48 yrs
112
11.57
2.415
49 - 53 yrs
182
11.97
1.948
54 & Above
80
12.09
2.130
Humanitarianism
Below 43 yrs
45
12.18
1.800
.163
43 - 48 yrs
112
12.17
1.805
49 - 53 yrs
182
12.30
1.724
54 & Above
80
12.19
1.662
Good Moral
Intuition
Below 43 yrs
45
11.62
1.512
.846
43 - 48 yrs
112
11.21
1.923
49 - 53 yrs
182
11.15
1.817
54 & Above
80
11.18
1.749
Creative spirit
Below 43 yrs
45
12.76
1.694
.653
43 - 48 yrs
112
12.41
1.591
49 - 53 yrs
182
12.40
1.541
54 & Above
80
12.50
1.646
Peak Experiences
Below 43 yrs
45
10.76
1.448
.494
43 - 48 yrs
112
10.46
1.775
49 - 53 yrs
182
10.49
1.799
54 & Above
80
10.68
1.749
Equanimity
Below 43 yrs
45
12.67
2.078
.816
43 - 48 yrs
112
12.47
1.776
49 - 53 yrs
182
12.23
1.921
54 & Above
80
12.41
2.060
Continued
Freshness of
Appreciation
Below 43 yrs
45
11.31
2.021
.458
43 - 48 yrs
112
11.08
2.190
49 - 53 yrs
182
11.38
2.219
54 & Above
80
11.25
1.945
Source: Output SPSS
PJAEE, 17 (6) (2020)
9349
From the table 3.1, the analysis of variance shows that the p-value of all
the Self-Actualizations more than 0.05. Therefore, there is no significant
difference between the age groups of the respondents and Self-Actualization in
the academic leaders in Tamil Nadu Universities. Hence, the hypothesis (H1) is
not supported.
Effect of the Gender of respondents on Self-Actualization
H2: There is a significant difference between the gender of the
academic leaders and Self-Actualization
Table No: 3.2 Gender of the Respondents on Self-Actualization
Variables
Gender
N
Mean
Standard
Deviation
F
Sig. (p)
Acceptance
Male
333
11.43
2.074
.213
.645
Female
86
11.31
1.764
Authenticity
Male
333
11.43
2.074
.213
.645
Female
86
11.31
1.764
Purpose
Male
333
11.41
1.623
.227
.634
Female
86
11.31
1.703
Efficient
perception of
reality
Male
333
11.88
2.140
.073
.788
Female
86
11.81
2.021
Humanitarianism
Male
333
12.35
1.677
7.763
.006
Female
86
11.77
1.895
Good Moral
Intuition
Male
333
11.27
1.746
1.166
.281
Female
86
11.03
2.008
Creative spirit
Male
333
12.54
1.580
3.825
.051
Female
86
12.16
1.600
Peak Experiences
Male
333
10.53
1.789
.161
.689
Female
86
10.62
1.573
Equanimity
Male
333
12.49
1.862
5.519
.019
Female
86
11.94
2.116
Continued
Freshness of
Appreciation
Male
333
11.28
2.174
.051
.822
Female
86
11.22
1.996
PJAEE, 17 (6) (2020)
9350
Source: Primary Data
The analysis of variance is conducted to find out if any significant
difference between the gender of the respondents and Self-Actualization in the
Tamil Nadu Universities. Table 4.6 shows that the calculated p-values of
Acceptance (P=0.645), Authenticity (P=0.645), Purpose (P=0.634), Efficient
perception of reality (P=0.788), Good Moral (P=0.281), Creative spirit
(P=0.051), Peak Experiences (P=0.689) and Continued Freshness of
Appreciation (P=0.822) are more than 0.05. Therefore, there is no significance
difference between the gender of the academic leaders and Self-Actualization.
However, the significant difference found between the genders of the
academic leaders in Equanimity (p=0.019) and Humanitarianism (p=0.006) at
the 0.05 level of significance. Hence, the hypothesis (H2) is only partially
supported.
Effect of the Educational Qualifications of respondent’s onSelf-
Actualization
H3: There is a significant difference between the educational
qualifications of the academic leaders and Self-Actualization.
Table No: 3.3 Educational Qualifications of the Respondents on Self-Actualization
Variables
Educational
Qualifications
N
Mean
Standard
Deviation
F
Acceptance
M.Phil. / Ph.D.
364
11.47
1.988
2.333
NET/SET/Ph.D.
38
11.13
2.208
PDF
16
10.38
1.821
D.Litt. / D.Sc.
1
14.00
.
Authenticity
M.Phil. / Ph.D.
