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Designing new ways of working in Industry 4.0
Abstract and Figures
The transition towards Industry 4.0 and the increasing implementation of new
digital technologies in industrial operations are creating new challenges and
opportunities concerning human work and work organization. Overcoming these
challenges and taking advantage of the emerging opportunities require new
sociotechnical and human-centered design and engineering methods and
approaches. This Ph.D. thesis investigates how the introduction of new digital
technologies in industrial work systems affect human well-being and overall
system performance. Also, this thesis presents implications, recommendations,
and prescriptive frameworks for assisting practitioners in (re)designing work
systems in connection with the implementation of new digital technologies. The
overall focus of these prescriptive supports is to ensure human well-being and
overall system performance.
Figures - uploaded by Bzhwen A Kadir
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... ▪ Capacidad: Carga útil; Ejes; Alcance; Velocidad; Movilidad; Actuación ▪ Entrada de partes ▪ Operación: Alimentación de elemento; Manejo del elemento; Montaje del elemento ▪ Salida del sub-elaborado Respecto de esta situación de análisis, el autor [34] considera que la Capacidad es la clave de la evaluación, mientras que el investigador [44], en su trabajo "Capability-based task allocation in humanrobot collaboration" asegura que la calve está en el tipo de material a manipular, el autor [27] agrega que el factor crítico es en realidad el agarre. Si se consideraran sistemas de ensamblaje colaborativo multi-robot multi-operador, el conjunto Entrada Salida es particularmente importante [25]. ...
... Conforme estudios realizados, los especialistas[24] aseguran que existe una brecha entre las unidades de fabricación existentes y la necesaria para la I4.0. La introducción de estas nuevas tecnologías y la integración de otros habilitadores de la I4.0 están teniendo un importante impacto sociotécnico[25]. La I4.0, la cual comenzó como resultado de la era de la información y la tecnología, incluye sistemas que reciben, transmiten, evalúan y administran datos. ...
The aim of this work was the development of a reference framework and methodology for the technical feasibility study of the use of collaborative robots in manufacturing SMEs.
According to our previous study, the technical factor is one of the five evaluation variables for decision-making for the incorporation of Cobots in workstations, being them: the
technical factor, the ergonometric factor, the quality, the economic-financial factor. and the regulatory one. This work has been carried out in three phases: (1) a systematic analysis of the literature regarding the use of Cobots in SMEs and its corresponding technical evaluation was carried out, (2) the evaluation method was selected, and (3) the applied to a case of incorporation of a Cobots in a workstation of a small company that manufactures electrical products in Argentina. This methodology collaborated with the decision-making of senior management to understand whether the activities of feeding, handling and assembling electrical parts and components could be carried out efficiently and effectively by means of a robotic arm.
... Similarly to other human factors and ergonomics frameworks related to HRC, such as the one developed by Kadir (2020), the guidelines presented and evaluated in the current study could benefit from the integration with other human factors frameworks and techniques such as Cognitive Work Analysis (CWT) (Vicente, 1999), Cognitive Tasks Analysis (CTA) (Crandall et al., 2006), and Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) (Hollnagel, 2003). As it was suggested by Kadir (2020), the developed guidelines could be further improved and refined through consultations and involvement with experts in CTA, CWT and HTA. ...
... Similarly to other human factors and ergonomics frameworks related to HRC, such as the one developed by Kadir (2020), the guidelines presented and evaluated in the current study could benefit from the integration with other human factors frameworks and techniques such as Cognitive Work Analysis (CWT) (Vicente, 1999), Cognitive Tasks Analysis (CTA) (Crandall et al., 2006), and Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) (Hollnagel, 2003). As it was suggested by Kadir (2020), the developed guidelines could be further improved and refined through consultations and involvement with experts in CTA, CWT and HTA. Similarly, those methods could draw important suggestions in their applications by the guidelines here presented. ...
Industry 4.0 is the concept used to summarize the ongoing fourth industrial revolution, which is profoundly changing the manufacturing systems and business models all over the world. Collaborative robotics is one of the most promising technologies of Industry 4.0. Human-robot interaction and human-robot collaboration will be crucial for enhancing the operator's work conditions and production performance. In this regard, this enabling technology opens new possibilities but also new challenges. There is no doubt that safety is of primary importance when humans and robots interact in industrial settings. Nevertheless, human factors and cognitive ergonomics (i.e. cognitive workload, usability, trust, acceptance, stress, frustration, perceived enjoyment) are crucial, even if they are often underestimated or ignored. Therefore, this work refers to cognitive ergonomics in the design of human-robot collaborative assembly systems. A set of design guidelines has been developed according to the analysis of the scientific literature. Their effectiveness has been evaluated through multiple experiments based on a laboratory case study where different participants interacted with a low-payload collaborative robotic system for the joint assembly of a manufacturing product. The main assumption to be tested is that it is possible to improve the operator's experience and efficiency by manipulating the system features and interaction patterns according to the proposed design guidelines. Results confirmed that participants improved their cognitive response to human-robot interaction as well as the assembly performance with the enhancement of workstation features and interaction conditions by implementing an increasing number of guidelines.
