Multifunctional Product Design Concept in Mixed-Media Textile Lampshades

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Journal of Textile Science and Technology, 2020, 6, 218-231
https://www.scirp.org/journal/jtst
ISSN Online: 2379-1551
ISSN Print: 2379-1543
DOI:
10.4236/jtst.2020.64018 Nov. 27, 2020 218 Journal of Textile Science and Technolog
y
Multifunctional Product Design Concept in
Mixed-Media Textile Lampshades
George K. Fobiri1, Solomon M. Ayesu1, Ebenezer K. Howard2, Timothy Crentsil1,
Michael O. Nyarko1, Maud Schall1
1Department of Fashion Design and Textiles Studies, Kumasi Technical University, Kumasi, Ghana
2Department of Industrial Art, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
Abstract
Ghanaian society and the world at large have shown a strong interest in the
use of lampshades with evidence from hotels and residential dwellings. Ta-
ble-
top Lampshades direct the rays of light to make sight easier for reading
whereas bedside lampshades provide romantic illumination and beautifica-
tion in bedrooms. This art studio research sought to exami
ne lampshades on
Ghanaian market; their qualities, significance, shortcomings, etc
. as the basis
to design and produce inventive lampshades for private and public use. The
study was conducted at an art studio condition using Practice-based
research
design
method. Findings show that lampshades serve functional and aesthetic
significance in public dwellings and the hospitality industry. Nonetheless,
available lampshades on the Ghanaian market lack the multifunctional prop-
erty as well as a local touch which arguably makes them misfit in Ghanaian
context in terms of usage. The innovative results of the studio-
produced
lampshades revealed the possibility of creating symboli
c and multifunctional
lampshades which suit
specific space and tradition. The study recommends
the adoption of such innovative
design approach in the creation of interior
design and decoration artefacts for residential and public edifices.
Keywords
Product Design, Multifunctional Concept, Textiles, Lampshades,
Mixed-Media
1. Introduction
The history of light is the history of lighting equipment, and the shapes of the
shade changed with the change of the light source [1]. The rapid increase in
How to cite this paper:
Fobiri, G.K., Aye
su,
S.M.,
Howard, E.K., Crentsil, T., Nyar
ko,
M.O. and
Schall, M. (2020) Multifunc
tional
Product Design Concept in Mixed
-
Media
Textile Lampshades
.
Journal of Textile Science
and Technolog
y
,
6
, 218-231.
https://doi.org/10.4236/jtst.2020.64018
Received:
October 3, 2020
Accepted:
November 24, 2020
Published:
November 27, 2020
Copyright © 20
20 by author(s) and
Scientific
Research Publishing Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative
Commons Attribution
International
License (CC BY
4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Open Access

G. K. Fobiri et al.
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10.4236/jtst.2020.64018 219 Journal of Textile Science and Technolog
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electricity and its convenience in the early 20th century is believed to have given
rise to numerous forms of lampshades. A lampshade is the combination of a
lamp and a swathe that shades the light from the lamp [2]. Lampshades are
manufactured in various shapes, sizes, materials, designs, and colours [3]. Its
purpose is to protect the eye from the bulb’s glare and to direct light from the
bulb in the lamp into the room [4]. Modern lampshades come with interesting
functions of beautifying, directing and diluting of light from a lamp. Mini
lampshades are put on study tables to provide light and also direct the rays of
light to make sight easier. These functions of lampshades make them more use-
ful in households. As established by [5], today lampshades are not only used for
a mere lighting, but as an accessory.
Reference [6] considers products which can save time and space by playing
more than one role as attractive and therefore multi-functional. There are different
ways of producing multifunctional materials that depend largely on whether these
materials are structural composites, smart materials, or nanostructured materials
[7]. In the modern era, most of the manufacturers and designers try to design such
a product which can fulfil all customers’ demands covering some extra facilities
[8]. While most lampshade designers consider its primary function of directing
light rays to a focal point and defending the eyes from the glare of the bulb, this
research considers the exploration of African prints with mixed-media technique
coupled with the philosophy of “Multiplicity in Purpose” for the design and
manufacture of lampshades which can serve dual function.
The aforementioned philosophy is coined by the researchers to qualify the
degree of the multifunctional ability possessed by the products which emerged
out of the study. Most multifunctional products are known to perform only
tangible functions. Reference could be made to the multipurpose table lamp in-
vented by [8] which serves other purposes such as Pen holder, Mobile holder,
Speaker, Bluetooth device, etc. The multifunctional ability of the products gained
from this study is however embedded in both their tangible functions and their
inherent proverbial or conceptual features. Hence, “Multiplicity in Purpose” is to
mean a product which can serve either tangible functions, conceptual functions
or both tangible and conceptual functions. Also, the philosophy elevates a prod-
uct to a multifunctional state when it is able to serve a function or more in addi-
tion to its main function.
Lampshades have been used globally as powerful tools for a significant
progress. In Russia, the Khrushchev government used lampshade to differentiate
itself from the Stalinist era and at the same time, to create its own ideology [9].
Using the new lampshade as further explained by the author, the government
promoted an accessible and egalitarian image of progress. Reference [10] is of
the view that, by using the Shape Semantics, bamboo lampshades can show spi-
ritual and cultural connotation and humanistic care better with its shape. Refer-
ence [11] used lampshades significantly in their study to evaluate how shape,
bump texture and colour temperature are affected on impression of people of va-
ried origin. This experiment was conducted with Danish students using lamp-