364
11.47
1.988
2.333
NET/SET/Ph.D.
38
11.13
2.208
PDF
16
10.38
1.821
D.Litt. / D.Sc.
1
14.00
.
Purpose
M.Phil. / Ph.D.
364
11.43
1.659
1.761
NET/SET/Ph.D.
38
11.34
1.529
PDF
16
10.56
1.209
D.Litt. / D.Sc.
1
13.00
.
Efficient
perception of
reality
M.Phil. / Ph.D.
364
11.95
2.106
2.532
NET/SET/Ph.D.
38
11.42
2.009
PDF
16
10.94
2.235
D.Litt. / D.Sc.
1
15.00
.
Humanitarianism
M.Phil. / Ph.D.
364
12.25
1.753
1.190
NET/SET/Ph.D.
38
12.16
1.534
PJAEE, 17 (6) (2020)
9351
PDF
16
11.81
1.797
D.Litt. / D.Sc.
1
15.00
.
Good Moral
Intuition
M.Phil. / Ph.D.
364
11.24
1.816
1.803
NET/SET/Ph.D.
38
11.05
1.723
PDF
16
10.88
1.500
D.Litt. / D.Sc.
1
15.00
.
Creative spirit
M.Phil. / Ph.D.
364
12.49
1.610
.383
NET/SET/Ph.D.
38
12.21
1.580
PDF
16
12.44
1.153
D.Litt. / D.Sc.
1
13.00
.
Peak Experiences
M.Phil. / Ph.D.
364
10.61
1.732
2.081
NET/SET/Ph.D.
38
10.34
1.697
PDF
16
9.56
1.999
D.Litt. / D.Sc.
1
11.00
.
Equanimity
M.Phil. / Ph.D.
364
12.35
1.943
.828
NET/SET/Ph.D.
38
12.34
2.031
PDF
16
13.00
1.155
D.Litt. / D.Sc.
1
14.00
.
Continued
Freshness of
Appreciation
M.Phil. / Ph.D.
364
11.34
2.174
1.291
NET/SET/Ph.D.
38
10.79
1.862
PDF
16
10.75
1.770
D.Litt. / D.Sc.
1
13.00
.
Source: Primary Data
From the table 1.3, the analysis of variance shows that the p-value of all
the Self-actualization is more than 0.05. Therefore, there is no significant
difference between the educational qualifications of the respondents and Self-
Actualization in the academic leaders in Tamil Nadu Universities. Hence, the
hypothesis (H3) is not supported.
Effect of the Designation of respondent’s on Self-Actualization
H4: There is a significant difference between the designation of the
academic leaders and Self-Actualization.
Table No: 3.4.Designation of the Respondents on Self-Actualization
Variables
Designation
N
Mean
Standard
Deviation
F
Sig. (p)
Acceptance
VC / Registrar / COE
18
11.94
1.552
.931
.446
Dean
23
11.09
1.756
Director
58
11.07
2.085
SCAA/AC/Chair/
Coordinator
163
11.44
2.274
HOD
157
11.48
1.760
Authenticity
VC / Registrar / COE
18
11.94
1.552
.931
.446
PJAEE, 17 (6) (2020)
9352
Dean
23
11.09
1.756
Director
58
11.07
2.085
SCAA/AC/Chair/
Coordinator
163
11.44
2.274
HOD
157
11.48
1.760
Purpose
VC / Registrar / COE
18
11.78
1.629
.566
.687
Dean
23
11.43
1.472
Director
58
11.36
1.619
SCAA/AC/Chair/
Coordinator
163
11.47
1.768
HOD
157
11.27
1.533
Efficient
perception of
reality
VC / Registrar / COE
18
12.72
1.602
2.062
.085
Dean
23
11.30
2.055
Director
58
11.38
2.050
SCAA/AC/Chair/
Coordinator
163
11.94
2.335
HOD
157
11.96
1.914
Humanitarianism
VC / Registrar / COE
18
12.94
1.305
1.409
.230
Dean
23
12.13
1.517
Director
58
12.02
1.752
SCAA/AC/Chair/
Coordinator
163
12.36
1.927
HOD
157
12.11
1.579
Good Moral
Intuition
VC / Registrar / COE
18
11.78
1.517
9.126
.000
Dean
23
11.26
1.484
Director
58
11.43
1.440
SCAA/AC/Chair/
Coordinator
163
11.70
2.034
HOD
157
10.58
1.545
Creative spirit
VC / Registrar / COE
18
12.61
1.195
.872
.481
Dean
23
12.70
1.020
Director
58
12.33
1.394
SCAA/AC/Chair/
Coordinator
163
12.60
1.745
HOD
157
12.32
1.593
Peak
Experiences
VC / Registrar / COE
18
10.28
.958
7.301
.000
Dean
23
9.70
1.769
Director
58
9.88
1.488
SCAA/AC/Chair/
Coordinator
163
10.46
1.656
HOD
157
11.04
1.851
VC / Registrar / COE
18
13.22
1.517
20.40
.000
PJAEE, 17 (6) (2020)
9353
Equanimity
Dean
23
13.52
.994
0
Director
58
13.03
1.777
SCAA/AC/Chair/
Coordinator
163