... En un trabajo realizado en Italia, el 74,8% de los encuestados, han respondido que consideran a la I4.0 como una oportunidad de cambio el cual revitalizará el sector manufacturero italiano [23] Conforme estudios realizados, los especialistas [24] aseguran que existe una brecha entre las unidades de fabricación existentes y la necesaria para la I4.0. La introducción de estas nuevas tecnologías y la integración de otros habilitadores de la I4.0 están teniendo un importante impacto sociotécnico [25]. La I4.0, la cual comenzó como resultado de la era de la información y la tecnología, incluye sistemas que reciben, transmiten, evalúan y administran datos. ...
... Puntualizando el factor técnico, se tienen los siguientes factores y sub-factores: [34] considera que la Capacidad es la clave de la evaluación, mientras que el investigador [44], en su trabajo "Capability-based task allocation in human-robot collaboration" asegura que la calve está en el tipo de material a manipular, el autor [27] agrega que el factor crítico es en realidad el agarre. Si se consideraran sistemas de ensamblaje colaborativo multi-robot multi-operador, el conjunto Entrada Salida es particularmente importante [25]. ...
RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue el desarrollo de un marco de referencia y metodología para el estudio de viabilidad técnica del uso de robots colaborativos en pymes manufactureras. De acuerdo con nuestro estudio anterior, el factor técnico es una de las cinco variables de evaluación para la toma de decisiones para la incorporación de Cobots en estaciones de trabajo, siendo ellas: el factor técnico, el ergonométrico, la calidad, el económico-financiero y el regulatorio. Este trabajo se ha realizado en tres fases: (1) se realizó un análisis sistemático de literatura en lo referente a el uso de Cobots en pymes y su correspondiente evaluación técnica, (2) se seleccionó el método de evaluación, y (3) se aplicó a un caso de incorporación de un Cobots en una estación de trabajo de una pequeña empresa de manufactura de productos eléctricos en la Argentina. Esta metodología colaboró con la toma de decisiones de la alta gerencia para comprender si las actividades de alimentación, manipulación y montaje de piezas y componentes eléctricos podrían ser realizadas de manera eficiente y eficaz por medio de un brazo robótico. ABSTRACT The aim of this work was the development of a reference framework and methodology for the technical feasibility study of the use of collaborative robots in manufacturing SMEs. According to our previous study, the technical factor is one of the five evaluation variables for decision-making for the incorporation of Cobots in workstations, being them: the technical factor, the ergonometric factor, the quality, the economic-financial factor. and the regulatory one. This work has been carried out in three phases: (1) a systematic analysis of the literature regarding the use of Cobots in SMEs and its corresponding technical evaluation was carried out, (2) the evaluation method was selected, and (3) the applied to a case of incorporation of a Cobots in a workstation of a small company that manufactures electrical products in Argentina. This methodology collaborated with the decision-making of senior management to understand whether the activities of feeding, handling and assembling electrical parts and components could be carried out efficiently and effectively by means of a robotic arm.
... En un trabajo realizado en Italia, el 74,8% de los encuestados, han respondido que consideran a la I4.0 como una oportunidad de cambio el cual revitalizará el sector manufacturero italiano [23] Conforme estudios realizados, los especialistas [24] aseguran que existe una brecha entre las unidades de fabricación existentes y la necesaria para la I4.0. La introducción de estas nuevas tecnologías y la integración de otros habilitadores de la I4.0 están teniendo un importante impacto sociotécnico [25]. La I4.0, la cual comenzó como resultado de la era de la información y la tecnología, incluye sistemas que reciben, transmiten, evalúan y administran datos. ...
... Puntualizando el factor técnico, se tienen los siguientes factores y sub-factores: [34] considera que la Capacidad es la clave de la evaluación, mientras que el investigador [44], en su trabajo "Capability-based task allocation in human-robot collaboration" asegura que la calve está en el tipo de material a manipular, el autor [27] agrega que el factor crítico es en realidad el agarre. Si se consideraran sistemas de ensamblaje colaborativo multi-robot multi-operador, el conjunto Entrada Salida es particularmente importante [25]. ...
