EFFECTS OF SPEED ENDURANCE TEST ON THE LEVELS OF CORTISOL AND TESTOSTERONE IN FOOTBALL PLAYERS

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INTRODUCTION
Physical activity plays a key role in the
control of neuroendocrine, autonomic and
the manner which is responsible for physical
and psychosocial stress. Well known, until
now, was the fact that after a stressful event
(physical exercise) levels of cortisol and
testosterone increases. Previous research has
shown us that active athletes had signicantly
lower cortisol levels and heart rate as a result
of training process. In a study published by
Cordova, Sureda, Tours & Pons, in 2010, the
authors say that the test with maximum load
EFFECTS OF SPEED ENDURANCE TEST ON THE LEVELS OF
CORTISOL AND TESTOSTERONE IN FOOTBALL PLAYERS
UDC: 796.332.012.12:577.175.5/.6
(Preliminary communication)
Rastko Palić1, Danijela Živković1, Nenad Živanović1,
Momir Ćirić1, and Slobodan Andrašić2
1University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia
2University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Economics in Subotica, Serbia
Abstract
Although previous studies have shown that trained subjects showed signicantly
lower cortisol levels and heart rate on the stress of physical exercise compared
with untrained men, this paper is showing that even with trained athletes after
physical exercise, the level of cortisol and testosterone appears to be increasing. As
a consequence of physical exercise, lower heart rate and a better response to stress
and stressful situations occurs. After a stressful event (physical exercise) levels
of cortisol and testosterone increases, where cortisol and testosterone as other
glucocorticoid agents, have widespread effects, which helps to restore homeostasis.
The sample was made up of 8. football players of the national level of competition.
Testing was conducted in Subotica in 2010. The average age of players was 21
years with an average sport experience of 10 years. The sample was made up of
8. football players of the national level of competition. Testing was conducted in
Subotica in 2010. The average age of players was 21 years with an average sport
training of 10 years. To assess changes in adaptability the 7x35m speed endurance
test (Bangsbo 2003) was used. The results we obtained points to these facts and
conrms recent studies which are dealing with the increasing levels of cortisol and
testosterone levels after physical exercise.
Keywords: physical activity, motor testing, training process, cardiac pressure,
physiological measurement
is characterized by increased circulation of
lymphocytes, higher antibody response, and
increased levels of cortisol. This supports
the fact that, after each physical exercise,
the levels of cortisol and testosterone are
increased. In a study published by the
Sinar, Polat, Baltaci & Mogulkoc in 2010,
the authors concluded that the increase of
testosterone level is higher in people who
regularly is practicing exercises compared
to people who do not have such practice.
Hoffman, Kang, Ratamess & Faigenbaum, in
2005, investigated the changes in biochemical
Palić, R., et all..: EFFECTS OF SPEED ENDURANCE...
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270
indices during a competitive football season
among the colleges. The results obtained
indicated that the increased levels of cortisol
and testosterone in preparation period were
direct result of the training process. Also, the
study published by Lupo, Baldi, Bonifazi,
Lodi, Martelli, Viti & Carli in 1985, which
examined the level of androgens after a
football match, concluded that the level
of cortisol and androstenedione increased
during the match, but returned to the baseline
level upon 45 and 90 minutes after the game.
Another recent study published by Duke,
Ruby, Daly & Hackney in 2007, examined
a response of free testosterone and cortisol
ratio (FTC) during prolonged endurance
exercise. Within the results that they got,
they’ve noticed that the practice caused an
increase, compared to the baseline levels
of cortisol, followed by a rapid decline in
the immediate recovery from exercise. The
results also showed that the ratio of the FTC
responds to intense exercise, but the aspects
of the response may be delayed during
recovery lasting. Although the above studies
indicates that cortisol and testosterone levels
returns to normal in the recovery period,
one study published by the Ferret, Mathian,
Dupuis, Martin, de Peretti & David in 2004,
proves that the cortisol level during one year
test was higher in 16 players of Olympique
team from Lyon in relation to the control
group which consisted of sedentary subjects.
