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Phytochemical screening, FTIR spectral analysis, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of leaf extract of Pimenta dioica Linn
Abstract
Pimenta dioica (L.) (Allspice) is commonly known as Jamaica pepper, belongs to the family Myrtaceae. The present work was aimed to determine the phytochemical screening analysis, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity of different extracts of Pimenta dioica leaves. Phytochemical screening indicates the presence of carbohydrate, protein, steroid, alkaloid, flavonoids, phenol and terpenoids in ethanolic extract; protein, phenol and terpenoids were present in diethyl ether extract; whereas carbohydrate, alkaloid, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, tannin and terpenoids present in aqueous extract. The antioxidant content of the P. dioica leaf extract was evaluated by ferrous ion chealating assay, nitric oxide radical scavenging assay and DPPH test. The antioxidant activity was found to be increased with increasing concentration of ethanol extract. The functional groups present in Pimenta dioica leaves was analysed which indicate the presence of carboxylic acid, alkyl halides alkanes and misc. In antibacterial activity, maximum zone of inhibition was observed in aqueous extract against K. pneumonia, S. aureus and S. mutans; ethanolic extract confirmed a strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus and B. subtilis. The presence of antioxidant properties and antimicrobial effects of P. dioica suggests that it can be used against the human pathogenic bacteria and for other disease management and rejuvenation immunity support.
... The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oils have been investigated as an alternative to food additives added. An EO with great potential use in the meat industry is the allspice (Pimenta dioica L.) oil, also known as Jamaican pepper, since it can act as an antioxidant (Murali et al., 2021;Sarathambal et al., 2021) and antimicrobial (Murali et al., 2021;Marques et al., 2019;Chaudhari et al., 2020;Silva et al., 2021). The allspice EO unites the scent and flavor characteristic of cloves, cinnamon and nutmeg and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity is attributed to the active compounds present in them, especially its major components eugenol, myrcene and limonene (Mérida-Reyes et al., 2020). ...
... The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oils have been investigated as an alternative to food additives added. An EO with great potential use in the meat industry is the allspice (Pimenta dioica L.) oil, also known as Jamaican pepper, since it can act as an antioxidant (Murali et al., 2021;Sarathambal et al., 2021) and antimicrobial (Murali et al., 2021;Marques et al., 2019;Chaudhari et al., 2020;Silva et al., 2021). The allspice EO unites the scent and flavor characteristic of cloves, cinnamon and nutmeg and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity is attributed to the active compounds present in them, especially its major components eugenol, myrcene and limonene (Mérida-Reyes et al., 2020). ...
This work aimed to characterize the allspice leaves essential oil (EO) and evaluate its antimicrobial activity against specific food-borne pathogenic microorganisms as well as its in vitro antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of different concentrations (0, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) of allspice EO was also evaluated in mechanically deboned poultry meat (MDPM) during storage of up to 10 days at 2 °C. Allspice EO presented as major compounds eugenol (55.52%), myrcene (22.53%) and chavicol (5.12%), and was effective against Gram-negative (P. aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria, having greater (p < 0.05) antimicrobial activity than its main component eugenol. In the in vitro antioxidant assays, the allspice EO had higher radical scavenging activity (90% versus 65%) than eugenol, presenting lower IC50 values (2.71 versus 9.49 µg/mL), but the antioxidant activity by the 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) did not differ (p > 0.05) from the synthetic antioxidant butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT). Incorporating allspice EO in MDPM suppressed lipid oxidation during 8 days of cold storage, regardless of the amount used, exhibiting lower (p < 0.05) TBARS values during all storage periods than MDPM without EO. Allspice leaves EO had the high antioxidant potential to be used in MDPM and could also contribute an antimicrobial effect to the product in which the MDPM is used.
... By using a ferrous ion chelating assay, a nitric oxide radical scavenging assay, and a DPPH test, the antioxidant content of P. dioica leaf extract was determined. The occurrence of carboxylic acid, alkyl halides alkanes, and miscellaneous functional groups in P. dioica leaves have been reported by Murali et al. [27]. Kharey et al. [28] obtain green synthesized AuNPs using aqueous leaf extract of P. dioica. ...
... The colloids scavenging action increases as the concentration of the synthesized gold colloid rises. Tannins and polyphenols are abundantly found in the aqueous extract of P. dioica leaves [27]. These bioactive compounds synergic activity as a reducing and stabilizing agent has been predicted. ...
Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is of particular interest due to their catalytic, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. In this study, the aqueous extract of Pimenta dioica leaves was used to synthesize AuNPs and the effective parameters were investigated. The prepared AuNPs were characterized by various techniques including UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The reduction and stabilization effect of the plant extract to fabricate AuNPs were explained by FTIR analysis. TEM imaging confirmed the formation of spherical-shaped AuNPs. The catalytic activity of synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated in the degradation of a Methylene Blue dye in the presence of NaBH4 as reducing agent and achieved after only two minutes. The AuNPs provided high antioxidant ability. In addition, the synthesized AuNPs showed a significant inhibitory effect against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, where the zone of inhibition of 4 and 9 mm were obtained for synthesized AuNPs against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively.
... They are often present as glycosides. [15][16][17] Modern sciences are fundamentally related to the achievements in computer science, and the technical frontiers are pushed continuously forward. Apart from the pure physical functionality, to serve as a magnifier to observe more and more details in space, it is now a combined technical and scientific entity, around which the complexity is handled by computational means. ...
An extensive range of lignocellulosic waste is used in mushroom growing, which is recognized as a very successful way to recycle agricultural waste and make food. Primary and secondary metabolites analysis is fundamental for further pharmaceutical studies. In this present study, physico-chemical analysis viz., moisture content, ash value, crude fat, crude fibre content, carbohydrates and protein content were evaluated in Pleurotus florida. Phytochemical analysis of inPleurotusflorida was done using four different solvents like hexane, chloroform, methanol and aqueous, using a standard protocol. The result of the present study showed moisture content (7.22±0.03mg/g), ash value (3.20±0.00 mg/g), crude fat (4.50±0.00 mg/g), crude fibre content (2.81±0.08 mg/g), carbohydrates (0.18±0.06 mg/g) and protein (0.36±0.11 mg/g). Qualitative analysis of P. florida showed the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinone, flavonoid, glycosides, phenol, saponin, steroid, tannin and terpenoid. The above compound is further estimated quantitatively. Aqueous extract of P.florida showed alkaloid (0.42±0.02 mg/g), anthraquinone (0.65±0.00 mg/g), flavonoid (9.19±0.00 mg/g), glycosides (3.40±0.04 mg/g), phenol (4.74±0.00 mg/g), saponin (12.1±0.03 mg/g), tannin (26.1±0.00 mg/g) and terpenoid (0.73±0.01 mg/g). Methanolic extract showed alkaloid (2.91±7.85 mg/g), anthraquinone (3.48±0.06 mg/g), steroid (2.34±0.01 mg/g), tannin (21.5±0.00 mg/g) and terpenoid (0.45±0.03 mg/g). The other compounds like alkaloid (0.78±0.00 mg/g), anthraquinone (1.79±0.01 mg/g), flavonoid (10.9±0.04 mg/g), glycosides (12.8±0.05 mg/g), phenol (39.3±0.00 mg/g), saponin (35.8±0.00 mg/g), steroid (3.47±0.00 mg/g) and terpenoid (0.34±0.02 mg/g) were showed in chloroform extract of P.florida. In hexane extract, an alkaloid (0.59±0.03 mg/g), saponin (2.58±0.00 mg/g), tannin (426±0.00 mg/g) and terpenoid (0.38±0.01 mg/g) were estimated. Finally, the secondary metabolites were employed as an ontology tool (Protégé), and the outcomes were displayed in diagrammatic form. Protégé tool is one alternative technology for using smart art diagrams like bar and pie diagrams in future quantitative analysis response compounds for further immune system development studies.
... The essential oil of allspice is a significant source of phytochemicals in medicine. Phytochemicals are a large group of plant-derived bioactive that may have diseasefighting properties [53]. Plants are one of the most important natural sources of secondary metabolites for medical purposes, due to their biological capacity to combat lethal or endemic diseases, as well as disorders that impact living beings. ...
Pimenta dioica L. Merrill. Myrtaceae family, known for its berries called pimenta or allspice, is one of the oldest spices in the world, widely used for its culinary and medicinal qualities. The main commercial product obtained from this spice is its essential oil, the reason for the interest in essential oil is based on the versatility of its use in different industrial areas (food, cosmetics, perfumery, and pharmaceuticals) due to its harmless and beneficial effects for health. In addition, it contains compounds that have shown broad biological activity, which turns out to be useful in the treatment of diseases related to the excessive formation of oxygen radicals. As a result, the extraction process and operating conditions have a significant impact on the bioactivity of these molecules. As a consequence, selecting the correct mix of variables to improve oil extraction and functionality is essential. The most of study on this essential oil is being focused on resolving these issues, as well as purification and identification. This chapter will cover the methods for obtaining P. dioica essential oil, as well as the chemical profile of the oil and its biological properties, which include its effects on humans, plants, animals, insects, and microorganisms.
