Halliday's Introduction to Functional Grammar
... A functional linguistic approach (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014) further refines this analysis by examining how meanings are encoded in the lexico-grammatical system. As Halliday and Matthiessen state, "the lexicogrammar offers a range of resources for construing meaning, including processes, participants, circumstances, and structures, all of which can be used to express the same underlying meaning in different ways" (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014, p. 28). ...
... The concept of Inequality is dynamically shaped through specific linguistic realizations, which bring to the fore the multiple facets of social and economic disparity. A key strategy in this construction is the use of negative "clauses of possession" (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014), either realized as a verbal process in the negative polarity (do not have) or encoded within a nominal group (a lack of). Additionally, Inequality can be circumstantially construed through an adverbial group as in inadequately trained medical personnel, which strengthens a sense of scarcity: ...
... By framing Inequality as an issue validated by an external source, the text reinforces the idea of an objective and structural problem rather than one linked to corporate agency. Furthermore, the right pole of the semiotic square, which gives discursive form to Inequality, can be articulated through another lexico-grammatical resource, that is, "inexact Numeratives" (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014), such as Millions of (in 3) or in Approximately two-thirds and more than [number] million in (4). ...
This paper proposes a methodological approach that integrates semiotics and cognitive linguistics to analyse how Equality, Diversity and Inclusion (EDI) are communicated in Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reports, with a specific focus on the pharmaceutical industry. By combining Greimas’s Semiotic Square with the notions of construal and framing from cognitive linguistics, this approach provides a nuanced analysis of how these companies structure and convey their EDI commitments. The method allows for a detailed exploration of key semantic oppositions (e.g., Diversity vs. Non-Diversity, Inclusion vs. Exclusion) and how these oppositions are framed to align with ethical imperatives or business strategies. The paper endeavours to demonstrate how linguistic choices and cognitive mechanisms shape stakeholder perceptions of transparency and corporate responsibility. By presenting a systematic tool for analysing the intersection of language, meaning-making, and corporate social responsibility, this study seeks to unveil how companies phrase their intentions, commitments and achievements in the domain of EDI.
... The study of language known as Systemic Functional Linguistics, or SFL, sees language as having two properties: systemic and functional. Halliday & Matthiessen (2014) states that systemic because SFL understood language, or any other semiotic system, as networks of interconnecting alternatives through the premise of meaning as a choice. Because language is intended to accommodate many forms of usage, it was also functional. ...
... Because language is intended to accommodate many forms of usage, it was also functional. Ideational meaning, interpersonal meaning, and textual meaning were the functioning components (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). ...
... The situation(s), the participant(s) carrying out or impacted by the process, which is typically expressed by a noun phrase, and the process itself provide answers to queries such when, where, why, how, how many, and as what. Halliday and Matthiessen (2014) has identified six process types under transitivity, labelled as: Material, Mental, Relational, Verbal, Behavioural and Existential. While, types of circumstance are Extent, Location, Manner, Cause, Contingency, Accompaniment, Role, Matter and Angel. ...
This research discusses about Experiential Metafunction. The objectives of this research are to find out process of Experiential Metafunction and the participant function of Experiential Metafunction. This research uses SFL according to Halliday’s theory. The research on this thesis was carried by using qualitative method. The data were taken from clauses in selected poems by John Cooper Clarke. The research chose three poems that will be carried out Full-time loser, I Wanna Be Yours, and Kung Fu International. The result on this research show that were six types of process based on 54 clauses in selected poems by John Cooper Clarke, such as Material was occurred 22 clauses, Mental 7 clauses, Relational 19 clauses, Verbal 4 clauses, Behavioral occurred 1 clause and Existential 1 clause. The most frequent process contained in this research is material and relational.
... In Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG, henceforth), Halliday and Matthiessen (2014) proposed "a perspective on language that is grounded in how we use language to construe reality and enact social relationships" (Webster 2009: 1). SFG conceptualizes a view of language and its use in different contexts. ...
... In SFG, it is a system that describes the whole clause, rather than just the verb and its object (Thompson 2014). It is concerned with analyzing the linguistic structures of clauses that represent an experience as consisting of a flow of events, or 'goings-on' (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2014). Essentially, the latter is construed as a process (material, relational, verbal, mental, behavioral, and existential). ...
... The study follows a qualitative approach to investigate how experiential meaning is communicated in online articles reporting on the 2020 Tokyo Paralympics from four British newspapers. The study aims to identify transitivity choices made by journalists within the framework of Halliday and Matthiessen (2014). The latter is analyzed to uncover how sports journalists position athletes with disabilities in terms of the global events they are involved in. ...
This study examines the experiential meaning in the discourse of online news articles on the Tokyo Paralympics. Within Halliday and Matthiesson’s Systemic Functional Grammar (2014), transitivity analysis of clauses is conducted to uncover how material and relational processes are used to represent this event and how Paralympians are involved in these processes. The results reveal a complex representation of the Paralympics. Material and relational processes are used to construct experiences from athletic and medical perspectives. In material processes, Paralympians are involved in them, performing actor, goal, and beneficiary roles. In relational processes, they are characterized by attributes corresponding to athletic as well as medical descriptions.
... The study of clause-based speech functions, as developed by Halliday's systemic functional linguistics, provides significant insight into how language operates in film dialogues. According to Halliday and Matthiessen (2014), language serves three main functions: ideational (representing experiences), interpersonal (establishing social relationships), and textual (organizing discourse). This research focuses on the idea of interpersonal function. ...
... In this study, the researchers discussed 'Raya and The Last Dragon' movie using Martin and Rose's (2007) theory of negotiation analysis as the framework of the research and Halliday's (2014) systemic functional linguistic approach. ...