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shades as a key instrument.
Empirical studies have shown that researchers who have explored in the
area of multifunctional lamp manufacturing are seemingly not employing
textiles and mixed-media approach. Reference [8] developed a concept for
multipurpose table lamp which features Pen holder, Mobile holder, Speaker,
etc. This invention however employed not textiles materials such as printed
and plain fabrics, and focuses not on the shading aspect of lamps. The concept
again focuses only on table lamps, neglecting floor and bedside lampshades.
Reference [12] also invented a Robotic Desk Lamp capable of communicating
emotions. This multifunctional lamp invention again employs no textiles and
mixed-media. Multifunctional concept adapted in this study focuses on textiles
and mixed-media technique in lampshade production for the local and interna-
tional market.
2. Materials and Methods
The chief material used in the production of the lampshades is textiles (printed
and plain fabrics). The mixed-media approach adopted in this study allowed for
the use of other materials such as wood, aluminium metal, electrical wires, bulbs,
plugs and adhesives (synthetic glue). The study employed Practice-based re-
search design method with observation and interview as data gathering tools.
Practice-based research design is an original investigation undertaken in order
to gain new knowledge partly by means of practice [13]. This research design
was used in the establishment of multifunctional lampshades through artistic
practice. The population for the study was lampshade users and sellers within
the Kumasi metropolis. Out of this population, fifteen (15) lampshade users,
three (3) hotel managers and twelve (12) lampshade sellers were sampled with
the purposive sampling technique for the study. Purposive sampling is a practic-
al and a more efficient tool when used properly [14]. Due to the practical nature
of purposive sampling technique, respondents were able to provide enough evi-
dential truth in support of the study with respect to the types of lampshades
found in hotels and sales outlets in Ghana. Descriptive analysis was used and the
goal is to describe the phenomenon and its characteristics [15], in this case the
nature and usage of lampshades. With interview guide and observational check-
list, the views of the participants were solicited and used as a reference in design
and production of the innovative lampshades. Figure 1 is a conceptual frame-
work developed to guide the study.
The conceptual framework out of the researchers owns creation features five
(5) phases. The first phase (Problem Identification) allowed the researchers to
interact with their environment to get a clear picture of the need for lampshades
which can serve multiplicity of purpose. After identifying the problem, the re-
searchers conceived ideas on multifunction lampshades at the second phase of
the model through series of sketches. The final sketch models were established at
the third phase of the framework. These sketch models were established consi-
dering their ability to fit into the fourth phase of the framework (Production).