... Likewise, the reducing power assay showed potential free radical scavenging activity by reducing Fe 3+ to Fe 2+ in a concentration dependent manner. Herbal plants are rich in natural antioxidants and phenolic compounds, and are used to prevent the oxidative stress by free radical scavenging activity (Murali et al., 2020;Mayasankaravalli et al., 2020). It is presumed that the major phytochemicals, namely phenol and flavonoids are responsible for the enhanced antioxidant activity as reported by other studies. ...
Datura metel L. is an important medicinal plant of Solanaceae family which has extensive pharmacological properties. The present investigation was aimed to identify the presence of phytoconstituents and assess in vitro antibacterial, anti-biofilm, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and wound healing efficacy of D. metel leaves extract. Among different solvent extracts, methanolic extract showed higher amount of phenolic (124.61 ± 0.68 mg GAE/g), alkaloid (88.77 ± 1.01 mg AE/g), flavonoids (42.24 ± 0.18 mg QE/g), and tannins contents (38.72 ± 0.51 mg GAE/g). The extract exhibited not only significantly (P
... The presence of these compounds is important and distinctive [5]. The use of plants as ingredients for traditional medicine has long been used by the people of Indonesia, partly based on hereditary experience and partly developed through scientific research [6]. One of the plants that can be used as medicine is turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) [7]. ...
This study aims to determine the content of active compounds of secondary metabolites and antibacterial activity of secondary metabolites from a maceration of turmeric leaf (Curcuma longa Linn.) and kaffir lime leaf (Citrus hystrix) against Escherichia coli (E. coli). Each sample of kaffir lime leaf and turmeric leaf was extracted by maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent for 3 x 24 hours and the solvent was changed every 1 x 24 hours, then the filtered filtrate was thickened using a rotary evaporator. The phytochemical screening test was carried out by qualitative method using chemical reagents. The antibacterial activity test of the extract of the combination of turmeric leaves (Curcuma longa Linn.) and kaffir lime leaves (Citrus hystrix) used the Punch Hole Diffusion method with various concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. The results showed that the combined extract of turmeric leaf (Curcuma longa Linn.) and kaffir lime leaf (Citrus hystrix) contained secondary metabolites in the form of flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, tannins, and saponins. The optimum zone of inhibition to inhibit the growth of E. coli produced was 9.73 ± 0.78 mm. Overall, it can be concluded that the combined extract of turmeric leaf (Curcuma longa Linn.) and kaffir lime leaf (Citrus hystrix) has potential as an alternative to antibacterial active compounds.
This study focused on the fenugreek seed powder extract (FSP-Ex) obtained using four selected solvents based on polarity differences (acetone, ethanol, hexane, and petroleum ether). The FSP-Ex properties were studied through pH, color, antioxidant, flavonoid and phenolic content. Phase transition by DSC and FTIR spectrum was performed to get more insight into FSP-Ex and antimicrobial activity against three pathogens. The maximum value of FSP-Ex was noticed with ethanol as compared to other solvents. The pH, color (L*a*b*), antioxidant, flavonoid, and phenolic content of ethanol FSP-Ex were 6.87 ± 0.03 (66.3,. 10.66 and 44.23), 67.87%, 97.17 ± 0.01 mg QE/g and 71.17 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g respectively. The analytical properties of FSP-Ex revealed its thermal behavior and the presence of functional groups in chemical structure by DSC and FTIR, respectively. The phase transition by DSC analysis and FTIR analysis generated peaks that revealed the thermal characterization and functional groups present in FSP-Ex. The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of FSP revealed the most suited zone of inhibition of 3.27 mm against Bacillus subtilis at 100 mg/mL strength among other selected microbes and solvents. Hence, based on these findings, FSP-Ex could be considered a novel method to study the relationship between solvent polarity with FSP-Ex and its phytochemical, physicochemical, and analytical properties.