... Michael A. K. Halliday and his followers established Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), a social semiotic theory of language that aims to account for the structural, social, and developmental aspects of language within a single cohesive framework (Cheng, 2023). In SFL perspective, language constructs three types of meanings at the same time: ideational meaning to represent human experience, interpersonal meaning for enacting interactions among people, and textual meaning to create context relevance (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). These three meaning components are referred to metafunctions in systemic functional grammar. ...
p>Movie as a medium of storytelling offers a rich tapestry for examining the interplay between language and non-verbal communication. The researcher analyzed ‘Raya and The Last Dragon’ Movie; an animated film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios in 2021 which told about one last dragon which can bring back the harmony and balance to the degraded environment. This study aims to investigate clause-based speech functions and to reveal how minor and paralanguage have a significant role in the movie ‘Raya and The Last Dragon’. This research used qualitative descriptive method as a research method. The data collection of this research is conversation among the characters in movie script and clauses are the data of the research. The researchers discussed ‘Raya and The Last Dragon’ movie using Martin and Rose's (2007) theory of negotiation analysis as the framework of the research and Halliday's (2014) systemic functional linguistic approach. The research finds that the imperative speech function, used for commands, is the most dominant, serving to establish authority, manage behavior, and direct communication efficiently. Declarative statements are the most frequently used, serving to convey information, facts, and opinions, thus making character interactions clear. Furthermore, minor and paralanguage in ‘Raya and The Last Dragon’ find that calls are the most prevalent minor speech function, reflecting the intimacy or tension between characters. In terms of paralanguage, immediate compliance is most common, driven by the urgency of commands in the movie. Those speech functions are used by the characters to help the last dragon called Shisu bring back the harmony.</p
... Modality represents the validity of the strengths and weaknesses of a statement. (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). Modality focuses on how a speaker conveys their perspective or view regarding the veracity of what they have said (Dong, 2013). ...
... If modality is a type of modal judgment, then the metaphorical realization of modality is another level formed by a particular grammatical environment (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). There are two modal concepts in systemic functional linguistics: modalization and modulation. ...
... Based on the review of the related studies, all articles apply the theory metaphor of modality proposed by Halliday and Matthiessen (2014) in Systemic Functional Linguistics for analyzing the data. It is similar to current research, which uses the same theory to analyze the data presented in the book. ...
The metaphor of modality is a language variation in the expression of modality. Analyzing the metaphor of modality is essential to see the validity of the speaker’s statement in interpersonal communication. The theory of the metaphor of modality by Halliday and Matthiessen (2014) was applied to see the use of the metaphor of modality in the self-development book. This study aimed to find the types and values of the metaphor of modality used by speakers during conversations in the book. The method of this study was descriptive qualitative. This study found 53 data containing the metaphor of modality in the book Conversations on Love by Natasha Lunn. The data were categorized into types and values of probability, obligation, and inclination. The type of probability has 40 data, the type of obligation has 6 data, and the last type of inclination has 7 data. Then, the value of metaphor of modality was found with a median value of 28 data, a high value of 23 data, and a low value of 2 data.
... This research investigated how the connection between language and culture is reflected in how transitivity systems are used in song lyrics. One of the elements of the ideational function in Halliday's (2014) outline of the three metafunctions is the transitivity system. ...
... This approach accepts the presence of three functions of language namely: describing experience (ideational function), exchanging experience (interpersonal function), and stringing experience (textual function). The three language functions are known as language metafunctions (Halliday, 2014). Halliday (2014) argues that SFL provides a theoretical framework for understanding how language functions in texts. ...
... The three language functions are known as language metafunctions (Halliday, 2014). Halliday (2014) argues that SFL provides a theoretical framework for understanding how language functions in texts. ...
Transitivity is pivotal in comprehending the precise meaning of song lyrics to effectively convey the messages communicated through the language used in songs. However, transitivity analysis in lyric songs has received substantial attention from academics worldwide, there remains a notable dearth of studies focused on Batak Toba song lyrics, particularly those addressed to children. This research sought to look into how efficient transitivity usage can improve the overall meaning and guidance in song lyrics. It also investigated the relationship between language and culture in Batak Toba song lyrics and how this relationship is reflected in the daily lives of the Batak Toba community Using interactive data analysis and descriptive qualitative methods influenced by Miles, Huberman, and Saldana (2014), this study systematically examined twenty examples of song lyrics to determine the prevalence and variability of transitivity, as well as the relationship between language and culture. The data were analyzed using transitivity as a component of ideational function in Halliday's (2014)’s meta function model. The results showed that songwriters used a range of transitivity elements to convey their ideas. The most frequently used of types of process was the material process, which accounted for 47,8% of all uses. The actor participant, was the most frequently used, accounting for 47,4% of all uses, while the circumstance of location was the most prevalent accounting for 37%. This study highlighted the significance of transitivity analysis in song lyrics and provided valuable insights for songwriters and children. It is essential to comprehend how language and culture interact when communicating ideas through song lyrics. In this context , the message delivered through language in song lyrics is influenced by culture. Therefore, songwriters must consider cultural elements when arranging each word in song lyrics to ensure that the intended message is understood and attracts the audience’s interest. Further researches are required to examine the importance of the transitivity system in song lyrics across various cultures to provide diverse perspective on song lyrics.
... Previous research (Hyland, 2003;Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014) has largely focused on general linguistic features in EFL writing, but it has often overlooked the influence of gender. Studies have shown that men tend to use more action-oriented language, while women frequently express emotions and maintain interpersonal relationships (Lakoff, 1975;Romaine, 1994). ...
... Knapp and Watkins (2005) highlight that lexicogrammatical features in narratives, such as action and mental verbs, reveal the writer's worldview and communicative goals. Action verbs are typically associated with assertiveness and leadership, while mental verbs convey introspection and emotion (Tannen, 1990;Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). ...
... Several studies have identified significant gender-based differences in the use of lexicogrammatical features in narratives. Men tend to use more action verbs, reflecting their focus on dynamic activities and external challenges, which aligns with their broader communication style of assertiveness and control (Hyland, 2003;Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). Women, on the other hand, are more likely to use mental verbs, focusing on internal states and emotions, which reflects a relational and introspective communication Gender-Based Differences in EFL Writing: Linguistic Features in Indonesian High School Students' Narratives style (Holmes, 2008). ...
