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Regenerative Placemaking: Creating a New Model for Place Development by Bringing Together Regenerative and Placemaking Processes
Abstract
In an effort to create thriving living environments, the regenerative developmentRegenerative development framework has gained recognition as a creative and reflective process that emerges from the uniqueness of a placePlaces to activate and support living systemsLiving systems. Another approach that has a strong engagement with the particularity of placePlaces is the concept of placemakingPlacemaking, a process of developing placesPlaces through the active participation of the citizens that conceive, perceive and live in that placePlaces. Using discourse grounded theory, this chapter explores and analyses these two complementary place-basedPlace-based practices: regenerative developmentRegenerative development and placemakingPlacemaking to identify synergies. We propose the term, ‘regenerative placemakingPlacemaking’, to encapsulate this strategic process of (re)igniting people’s relationship to socio-ecologicalSocio-ecological systems through place-specific temporary activations that act as a testing ground for long term potentialPotentials.
... Sense of place, place attachment, place identity, and place dependence are the main terms used (Manzo, 2003;Stedman, 2003). There are however, many other terms and phrases representing this connection to place found in the literature including topophilia (Tuan, 1974), community sentiment and identity (Low and Altman, 1992), the ancient Roman term genius loci (Patterson and Williams, 2005), sense of belonging, (Nelson et al., 2020), community attachment (Hernandez-Santin et al., 2020), and perception of place (Duggan et al., 2023). There is widespread criticism in the literature about the lack of conceptual clarity about the concept of place attachment. ...
... For the purposes of this paper we adopt the term place attachment because it is the most frequently used term in the literature to represent connection to place (Hernandez-Santin et al., 2020;Nelson et al., 2020;Nicolosi and Corbett, 2018;Trentelman, 2009). Place attachment at its most basic is a bond between humans and their environment (Low and Altman, 1992). ...
... Sense of place (SOP) • First term to appear along with 'place attachment'; often used interchangeably (Nelson et al., 2020) • Broadest, most encompassing term; incorporating meanings and attachments to a setting by individuals or groups (Cresswell, 2009;Duggan et al., 2023;Masterson et al., 2017) Place attachment • Used more than other terms in the literature (Hernandez-Santin et al., 2020;Nelson et al., 2020;Nicolosi and Corbett, 2018;Trentelman, 2009) • A bond between humans and their environment (Low and Altman, 1992) • Common characteristics found in definitions include: bonds are affective (emotional), evaluative (positive or negative), and between individuals and or groups and their environment (Lewicka, 2020;Masterson et al., 2017;Scannell and Gifford, 2010) Place Place dependence • A functional attachment between a person and place that is perceived as a strength of association (Manzo et al., 2023;Nelson et al., 2020;Trentelman, 2009) • Development of strong attachments and identities causes reliance on a place that suits a person's needs and desires (Nicolosi and Corbett, 2018;Pucker et al., 2023) Frontiers in Climate 05 frontiersin.org 4 Research fields at the intersection of place attachment and mobility ...
Climate change will affect many global landscapes in the future, requiring millions of people to move away from areas at risk from flooding, erosion, drought and extreme temperatures. The term managed retreat is increasingly used in the Global North to refer to the movement of people and infrastructure away from climate risks. Managed retreat, however, has proven to be one of the most difficult climate adaptation options to undertake because of the complex economic, social-cultural and psychological factors that shape individual and community responses to the relocation process. Among these factors, place attachment is expected to shape the possibilities for managed retreat because relocation disrupts the bonds and identities that individuals and communities have invested in place. Research at the intersection of place attachment and managed retreat is limited, partially because these are complicated constructs, each with confusing terminologies. By viewing the concept of managed retreat as a form of mobility-based climate adaptation, this paper attempts to gain insights from other mobility-related fields. We find that place attachment and mobility research has contributed to the development of a more complex and dynamic view of place attachment: such research has explored the role of place attachment as either constraining or prompting decisions to relocate, and started to explore how the place attachment process responds to disruptions and influences recovery from relocation. Beyond informing managed retreat scholars and practitioners, this research synthesis identifies several areas that need more attention. These needs include more qualitative research to better understand the dualistic role of place attachments in decisions to relocate, more longitudinal research about relocation experiences to fully comprehend the place attachment process during and after relocation, and increased exploration of whether place attachments can help provide stability and continuity during relocation.