As an explanation, the authors specify the
burden of training and competition in the
soccer championships of France (Legue 1).
METHODS
Sample of students. The sample was
made up of eight football players of the
national competition level. Testing was
conducted in the town of Subotica in 2010.
The average age of players was 21 years
with an average sports experience time of 10
years.
Sample of variables. To assess changes
in adaptability the 7x35m speed endurance
test (Bangsbo 2003) was used. The test is
performed on a track length of 35 m, which is
marked with markers. The task is to overrun
at highest speed given a section in seven
consecutive terms. After the rst attempt,
the examinee has 25 seconds to come to the
starting point (light running), followed by a
re-run.
The experimental procedure. Before
starting the test and immediately after the
test, the subjects were taken peripheral blood
from a nger. After blood analysis we came
up with results which showed higher levels
of cortisol and testosterone concentration,
which should indicate the size of adaptability
to changes during the test. Blood analysis
was performed by the Center for Medical
Biochemistry of the Clinical Center in the
city of Nis.
RESULTS
We have noticed an increased level
of cortisol and testosterone after the test
7x35m within a larger number of subjects.
As the physical condition is of individual
character and thus within the respondents
has been notied that not all patients have
increased parameters, which could be treated
as a direct consequence of better well trained
individual subjects.
From this display it can be concluded that only
Table 1. Reference values of cortisol
and testosterone
REFERENCE
VALUES
Cortisol Testosterone
171-526 umol 5-35 umol
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RIK 40( 2012) 2:269-272

271
elite sportsmen during the competitive season.
Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry, 66(1),
1-6.
Duke, W. J., Rubin, A. D., Daly, W. & Hackney,
C. A. (2007). Inuence of prolonged exercise
on the 24-hour free testosterone-cortisol ratio
hormonal prole. Medicina Sportiva, 11(2),
48-50.
Ferret, Ј. Ј., Mathian. B., Dupuis. J. M., Martin. G.,
de Peretti. E. & David. M. (2004).Variations of
androgens and cortisol levels over six seasons
in professional football players. Science &
Sports, 19, 19–27.
Hoffman, J. T., Kang. J., Ratamess. N. A. & Faigen-
baum. A. D.(2005). Biochemical and Hormonal
Responses during an Intercollegiate Football
Season. Medicine & Science in Sports &
Exercise, 37(7), 1237-1241.
Lupo, C., Baldi. L., Bonifazi. M., Lodi. L., Martelli.
G., Viti. A. & Carli. G. (1985). Androgen levels
following a football match. European Journal
of Applied Physiology and Occupational
Physiology, 54(5), 494-496.
Sinar, V., Polat. Y., Baltaci, A. K. & Mogulkoc,
R.(2010). Effects of Magnesium
Supplementation on Testosterone Levels of
Athletes and Sedentary Subjects at Rest and
after Exhaustion. Biological Trace Element
Research, 140(1),
18-23.
Živanović, N., Marković, S., Ćosić, V., Palić, R.,
Ćirić, M., Andrašić, S., & Popović, M. (2010).
Effect of Acute Excercise on Xanthine Oxidase
Activity. Sport, stres, adaptacija – part II.
Proceedings(pp. 438-440). Soa: NSA „Vasil
Levski“.
one respondent didn’t have cortisol levels
within normal limits (subject No.7 cortisol =
640.2), while two other subjects didn’t have
the testosterone level within normal ranges
(subject No.2 testosterone = 3.95, subject No.4
testosterone = 3.98).
Obtained results upon taking the blood
after the speed endurance test 7x35m showed that
the increase of cortisol and testosterone levels
occurred in 5 subjects (increased cortisol levels:
subjects 1, 2, 5, 6, 8; increased testosterone
levels: subjects 1, 2 , 3, 4, 8).