This study uniquely investigates gender-based differences in the linguistic features of narrative texts within the under-researched context of Indonesian high school students learning English as a Foreign Language (EFL). Focusing specifically on narrative writing, this research provides novel insights into how gender influences written expression. Using a qualitative content analysis approach, narrative texts were collected from 20 students (10 male and 10 female) enrolled in a tutoring and English course institution in Indonesia. The texts were analyzed to identify lexicogrammatical features, as outlined by Knapp (2005), with particular attention to the use of action and mental verbs. The findings revealed that male students predominantly used action verbs to describe challenging activities and responsibility, such as "fought against big waves," highlighting assertiveness and leadership traits. In contrast, female students employed more mental verbs, such as "felt happy and proud," emphasizing emotions and personal experiences, which reflected a more introspective and relational writing style. These findings highlight the alignment of gender-based differences with social norms and cultural expectations. The study suggests that using gender-sensitive methodologies in EFL teaching enhances inclusivity by addressing students’ diverse communication needs. This research makes a valuable contribution by proposing practical, gender-responsive strategies for language education.
... Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), developed by Halliday, is an analytical framework that views language as a social semiotic system, focusing on how meaning is constructed through three core functions: ideational, interpersonal, and textual (Halliday, 1978;Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). The ideational function structures experience and build reality, the interpersonal function builds social relationships and expresses attitudes, and the textual function structures discourse coherently, facilitating understanding (Eggins, 2004). ...
... This literature review explores Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) as a theoretical model of analyzing language in context, with specific focus on sport commentary. Rooted in Halliday's ideational, interpersonal, and textual functions model, SFL precisely captures the ways in which language builds real-time stories and connects with audiences and is thus well adapted to the study of sports discourse (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014;Eggins, 2004). Research on sports commentary accentuates its double function of commenting on a live event and creating a compelling story, engaging the audience and informing cultural identities (Desai, 2017;Bednarek, 2006). ...
... SFL, a linguistic model that Halliday pioneered, is a root model in linguistics that sees language as a semiotic system, which has three essential metafunctions: ideational, interpersonal, and textual. The ideational function enables speakers to express their experience of the world, representing reality in language and construe different processes, participants, and circumstances (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). This characterizes language to represent actions and structure knowledge that results in sending the content encapsulated in communication (Thompson, 2013). ...
This study examines the linguistic input of language used in cricket commentary and how it contributes to the engagement of viewers, as well as their understanding of the nuances of live sports events. Guided by the Hallidayan Model of Language and Discourse with its three metafunctions ideational, interpersonal, and textual, the research primarily aims to examine the linguistic features that operate in live cricket commentary. It was extracted from LIVE data from the cricket commentary session, where there is a verbal conversation between commentators' face to face. The results mark the functional role of language in commentary to mediate sociomathematical meaning instead of simply describing the meaning. This suggests that ideational metafunction allows commentaries to have a live description of what is taking place on the playing field, thereby facilitating the viewers in understanding the match going on. Commentators were reporting first-hand accounts of events to which viewers would be able to relate, making this interpersonal metafunction connecting commentators and viewers in such a way that it would encourage audience participation and shared experience. The Textual metafunction: This metafunction is responsible for coherence and continuity in the text, it helps the audience keep up with the fast-paced game. Moreover, the study underscores the impact of contextual factors (field, tenor, and mode) on the language used in commentary. The best commentators practiced make watching significantly better by adding humor, suspense, and community, especially during dead time in a game. Overall, the analysis highlights that while cricket commentary the importance of cricket commentary as a complex and dynamic mode of communication enhances the viewer's experience and contributes to making meaning within the discourse practices of live sports. This suggests the importance of language in sports communication as well as its power to either engage or disengage audiences and to influence audience perception.
... The system of transitivity is the grammatical system for analysing the clause as a representation. Transitivity is a system of the clause, impacting not only the verb serving as Process but also Participants and Circumstances (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). Eggins (2004) postulates that transitivity analysis is the organization of the clause to realize ideational meanings; meanings about how we represent reality in language. ...
... Participants are close to the centre; they are directly involved in the process; they bring about its occurrence of the process or they are affected by it in some way. Unlike participants, circumstances are not directly involved in the process; they are almost always optional augmentations of the clause rather than obligatory components (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014) so not much will be said about it in this study. ...
Grounded in the transitivity strand of Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar, this study investigates the transitivity patterns of the first two addresses delivered by the president of Ghana, Nana Addo Dankwa Akuffo-Addo, to Ghanaians after Ghana recorded its first six cases of the coronavirus to ascertain how the Covid 19 pandemic is construed in Ghana and how its initial reality is interpreted. Among many things, the addresses sought to give directives, call on various sectors and create awareness concerning the pandemic’s causes, effects, and precautions. The study discovered the projection of the president of Ghana as the active agent who is placed in the driver’s seat of Ghana’s fight against the pandemic together with some ministries and parliament as well as the entire Ghanaian populace. The processes associated with these participants are of movement depicting that they are active in their quest to confront the pandemic. Unfortunately, the health officials who are ideally expected to be active under such circumstances are not given agent roles in the data. There is a great awareness of the interpretation of the reality of the pandemic that is being portrayed in these addresses. Even though it is beyond the scope of this study to examine the reception and impact of these addresses and draw conclusions, the study reveals that examining these addresses clarifies the government’s position on the pandemic situation as well as strategies for creating awareness and promoting preventive behaviours and attitudes.
... The discourse practice dimension involved with quoting layers and focuses on their intertextual interpretative interplay as in extracts (7, 8, 9, 10, 17, 18, 19, and 20). * Halliday & Matthiessen (2014) argued that the clause cons ists of two inherent central elements: a process 'the verb' and participants 'nominals', along with circumstances 'prepositional or adverbial phrases' that provides optional augmentations to the center of the clause. † Focalization in hard news narrative refers to the viewpoint from which the external voice 'the news maker who claims objective position' constructs events from the perspective of the prevailing institutional ideologies in the social order (Fulton, 2006). ...