The aim of this work was the development of a reference framework and methodology for the technical feasibility study of the use of collaborative robots in manufacturing SMEs. According to our previous study, the technical factor is one of the five evaluation variables for decision-making for the incorporation of Cobots in workstations, being them: the technical factor, the ergonometric factor, the quality, the economic-financial factor. and the regulatory one. This work has been carried out in three phases: (1) a systematic analysis of the literature regarding the use of Cobots in SMEs and its corresponding technical evaluation was carried out, (2) the evaluation method was selected, and (3) the applied to a case of incorporation of a Cobots in a workstation of a small company that manufactures electrical products in Argentina. This methodology collaborated with the decision-making of senior management to understand whether the activities of feeding, handling and assembling electrical parts and components could be carried out efficiently and effectively by means of a robotic arm.
This work was supported by French government funding managed by the National Research Agency under the Investments for the Future program (PIA) grant ANR-21- ESRE-0030 (CONTINUUM).
To perform maintainability and Human Factors assessment in preliminary aircraft architecture and design review, the simulation of maintenance activities is deployed inside industry. The use of augmented reality associated to a physical mock-up could be an alternative to other complementarity simulations already existing (virtual reality, physical mock-up alone). This paper introduces the first experimentation with this hybrid simulation and the results of its performance. This hybrid solution allows a reduced lead time in the development and decision process. It reduces the cost of the mock-up using only the basic shape of the model and tangible interfaces for the user. Augmented Reality increases the detail of the model and allows multiple configuration review and fosters collaboration between designers and project stakeholders.
This work was supported by French government funding managed by the National Research Agency under the Investments for the Future program (PIA) grant ANR-21- ESRE-0030 (CONTINUUM).
Manual assembly work systems bring high flexibility but low productivity in comparison to fully automatedsystems. To increase productivity but maintain flexibility, future systems need to incorporate greater levels of automation which complement or augment the capabilities of the human operators who provide the manualwork. Future systems should be designed for social and economic sustainability within fluctuating conditions and for adaptive utilisation of operators’ individual capabilities to maintain levels of productivity and personal satisfaction. To successfully create such systems with greater adaptivity and interactivity between people and technology a comprehensive understanding of design requirements is needed; the current problem is that there is no standard valid framework. The work described in this paper employed a three-component investigation toidentify the various key requirements that are needed to form such a design framework for future human-automation assembly systems. This involves separate activities with different methodologies involving literature reviews, surveys and business case analysis to define use case scenarios and requirements for creating adaptive automation assemblysystem demonstrators.The different methodological approaches and results for all of the three component studies are described, along with conclusions and implications for further research work andfor industry in general.
Industry 4.0 is one of the trending topics among the academicians and practitioners around the world. The pros and cons of Industry 4.0 are significantly important because it will help the organizations to make a sensible decision regarding its implementation. Though there are many studies on Industry 4.0, there is a dearth of academic literature which collates and analyses the Pros and Cons of Industry 4.0. The purpose of this paper is to investigate what are the pros and cons of implementation of Industry 4.0 in organizations from academic perspective. A comprehensive and systematic literature review is conducted on the earlier studies on Industry 4.0. Descriptive, categorical, keyword and thematic analysis are conducted on the final sample of sixty-four articles. This study finds nine pros and seven cons while implementing Industry 4.0 in organizations and also the future research directions is explicated.
Human–robot collaboration is a main technology of Industry 4.0 and is currently changing the shop floor of manufacturing companies. Collaborative robots are innovative industrial technologies introduced to help operators to perform manual activities in so called cyber-physical production systems and combine human inimitable abilities with smart machines strengths. Occupational health and safety criteria are of crucial importance in the implementation of collaborative robotics. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the state of the art for the design of safe and ergonomic collaborative robotic workcells. Emerging research fields beyond the state of the art are also of special interest. To achieve this goal this paper uses a systematic literature review methodology to review recent technical scientific bibliography and to identify current and future research fields. Main research themes addressed in the recent scientific literature regarding safety and ergonomics (or human factors) for industrial collaborative robotics were identified and categorized. The emerging research challenges and research fields were identified and analyzed based on the development of publications over time (annual growth).
Industry 4.0 has been a major force framing the societal, economic and technological environment after 2010. Exposed to ongoing digital transformation, companies are able to exploit opportunities offered by Industry 4.0, and are forced to manage immanent risks and barriers. However, studies on opportunities and challenges relevant for the implementation of Industry 4.0 for companies are scarce. In response to this literature gap, the aim of this exploratory research is to provide a deeper analysis of the level of digital transformation of companies in Serbia based on a digital maturity model, and examine their managers’ opinions on the most important driving forces and implementation barriers. The paper uses exploratory research design based on a survey responded to by 122 high-level managers within the Serbian manufacturing sector. Findings show that, contrary to expectations, digitally transforming enterprises do not see human resources as a driving force, but rather as an obstacle to Industry 4.0 implementation, when they lack necessary competences and skills. Resistance to change caused by Industry 4.0 implementation is not seen as an important barrier. On the other hand, efficiency factors represent the main driving force, while the lack of competences and financial resources represent the greatest barriers to Industry 4.0 implementation.