12.83
1.935
HOD
157
11.39
1.697
Continued
Freshness of
Appreciation
VC / Registrar / COE
18
11.33
1.372
1.802
.128
Dean
23
10.65
1.849
Director
58
10.72
2.109
SCAA/AC/Chair/
Coordinator
163
11.45
1.988
HOD
157
11.36
2.367
Source: Primary Data
The analysis of variance is conducted to find out if any significant
difference between the gender of the respondents and Self-Actualization in the
Tamil Nadu Universities. Table 3.4 shows that the calculated p-values of
Acceptance (P=0.645), Authenticity (P=0.446), Purpose (P=0.446), Efficient
perception of reality (P=0.085), Creative spirit (P=0.481), Humanitarianism
(p=0.230) and Continued Freshness of Appreciation (P=0.128) are more than
0.05. Therefore, there is no significance difference between the designation of
the academic leaders and Self-Actualization.
However, the significant difference found between thedesignation of
the academic leaders in Equanimity (p=0.000), Peak Experiences (P=0.000)
and Good Moral (P=0.000) at the 0.05 level of significance. Hence, the
hypothesis (H4) is only partially supported.
Effect of the Years of Experienceof the respondents onSelf-Actualization
H5: There is a significant difference between the years of the
experience of the academic leaders and Self-Actualization.
Table No: 3.5 Years of Experience of the Respondents on Self-Actualization
Variables
Years of
Experience
N
Standard
Deviation
F
Acceptance
Below 15
25
1.519
1.202
15 to 20 yrs
117
2.038
21 to 26 yrs
193
2.165
Above 26
84
1.704
Authenticity
Below 15
25
1.519
1.202
15 to 20 yrs
117
2.038
21 to 26 yrs
193
2.165
Above 26
84
1.704
Purpose
Below 15
25
1.414
3.267
15 to 20 yrs
117
1.827
PJAEE, 17 (6) (2020)
9354
21 to 26 yrs
193
1.586
Above 26
84
1.463
Efficient perception of
reality
Below 15
25
1.791
.316
15 to 20 yrs
117
2.326
21 to 26 yrs
193
2.062
Above 26
84
2.031
Humanitarianism
Below 15
25
1.531
2.492
15 to 20 yrs
117
1.879
21 to 26 yrs
193
1.680
Above 26
84
1.673
Good Moral Intuition
Below 15
25
1.472
.743
15 to 20 yrs
117
1.897
21 to 26 yrs
193
1.812
Above 26
84
1.742
Creative spirit
Below 15
25
1.753
1.356
15 to 20 yrs
117
1.812
21 to 26 yrs
193
1.407
Above 26
84
1.595
Peak Experiences
Below 15
25
1.686
.146
15 to 20 yrs
117
1.930
21 to 26 yrs
193
1.738
Above 26
84
1.520
Equanimity
Below 15
25
1.734
3.955
15 to 20 yrs
117
2.082
21 to 26 yrs
193
1.776
Above 26
84
1.989
Continued Freshness
of Appreciation
Below 15
25
2.282
.294
15 to 20 yrs
117
2.215
21 to 26 yrs
193
2.257
Above 26
84
1.671
Source: Primary Data
The analysis of variance is conducted to find out if any significant
difference between the years of the experience of the respondents and Self-
Actualization in the Tamil Nadu Universities. Table 3.5 shows that the
calculated p-values ofAcceptance (P=0.309), Authenticity (P=0.309), Efficient
perception of reality (P=0.814), Good Moral (P=0.527), Creative spirit
(P=0.256), Humanitarianism (p=0.060) Peak Experiences (P=0.932) and
Continued Freshness of Appreciation (P=0.830) are more than 0.05. Therefore,
there is no significance difference between the gender of the academic leaders
and Self-Actualization.
However, the significant difference found between theyears of the
experience of the academic leaders in Equanimity (p=0.008), and Purpose
PJAEE, 17 (6) (2020)
9355
(P=0.021), at the 0.05 level of significance. Hence, the hypothesis (H5) is only
partially supported.