... This statement highlights the recurrence of the subtype circumstance of behalf (i.e., here probes whom the action is taken against), which is in clause 1 (against Omar) 'dˤida ʔilhan ʔumar', and in clause 2 (against Muslims) 'dˤida ʔalmuslimiːn'. According to Halliday & Matthiessen's (2014) analogy, the existential clause 2 in this narrative form, atop of the story, introduces the participant Omar (whom a negative tweet inciting violence is made against) from a specific angle. Like (2), the projected angle in (4) 'dˤaʕfan ʃadidan ' fi ħali samaːħiha biduxuːli naʔibatajni muslimatajni ʔalʔamriːkijatajni wa muʔajidatajni lilfilastiːnijiːn, taʕtazimani zijaːrata ʔalʔara dˤi ʔalfilastinija The US president considered that Israel would "show great weakness" if permitted the entry of two US Muslim representatives and pro-Palestinians, who have expressed their intentions to visit the Palestinian territories. ...
The study investigates the portrayal of two American Muslim congresswomen in Al-Jazeera and BBC Arabic and English news websites. The analysis aimed to highlight the competing ideologies of these websites, by utilizing Fairclough’s (1995) three-dimensional framework, and other tools, to compare Arabic and English articles textually and discursively. The findings revealed Al-Jazeera’s inclination to present the congresswomen favorably. Al-Jazeera English catered de-alienated portrayal by highlighting their national and religious identities, whereas Al-Jazeera Arabic conveyed sentimental elements of affiliation and belonging that resonated with the Arab readership. With a contrastive approach to mobilization, the BBC posited an adverse perspective on the portrayal of the congresswomen. Nevertheless, they adjusted their content to conform to cultural preferences of their Arab readers. The findings indicate that hegemonic structures govern media institutions; while prioritizing their ideologies, they place significant effort to ensure that their narrative is in line with the socio-cultural realities of their intended audience.
... Since a multitude of different purposes are imaginable for any given translation task, different purposes will, and should, manifest themselves in different choices being made by the translator in the actual wording of the target text (when the TT is a verbal-language text). In this regard, Skopos theory parallels functionalist language theory, especially the systemic-functional variety (SFL), whose descriptions of language are equally premised on the notion of choice (see, e.g., Halliday, 2013;Hasan, 2013;Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). Actual language production is sequential choicemaking, which implies the presence of paradigmatically organized sets of options from which selections must be made (between, e.g., a declarative and an interrogative clause, between modalizing a verb or not, between different lexical synonyms etc.). ...
... According to Matthiessen (1999, 2014), semantic figures have their most 'natural' (or, in SF parlance, congruent) grammatical realization in clauses, i.e. in S-V-O structures, with 'participants' realized in the grammatical subject and object and actions/processes in the verb. However, naturally occurring language -specialized registers of language use in particular -can often be seen to defy this 'principle', with figures being grammatically realized in, or downranked to (noun) phrases rather than clauses (see Halliday & Matthiessen, 1999;2014). This, precisely, is the case with many of the terms in the present corpus, one example being a term (realized in a noun phrase) like radiofrequency ablation, which refers to the process of using radio waves to destroy cancer cells. ...
Situated at the crossroads between Intralingual Translation Studies and terminological research, this article investigates the reformulation of English multi-word medical terms into layman's expressions. Theoretically, the investigation combines a functionalist approach to (the study of) translation with Meylaerts and Marais' (2023) Peircean translation theory. Based on the functionalist emphasis on the centrality of choice in translation, the investigation charts the micro-level translational options, i.e. the micro-level strategies, at the intralingual translator's disposal, deducible from a sample of around 250 paired source-target items. From Meylaerts and Marais (2023) is adopted the notion of orientation, which holds that translation may be oriented towards the representamen (the vehicle or 'surface' of the source sign), the interpretant (meaning) or the object (the 'external reality' referred to by the sign). The investigation charts how two basic options, viz. representamen and interpretant translation, underpin a number of more specific options. At the representamen level, a number of strategies familiar from Translation Studies are identified, such as literal translation, synonymy and superordination. At the interpretant level, the options primarily consist in the specification of circumstantial elements and semantic participants. In future research, it remains to be investigated whether these findings apply to terminologies beyond medicine.
... Interpersonal Metafunction Halliday (1985Halliday ( , 1994 proposed the theory of metafunctions in the framework of functional grammar. Later, he and C. Matthiessen ( 2004Matthiessen ( , 2014 collaborated together and argue that language serves the following metafunctions: ideational, interpersonal, and textual. The author states that each type of meaning "forms part of a different functional configuration, making up a separate stand in the overall meaning of the clause" (p. ...
... We refer to these inclination and obliging scales as modulation. According to Halliday and Matthiessen (2014), modal verbs like "you must go" and "I should go" convey obligation and inclination as a component of mood. They can also be utilized as a predictor in residue, the section of a sentence that follows the mood component. ...
Discourse linguists nowadays have been steadily shifting their interest from the traditional emphasis on linguistic text structures and toward how texts build reality in social contexts in recent years. There has been emphasis on the fact that understanding the syntactic structures, morphological formations, and phonological aspects of a text does not guarantee that the reader will also understand the text's underlying meanings. Intentional or inadvertent insertions made by the text designer between the layers of text are equally significant and should not be overlooked. With a focus on mood and modal auxiliary operators, this project aims to analyze a selection of articles from National Geographic using Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG). The articles are information-centered and heavily rely on declarative clauses, as indicated by the results of the mood selections (97.3%). The majority (49.1%) of modal auxiliary operators are low scale operators.
... Dijk (1985a-d), mengemukakan bahwa terdapat tiga kerangka struktur teks yaitu struktur makro, superstruktur (struktur alur), dan struktur mikro. Selain itu, teori Metafungsi interpersonal yang dikemukakan oleh Halliday & Matthiessen (2013), mengacu 10.26555/jg.v7i1.11998 pada hubungan antara penulis dan pembaca serta bagaimana hubungan tersebut dibentuk melalui penggunaan bahasa (Briones, 2016). ...
