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Stimmen gegen Armut. Weil soziale Ungleichheit und Ausgrenzung die Demokratie gefährden
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Ungleichheit führt zu einer tiefen sozialen Kluft in der Demokratie und gefährdet den sozialen Zusammenhalt. Ökonomische Unsicherheit schmälert das Vertrauen und behindert politische Mitbestimmung. "Mit meiner Stimme kann ich bei Wahlen die Zukunft mitbestimmen." - Dieser Aussage können 50 Prozent des stärksten ökonomischen Drittels der österreichischen Bevölkerung zustimmen, aber nur 28 Prozent des schwächsten. Vom ärmsten Drittel der Bevölkerung geht nur die Hälfte wählen, vom reichsten Drittel sind es 80 Prozent. Im Parlament sind daher zunehmend die Interessen der Reicheren vertreten. Die Gesetze werden deshalb auch für das oberste und bestenfalls für das mittlere Drittel gemacht, das untere Drittel wird übersehen.
Stimmen hör- und sichtbar machen. Die Autor*innen dieses Buchs gehen der Frage nach, wie Demokratie gestaltet werden kann, damit alle gesellschaftlichen Gruppen teilhaben und mitbestimmen. Was braucht es, damit die Stimmen ausgegrenzter und armutsbetroffener Menschen gehört werden? Wie können wir eine drohende Zwei-Drittel-Demokratie verhindern?
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Die qualitative Studie beschreibt die Auswirkungen der Corona-Krise auf Armutsbetroffene und -bedrohte bis zum Sommer 2020, mit einem Schwerpunkt auf dem ersten Lockdown im Frühjahr. Erfasst werden Menschen mit langen Armutserfahrungen, aber auch jene, die erst durch die Pandemie in oder in die Nähe von Armut gekommen sind: vor allem Ein-Personen-Unternehmen und selbstständige Kulturschaffende.
Armutsbetroffene sind in besonderem Maße beschämenden Situationen ausgesetzt. Unter anderem auf Ämtern, in Einrichtungen des Gesundheitssystems wie auch in den Medien werden sie damit konfrontiert, dass sie Normvorstellungen angeblich nicht genügen und defizitär seien. Die Armutskonferenz – österreichisches Netzwerk gegen Armut und Ausgrenzung – verfolgt mit einem Projekt das Ziel, gegen Beschämungserfahrungen und ihre Folgen vorzugehen. Der Beitrag verdeutlicht Beschämungserfahrungen von Armutsbetroffenen und diskutiert mögliche Gegenstrategien.
People experiencing poverty are patricularly exposed to embarrassing situations. In public administrations, healthcare facilities, the media and other contexts they encounter attitudes to the effect that they do not conform to societal norms and that they are deficient in certain ways. The Austrian Network against Poverty and Social Exclusion is engaged in a project aiming to take action against embarassing experiences and their consequences. This article describes such embarassing experiences of people experiencing poverty and discusses counter-strategies.
Este artículo plantea una reflexión sobre el concepto de vivienda. A partir de la experiencia de ecuatorianos y ecuatorianas que atraviesan un proceso de ejecución hipotecaria en Barcelona y que participan de la Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca (PAH), el artículo pretende describir las relaciones que se establecen a partir de la deuda. Por un lado muestra cómo las personas hacen sentido de su deuda en relación a su historia de vida más amplia, y por otro, los tipos de acciones que surgen frente a la necesidad de extinguir una deuda hipotecaria al mismo tiempo que conservar un lugar donde vivir. El artículo termina con un análisis de las nociones de vivienda generadas desde las políticas del Buen Vivir y desde la PAH como punto de partida para un debate más amplio y profundo sobre alternativas a la financialización hipotecaria de la vivienda.
This article explores the concept of housing. Based on the experiences of Ecuadorians undergoing a mortgage foreclosure process in Barcelona and participating of the Platform for People Affected by Mortgages (PAH), this article offers insight into debt relations. On the one hand it illustrates how people make sense of their own life history through debt, and on the other the many different types of direct actions that arise when faced with the need to extinguish a debt while avoiding homelessness. The article then analyses housing notions based on debates around the Buen Vivir as well as those introduced by the PAH as a point of departure for a broader and in-depth discussion on alternatives to the financialization of housing. Deuda hipotecaria. Ecuador. España. Buen Vivir. Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca (PAH). Mortgage debt. Ecuador. Spain. Buen Vivir. Platform for People Affected by Mortgages (PAH).
Our meta‐analytic review investigates how employee participation in democratic enterprises is related to psychological outcomes. We gathered 60 studies through a systematic literature search of quantitative field studies (published between January 1970 and May 2017) and extracted 138 effect sizes related to three indicators of organisational democracy (OD) and 15 psychological outcomes. The overall findings suggest that employees’ individually perceived participation in organisational decision making (IPD) had a stronger relation to job satisfaction (ρ = .25), job involvement/work motivation (ρ = .36), prosocial work behaviours (ρ = .24), civic and democratic behaviours (ρ = .21) and perceived supportive climate (ρ = .44) than the other two OD indicators: structurally anchored employee participation (SAEP) and employee participation in collective ownership (EO). This was not the case for value‐based commitment: the relations of SAEP (ρ = .40), EO (ρ = .34), and IPD (ρ = .46) with commitment were nearly equal. Mediation analyses indicated that IPD partially mediated most of the effects of SAEP and EO on the outcomes mentioned. The cross‐sectional database and a small number of studies for some of the outcomes are the main limitations of this study.
