Monitoring through Community Science: Anna’s Hummingbird Winter Range Expansion into Idaho

Abstract

Increased urbanization and supplementary feeding are implicated in driving the expansion of the range of the Anna’s Hummingbird (Calypte anna). In many areas this range expansion has been well described, but the recent expansion of the northeastern limit of the nonbreeding distribution, in winter in Idaho, has not yet been summarized. Using data from the Idaho Bird Records Committee database and www.eBird.org from 1976 through 2020, we collated records for Idaho and supplemented them with data from a community-science program of monitoring by homeowners. Our additional effort to solicit records from the community shows that database records and feeder observations alone underestimate the number of individuals present in the state. Through banding and color-marking of 58 individual hummingbirds at private residences, we documented six instances of Anna’s Hummingbirds returning to a site in successive winters, found a roughly even sex ratio, and found a ratio of adults to juveniles of about 3:1. Anna’s Hummingbird may now be a sparse year-round resident in parts of Idaho.

Full text

58 Western Birds 52:58–67, 2021; doi 10.21199/WB52.1.4
MONITORING THROUGH COMMUNITY SCIENCE:
ANNA’S HUMMINGBIRD WINTER RANGE
EXPANSION INTO IDAHO
JESSICA J. POLLOCK, HEIDI WARE CARLISLE, and HEATHER M. HAYES,
Inter mountain Bird Observatory, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725-1515;
jessicapollock@boisestate.edu
BRYCE W. ROBINSON, Ornithologi, P.O. Box 6423, Boise, Idaho 83707
ABSTRACT: Increased urbanization and supplementary feeding are implicated
in driving the expansion of the range of the Anna’s Hummingbird (Calypte anna). In
many areas this range expansion has been well described, but the recent expansion
of the northeastern limit of the nonbreeding distribution, in winter in Idaho, has not
yet been summarized. Using data from the Idaho Bird Records Committee database
and www.eBird.org from 1976 through 2020, we collated records for Idaho and
supplemented them with data from a community-science program of monitoring
by homeowners. Our additional effort to solicit records from the community shows
that database records and feeder observations alone underestimate the number of
individuals present in the state. Through banding and color-marking of 58 individual
hummingbirds at private residences, we documented six instances of Anna’s Hum-
mingbirds returning to a site in successive winters, found a roughly even sex ratio,
and found a ratio of adults to juveniles of about 3:1. Anna’s Hummingbird may now
be a sparse year-round resident in parts of Idaho.
The range of Anna’s Hummingbird (Calypte anna) spans the west coast of
North America from Baja California to British Columbia, into inland areas of
California, Arizona, New Mexico, Oregon, and Washington (Clark and Rus-
sell 2012). This distribution is a result of an 80-year history of range expansion
in the West that has been described through broad-scale analysis and model-
ing of data from the core of the range (e.g., Clark and Russell 2012, Greig et
al. 2017, Battey 2019). While climate change can contribute to widespread
distributional shifts for some species (e.g., La Sorte and Thompson 2007,
Coristine and Kerr 2015, Prince and Zuckerberg 2015), modeling suggests
that for the Anna’s Hummingbird, urbanization, landscaping with non-native
plants, and supplementary feeding are extending the species’ realized niche
into otherwise unsuitable locations, particularly areas with colder and harsher
climates (Greig et al. 2017, Battey 2019). Although these studies describe the
extent and potential mechanisms involved in the species’ continuing range
expansion, they do not capture a recent eastward expansion of the regular
winter distribution of the species into Idaho.
Here, we update the status of the Anna’s Hummingbird in Idaho on
the basis of records maintained by the Idaho Bird Records Committee
(https://ibrc.idahobirds.net), www.eBird.org, and a community-science pro-
gram of reporting by homeowners. Apart from updating the species’ status
in Idaho, our objectives are to characterize the trend of increasing numbers
wintering from October through February since 1976 and to provide addi-
tional insights through the homeowner-sighting program and a banding and
color-marking study. We document the first six confirmations of winter site
fidelity in Idaho, present age and sex ratios of the overwintering population,