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Figure 1. Conceptual framework. Source: Studio practice.
The lampshades were constructed, embellished and finished at the fourth phase.
The final phase of the framework (Presentation) allowed the researchers to
present the products to stakeholders.
2.1. Survey on Sale and Use of Lampshades in Kumasi
A survey was conducted in Sambra hotel at Adum-Kumasi, Joyflux hotel at
Asokwa-Kumasi and Lizzie hotel at Top-high near KNUST-Kumasi. The fea-
tures of lampshades were studied in these hotels and the market (lampshade
shops at Adum-Kumasi) to find out their shortcomings. Hotel managers, pros-
pective lampshade users and lampshade sellers were interacted with in order to
confirm the identified problem. The survey discovered that there were no mul-
tifunctional lampshade on the market and in the hotels. The available lamp-
shades do not reflect the Ghanaian cultural setting. Again, the lampshades were
not furnished with African prints. Researchers were not allowed to capture im-
ages at the hotels. However, observations and interview conducted with the hotel
managers gave a clear evidence of the absence of multifunctional lampshades in
the facilities. Figure 2 presents samples of lampshades found on the Ghanaian
market.
In Figure 2 is seen three types of lampshades: Floor lampshades, Table-top
lampshades and Bedside lampshades. The floor lampshades are taller than the
table-top lampshades, whiles the table-top ones are in turn taller than the bed-
side ones. The floor lampshades are designed to have larger shades to comple-
ment their height, whereas the table-top ones and the bedside ones come in

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Figure 2. Lampshades on the Ghanaian market. Source: Field survey (lampshade shops at
Adum-Kumasi).
medium and smaller sizes respectively. Nevertheless, none of the lampshades
shown in the figure are multifunctional. Again, African prints are not incorpo-
rated in the design nor does any bear the image of African traditional designs.
2.2. Idea Conception
The benefits of lampshades motivated the researchers to find a means of adding
other qualities to render them multi-functional. This motivation by the re-
searchers stems from the fact that, lampshades on the Ghanaian market lack the
multifunctional (features) as well as a (traditional Ghanaian) touch. They only
rely on electricity to perform their magic of beautification, and therefore lie idle
when the lights are off. Lampshades, with or without electricity must titivate
their surroundings. Study materials such as pens, pencils, books etc. during and
after their usage could be held in good position beside lampshades. This calls for
the addition of extra features as addressed by this study.
Ideas on multifunctional products were conceived after the survey toward the
construction of multifunctional lampshades. Both sketching and idea generation
techniques are regarded to be tools for stimulating creativity in design [16]. The
multifunctional lampshade designs were therefore created through series of
sketches with Adobe Photoshop software. The sketches were made with ideas
from natural objects and multifunctional product concept. Local products and
philosophies were taken into consideration in sketching the items. Four multi-
functional lampshade designs were arrived at. Figure 3 shows the inspirational
board which gingered the sketching of the multifunctional lampshades.

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Figure 3. Inspirational board.
The inspirational board features five existing items out of which the sketch
models emerged through sketches. These items as numbered from 1 - 5 include;
a CD rack, cocoa plant, mushroom, mother and child sculptural piece and a
dolphin. These existing items were purposely chosen by the researchers as inspi-
ration to start the sketches. The sketches were done in series of stages beginning
with an existing item to a final design. Technically, additions and subtractions
were done at subsequent stages to the existing items during the sketching
process to achieve the four (4) sketch models as seen in Figure 4.
2.3. Establishment
The final multifunctional lampshade designs were established after series of
sketches. These sketch models are shown in Figure 5. The designs 2, 3 and 4 as-
sume their multifunctional status with a backing philosophy of “Multiplicity in
Purpose”. This philosophy allows a product to serve dual purposes which may
not necessarily be a tangible function.
2.4. Production of Selected Designs
2.4.1. Production of Design One (1)
The design one (1) was built upon to come out with the first product (floor
lampshade). This involved series of stages as illustrated in Figure 6. At the first
stage, various parts of the lampshade which required the use of a wood as deter-
mined by the sketch were cut out of a three (3) inch-plywood. The parts were
assembled by joining with nails at the stage two and were decorated with African
print at the third stage. The decoration involved wrapping of African prints on

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Figure 4. Sketches of the multifunctional Lampshades. Source: Studio practice.
Figure 5. Final designs. Source: Studio practice.