... Analisis performansi sudah sesuai dengan semua konsep. Pada analisis teks sudah sesuai dengan konsep yang dikemukakan oleh Halliday & Matthiessen (2013). Selain itu, pada ko-teks dan konteks juga sudah sesuai dengan konsep yang dikemukakan oleh Finnegan (2005). ...
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis performansi Rajah Mata Timoeh pada masyarakat Aceh menggunakan pendekatan antropolinguistik. Performansi rajah pengobatan dianalisis menggunakan konsep yang dikemukakan oleh Halliday & Matthiessen untuk mengidentifikasi struktur pada teks rajah, dan konsep yang dikemukakan oleh Finnegan untuk mengidentifikasi ko-teks serta konteks. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan etnografi, melalui observasi dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa struktur teks Rajah Mata Timoeh terdiri dari 4 mood deklaratif (44,44%) dan 5 mood imperatif (55,56%), di mana mood deklaratif berfungsi sebagai sugesti dan mood imperatif berperan dalam memberikan perintah untuk mengusir entitas gaib. Ko-teks Rajah Mata Timoeh yaitu sebagai media komunikasi antara Tabib dan entitas gaib, sedangkan konteksnya bersifat informal. Simpulan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa performansi Rajah Mata Timoeh adalah ujaran-ujaran yang dihaturkan performer (Tabib) untuk mengusir entitas gaib dalam rangka mengobati penyakit mata dengan menggunakan material berupa 7 ujung bambu, 7 butir beras, 7 bunga terong. 3 daun terong, batok eter dan pisau yang dilakukan secara informal.
... Halliday M. , 2014) states that theme can be multiple or split. Multiple theme is defined as consisting of textual and interpersonal or both beside the topical theme. ...
This paper intends to examine thematic progression in economic news reports. The data is limited to three selected reports on Iraq negotiations with Gazprom to develop Al-Nasiriyah oilfield. The paper aims to investigate thematic progression in the reports selected through identifying the theme and rheme in each clause and their types and how thematic progression and its types are linked with the rheme of the said context. The paper is carried out through the qualitative method approach based on an eclectic model including Halliday (2014) systematic functional grammar and Bloor and Bloor (2004) thematic progression patterns. The results show that economic news reports focus on presenting detailed information and facts of the negotiations between Iraq and Gazprom relying on multiple themes in order to draw the readers' attention towards the topic and its importance. Moreover, the simple linear and constant themes are used more frequently to create a good sense of comprehension, rhythm and better realization of the details of the topic. Keywords: Economic reports, Gazprom, Iraq, Oil sector, Theme-rheme, Thematic
progression
... Analysis in NLP examines how well connected different parts of a text are connected (i.e., the use of pronouns, conjunctions, and lexical repetition), which help to maintain continuity and facilitates communication (60). High cohesion in narratives is often associated with better mental health and cognitive functioning. ...
Introduction: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) significantly affects adolescents' everyday lives, particularly in emotion regulation and interpersonal relationships. Despite its high prevalence, ADHD remains underdiagnosed, highlighting the need for improved diagnostic tools. This study explores, for the first time, the potential of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and stylometry to identify linguistic markers within Self-Defining Memories (SDMs) of adolescents with ADHD and to evaluate their utility in detecting the disorder. A further novel aspect of this research is the use of SDMs as a linguistic dataset, which reveals meaningful patterns while engaging psychological processes related to identity and memory. Method: Our objectives were to: (1) characterize linguistic features of SDMs in ADHD and control groups; (2) assess the predictive power of stylometry in classifying participants' narratives as belonging to either the ADHD or control group; and (3) conduct a qualitative analysis of key linguistic markers of each group. Sixty-six adolescents (25 diagnosed with ADHD and 41 typically developing peers) recounted SDMs in a semi-structured format; these narratives were transcribed for analysis. Stylometric features were extracted and used to train a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier to distinguish between narratives from the ADHD and control groups. Linguistic metrics such as wordcount, lexical diversity, lexical density, and cohesion were computed and analyzed. A qualitative analysis was also applied to examine stylistic patterns in the narratives. Results: Adolescents with ADHD produced narratives that were shorter, less lexically diverse, and less cohesive. Stylometric analysis using an SVM classifier distinguished between ADHD and control groups with up to 100% precision. Distinct linguistic markers were identified, potentially reflecting difficulties in emotion regulation. Discussion: These findings suggest that NLP and stylometry can enhance ADHD diagnostics by providing objective linguistic markers, thereby improving both its understanding and diagnostic procedures. Further research is needed to validate these methods in larger and more diverse populations.
... The integration of discourse input and continuation writing creates a dual "language-logic" scaffolding through recitation, forming a closed-loop system of input internalization and output transfer. Based on Halliday's Discourse Function Theory (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014), teachers can select texts with typical discourse features-such as the "claimevidence-conclusion" structure in argumentative essays or the "setting-conflict-resolution" framework in narratives-as recitation materials. Students are guided to analyze cohesive devices (e.g., pronouns, conjunctions) and information progression (e.g., theme-rheme structures). ...
Guided by the General Senior High School English Curriculum Standard (2017 Edition), this research embarks on an in - depth exploration of the theoretical underpinnings and innovative applications of recitation input within the domain of senior high school English writing instruction. By skillfully integrating cognitive psychology and second-language acquisition theories, it constructs a solid analytical framework. The findings unmistakably reveal that recitation input substantially bolsters language accuracy, fluency, and cross-cultural expressiveness. This remarkable effect is attained through effectively fortifying language schemata, considerably reducing writing anxiety, steadily cultivating language intuition, and efficiently counteracting the negative transfer of the mother tongue. Based on meticulous theoretical analysis, this study puts forward a series of well-thought-out innovative strategies. These strategies include a collaborative teaching model ingeniously combining discourse analysis with continuation writing, carefully designed hierarchical recitation tasks precisely in line with the curriculum standard, corpus-based screening of high-frequency chunks, elaborately crafted multimodal input design, and theme-integrated unit-level recitation tasks. The overarching objective is to seamlessly transform mechanical memorization into creative output, thereby effectively promoting language internalization and transfer. This study not only furnishes valuable theoretical and practical insights for English writing pedagogy but also indicates potential future directions, such as technology-enabled applications and cross-cultural adaptation of recitation strategies.