Breast cancer is the world's second most frequent malignancy, with a significant mortality and morbidity rate. Nowadays, natural breast cancer medicine has piqued attention as disease-curing agent with low side effects. Herein, the leaf powder of Artemisia absinthium was extracted with ethanol, and GC-MS and LC-MS methods were employed to identify the phytocompounds. Using commercial software SeeSAR-9.2 and StarDrop, identified phytocompounds were docked with estrogen and progesterone breast cancer receptors as they promote breast cancer growth to find the binding affinity of the ligands, drugability, and toxicity. Hormone-mediated breast cancer accounts for about 80% of all cases of breast cancer. Cancer cells proliferate when estrogen and progesterone hormones are attached to these receptors. The molecular docking results demonstrated that 3',4',5,7-Tetrahydroxyisoflavanone (THIF) has stronger binding efficacy than standard drugs and other phytocompounds with -28.71 (3 hydrogen bonds) and -24.18 kcal/mol (6 hydrogen bonds) binding energies for estrogen and progesterone receptors, respectively. Pharmacokinetics and toxicity analysis were done to predict the drug-likeness of THIF which results in good drugability and less toxicity. The best fit THIF was subjected to a molecular dynamics simulation analysis by using Gromacs to analyze the conformational changes that occurred during protein-ligand interaction and found that, the structural changes were observed. The results from MD simulation and pharmacokinetic studies suggested that THIF can be expected that in vitro and in vivo research on this compound may lead to the development of a potent anti-breast cancer drug in the future.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Over the years, natural products such as essential oils have been gaining more and more prominence due to their perceived health benefits. Plants rich in essential oils represent a viable source of biomolecules for use in the most varied human activities, such as agricultural, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications. Essential oils are natural volatile fractions extracted from aromatic plants that are formed by classes of substances such as fatty acid esters, mono and sesquiterpenes, phenylpropanoids, and aldehyde alcohols, and in some cases, aliphatic hydrocarbons, among others. In this context, this book includes twelve chapters that present new information on the extraction and application of essential oils in various industrial segments. It is divided into three sections that discuss the general concepts of essential oils and techniques for their extraction, topics in food science and technology, and essential oils and their pharmacological properties in various activities and applications.
Antioksidan eksogen pada tanaman diketahui memiliki efek samping yang kecil, murah dan digunakan dalam mencegah penyakit. Dengan berkembangnya penggunaan tanaman dan sayuran sebagai sumber antioksidan alami, banyak peneliti tertarik untuk menginvestigasi dan mempelajari hal ini. Dalam penelitian ini, ekstrak etanol dan fraksi tanaman ciplukan (Physalis angulata) dilakukan investigasi dan evaluasi potensi aktivitas antioksidannya. Fokus dari penelitian ini adalah menetapkan kadar dan mengevaluasi aktivitas antioksidan dari ekstrak etanol dan fraksi ciplukan. Akar, batang, dan daun ciplukan diekstraksi dengan menggunakan metode maserasi kemudian dipartisi dengan fraksi polar (air), non polar (n-heksana), dan semipolar (etil asetat). Hasil ekstraksi kemudian dianalisis kadar flavonoid total dengan menggunakan kuersetin sebagai standar dan aktivitas antioksidan pada DPPH. Hubungan antara kadar total flavonoid dan aktivitas antioksidan ditentukan dengan metode regresi linier. Ekstrak etanol daun ciplukan memiliki nilai total flavonoid tertinggi yaitu 38.04 ± 0.8 mg/g kemudian diikuti oleh ekstrak akar (9 ± 0.2 mg/g), dan ekstrak batang (7.1 ± 0.1 mg/g). Fraksi etil asetat dari ekstrak etanol daun ciplukan memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang tinggi yaitu 32.10 ± 0.2 µg/ml yang dihitung sebagai IC50 kemudian diikuti oleh fraksi air (38.20 ± 0.8 µg/ml), dan fraksi heksana (38.20 ± 0.8 µg/ml) . Hasil analisis regresi linier menunjukkan aktivitas antioksidan berkorelasi dengan nilai total flavonoid dan disimpulkan bahwa flavonoid merupakan komponen antioksidan utama pada tanaman ciplukan.