Presents an integrative theoretical framework to explain and to predict psychological changes achieved by different modes of treatment. This theory states that psychological procedures, whatever their form, alter the level and strength of self-efficacy. It is hypothesized that expectations of personal efficacy determine whether coping behavior will be initiated, how much effort will be expended, and how long it will be sustained in the face of obstacles and aversive experiences. Persistence in activities that are subjectively threatening but in fact relatively safe produces, through experiences of mastery, further enhancement of self-efficacy and corresponding reductions in defensive behavior. In the proposed model, expectations of personal efficacy are derived from 4 principal sources of information: performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological states. Factors influencing the cognitive processing of efficacy information arise from enactive, vicarious, exhortative, and emotive sources. The differential power of diverse therapeutic procedures is analyzed in terms of the postulated cognitive mechanism of operation. Findings are reported from microanalyses of enactive, vicarious, and emotive modes of treatment that support the hypothesized relationship between perceived self-efficacy and behavioral changes. (21/2 p ref)
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG:
Der Aufbau Solidarischer Ökonomien ist für eine sozial-ökologische Transformation wesentlich. Jedoch steht die vorherrschende neoklassische Wirtschaftstheorie einem adäquaten Verständnis Solidarischer Ökonomien entgegen. Dem Paradigma des kapitalistischen Unternehmens folgend, analysiert sie wirtschaftliches Handeln und soziale Beziehungen mit marktwirtschaftlichen Kategorien. Der Artikel theoretisiert stattdessen Solidarische Ökonomien als eigenständiges Paradigma eines alternativen Wirtschaftens und sozialer Beziehungen mit Hilfe der Kategorie der Gabe. Solidarische Ökonomien sind Arrangements von Gabezyklen in den Formen zeitlich offener oder geschlossener Reziprozität, d. h. umfassender Solidaritätsbeziehungen oder stärker limitierter Beziehungen wechselseitigen Gebens und Erwiderns. Die Gabetheorie verbessert das kritische Verständnis kapitalistischer Verhältnisse und verweist zugleich auf Strategien zum Aufbau Solidarischer Ökonomien in einer Perspektive von Wirtschaftsdemokratie.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT:
Building up solidarity economies is crucial for a social-ecological transformation. But the predominant neoclassical economic theory impedes an adequate understanding of solidarity economies. Following the paradigm of the capitalist company, it analyses economic activities and social relationships with market economy categories. It theorizes solidarity economies as a distinct paradigm of alternative economies and social relationships centered on the category of the gift. Solidarity economies are arrangements of gift cycles within the modalities of temporally open-ended or closed reciprocity, i. e., comprehensive solidarity relationships, or more limited relationships of mutual giving and return. The theory of the gift enhances the critical understanding of capitalist conditions and, at the same time, indicates strategic points of leverage for the development of solidarity economies in an economic democracy perspective.
Naked City is a continuation of Prof. Sharon Zukin's earlier books (Loft Living and Cultures of Cities) and updates her views on how people use culture and capital in New York. Its focus is on a conflict between city dwellers' desire for authentic origins and new beginnings, which many contemporary megalopolises meet. City dwellers wish to defend their own moral rights to redefine their places for living given upscale constructions, rapid growth, and the ethics of standardization. The author shows how in the frameworks of this conflict they construct the perceived authenticity of common and uncommon urban places. Each book chapter tells about various urban spaces, uncovering different dimensions of authenticity in order to catch and explain fundamental changes in New York that emerged in the 1960s under the mixed influences of private investors, government, media, and consumer tastes. The Journal of Economic Sociology published "Introduction. The City That Lost Its Soul," where the author explains the general idea of the book. She discusses the reasons for the emergence and history of the social movement for authenticity, having combated both the government and private investors since the 1960s. Prof. Zukin also traces the transformation of the concept of authenticity from a property of a person, to a property of a thing, to a property of a life experience and power.
Recently, several digital divide scholars suggested that a shift is needed from a focus on binary Internet access (first-level digital divide) and Internet skills and use (second-level digital divide) to a third-level digital divide in which the tangible outcomes of Internet use are highlighted. A plethora of studies have been conducted to identify determinants of digital divides. Unfortunately, there is a lack of consistency in the terminology used. Moreover, terms are often not theoretically grounded. Therefore, we conducted a systematic literature review of digital divide determinants. The results show that the third-level digital divide was underexposed. The primary focus is on Internet use. More importantly, the identified determinants show that digital divide research is largely limited to sociodemographic and socioeconomic determinants.