59
and demonstrate that traditional reporting methods can underestimate true
abundances.
METHODS
Collating Records
We summarized Anna’s Hummingbird records in Idaho since 1976 from
two sources, existing databases and solicited observations.
Database records. We extracted reports of Anna’s Hummingbirds since
1976 from the database of the Idaho Bird Records Committee. Since 1 March
2011, the IBRC has stopped requesting winter records for the western and
northern parts of the state; however, it still requests winter records for central
and eastern areas, and also requests summer records for any part of Idaho
(https://ibrc.idahobirds.net, S. Sturts pers. comm.). We also compiled sight-
ings from www.eBird.org for October–February, 1976–2020. The IBRC de-
fines “winter records” as those falling between 1 December and 29 February.
In our study, wintering hummingbirds often appeared in October and disap-
peared in February, so we also included October and November records. On
the basis of our unpublished data of intra-annual movements of color-marked
birds, we applied two main criteria to estimate the number of individuals and
avoid double-counting. If observations were more than 1 km apart or more
than 30 days apart, we inferred they represented different individuals, and
to maintain consistency in protocol and avoid detection biases, we excluded
all eBird records that resulted fromour banding efforts or had been entered
by homeowners associated with the solicited records. We searched Christ-
mas Bird Count data for the same years, but found the records were already
represented in the other databases we explored, particularly that of the IBRC.
Solicited records. From 2015 to 2020 we actively solicited information
from the local communities to understand whether Anna’s Hummingbird
numbers were under-reported in the existing sources. Using newsletters and
posters, we worked with local groups in southwestern Idaho, including the
Golden Eagle Audubon Society, the S out hwestern Idaho Birders Association,
and local bird seed or garden stores, to request reports of sightings. We used
email-based birding listservs, the neighborhood social medium “Nextdoor,”
the Intermountain Bird Obs ervatory’s webpage, and statewide birding groups
on other social media to solicit reports from the rest of the state.
Banding
Our efforts at banding and color-marking took place largely in Boise,
opportunistically at other locations across Idaho (Table 1). After our call for
sightings, we responded to homeowners’ reports of hummingbirds visiting
regularly from October to February and requested permission to band and
color-mark them whenever possible. With homeowners’ consent, we captured
hummingbirds in a Hall trap (see NABC 2019) and banded and uniquely
color-marked each individual. For each banded individual we recorde d its age
and sex, as well as morphometric data. Using correction fluid, we applied a
small white mark to the forehead of each banded bird to enable easy tracking,
ANNA’S HUMMINGBIRD WINTER RANGE EXPANSION INTO IDAHO

60
as these marks are highly visible even from a distance. In addition, we applied
a unique color combination of nontoxic permanent ink on the breast of each
bird so that individuals could be distinguished (until their next molt). We
relied on homeowners’ continued monitoring and reports of color-marked
birds to determine whether banding in a given area was complete. If new
unmarked birds appeared, we returned to band until all individuals at that
home had been banded.
For each location, when possible, we recorded homeowner-estimated ar-
rival and departure dates to make a conservative estimate of the minimum
number of individuals present.
RESULTS
Database Records
The first Anna’s Hummingbird documented in Idaho was in Lewiston,
Nez Perce County, 20 November–17 December 1976 (Rogers 1977). Over
ANNA’S HUMMINGBIRD WINTER RANGE EXPANSION INTO IDAHO
Table 1 Anna’s Hummingbirds Banded in Idaho, 2015–2020
Nearest city Date banded Age Sex Band number Fat scoreaWeight (g)
American Falls 7 Nov 2015 Juvenile Male K31201 3 5.8
American Falls 17 Nov 2015 Unknown Female K31202 2 5.6
Boise 5 Nov 2015 Juvenile Male J79768 1 4.5
Boise 6 Nov 2015 Adult Female L93995 1 4.1
Boise 15 Nov 2015 Adult Male J82384 1 5.1
Boise 16 Nov 2015 Adult Male J82385 1 4.5
Boise 16 Nov 2015 Adult Female P40595 1 4.3
Boise 24 Nov 2015 Adult Male J82386 2 5.8
Boise 17 Dec 2015 Adult Female J81972 2 4.8
Boise 13 Jan 2016 Adult Female J81973 2 4.5
Boise 4 Nov 2016 Juvenile Female K31205 0 4.4
Boise 21 Nov 2016 Adult Female K46514 1 4
Boise 21 Nov 2016 Adult Male K46924 2 5.2
Boise 21 Nov 2016 Juvenile Male K46925 1 4.3
Boise 21 Nov 2016 Adult Female K46926 1 4.3
Boise 21 Nov 2016 Adult Female K46927 2 4.3
Boise 21 Nov 2016 Adult Male K46928 3 5.6
Boise 21 Nov 2016 Adult Female K47085 2 4.9
Boise 1 Dec 2016 Adult Male K46929 2 4.9
Boise 2 Dec 2016 Juvenile Female K46515 2 4.2
Boise 3 Dec 2016 Juvenile Female K46930 2 4.6
Boise 16 Oct 2017 Juvenile Male K81550b1 4.8
Boise 16 Oct 2017 Adult Female K81683c1 4.1
Boise 23 Oct 2017 Juvenile Female K81551 1 4.4
Boise 23 Oct 2017 Adult Female K81684 2 4.8
Boise 25 Oct 2017 Adult Female K81685 T 4.2
Boise 31 Oct 2017 Adult Male K81552d1 4.6
Boise 31 Oct 2017 Juvenile Female K81553 T 4.1
Boise 9 Nov 2017 Juvenile Female K81554 3 5.3
(Continued)