... Regenerative place making: This concept involves using placebased initiatives as "acupuncture points" to stimulate community involvement with the story and potential of a particular place (Tannous, 2020;Hernandez-Santin et al., 2020). The process entails developing sustainable and regenerative procedures for creating places by involving both human and non-human entities, providing an opportunity to explore and appreciate the unique qualities of the local environment, while also fostering positive connections between people and their environment (Tomassini and Cavagnaro, 2022). ...
Since its emergence in the latter half of the 20th century, the concept of place making has undergone substantial evolution. To fully comprehend how this concept has transformed and encountered diverse trajectories, it is beneficial to examine its evolutionary path over time. Therefore, this paper aims to conduct a thorough review of the literature surrounding the expanding matrix of place making through a combination of bibliometric analysis and selective review. The paper seeks to undertake a comprehensive evaluation of nine interrelated paradigms of
place making as a subfield of urban planning and design. These are, namely, late 20th century place making, sustainable place making, digital place making, democratic place making, creative place making, strategic place making, healthy place making, resilient place making, and post-pandemic place making. Results reveal that there has been a transition toward community-based participation and a stronger emphasis on social and environmental elements. Also, there has been a shift from emphasizing functional spaces to promoting community building, social connectivity, healthy, and resilient environments via long-term strategies as well as the deployment of smart city and digital technologies.
... For example, Wyckoff (2014) defines at least four commonly accepted types of placemaking typologies in academic literature: placemaking, strategic placemaking, tactical placemaking and creative placemaking. Other authors highlight emerging processes such as digital placemaking (Griffiths & Barbour 2016) and regenerative placemaking (Hernandez-Santin et al. 2020). The definition of each of these terms is directly linked to the specific approach applied to pursue the sought-after emotional attachment to place. ...
Placemaking is a fluid term with various conceptualisations, but individuals’ understanding of the term may shape the impact of placemaking projects. This paper aimed to identify conceptualisations of placemaking from two perspectives, theory and practice in the Australian context, and develop an analytical framework for categorising placemaking understandings. Through a systematic literature review (SLR) of 77 articles, a set of four placemaking themes was developed. These themes were expanded through the coding of placemaking definitions from 26 Australian placemaking practitioners gathered through a survey, thus creating a Placemaking Understanding Framework (PUF). The PUF highlighted gaps and overlaps amongst academics and Australian practitioners, showcasing how academia tends to frame placemaking as a process producing relational outcomes (like place attachment, sense of belonging, and connection to nature), whereas Australian practitioners focused on both the relational and physical outcomes of placemaking. By illustrating the breadth of perspectives in placemaking, this study builds on the academia-industry nexus for future placemaking strategies.
... In a country which, prior to its enclosure, had a more distributed pattern of settlement, does a suspicion of the urban mask a tolerated neglecta phenomenon so common in other areas of post-colonial Irish society? These, and other questions raised in this study, provide narratives with which to test how a transformative tourism that engages openly with the legacies of colonisation might help initiate new visions for stalled spaces following a regenerative placemaking model for tourism (Hernandez-Santin, Hes, Beer, & Lo, 2020). ...
Purpose
This paper aims to focus on increasingly entrepreneurial approaches to urban governance in the country’s second city Cork, where neoliberal strategy has driven uneven spatial development.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper combines insights from literature review with new knowledge derived from interviews with key informants in the city.
Findings
Post-colonial themes provoke a consideration of how uneven power dynamics stifle social innovation in the built environment.
Research limitations/implications
Assembled narratives expose opaque aspects of governance, ownership and participation, presenting opportunities for rethinking urban vacancy through placemaking.
Practical implications
These draw on nuanced models for tourism as a platform for a broader discourse on rights to the city.
Social implications
A century after independence, Ireland is recast as a leading small European economy, away from historical framings of a rural economic backwater of the British Empire.
Originality/value
The model of success is based on a basket of targeted investment policies and somewhat dubious indicators for growth.