The utilization of nutraceutical products is enhancing widely due to upcoming diseases. Consumption of bitter food is remarkably less irrespective of their health benefits. From ancient times fenugreek and its bioactive compound diosgenin is quite popular. Diosgenin is providing health benefits by controlling cellular mechanisms in view of different metabolic diseases. This article rivets over the encapsulation of fenugreek diosgenin with a binary blend of maltodextrin (MD) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) by spray drying. While drying, core material diosgenin concentration was varied. The produced powder was analyzed for bulk density, tapped density, flowability, powder yield, encapsulation efficiency, color, and analytical properties. The yield and encapsulation efficiency were observed to be higher as the amount of core material was increased in feed. Among the selected diosgenin concentration, 4DGP with MD and WPC yield better results in comparison with other selected concentrations from 1DGP to 5DGP. 4DGP produced 87.77% encapsulation efficiency that depicted good interaction of diosgenin with MD and WPC. The diosgenin powder properties like bulk density, tapped density, Carr's index, Hausner ratio, hygroscopicity, and degree of caking were observed. The analytical properties of powder revealed the presence of functional groups (aromatic ester C-O; nitro compounds N-O; and alkene C=C), moderate glass transition temperature range (113.77 to 137.28°C), and 77.6% amorphous nature of spray dried diosgenin powder. The color of powder varied from off cream to pale yellow as the amount of core material varied. These properties of diosgenin powder could be utilized in the development of functional food products which could benefit mankind.
The antimicrobial properties of crude extracts of Pimenta dioica L. (Merr.) were investigated against the gram negative Pseudomonas fluorescens and gram positive Bacillus megaterium as as well as the fungi Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. with extracts of macerated dried pimento leaves in hexane (99.9%) and alcohol (70%). The investigations were carried out on nutrient agar and potato dextrose agar medium using a filter disc method with Chloramphenicol® and Captan® as positive controls and the solvents as negative controls respectively. The investigations revealed that the alcoholic as well as the hexane extracts exerted statistically significant inhibitory effects on the growth of both the bacteria and fungi with the former showing the greater zones of inhibition. Inhibition zones ranged from 14.3plusmn;0.06 to 17.8plusmn;0.12 mm for Penicillium spp. and A. niger respectively with 32.1plusmn;0.26 mm for B. megaterium and 20.3plusmn;0.16 mm for Pseudomonas fluorescens.
The inhibition efficiency (IE) of an aqueous extract of garlic in controlling corrosion of carbon steel in well water in the absence and presence of Zn2+ has been evaluated by mass-loss method. The formulation consisting of 2 mL of garlic extract and 25 ppm Zn2+ offers 70% inhibition efficiency to carbon steel immersed in well water. Polarization study reveals that this formulation controls the anodic reaction predominantly. FTIR spectra reveal that the protective film consists of Fe2+-allicin complex and Zn(OH)2.
Utilizando a técnica de hidrodestilação, usando um adaptador Clevenger, foram extraídos óleos essenciais das espécies Pimenta dioica (folhas e frutos) e Syzygium aromaticum (botões florais, talos e folhas). A composição química dos óleos foi determinada através da analise CG-EM. Os teores de óleos essenciais variaram de 0,97 a 1,41% e 2,30 a 15,40% nas espécies Pimenta dioica e Syzygium aromaticum, respectivamente. O componente majoritário presente nessas espécies foi o eugenol, variando de 72,87 a 90,41%. Syzygium aromaticum forneceu maior teor de óleo essencial rico em eugenol. Em quantidades menores foram também encontrados chavicol e? β-cariofileno.
Context: Catharanthus roseus (periwinkle) is an important medicinal plant, mentioned in Ayurveda, an ancient Indian Sanskrit literature. The plant is selected to evaluate the possibility for novel pharmaceuticals since most of the bacterial pathogens are developing resistance against currently available antibiotics. Aims: To determine the antibacterial activity of crude extracts from different parts of Catharanthus roseus against several bacterial species of clinical significance. Materials and Methods: Extraction of each plant part in appropriate solvent followed by evaluation of antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion assay against a total of six bacterial stains. Further, minimum inhibitory concentration(s) was evaluated for active crude extracts. Results: Data indicated that the pattern of inhibition depends largely upon the extraction procedure, the plant part used for extraction, state of plant part (fresh or dry), solvent used for extraction and the microorganism tested. Dry powder extracts of all plant parts demonstrated more antibacterial activity than extracts prepared from fresh parts. Furthermore, extracts prepared from leaves were shown to have better efficacy than stem, root, and flower extracts. Organic extracts provided more potent antibacterial activity as compared to aqueous extracts. Among all the extracts, the ethanolic extract was found to be most active against almost all the bacterial species tested. Hot water and cold water extracts were completely inactive. Gram-positive bacteria were found more sensitive than Gram-negative bacteria. Conclusions: The study promises an interesting future for designing potentially active antibacterial agents from Catharanthus roseus .