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Figure 6. Production of lampshade (design 1). Source: Studio practice.
the article with the help of “Super Adesivo-adhesive” and “Fevicol sh” synthetic
glue. At the fourth stage, the dimensions of the shade frame were illustrated by
technical drawing. The frame was built at the fifth stage out of an aluminium
metal. This was done by welding pieces of the aluminium metal together as de-
termined by the technical drawing. The shade was formed at the sixth stage by
wrapping a plain fabric (sea blue colour) on the prepared frame.
The shade and the base/body of the lampshade were assembled together.
However, an aluminium metal pipe was erected to cater for the electrical con-
nections and also connect the shade to the base. The body of the lampshade is
made of shelves to carry items like books and pens.
2.4.2. Production of Design Two (2)
The nature of design two (2) required carving in order to achieve a proper ex-
ecution. The lamp base which was inspired by a cocoa tree was carved out of sese
(a soft wood used for carving in Ghana). This wood was chosen due to its ability
to be chopped off during carving to unveil interesting shapes. The carved piece
was decorated with African prints to give it a local and interesting touch. The
subsequent stages include; preparation of frame for the shade, preceded by a
technical drawing, formation of the shade by wrapping the fabric around the
frame, electrical connections and assemblage of the various parts to form the
complete lampshade. Figure 7 shows the various stages taken to produce the
lampshade design two (2).
2.4.3. Production of Design Three (3)
The third lampshade also employed a carving technique with inspiration from a
dolphin as seen in Figure 8. The piece was carved from a sese wood as seen in
the previous design (lampshade design 2). The succeeding stages of frame prep-
aration, shade formation, electrical connections and assemblage of the various
parts was done following the same procedure employed in design two (2).

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Figure 7. Production of lampshade (design 2). Source: Studio practice.
Figure 8. Production of lampshade (design 3). Source: Studio practice.
2.4.4. Production of Design Four (4)
The first stage in the production of design four (4) as seen in Figure 9 is a carved
piece which connotes unity in the Ghanaian setting. Two people are seen to be
holding each other in the piece, suggesting togetherness. It was inspired by a
mother and child piece as seen previously in Figure 3 (the inspirational board).
2.5. Presentation of Final Products
The products were presented to customers including hotel managers through
exhibition. Potential customer’s comments were noted. The comments received
from the general public and potential customers on the final lampshades were
excellent. They also highlighted the commercial viability of the products.

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Figure 9. Production of lampshade (design 4). Source: Studio practice.
3. Results and Discussion
A survey conducted in hotels and the market revealed the absence of multifunc-
tional lampshades. The available lampshades had no local touch making them
symbolically misrepresentation within Ghanaian cultural setting. They only
serve a purpose of directing the rays of light to a focus and protecting the eyes
from the naked light rays. Most hotel users and lampshade marketers were of the
view that, lampshades which serve other purposes (multifunctional lampshades)
was a great concept that would promote their businesses.
The information gathered from the lampshade users and sellers initiated the
idea of ’Multiplicity in Purpose’ which is the philosophical concept of the study.
The study gave rise to four multifunctional lampshades shown in Figure 10.
They include a floor lampshade, a table-top lampshade, and two bed-side lamp-
shades.
3.1. Result 1: Floor Lampshade
The first product which emerged out of the study is a 62 inches high floor
lampshade shown in Figure 10. The product was developed taking inspiration
from CD (Compact Disc) racks. It is a multi-functional textile lampshade which
is designed to carry multiple items in addition to its main purpose of dismissing
darkness and directing light to a focal point.
CD racks are capable of carrying multiple CDs within its inherent spaces. This
concept was adapted to come out with a multifunctional lampshade capable of
carrying multiple items in its shelves. The African prints incorporated in the
product are exhibiting the beauty of Ghanaian local print to the outside world.
Reference [17] is of the view that, aesthetics is a valuable element in the pur-
chasing of items by customers. Aesthetically, the product serves as a decorative
piece as championed by the African print and functionally, the product serves as

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Figure 10. Results of the study. Source: Studio practice.
a lampshade and shelves. Using things for multiple purposes is always beneficial
and require creative minds to invent such ways [18]. This product was purpose-
fully created to serve different tasks to cut down cost in purchasing separate
items to serve certain purposes.
3.2. Result 2: Table-Top Lampshade
The second result is a 32 inches high Table-top lampshade. This piece was
carved out of a
sese
wood to depict the shape of a cocoa tree bearing fruits.
Technically, mixed media includes all forms of art that employ more than one
material in their composition [19]. The mixed-media technique allowed the ex-
ploration of various materials and techniques making the product an interesting
art piece as well as a lampshade.
This product was developed with inspiration from a cocoa tree which is ab-
undant in Ghana. Cocoa is the main stay of Ghana’s formal economy [20]. Gha-
na comes in mind when one speaks of cocoa [21]. The lampshade was therefore
developed with inspiration from a cocoa tree to conceptually exhibit Ghana’s
pride as one of the major producers of cocoa beans in the world. The multifunc-
tional concept of this product is based on its ability to serve as a decorative piece,
a lampshade and a promoter of local products such as cocoa and African prints.
The absence or presence of the shade still makes the piece a decorative one.
3.3. Result 3: Bed-Side Lampshade
The third product is a bed-side lampshade inspired by a dolphin. It comes with a
height of 24 inches designed to serve as a decorative piece and a lampshade.
Humility is a key instrument to a successful life. The product features a carved