The buildings’ development and construction have contributed negatively over the years to the increase of the environmental footprint and have also affected the biosphere and society’s quality of life. For several decades the architectural discipline has studied various concepts and methods to mitigate and reduce these effects through sustainability until the concept of regenerative development. This process has been categorized by analyzing each era’s different paradigms, attributes, methodologies, and challenges through a timeline that allows us to know the causes of the evolution of sustainability in architecture. The literature review shows that another vision of how to understand sustainable architecture has emerged, making the concept serve as a relative means of raising awareness for the solution of environmental problems, where it is not the building regenerated as such, but rather the habitat processes that collectively focus on improving people’s lives through resilient ecological systems.
The events of 2020 have challenged the vitality and viability of our local places, main streets, shopping malls, community meeting places. The Covid-19 virus revealed how fragile these places were, how much we relied on them and how our approach to them needs to enable greater agility, adaptability and resilience. A new approach to local place
and economic
development is urgently needed.To address this challenge, a new framework is proposed, one with three overarching principles. It starts with place
, understanding what is unique and vital about a community and how to nurture it. This is followed by regeneration
, or regenerative development, an approach which explicitly looks at how to actively contribute to the aspects of a place
that bring it to life. The last of the foundational principles is the concept of connectivity
, which recommends building relationships between elements in a place
, its people, its businesses and its ecosystems.Supporting these three are seven sub-principles. These provide the methods and concepts to support the development of what we call “the New Local,” a plan and a strategy to drive recovery from the impact of the Covid-19 virus while ensuring greater ability to respond to future
stresses. These principles are: diversification
, ownership
, reinvestment
, innovation
, equity
, democracy
, and culture
. The potency of this model it the interrelated and integrated nature of all the principles, it does not privilege economy, or nature, or place
, but shows how they are all needed to create a resilient, adaptive local place
.This chapter outlines each of the principles, applies them in a case study, and shows how they can inform the redesign of a community’s physical space and economy. The principles come from the combined experience of 80 years of practice in local economic
development, placemaking and regenerative development.KeywordsPlacemakingLocal economic developmentRegenerative developmentResilienceAdaptabilityCommunityCovid-19
Research examining recreationists' perceptions of setting density in outdoor recreation contexts has illustrated the influence of a number of factors. In this investigation we examined the effect of activity involvement and place attachment on hikers' perceptions of setting density using frameworks offered by social judgment and cognitive development theories. We hypothesized that respondents' perceptions of setting density would involve cognitive evaluations where the condition encountered is compared against the individual's personal standard for that specific context. Additionally, past work operating within this framework has suggested that the activation of ego-attitudes amplifies the processes of assimilation and contrast such that disparate conditions are contrasted and conditions consistent with the respondents' position are assimilated and considered acceptable. The extent to which respondents' ego-attitudes were activated was measured using the activity involvement and place attachment constructs. Past research has also shown that activity involvement and place attachment are correlates of past experience which acts to shift the evaluative standard toward positions previously encountered. Data were collected from 1,561 hikers over the summer and fall of 1999. These results indicated that only place identity and place dependence were significant predictors of respondents' perceptions of setting density. While respondents scoring high on the place identity dimension were more inclined to report feeling crowded, respondents scoring high on the place dependence dimension were inclined to evaluate setting density more favorably. Theoretical implications are discussed.
Grounded theory is an inductive, theory discovery methodology that allows the researcher to develop a theoretical account of the general features of a topic while simultaneously grounding the account in empirical observations or data (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). This article explicates the utility of a grounded theory approach to research on work organizations. Following a general introduction to the grounded theory method, the authors'review of the organizational literature using grounded theory illustrates the variety of issues and topics studied through this approach. The authors describe and explain specific strategies for conducting grounded theory research in and on organizations, including note taking and note writing, concept discovery, and concept definition and preliminary elaboration of theory. Throughout the article emphasis is placed on grounded theory's ability to facilitate understanding and to identify desirable improvements in work contexts.