61
the next 27 years, reports of Anna’s Hummingbirds ranged from zero to two
individuals annually (mean 0.64; Figure 1). During the winters of 2004–2011,
reports in the IBRC database increased noticeably (range 2–7 individuals
annually; mean 3.4; Figure 1). Via eBird, birders reported 151 independent
winter records from 1976-2020 (mean 3.4, range 0–29 annually; Figure 1).
The majority of these records were near two towns at lower elevations, Boise
(832 m) and Lewiston (227 m), and mostly from October to Febr uary (Figure
2). Although most frequent in late fall/winter (October–February), reports
through eBird now encompass every month of the year (March–September
2006–2014, mean 2.3, range 1–7 annually; 2015–2020, mean 13.5, range
10–23 annually).
Combined data from the IBRC database and eBird illustrate a sharp
ANNA’S HUMMINGBIRD WINTER RANGE EXPANSION INTO IDAHO
Nearest city Date banded Age Sex Band number Fat scoreaWeight (g)
Boise 16 Nov 2017 Adult Male K81555 2 5.1
Boise 7 Nov 2018 Adult Male K47030 1 4.6
Boise 7 Nov 2018 Adult Male K47031 3 5.8
Boise 7 Nov 2018 Adult Male K47032 T 4.4
Boise 7 Nov 2018 Adult Male K47033 T 4.2
Boise 8 Nov 2018 Adult Female M07786 T 4.2
Boise 18 Nov 2018 Juvenile Male K47035 1 4.5
Boise 18 Nov 2018 Adult Male K47036 1 5
Boise 18 Nov 2018 Adult Male K81612 1 5.2
Boise 18 Nov 2018 Adult Male K81613 3 5.9
Boise 29 Nov 2018 Adult Male K81614 1 5.1
Boise 30 Nov 2018 Juvenile Male K81615 1 5.1
Boise 25 Jan 2019 Adult Female M07787 1 3.8
Boise 7 Jan 2020 Juvenile Male M07760 1 4.6
Boise 9 Jan 2020 Adult Female M07834 2 4.5
Boise 31 Jan 2020 Adult Male M07761 1 4.6
Boise 1 Feb 2020 Adult Female M07835 1 —
Boise 2 Feb 2020 Adult Female M07836 2 5.2
Boise 18 Dec 2020 Adult Male M07758 2 5.4
Boise 18 Dec 2020 Adult Female M07833 1 4.8
Caldwell 17 Nov 2016 Adult Male K46923 3 5.6
Fruitvale 23 Dec 2020 Adult Female M07759 1 4.9
Hailey 1 Nov 2019 Adult Female M07790 1 —
Hayden 15 Jan 2016 Adult Male K31204 — —
Hayden 27 Dec 2018 Adult Female K31931 3 5.1
Heyburn 22 Nov 2015 Juvenile Male K31203 1 5.1
Inkom 11 Oct 2017 Juvenile Female K95455 2 4.6
New Meadows 10 Nov 2018 Adult Male K47034 3 5.3
Twin Falls 29 Nov 2015 Adult Male J98802 3 5
aT, trace; 1, less than ⅓ in interfurcular space; 2, ⅓ to ⅔ fat in interfurcular space; 3, interfurcular
space full
bSymmetric molt in primaries, primary 9 most recently grown, rectrices all growing in concur-
rently.
cSymmetric molt in primaries, primary 7 most recently grown, tail nished recent molt.
dTail in symmetric molt, rectrix 2 on both sides growing.
Table 1 (continued).