... Wang and Fang (2019), in a study that compared one professional interpreter's performance in onsite and remote interpreting, developed a more refined meaning unit-based accuracy assessment framework. A meaning unit is defined as a 'clause' in Halliday's (Halliday and Matthiessen 2013) term, representing a grammatical structure that not only serves as an independent syntactic entity but also has semantic meaning to form a message. Unlike the error-based assessment approach, Wang and Fang added strategic addition and strategic omission in the categories to show interpreter's coordination efforts, such as offering cultural explanations and explicitly stating the implied meanings in the source text, to facilitate the successful transfer of the speaker's communicative goal. ...
This study explores how sentiment analysis, a natural language processing technique, can help to assess the accuracy of interpreting learners’ renditions. The data was obtained from a corpus consisting of 22 interpreting learners’ performance over a training period of 11 weeks and comparable professional interpreters’ performance used as a reference. The sentiment scores of learners’ output were calculated using two lexicon-based sentiment tools and compared to the reference. The results revealed the learners’ limited ability to convey the speaker’s sentiment, which mainly resulted from their omission and distortion of key sentiment words and their intensity. Additionally, statistically significant correlations were found between the learner-reference sentiment gap of a given rendition and its accuracy level as perceived by the human raters, yet the extent of correlation is moderate. This suggests that the predictive power of sentiment analysis as a standalone indicator of accuracy is limited. Overall, the findings of this study have practical implications for the design of automated interpreting quality assessment tools and interpreting training.
... Theme and rheme realization in clauses and also in text for a broader scope is also defined as a system of information or ideas relationship. The theme is a point of departure which is also defined as given information while rheme is part of the theme is developed which is also defined as new information (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2013). In this concept, theme is the first part of the clause which is believed as the important part a speaker wants to deliver while rheme is the information that conveys the information about the theme (Mahlberg, 2007). ...
This study investigates the message of a person who committed suicide in a letter that was found on 7th September 2021. To define the messages in the letter, this study observed the realization of the theme and rheme types and structure. So, there are three focuses of this study; (1) how is the realization of theme and rheme in the letter, (2) how is the structure of the theme and rheme in the letter, and (3) what are the messages the person who committed suicide wanted the readers to know. The analysis defined three findings. First, most of the themes are in the type of single-ideational which explains the confession of the writer because the theory of ideational theme explains it as a theme for a statement or declarative mode of clause. In this first finding, the writer was identified as well-committed in his action of doing suicide. Second, all the themes from each clause are linked in a Constant thematic pattern. This second finding explains the cohesion of the ideas of the writer in his writings. Third, the statement of the writer which was indicated by the single ideational theme and the message unity which was explained the by finding of the constant thematic progression pattern explained 4 messages (1) a giving responsibility of his children to his wife, (2) complains about his wife disrespect to him, (3) a farewell to his children, and (4) a confirmation of his authorship in the letter. The messages which are defined in the letter tell that the motive of the suicide is “a long-term marriage conflict”.
... It has been used in Indonesian context since 2004 and widely promoted in curriculum 2013 (Santosa et al., 2022). In ELT, GBA incorporates texts across various media, including spoken, written, audio, visual, and multimodal forms (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). Specifically, these texts can be applied to reading materials used in language learning. ...
Coursebooks as one of the learning sources are important to meet the students’ needs, especially those that match with the current curriculum. The current curriculum in Indonesia is Merdeka Curriculum. Therefore, the value of Genre Based Approach (GBA) in the Merdeka curriculum in a 7th grade Junior High School English coursebook is examined. An adopted checklist consists of 25 items focused on the subjects and contents, skill and sub-skills, and practical consideration is used as the evaluation matrix. The result answers three research questions. First, the coursebook shows a variety of activities. The most frequent reading activity is “read and answer questions”. Followed by “read and fill the blanks'' which becomes almost the two fifth part from the whole reading activities. Next, “read descriptive text”, “read sentences'', and “read comic strips'' also appear in the coursebook for less than 10%. The other reading activities are “read procedure text”, “read and draw map”, and “read a descriptive text and answer a true or false statement” (5.8% for each). Then, the last are “read and underline”, “read and give checklist”, and “read and ask someone’s identity” with the smallest portion in the coursebook. Second, the genres that appear in the coursebook are descriptive, procedure, and persuasive text. Last, the result of whether the coursebooks are implementing Genre-based Approach in Merdeka curriculum standards or not, and the result from the first and second research questions show that the coursebook that has been analyzed is implementing Genre-based Approach in Merdeka curriculum standards.
... For instance, Halliday and Matthiessen (2014) present an overview encompassing various types of relational processes that can be identified, including attribution, identification, possession, and association. Additionally, they emphasize the crucial role of context in determining the appropriate employment of specific relational processes (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). ...
This paper aims to explore the complexities inherent in the relational processes of transitivity within Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG). Transitivity, as a fundamental concept in SFG, deals with the analysis of how participants and processes are interconnected in clauses. While SFG provides a comprehensive framework for understanding these relations, it is not without its ambiguities. This study investigates the nature and extent of these complexities by examining various textual examples and proposes a methodology to address them. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the complexities within the transitivity system and offer insights for future refinements in SFG analysis.
... The Interpersonal Metafunction of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), which was developed by M.A.K. Halliday (2014;Thompson et al., 2019), emphasises the role of language in the establishment and maintenance of social relationships, the negotiation of roles, and the communication of attitudes, judgements, and emotions. Additionally, SFL views language as a resource for constructing meaning in social contexts. ...