A new automated system for the analysis of nitrate via reduction with a high-pressure cadmium column is described. Samples of urine, saliva, deproteinized plasma, gastric juice, and milk can be analyzed for nitrate, nitrite, or both with a lower limit of detection of 1.0 nmol NO3− or NO2−/ml. The system allows quantitative reduction of nitrate and automatically eliminates interference from other compounds normally present in urine and other biological fluids. Analysis rate is 30 samples per hour, with preparation for most samples limited to simple dilution with distilled water. The application of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the analysis of 15NO3− in urine after derivatization to 15NO2-benzene is also described.
The action of the phenolic compounds acetaminophen, salicylate, and 5-aminosalicylate (5-ASA) as inhibitors of lipid peroxidation was studied under conditions suitable for establishing their antioxidant potencies. These phenolic compounds react differently with diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and protect differently sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes against lipid peroxidation induced by Fe2+/ascorbate, as evaluated by the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and by the loss of the polyunsaturated fatty acyl chains. 5-Aminosalicylate reacts promptly with DPPH, suggesting a potent radical scavenger activity and was found to be the most active in inhibiting Fe2+/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation. These compounds also exhibit peroxyl radical scavenging activity generated by the water-soluble 2,2'-azobis-(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) azoinitiator of peroxyl radicals, as evidenced by the inhibition of cis-parinaric acid fluorescence decay or oxygen consumption. 5-ASA rapidly scavenges peroxyl radicals in the aqueous phase, producing a concentration-dependent inhibition period similar to Trolox or cysteine, suggesting an antioxidant activity of chain-breaking type. By comparison, the reactivities of acetaminophen and salicylate are significantly weaker, acting essentially as oxidation retardants. Although closely related in structure, the antioxidant efficiencies of the three phenolic compounds are significantly different. The higher antioxidant activity of 5-ASA is putatively related with the p-amine relative to the hydroxyl group, potentially increasing the stability of the phenoxyl radical. Such a stabilization is not possible with salicylate and is decreased in acetaminophen by an electron withdrawing effect of the p-acetyl.
Two galloylglucosides, 6-hydroxy-eugenol 4-O-(6′-O-galloyl)-β-D- ⁴ C 1 -glucopyranoside (4) and 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-propane-1,2-diol-2-O-(2′,6′-di-O-galloyl)-β-D- ⁴ C 1 -glucopyranoside (7), and two C-glycosidic tannins, vascalaginone (10) and grandininol (14), together with fourteen known metabolites, gallic acid (1), methyl gallate (2), nilocitin (3), 1-O-galloyl-4,6-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-(α/β)-d-glucopyranose (5), 4,6-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-(α/β)-d-glucopyranose (6), 3,4,6-valoneoyl-(α/β)-d-glucopyranose (8), pedunculagin (9), casuariin (11), castalagin (12), vascalagin (13), casuarinin (15), grandinin (16), methyl-flavogallonate (17) and ellagic acid (18), were identified from the leaves of Pimenta dioica (Merr.) L. (Myrtaceae) on the basis of their chemical and physicochemical analysis (UV, HRESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR). It was found that 9 is the most cytotoxic compound against solid tumour cancer cells, the most potent scavenger against the artificial radical DPPH and physiological radicals including ROO • , OH • , and O 2 -• , and strongly inhibited the NO generation and induced the proliferation of T-lymphocytes and macrophages. On the other hand, 3 was the strongest NO inhibitor and 16 the highest stimulator for the proliferation of T-lymphocytes, while 10 was the most active inducer of macrophage proliferation
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The antimicrobial activity for Thevietia peruviana was evaluated by measuring inhibition zone diameter in agar using well diffusion assay. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of Thevietia peruviana leaf extract as compared with callus extract against some bacterial strains and fungi. The results showed that the addition of 2,4-D at the concentration of 9 mg/l, and 0.1 mg/l of kinetin led to obtain callus weight reached 800 mg. It was noticed that the reduction of 2,4-D concentration up to 6 mg/l resulted in compact and green pieces of callus. The optimal weight and friable callus was obtained at 9 mg/l. Among the susceptible bacteria are the gram negative pseudomonas aeruginosa seemed to be sensitive against all concentration of Thevietia peruviana leaf and callus extracts, While Escherichia coli showed resistance with all concentrations of extracts. It was noted that the extracts were more active against gram positive staphylococcus aureus, as compared with other bacterial species. Results of this study revealed that callus extract of Thevetia peruviana possess higher activity in comparison with leaf extract against gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus) and gram negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Finally all the bioextracts were well stable at room temperature during the period of the study and did not show any reduction of activity against the bacterial strains used in this study experiments.