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piece with inspiration from dolphins portraying the value of humility and inter-
dependence.
A dolphin is a powerful aquatic mammal. It has good resolution acuity un-
derwater and in air, is highly sensitive to light, especially at the shorter wave-
lengths appropriate to the underwater photic environment, and probably has
good movement detection capabilities [22]. In the final lampshade design, the
dolphin is seen in the carved piece to be carried by its fellow dolphin. This philo-
sophically suggests the submissiveness and interdependence attributes suggestion
that, one needs to be humble and submissive in order to become successful
through the assistance of others. The saying, “the people you meet on your way
up the ladder are the same people you meet on your way down” therefore be-
comes applicable here. With the absence of the shade, this product could be
placed beside a bed as an art piece. The incorporation of the fabric is to promote
African prints. The concept behind the product makes it a philosophical art
piece as well as a lampshade.
3.4. Result 4: Bed-Side Lampshade
The final product resulting out of the study is a bed-side lampshade decorated
with both printed and plain fabric with philosophical backing of “Multiplicity in
Purpose”. The idea was generated from a “mother and child” sculptural piece.
The design features two people holding each other in an abstract form. This
piece was achieved through carving and portrays unity and togetherness in the
society. Conceptually, the pole and the shade of the article represents an um-
brella under which people come together to achieve a common goal. The prod-
uct serves as a lampshade and art piece.
Using this multi-functional product, one is provided with a lampshade, a
conceptual art piece, decorative piece, textile material etc. which would have
been costly if they were purchased as separate items from the market.
3.5. Summary of the Lampshade Designs
Table 1 shows a summary of characteristics of the various lampshade designs.
Table 1. A summary of characteristics of the lampshade designs.
Deign
1
Floor Lampshade
Design
2
Table-top Lampshade
Design
3
Bed-side Lampshade
Design
4
Bed-side Lampshade
1)
It is 62 inches high
2) It was Inspired by a CD rack
3) It was constructed by joining
plywood with nails.
4) It has shelves to hold items
5) It serves as a lampshade
6) It serves as a decorative piece
1) It is 32 inches high
2) It was inspired by a cocoa p
lant
3) It was constructed by carving
4) It portrays the beauty and the
importance of
cocoa plant
5) It serves
a lampshade
6) It serves as a decorative piece
1) It is 24 inches high
2) It was inspired by a dolphin
3) It was constructed by carving
4) It is
a conceptual lampshade
which portrays humility
5) It serves as a lampshade
6) It serves as a decorative piece
1) It is 32 inches high
2) It was inspired by a mother and child
sculptural piece
3) It was constructed by carving
4) It is a conceptual lampshade
which portrays
unity and togetherness in the society
5) The pole and the shade conceptually
represent an umbrella
6) Two abstract people are holding each
other under the shade
, signifying unity.
7
) It is a decorative piece

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4. Conclusion and Recommendations
Lampshades are known to be providing and shading light to a focal point in
order to protect the eye from the bulb’s glare. The study has revealed the possi-
bility of introducing multifunctional concepts in lampshades. With mixed-media
technique, the textile lampshades were produced to perform beyond their usual
functions. The products serve as conceptual art pieces, item carriers with the
help of shelves, decorative articles and lampshades. The products promote the
rich Ghanaian cash crop (cocoa) and the rich African prints. This study lays a
foundation in the area of multifunctional product design with a focus on textile
lampshades. With this foundation, it is recommended that the unemployed
would adapt the concept to reduce unemployment rate in the country. The study
also recommends the adoption of such innovative design approach in the crea-
tion of interior design and decoration artefacts for residential and public edific-
es. The concept can also be incorporated into the curricula of art and design
training programmes for wider benefits.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge all our colleagues who contributed one way or the
other for the success of this write-up, especially Cyril E. Adala at the Department
of Industrial Art, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ku-
masi, Ghana.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this
paper.
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