CONCLUSION
Based on the results obtained
on football players testing in Subotica,
despite that the subjects had 10 years sports
experience, it can be concluded that there
was an increase of cortisol and testosterone
plasma level following the test of speed
endurance 7x35m, which is explained as
an adaptation of organism on the resulting
physical state as well as a response to new
stressful situation (physical exercise test
7x35m). The results we obtained conrm the
researches mentioned before.
REFERENCES
Bangsbo, J.(2003). Fitness Training in Soccer.
Michigan, Auburn: Data reproductions.
Cordova, A., Sureda, A., Tur, A. J., & Pons,
A.(2010). Immune response to exercise in
Table 2. Levels of cortisol and testosterone on the initial and nal measuring
Examinee
Initial
measuring
Final
measuring
7x35m
Cortisol Testosterone
1
410.3
425.8
2
314.3
340.34
3
314
279.7
4
435.7
411.7
5
305.2
315.6
6
394.8
451.2
7
640.2
230.4
8
489.7
554.2
1
5.41
10.83
2
3.95
9.01
3
7.20
13.47
4
3.98
5.81
5
5.89
4.48
6
7.72
6.68
7
13.83
11.30
8
6.24
7.28
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EFEKTITE NA TESTOT NA BRZINSKA IZDR@LIVOST
VRZ NIVOTO NA KORTIZOLOT I TESTOSTERONOT
KAJ FUDBALERITE
UDK: 796.332.012.12:577.175.5/.6
(Prethodno soop{tenie)
Rastko Pali}1, Danijela @ivkovi}2, Nenad @ivanovi}1,
Momir ]iri}1 i Slobodan Andra{i}2
1Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe,
Ni{, Srbija
2Univerzitet vo Novi Sad, Ekonomski fakultet,
Subotica, Srbija
Apstrakt
Iako, dosega{nite istra`uvawa poka`aa deka kaj treniranite ispitanici vo
sporedba so netreniranite lica, imaat zna~itelno ponisko nivo na kortizol i
srcev pritisok poradi stres predizvikan so fizi~ko ve`bawe, ovoj trud poka`uva
deka i kaj sportistite po fizi~koto ve`bawe, se javuava zgolemuvawe na nivoto na
kortizolot i testosteronot. Kako posledica na fizi~koto ve`bawe se javuva ponizok
srcev pritisok kako rezultat na podobra adaptacija na stresot i stresnata situacija.
Po stresnoto slu~uvawe (fizi~koto ve`bawe) nivoto na kortizolot i testosteronot
raste, pri {to kortizolot i testosteronot, kako i drugite glukokortikoidni agensi,
imaat {iroko rasprostraneti efekti koi go pomagaat obnovuvaweto na homeostazata.
Primerokot be{e so~inet od 8 fudbaleri od sojuzen rang na natprevari. Testiraweto
e sprovedeno vo Subotica 2010. godina. Prose~nata vozrast na fudbalerite be{e 21
godina, so prose~en trena`en sta` od 10 godini. Za procenuvawe na adaptacionite
promeni, be{e upotreben testot na brzinska izdr`livost 7h35m ((Bangsbo 2003).
Dobienite rezultati od istra`uvaweto uka`aa na navedenite fakti {to gi
potvrduvaat sovremenite studii koi zboruvaat za zgolemuvaweto na kortizolot i
testosteronot po fizi~koto ve`bawe.
Klu~ni zborovi: fizi~ka aktivnost, motorno testirawe, srcev pritisok,
trena`en process, физиолошко merewe
Correspondence:
Nenad Živanović,
University of Niš
Faculty of Sport and Physical Education
Čarnojevića 10a, 18000 Niš, Serbia
E- mail: zivanovic@fsfv.ni.ac.rs
Palić, R., et all..: EFFECTS OF SPEED ENDURANCE...
RIK 40( 2012) 2:269-272