Effect of Salary of the respondent’s onSelf-Actualization
H6: There is a significant difference between the salary of the academic leaders and Self-
Actualization. Table No: 3.6 Salary of the Respondents on Self-Actualization
Variables
Salary
N
Mean
Standard
Deviation
F
Sig. (p)
Acceptance
Below 100000
25
11.84
1.519
2.232
.084
100000 to 150000
117
11.14
2.038
150001 to 210000
193
11.48
2.165
Above 210000
84
11.46
1.704
Authenticity
Below 100000
25
11.84
1.519
2.232
.084
100000 to 150000
117
11.14
2.038
150001 to 210000
193
11.48
2.165
Above 210000
84
11.46
1.704
Purpose
Below 100000
25
11.20
1.414
3.137
.025
100000 to 150000
117
11.09
1.827
150001 to 210000
193
11.42
1.586
Above 210000
84
11.80
1.463
Efficient
perception of
reality
Below 100000
25
11.96
1.791
.616
.605
100000 to 150000
117
11.72
2.326
150001 to 210000
193
11.95
2.062
Above 210000
84
11.86
2.031
Humanitarianism
Below 100000
25
11.48
1.531
2.782
.041
100000 to 150000
117
12.07
1.879
150001 to 210000
193
12.35
1.680
Above 210000
84
12.40
1.673
Good Moral
Intuition
Below 100000
25
10.80
1.472
1.796
.147
100000 to 150000
117
11.15
1.897
150001 to 210000
193
11.25
1.812
Above 210000
84
11.38
1.742
Creative spirit
Below 100000
25
12.36
1.753
1.355
.256
100000 to 150000
117
12.23
1.812
150001 to 210000
193
12.53
1.407
Above 210000
84
12.64
1.595
Peak Experiences
Below 100000
25
10.52
1.686
.204
.894
100000 to 150000
117
10.60
1.930
150001 to 210000
193
10.49
1.738
Above 210000
84
10.62
1.520
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9356
Equanimity
Below 100000
25
11.56
1.734
4.952
.002
100000 to 150000
117
12.10
2.082
150001 to 210000
193
12.45
1.776
Above 210000
84
12.82
1.989
Continued
Freshness of
Appreciation
Below 100000
25
10.96
2.282
.739
.529
100000 to 150000
117
11.21
2.215
150001 to 210000
193
11.30
2.257
Above 210000
84
11.38
1.671
Source: Primary Data
The analysis of variance is conducted to find out if any significant
difference between the salary of the respondents and Self-Actualization in the
Tamil Nadu Universities. Table 3.6 shows that the calculated p-values of
Acceptance (P=0.084), Authenticity (P=0.084), Efficient perception of reality
(P=0.605), Good Moral (P=0.147), Creative spirit (P=0.256), Peak Experiences
(P=0.894) and Continued Freshness of Appreciation (P=0.529) are more than
0.05. Therefore, there is no significance difference between the salary of the
academic leaders and Self-Actualization.
However, the significant difference found between the salary of the
academic leaders in Equanimity (p=0.002), Purpose (P=0.025) and
Humanitarianism (p=0.041) at the 0.05 level of significance. Hence, the
hypothesis (H6) is only partially supported.
CONCLUSION
The purpose of the study is to investigate the significance of
demographic variables on the self-actualization factors. The researcher has
considered Acceptance, authenticity, purpose, efficient perception of reality,
humanitarianism, good moral intuition, creative spirit, peak experiences,
equanimity and continued freshness of appreciation are the factors for
determining the self-actualization (Scott Barry Kaufman, 2018). These factors
were compared with selected demographic factors like gender, age group,
designation and Income group. Age group and educational qualifications of the
respondent not influences on self-actualization. When discussing about gender,
designation, salary and years of experience is partially influence on self-
actualization factors such as, equanimity, humanitarianism, Good moral
intuition, peak experiences and purpose. So we can conclude that, extensive
factors considered in this study have influence on the factors of self-
actualization of the academic leaders of Tamil Nadu Universities.
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Article
  • Jun 1970
This paper analyzes the empirical utility of consensual and conflictual theories in explaining the social cohesion of the liberal democracies of Britain and the United States. After clarifying conceptual problems of value consensus theory and Marxist theory, it examines the forms and extent of value-commitment in these countries. The conclusion is that both theories grossly overstate the amount of both value consensus between individuals and value consistency within individuals that actually exists. Cohesion in liberal democracy depends rather on the lack of consistent commitment to general values of any sort and on the "pragmatic acceptance" by subordinate classes of their limited roles in society. Suggestive evidence is also found for the existence of some "false consciousness" among subordinate classes.
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