Residents and communities have long been interested in managing their local green spaces. As local authority budgets become increasingly restricted, communities are under pressure to take an active role in green space management in partnerships with the public, and where applicable, private sector. Support for such partnerships has been made manifest at the highest level of government through the UK's 2011 Localism Act. However, there is little research exploring the validity of expectations that community groups can take on such responsibility. This paper addresses this gap in knowledge by assessing to what extent groups have the capacity within cross-sector partnerships for sustained green space ‘place-keeping’, or long-term responsive management. This paper reports on data collected about nine cross-sector partnerships in Sheffield, Hackney, and Stockton-on-Tees. Taking a qualitative research approach, this paper applies a framework for partnership capacity based on interrelated factors, including capital, commitment, skill base, motivation, communication and political influence. The findings show that partnership capacity goes beyond these themes; it can be influenced by the political and historical legacy of a given place and the specific nature and context of place-keeping tasks. While findings show that partnerships work positively in practice, there are a number of barriers to community groups managing green spaces independently of local authorities, occurring at different scales including individual, group, partnership and the wider context. Without sustained resources and ongoing public sector support, the effectiveness of place-keeping partnerships is called into question.
This study explores the relationships between place of residence, living in a threatened place and the subsets of place attachment: place identity and place dependence. Six hundred participants living in south-west Western Australia in rural and urban areas with varying degrees of bushfire risk responded to surveys asking about their reasons for living in their local area, their place attachment and their socio-demographic details. MANOVAs revealed a significant effect of place of residence on place identity with rural residents reporting higher place identity than urban dwellers. Urban dwellers reported lower place dependence than rural dwellers except when they lived in a fire prone area, in which case their place dependence was on par with that of rural residents. Socio-demographic predictors of both place identity and place dependence to the home and local area were also explored, these included length of residence, education, and owning one's home. (c) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
There has long been a focus in urban landscape planning and design on the creation of highquality public spaces, or place-making. Large amounts of capital continue to be spent on creating such spaces without adequate thought or resources for their long-term maintenance and management of public spaces, or place-keeping.
While there may be continued policy rhetoric about the importance of place-keeping, particularly as public spaces are recognised for their important contribution to health, wellbeing, biodiversity and also their economic value, this has not however been supported in practice. There are examples in many cities where public spaces are subject to poor management and maintenance practices. This is clearly visible where vandalism, litter and damage to facilities and equipment occur, and people no longer feel safe or comfortable.
This paper argues that this uneven focus on place-keeping is not only due to a lack of resources but also a lack of understanding of the concept, its complexity and the wide implications it has for users, practitioners and policymakers. The paper aims to address this gap in knowledge by providing a detailed exploration and definition of place-keeping within the urban context. Place-keeping is not simply about the physical environment, its design and maintenance, but also encompasses the interrelated and non-physical dimensions of partnerships, governance, funding, policy and evaluation.
This study dealt with place and home attachment of Jewish settlers in the Gaza region affected by hostilities incurring risk to the settlers’ lives. It evaluated the variables related to the settlers’ risk perception and their tendency to stay or leave their homes in a sample consisting of 156 of 947 households interviewed by telephone. The researchers evaluated how risk perception and the tendency to stay were related to demographic characteristics such as gender and length of time living in the region and to cultural characteristics such as place and home attachment, ideology, and religious faith. In spite of the dangerous environment, the settlers were found to have a strong tendency to stay in the area, related to their firm ideology of holding on to the land, profound religious faith, strong place and home attachment, and low risk perception of their situation.
The radical changes required for Earth to 'remain fit for human habitation' require a change in worldviews from 'mechanistic' to 'ecological'. A key question is: how can those working on the built environment - a field with major impact on global resources and systems - best support a smooth and timely transition? It is proposed that design practitioners can facilitate that response in the built environment through the development, application and evolution of comprehensive new methodologies, explicitly shaped by a regenerative sustainability paradigm. It is further proposed that successfully evolving a regenerative practice requires going beyond just adopting new techniques to taking on a new role for humans and designers, and a 'new mind', and learning how to work 'developmentally'. As an example of how a consciously held worldview shapes a practice, an actual regenerative methodology, developed and evolved over 16 years of practice, is explored in detail. A framework, adapted from accepted scientific methodology protocols, is used to structure this exploration, differentiating the different elements and levels, showing how they work as an integrated system and revealing the underlying premises and assumptions behind the choice of aims, strategies, methods and progress indicators.