62
increase since 2011 in both the spatial distribution and numbers of Anna’s
Hummingbirds wintering in Idaho (Figure 2). This trend is biased toward
centers of human popu lat ion, where as many sparsely populated counties lack
records of the species.
Solicited Records
During the winters from 2015 to 2020, homeowners reported 36–61
individuals annually, mostly in southwestern Idaho (Figures 1 and 2). Home-
owners also reported Anna’s Hummingbirds outside of the period of winter-
ing (October–February), such as an adult male in Boise observed singing
regularly at the same location for four consecutive springs (2016–2019), and
an adult female photographed in the same neighborhood on 12 June 2020.
Banding
Since November 2015, associates of the Intermountain Bird Observatory
and banding colleague Francine Rudeen have banded and color-marked 58
individual Anna’s Hummingbirds across Idaho (Table 1). The majority were
in the southwestern part of the state, but some were as far north as Coeur
d’Alene, Kootenai County, in the panhandle and as far east as Inkom, Bannock
County, in the southeast (Table 1).
Documenting indiv iduals. Our color-banding study measurably increased
the number of individuals we were able to document at a given location.
Through color-marking and resighting, we identified more individuals at
most banding locations than had been reported previously from observations
at feeders alone. For example, over a 2.5-week span in November 2015, we
identified six different individuals at one location in Boise, when the home-
owner’s observations alone, based on the distinct ages and sexes present,
suggested only three birds (Table 1). In the most extreme example, on a single
morning on 21 November 2016, at a different home in Boise, we banded and
color-marked seven birds and observed two additional distinct, unmarked
birds for a minimum of nine at one location, when the homeowner’s obser va-
tions alone suggested just two or three birds (Table 1).
Our banding data indicate that the majority of birds captured in Idaho are
adults (Figure 3). Of the 58 individuals captured, 22 were adult males (38%),
20 were adult females (34%), 8 were juvenile males (14%), and 7 were juvenile
females (12%) (Figure 3; Table 1). Following Wells et al. (1996) and Pyle (2001;
see also Howell 2003), we conservatively aged one female as unknown, as its
plumage and bill-corrugation characteristics conflicted.
Site fidelity. On 9 November 2018, we confirmed site fidelity of a nonbreed-
ing Anna’s Hummingbird in Idaho for the first time when we recaptured a
bird where we had banded it the previous year in November 2017. In 2019,
we recaptured another two individuals at the locations of their banding the
previous winter. Although not examples of precise site fidelity, we also recap-
tured two individuals that were within 1 km, and a third individual within
6.5 km, of locations of their original banding (Table 2). Homeowners did not
report these birds during the intervening summer.
ANNA’S HUMMINGBIRD WINTER RANGE EXPANSION INTO IDAHO

63
DISCUSSION
While the expansion of Anna’s Hummingbird has been modeled com-
prehensively for the species’ core range (Greig et al. 2017, Battey 2019),
these studies were based on data sources that do not represent the trend
in Idaho. Our collation of records in freely accessible databases (i.e., eBird
and IBRC) shows that this level of documentation adequately detected the
trend of Anna’s Hummingbird’s occurrence increasing over time (Figure 1).
However, our additional effort to solicit records from the community shows
that these databases underestimated the number of individuals present in the
area. The solicited homeowner reports and banding effort provided a more
complete picture of the number of Anna’s Hummingbirds present in Idaho
during the nonbreeding season. By overlaying all sources, we updated our
understanding of the magnitude of the numbers of hummingbirds wintering
ANNA’S HUMMINGBIRD WINTER RANGE EXPANSION INTO IDAHO
F 1. Number of reports of Anna’s Hummingbird across Idaho during the
nonbreeding season (October–February) by year from 1976 to 2020. Sources are
records solicited by the Intermountain Bird Observatory (IBO; 2015 to 2019), the
database of the Idaho Bird Records Committee (IBRC; 1976 to 2020), and www.eBird.
org (1976 to 2020). Anna’s Hummingbird illustration by Bryce W. Robinson.