The way humans work in production and logistics systems is changing. The evolution of technologies, Industry 4.0 applications, and societal changes, such as ageing workforces, are transforming operations processes. This transformation is still a “black-box” for many companies, and there are calls for new management approaches that can help to successfully overcome the future challenges in production and logistics.
While Industry 4.0 emerges, companies have started to use advanced control tools enabled by real-time monitoring systems that allow the development of more accurate planning models that enable proactive managerial decision-making. Although we observe an increasing trend in automating human work in almost every industry, human workers are still playing a central role in many production and logistics systems. Many of these planning models developed for managerial decision support, however, do not consider human factors and their impact on system or employee performance, leading to inaccurate planning results and decisions, underperforming systems, and increased health hazards for employees.
This paper summarizes the vision, challenges and opportunities in this research field, based on the experience of the authors, members of the Working Group 7 (WG7) “Human factors and ergonomics in industrial and logistic system design and management” of the IFAC Technical Committee (TC) 5.2 “Manufacturing Modelling for Management and Control". We also discuss the development of this research stream in light of the contributions presented in invited sessions at related IFAC conferences over the last five years. The TC 5.2 framework is adapted to include a human-centered perspective. Based on this discussion, a research agenda is developed that highlights the potential benefits and future requirements for academia and society in this emerging research field. Promising directions for future research on human factors in production and logistics systems include the consideration of diversity of human workers and an in-depth integration of Industry 4.0 technologies in operations processes to support the development of smart, sustainable, human-centered systems.
The introduction of Industry 4.0-enabling digital technologies in industrial work systems are creating various sociotechnical challenges affecting overall system performance and human well-being. In this paper, we propose a framework for (re)designing industrial work systems in the transition towards Industry 4.0. The framework combines human factors and ergonomics, work system modeling, and strategy design. It accommodates implementation challenges we have identified through ten retrospective case studies. In addition, we present the systematic approach applied to developing and testing the framework. Lastly, the framework was tested in a collaborative workshop in an industrial company, and the results indicated its applicability.
The aim of this study is to analyze the results of a research carried out in Brazilian manufacturing companies that have typical initiatives of Industry 4.0, in order to identify the main challenges and opportunities of building a flexible industry and to provide elements that enable manufacturers to guide this construction with a little more security. Through the literature review, 28 challenges and 23 opportunities were identified and submitted by a questionnaire to 39 leaders of national and multinational manufacturing companies in Brazil, identifying which challenges and opportunities were the most and the least important. This study brings two theoretical contributions: it enriches the literature on challenges and opportunities of flexibility and draws attention to issues on the implementation of a flexible industry that needs studies. The management contributions are: (1) show the relative importance of 28 challenges and 23 opportunities and (2) detail the content of 24 questions (the 6 most and the 6 least relevant challenges and opportunities) in order to give certain security to the manufacturers to guide the building of the flexible industry and direct implementation actions. The limitations of this study are the reduced number of companies and segments of economy observed (Auto Parts, Metal-mechanics and Metallurgy) for an empirical study and the opinions of leaders in a moment, which may change, not allowing generalizations.
Industry 4.0 promises the fourth industrial revolution by integration of cyber and physical worlds through technology. Industry 4.0 implementation will result in human interaction with technical system in a specialised manner. Therefore, Industry 4.0 will also be a socio (human related) and technical (nonhuman related) system in pursuit of a common goal. The purpose of this study is to suggest a mechanism to include Socio-Technical Systems Theory perspective while designing architecture for integration while implementing Industry 4.0. Building on the previous literatures on Socio-Technical Systems Theory and Industry 4.0, the article proposes bringing the two approaches together and presents a framework for integration mechanism. Successful implementation of Industry 4.0 warrants vertical, horizontal and end-to-end integration. This study suggests a design mechanism for three types of integration mechanism in Industry 4.0 by considering the socio-technical systems impact on people, infrastructure, technology, processes, culture and goals. Further, the integration is also suggested for analysis on the impact of stakeholders, economic situation and regulatory frameworks around which the operating organizations are operating. This is the first paper to propose the consideration of Socio-Technical Systems theory while designing the horizontal, vertical and end-to-end integration for sustainable implementation of Industry 4.0.