A general inductive approach for analysis of qualitative evaluation data is described. The purposes for using an inductive approach are to (a) condense raw textual data into a brief, summary format; (b) establish clear links between the evaluation or research objectives and the summary findings derived from the raw data; and (c) develop a framework of the underlying structure of experiences or processes that are evident in the raw data. The general inductive approach provides an easily used and systematic set of procedures for analyzing qualitative data that can produce reliable and valid findings. Although the general inductive approach is not as strong as some other analytic strategies for theory or model development, it does provide a simple, straightforward approach for deriving findings in the context of focused evaluation questions. Many evaluators are likely to find using a general inductive approach less complicated than using other approaches to qualitative data analysis.
Designing for Hope presents a theoretical argument, backed by case studies, for an approach to sustainability in the built environment that is rooted in an ecological worldview and which focuses on regenerating dysfunctional social-ecological systems. It ties together a number of theoretical threads into a coherent framework which places it at the forefront of the emerging discourse of regenerative design and development.
As redevelopment and gentrification strategies globally continue to be aimed at attracting wealthier residents and consumers in an effort to drive economic growth, concerns for and interventions in the interests of social equity appear decreasingly relevant. Government, private sector and community organisations have of course worked together in different times and places to implement programs that are more rather than less inclusive – the variations always depending on the spatial politics of the context. This paper examines contemporary discourses and practices of place-making in Melbourne, and asks whether ways of thinking about urban redevelopment as place-making in this time and place are likely to enable the inclusion of social equity in these urban “improvements”.
A new taxonomy of placemaking is needed; concerns have been expressed about the professionalization of placemaking through the proliferation of standards, zoning codes, and restrictive covenants. "Place matters" has become a mantra in many disciplines-architecture, urban planning and urban design, geography, and sociology to name a few. While conceptualized narrowly by individual disciplines, a holistic framework of placemaking is sorely missing. Mahyar Arefi seeks to fill this gap by exploring these questions: How are places physically created, socially mobilized, and politically contested? This book explores three competing approaches to placemaking: Need-based, opportunity-based, and asset-based. Using a case study approach, the book delves into each paradigm and its stages of physical formation, social mobilization, and political contestation.
It has been widely argued that in order to move development into a positive curve towards sustainability,
society needs to change the worldview/paradigm within which it currently operates; and that such a
shift from a mechanistic to an ecological/living systems worldview is already happening. It is suggested
that the purpose of the sustainability paradigm flowing from this worldview is not to conserve the status
quo or meet ill-defined human needs, but to strengthen the health, adaptive capacity, and evolutionary
potential of the fully integrated global social-ecological system so that it can continue regenerating itself,
thereby creating the conditions for a thriving and abundant future e not only for the human species, but
for all life. In this paper we explore the ecological worldview and the guidelines it provides for how we
interpret sustainability; as well as the strategies for the production of the built environment we need to
follow if we are to adapt to coming changes in the planetary system and regenerate the world. The
question this paper asks is: how does this sustainability paradigm, with its focus on regenerating the
whole of the social-ecological system within which we are working, change the way the built environment
is produced? To achieve this objective, the paper synthesizes the findings of two separate
studies: an extensive literature review to define the meta-narratives of the ecological worldview; and an
analysis of in depth interviews with academics and built environment practitioners that aimed to find
correlations between the practice and theoretical positions of the participants and the values and
praxiology of the ecological worldview as described in the first study. Three main themes of the
ecological worldview e wholeness, relationship, and change e provide a framework for discussing the
implications of this regenerative sustainability paradigm for the production of the built environment e
for how it is created, the technologies used, and how it is evaluated.