Plant derived pharmacologically active compounds have gained importance in food and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of the present study is to identify and study the antioxidant, antimicrobial properties of the phytochemicals present in the crude extract of Eugenia caryophyllus flower buds. The antioxidant activity of the methanol, acetone and chloroform extract was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The methanol extract showed better radical scavenging activity than other selected solvents. Preliminary screening of phytochemicals was carried out in methanol extract and total phenol content was found high. Antibacterial activity was determined by well diffusion assay and methanol extract was found effective against Klebsiella pneumonia. FTIR and GC-MS results indicate the presence of aromatic compounds and major constituents were found to be eugenol and eugenyl acetate. Results of this study implied that Eugenia caryophyllus flower bud extract could be considered as health nutriments in food and pharmaceutical industries.
An aqueous suspension of allspice, Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. (Myrtaceae), has been studied for antiinflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, gastric antiulcer, and cytoprotective activities in experimental models. The suspension produced significant inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema, cotton pellet granuloma in rats, a significant inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing and tail flick reaction time and reduction of yeast-induced hyperpyrexia in mice. The suspension also showed antiulcer and cytoprotective activity by protecting gastric mucosa against indomethacin and various necrotizing agents including 80% ethanol, 0.2M NaOH and 25% NaCl in rats. The allspice suspension also increased the gastric wall mucus in rats. Acute toxicity studies showed neither mortality nor adverse effects up to a dose of 7.5 g/kg in mice.
Several honey samples (27) from Burkina Faso were analyzed to determine their total phenolic, flavonoid and proline contents as well as their radical scavenging activity. These samples consisted of 18 multifloral, 2 honeydew and 7 unifloral honeys, derived in the latter cases from flowers of Combretaceae, Vitellaria, Acacia and Lannea plant species. The total phenolic contents varied considerably with the highest values obtained for honeydew honey. Similarly, much variation was seen in total flavonoid and proline content, with Vitellaria honey having the highest proline content. Vitellaria honey was also found to have the highest antioxidant activity and content. The correlation between radical scavenging activity and proline content was higher than that for total phenolic compounds. This suggests that the amino acid content of honey should be considered more frequently when determining its antioxidant activity.
Plant essential oils from 26 plant species were tested for their insecticidal activities against the Japanese termite, Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe, using a fumigation bioassay. Responses varied with source, exposure time, and concentration. Among the essential oils tested, strong insecticidal activity was observed with the essential oils of ajowan ( Trachyspermum ammi ), allspice ( Pimenta dioica ), caraway ( Carum carvi ), dill ( Anethum graveolens ), geranium ( Pelargonium graveolens ), and litsea ( Litsea cubeba ). The composition of six essential oils was identified by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The compounds thus identified were tested individually for their insecticidal activities against Japanese termites. Responses varied in a dose-dependent manner for each compound. Phenol compounds exhibited the strongest insecticidal activity among the test compounds; furthermore, alcohol and aldehyde groups were more toxic than hydrocarbons. The essential oils and compounds described herein merit further study as potential fumigants for termite control.
Herbs and spices have been used for generations by humans as food and to treat ailments. Scientific evidence is accumulating that many of these herbs and spices do have medicinal properties that alleviate symptoms or prevent disease. A growing body of research has demonstrated that the commonly used herbs and spices such as garlic, black cumin, cloves, cinnamon, thyme, allspices, bay leaves, mustard, and rosemary, possess antimicrobial properties that, in some cases, can be used therapeutically. Other spices, such as saffron, a food colorant; turmeric, a yellow colored spice; tea, either green or black, and flaxseed do contain potent phytochemicals, including carotenoids, curcumins, catechins, lignan respectively, which provide significant protection against cancer. This review discusses recent data on the antimicrobial and chemopreventive activities of some herbs and spices and their ingredients.
Pimenta Lindl.- Allspice - Myrta- ceae
- J Seidemann
Business horizons pharmaceutical publishers, Quality control of herbal drugs, business horizons pharmaceutical publishers
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