64
ANNA’S HUMMINGBIRD WINTER RANGE EXPANSION INTO IDAHO
in Idaho (Figure 2), and gained fine-scale data that may clarify the patterns
and processes of the range expansion.
Homeowners are an excellent resource for documenting sightings.
However, there are limits to estimating the number of individuals through
observations at feeders alone. Because the age and sex of many Anna’s Hum-
mingbirds other than adult males are often indistinguishable in the field, our
captures allowed us to document age and sex ratios with a sample size larger
than previously reported (Figure 3; Zimmerman 1973, Greig et al. 2017, Bat-
tey 2019). Future exploration of age and sex ratios on this and other frontiers
Table 2 Recaptures the Following Year of Anna’s Hummingbirds Banded
in Southwestern Idaho
Band no.
Date initially
banded
Date(s)
recaptured Distance (km)aAge/sex at
banding
K81554 9 Nov 2017 9 Nov 2018
23 Dec 2019
0.0 (2018)
0.15 (2019)
Juvenile female
K81685 25 Oct 2017 29 Dec 2018
18 Dec 2019
0.85 (2018)
0.72 (2019)
Adult female
K47032 7 Nov 2018 29 Nov 2019 1.0 Adult male
K47033 7 Nov 2018 29 Nov 2019 0.0 Adult male
M07787 25 Jan 2019 17 Dec 2019 0.0 Adult female
K47030 7 Nov 2018 17 Dec 2019 6.42 Adult male
aDistance between sites of original banding and recapture the following year.
F 2. Spatial distribution by county of unique records of Anna’s Hummingbird
in Idaho from the Idaho Bird Records Committee (IBRC) database and www.eBird.
org, by three intervals: 1976–2019 (23 individuals), 2001–2010 (19 individuals),
and 2011–2019 (126 individuals). Note the scale for 2011–2019 is log transformed
to facilitate interpretation relative to the previous intervals. Counties with the most
Anna’s Hummingbird records have relatively high human populations, whereas
many counties lacking records have low human population. Anna’s Hummingbird
illustration by Bryce W. Robinson.

65
F 3. Age and sex ratios of 57 Anna’s Hummingbirds banded in Idaho during the
nonbreeding season (October–February) from 2015 to 2020. One banded female that
could not be aged conclusively is omitted.
ANNA’S HUMMINGBIRD WINTER RANGE EXPANSION INTO IDAHO
of range expansion may be informative for predicting the pace, success, and
outcomes of continued colonization into new regions of expansion as they
appear (Rutz 2008).
Through banding and color-marking birds, we also gained a better under-
standing of the overall numbers of Anna’s Hummingbirds in Idaho (Figure 1).
Given that in other states the species’ range expansion began with incidental
sightings of few individuals (Clark and Russell 2012), our comparison of
homeowners’ counts versus numbers captured for banding implies that there
may be a broad gap between apparent and actual numbers of individuals in
these cases. In addition, banding allowed us to document six cases of site
fidelity in successive years. These show there is some level of interannual
survival, suggesting that overwintering in this region, which is much colder
than the species’ primary range, may not be maladaptive. Future work to
more thoroughly document the duration of overwinter stays and survival
of individuals will further our understanding of the severity of conditions
Anna’s Hummingbird can endure, as well as the mechanisms that facilitate
its continuing range expansion.
The history of the expansion of Anna’s Hummingbird’s range shows a
trend of an increase in overwintering before a breeding population is estab-
lished (Zimmerman 1973, Clark and Russell 2012). Our research focused on
documenting the presence of wintering individuals, which, in conjunction
with an increase in the number of summer records, suggests that the Anna’s
Hummingbird is becoming a regular year-round resident species in Idaho.

66
ANNA’S HUMMINGBIRD WINTER RANGE EXPANSION INTO IDAHO
Although Battey (2019) did not provide data to illustrate the trend that we
describe, he did illustrate (figure 3B) changes to the niche space amenable to
Anna’s Hummingbird to include the Snake River plain. This, coupled with
increasing numbers in the last ten years, indicates that a resident popula-
tion may already be present in this area of Idaho. Notably, nesting of Anna’s
Hummingbird was confirmed in Idaho, in Boise, for the first time in 2020
(Robinson et al. 2021). This record, along with records of putative hybrids
detailed by Rudeen and Bassett (2016), and our documentation of winter site
fidelity, suggests that Anna’s Hummingbird may already be breeding in the
region undetected at low rates, and the species may now be a sparse resident.
With the indications that a resident population of Anna’s Hummingbird
may be developing, or even already present at a small scale, one of the largest
questions that remains regarding the winter range expansion into Idaho is
where in the breeding range those colonists originated. Further study may
reveal the provenance of Idaho’s wintering population and provide additional
clarity to the patterns and processes of this continuing range expansion.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thank you to the many homeowners who graciously invited us to band hum-
mingbirds in their yards, and also to the 281 community scientists who contributed
their observations since 2015. Thank you to Francine Rudeen and Carl Rudeen for
their assistance with banding and data. Thank you to Susan Wethington and Lee
Rogers for providing some bands and tools. Thanks to the Intermountain Bird
Observatory’s executive director and research director, Greg Kaltenecker and Jay
Carlisle, respectively, for supporting this project. Thanks to Stephanie Coates for
her assistance with creating initial figures, and to Robert Miller for helpful review.
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Accepted 16 November 2020
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