Several years ago Hidalgo and Hernandez reported a curvilinear, U-shaped, relationship between scale of place (apartment, neighborhood, city) and strength of attachment to the place. In this paper four studies are presented, carried out in four Central-European cities, that (1) confirmed the reported curvilinear relationship using five places (apartment, building, neighborhood, city district, city) in three out of four cities and for five items of the Place Attachment Scale, (2) revealed a consistent curvilinear, inverse U-shaped relationship between scale of place and percentage of variance of place attachment predicted by three groups of factors: physical (type of housing, size of building, upkeep and personalization of house precincts, etc.), social (neighborhood ties and sense of security in the residence place), and socio-demographic (age, education, gender, length of residence, family size), and (3) identified strength of direct and indirect effects of the three groups of predictors on attachment to the five types of places. The curvilinear relationship between place scale and place attachment was particularly strong in highly attractive cities and in those scale items that described people's emotional reactions to places whereas a linear relationship was obtained in the least attractive city and in the items that referred to sense of security, amount of control and knowledge of place. In all four cities the best predicted variable was attachment to middle ranges of the place scale (building and neighborhood). The overall best direct predictor of place attachment was neighborhood ties, followed by direct and indirect effects of length of residence, building size, and type of housing. In conclusion it is argued that the usual choice of predictors of place attachment is biased by researchers' interest in the middle scales of place (neighborhood) at the expense of other place scales. In the paper a claim is made that attachments to smaller (apartments, homes) and larger (city) scales of place along with their unique predictors deserve more attention from environmental psychologists.
Questions of ‘who we are’ are often intimately related to questions of ‘where we are’, an idea captured in the environmental psychological concept of place-identity. The value of this concept is that it attends to the located nature of subjectivity, challenging the disembodied notions of identity preferred by social psychologists. The topic of place-identity would thus seem to be a productive point around which the sub-disciplines of social and environmental psychology might meet, answering calls for greater disciplinary cross-fertilization. This study contributes to this project by presenting a sympathetic but critical evaluation of research on place-identity. It argues that such research is valuable in that it has established the importance of place for creating and sustaining a sense of self. However, drawing on recent developments in discursive approaches to social psychology, the authors identify several limitations with existing work on place-identity. This critique is then developed through analysis of an ongoing research programme located in the changing landscapes of the new South Africa.
One of the limitations in the study of attachment to place has been its restriction to the spatial range of neighbourhood. Apart from some studies analysing attachment to house, there is a gap regarding other spatial environments. In this sense, we do not know to what extent people can be attached to other spatial categories, i.e., to bigger or smaller places, and whether the neighbourhood range is effectively the basic level of attachment, as many studies assume. On the other hand, most studies on attachment to place have viewed places as social environments only. We have found very few references to the physical dimension of place in the definition of the concept and also few regarding its operationalization. In this study, we measured place attachment within three spatial ranges (house, neighbourhood, and city) and two dimensions (physical and social), in order to establish some comparison between them. We did so by interviewing 177 people from different areas of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Spain). The results indicate that attachment to place develops to different degrees within different spatial ranges and dimensions. Among the results, we can highlight that: 1) attachment to neighbourhood is the weakest; 2) social attachment is greater than physical attachment; and 3) the degree of attachment varies with age and sex.
Place attachment has been researched quite broadly, and so has been defined in a variety of ways. The various definitions of the concept are reviewed and synthesized into a three-dimensional, person–process–place organizing framework. The person dimension of place attachment refers to its individually or collectively determined meanings. The psychological dimension includes the affective, cognitive, and behavioral components of attachment. The place dimension emphasizes the place characteristics of attachment, including spatial level, specificity, and the prominence of social or physical elements. In addition, potential functions of place attachment are reviewed. The framework organizes related place attachment concepts and thus clarifies the term. The framework may also be used to stimulate new research, investigate multidimensionality, create operational definitions for quantitative studies, guide semi-structured interviews for qualitative studies, and assist in conflict resolution for successful land-use management.
Questions of 'who we are' are often intimately related to questions of 'where we are', an idea captured in the environmental psychological concept of place-identity. The value of this concept is that it attends to the located nature of subjectivity, challenging the disembodied notions of identity preferred by social psychologists. The topic of place identity would thus seem to be a productive point around which the sub-disciplines of social and environmental psychology might meet, answering calls for greater disciplinary cross-fertilization. This study contributes to this project by presenting a sympathetic but critical evaluation of research on place-identity. It argues that such research is valuable in that it has established the importance of place for creating and sustaining a sense of self. However, drawing on recent developments in discursive approaches to social psychology, the authors identify several limitations with existing work on place-identity. This critique is then developed through analysis of an ongoing research programme located in the changing landscapes of the new South Africa.
Toward a regenerative psychology of urban planning
- N S Mang
Regenerative development through LENSES with a case study of Seacombe West
- J Plaut
- B Dunbar
- H Gotthelf
- D Hes