Studi ini menyelidiki strategi wacana dari lima gerakan sosial global—#IceBucketChallenge, #ReadyFor100, #FridaysForFuture, #MeToo, dan #BlackLivesMatter—untuk meningkatkan efektivitas advokasi. Studi ini menekankan tiga area: (1) Praktik Wacana (produksi, distribusi, konsumsi), (2) Praktik Sosiokultural (ideologi, hegemoni, kekuasaan), dan (3) Praktik Teks (Metafungsi Interpersonal: SUASANA HATI dan MODALITAS dalam tagar). Data dari situs web resmi dan media sosial dianalisis menggunakan kerangka kerja Halliday dan Analisis Wacana Kritis Faircloughian. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa #IceBucketChallenge memanfaatkan video pengguna, sementara #MeToo dan #BlackLivesMatter memberdayakan suara akar rumput melalui platform digital. Praktik sosiokultural menimbulkan tantangan terhadap rasisme sistemik, patriarki, dan ketergantungan bahan bakar fosil. Modalitas deontik dan kalimat imperatif diidentifikasi melalui analisis tagar, yang menggarisbawahi pentingnya partisipasi kolektif, akuntabilitas moral, dan urgensi. Gerakan-gerakan ini mempromosikan solidaritas, menantang kekuasaan, dan mempercepat perubahan transformatif. Di masa mendatang, penelitian harus menyelidiki interaksi advokasi offline dan digital, berbagai gerakan di seluruh wilayah, dan aktivisme di bawah batasan platform. This study investigates the discourse strategies of five global social movements—#IceBucketChallenge, #ReadyFor100, #FridaysForFuture, #MeToo, and #BlackLivesMatter—in order to improve the efficacy of advocacy. It emphasizes three areas: (1) Discourse Practice (production, distribution, consumption), (2) Sociocultural Practice (ideology, hegemony, power), and (3) Text Practice (Interpersonal Metafunction: MOOD and MODALITY in hashtags). Data from official websites and social media were analyzed using Halliday's framework and Faircloughian Critical Discourse Analysis. Findings indicate that the #IceBucketChallenge capitalized on user videos, while #MeToo and #BlackLivesMatter empowered grassroots voices through digital platforms. Sociocultural practices posed a challenge to systemic racism, patriarchy, and fossil fuel dependency. A deontic modality and imperative sentences were identified through hashtag analysis, which underscored the importance of collective participation, moral accountability, and urgency. These movements promote solidarity, challenge power, and accelerate transformative change. In the future, research should investigate the interplay of offline and digital advocacy, diverse movements across regions, and activism under platform restrictions.
... suggests that effective EFL writers employ modality as a tool to nuance their arguments, indicating varying levels of certainty, obligation, and possibility. This aligns with Halliday's Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) framework (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014), which emphasizes that modality strengthens academic discourse by allowing writers to express subtle distinctions in stance and probability-essential elements in advanced argumentation. ...
... In addition, CDA is used to explore language structures and uncover hidden meanings to identify how text and visuals create social representations, especially on local cultures represented through EFL textbooks. In this research, Systemic Functional Analysis is used to analyze textually which was developed by Halliday and Matthiessen (2014). Apart from that, analysis of visual elements is also involved in this research using the theory of visual grammar proposed by Kress and Van Leeuwen (2021). ...
Although numerous studies have explored cultural elements in EFL textbooks, there is a lack of research on the inclusion of Indonesian local culture in EFL textbooks following the autonomous curriculum. Thus, this study utilizes the autonomous curriculum English as a Foreign Language (EFL) textbook employed in Indonesia to examine the portrayal of local culture within it. Through Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) (Fairclough, 2013), researchers want to know the extent of local cultural representation contained in EFL textbooks. This research employs systemic functional analysis, a method that Halliday and Matthiessen (2014) originally devised, to analyze textual data (dialogue, worksheet instruction, and article) contained in EFL textbooks. In addition, visual data is analyzed in accordance with Kress and Van Leeuwen's Visual Grammar Theory (2021). The scope of this research is limited to the depiction of Indonesian local culture in a selected Indonesian EFL textbook that is officially published and utilized within the nation. The results show that local Indonesian culture is integrated in EFL textbooks visually and textually, with elements of local culture that are often found in textbooks, as it mainly focused on the traditions, values and symbols of Indonesian life.
... Mean length of response not only indicates the length of a response but is also the most common indicator of syntactic complexity in speech (Isbell et al., 2004;McGinty et al., 2012). Causal language is traditionally associated with syntactic complexity in speech (Halliday, 1989;Halliday & Matthiessen, 2013), given the importance of causal explanations to support reading comprehension (Graesser, 2007). Degener and Berne (2017) suggest that the complexity of engagement with a written problem or question is not held within the text itself but, instead, in the demands placed on it by the questioner. ...
Question-asking, a foundational aspect of human communication, is an integral part of information-seeking behavior. This review delves into the complex landscape of question asking theories, exploring their many intersections with a myriad of fields such as social discourse, early development, problem solving, artificial intelligence (AI), and educational applications. We explore not just why asking questions is important for cognitive development and learning, but also the nature of good questions and potential benefits of learning to ask better, more complex questions. To this aim, we introduce the Question-Asking in Information Seeking (QuInS) framework, a comprehensive framework synthesizing decades of research on question-asking across developmental, social, educational, and technological domains. Through QuInS, we introduce a unified perspective on the iterative, dynamic processes that drive inquiry, emphasizing how curiosity, creativity, and cognitive engagement shape effective question-asking. We examine the origins of question-asking in childhood, theories of inquiry as information-seeking behavior, and the role of complex, open-ended questions in fostering creativity and problem-solving. In addition, we explore how advancements in AI, computational models, and educational strategies help us formulate better questioning approaches. Lastly, we highlight the implications and future research directions which arise from these different theories and explore how these findings can be harnessed to make people more efficient, effective and creative learners and question askers.
... In contrast, genres that allow for more personal expression, like reflective essays and opinion pieces, prompted the students to utilize a greater number of textual and interpersonal Themes. The textual and interpersonal Themes enable the students to guide the reader, signal their stance, and create a more engaging, interactive text (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). ...
... It can be concluded that relational processes can be found in novels, newspapers, speech, or movies. Relational process is an existence relationship that is set up between two separate entities (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). Relational process is the process that appears the most in this study and carrier & attribute appear as the most common participants. ...
This study aims to find out the types of processes that occur and the realization of the transitivity system in Barbie films. With the transitivity system, the writer can find out the characters and messages conveyed in the film through the main character describing her thoughts and feelings. This thesis uses the theory of Systemic Functional Grammar by M. A. K Halliday by using descriptive qualitative method. The data in this study is from the Barbie movie script, which focuses only on the utterances of the main character, Barbie. The results of the analysis showed that in this movie there were all types of transitivity (6 types) processes. The types of transitivity consist of the relational process (140 data) with percentage 44%, material process (79 data) with percentage 25%, mental process (63 data) with percentage 20%, behavioral process (22 data) with percentage 7%, verbal process (11 data) with percentage 3%, and existential process (2 data) with percentage 1%. The relational process is the most common process in this study. Carrier and attribute are the most common participants that appeared in clauses. For circumstance, location is the most common circumstance in clauses, both temporal and spatial location. The relational process indicates that through the role of Barbie, it can be seen this movie provides a detailed explanation of the relationship between one and the other like Barbie's relationship with Ken and also with her creator, Ruth Handler. The movie’s script has a good structure because the type of participant and the process have a balance of occurrence in the clause.
... Halliday (1978) named these social functions as 'meta-functions: ideational, interpersonal, and textual functions. The ideational meta, according to Halliday (2014), construes human experience in the world and involves the system of transitivity. Halliday (1981) states that the function of transitivity is clause analysis. ...
This study explores transitivity in the ideational meta-function of language in the editorials of two Indian English newspapers, namely the Indian Express and the Hindu. This research aimed to examine the representation of Kashmir’s special status in Indian newspaper editorials and to find the frequently appearing types of transitivity processes in Indian newspapers about revoking Kashmir’s special status. The transitivity analysis was carried out by using the UAM corpus analysis tool through which the text of the editorials was first tagged and then analyzed. The study selected 31 editorials from the Indian Express and the Hindu for the study. This was a clause analysis, and all the types of processes, participants and circumstances were investigated. The study utilized quantitative and qualitative data analysis methods. The quantitative findings UAM corpus tool revealed: Transitivity processes =498, Participants=897, Circumstantial elements = 257. The material process accounted for 59.58% of the total (600), the mental process accounted for 5.06% (51), the relational process accounted for 16.39% (165), the verbal process accounted for 6.06% (61), the existential process accounted for 1.49% (15) and the behavioral process accounted for 1.99 percent (20). The transitivity analysis stood as one of the significant discourse models to unveil the hidden meaning present in the text. Transitivity analysis allowed for the in-depth analysis of the selected editorials. The analysis revealed three major themes, including the justification of the decision about the revoked Article 370, the regional and international implications of the decision and the counter-narrative of the decision. These three themes were decoded using transitivity analysis. The Indian editorials strategically utilized participants, process and circumstances to present the decision about the revocation of Kashmir's Special status. The linguistic choices used in the editorials unveiled power dynamics, tension, prospects, consequences, threats and other aspects.
... Azar & Hagen (2011) described a clause as a group of words that consists of a subject and a verb. A clause is part of a larger sentence (Huddleston et al., 2005), and it is often called as sub-sentence (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). A sub-sentence means that a clause is a smaller unit than sentence, but has its own subject and predicate to form meanings. ...
This descriptive qualitative research aimed to identify instances of relative clause omission in the movie Tenet by director Christopher Nolan. A theory from Hewings (2013) was applied to determine relative clauses in the data source. Observation and documentation were used as data collection methods, with the analysis conducted descriptively using words and sentences. Out of the 44 utterances that contain relative clauses, there were 20 data represented relative clause omission found in the movie's dialogues. They were categorized by subordinator: 7 utterances omitting "who", 3 utterances omitting "whom", 9 utterances omitting "that/which", 1 utterance omitting “why”, and 2 utterances omitting “when”. Only 10 data were selected as samples to narrow down the analysis. After thoroughly conducting the research, it was concluded that the omission of clauses, including relative clauses, often occurred in the context of informal conversations such as those found in movies. Although the omission made the utterances grammatically incomplete, it did not stop listeners from understanding them, as the meanings of the utterances remained the same.
This study was about the theme, rheme and thematic progression of students‟ recount text of the eight grade at SMP RK Budi Mulia Pematangsiantar. The aim of this study were (1) to investigate thematic progression pattern used (2) to find out the reason why the students used thematic progression in the way they did. This study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative method. The data in this study were clauses of students‟ recount text. The instrument of collecting data was elicitation technique and interview. The data were analyzed by using interactive model technique of Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014). The result of this study were the following, (1) There were two patterns of thematic progression used in students‟ recount text, they were Theme Reteration/Constant Theme Pattern (TR/CTP), and Zig- zag/Linear Theme Pattern (Zig-zag/LTP). (2) The reason in use of thematic progression by students, they were: (a) the student‟s lack of knowledge about use of the thematic progression (b) they also less interested in writing, (c) the students got resources from reading material and (d) the students got resources from english teacher‟s explanation.
This study aimed to find the underlying messages in SEVENTEEN Joshua’s Speech in UNESCO Youth Forum through a textual metafunction analysis on the thematic structure. SEVENTEEN, a global K-Pop boy band, was chosen to deliver a speech as the representation of youth in UNESCO Youth Forum in Paris last 2023. This research used a descriptive-qualitative method, Halliday’s textual metafunction and Leech’s thematic meaning theories. Based on the findings, JOSHUA, the American member of SEVENTEEN, used a lot of unmarked themes in highlighting the group’s effort and dedication in promoting education. Meanwhile, most of the marked themes were used to highlight their long-lasting and consistent contribution to UNESCO. Therefore, this research concluded that JOSHUA made SEVENTEEN as the ‘main character’ in his speech.
The growing prominence of English as a global lingua franca in professional settings raises concerns about the adequacy of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) textbooks in representing the diversity of World Englishes. This study aims to assess the representation of World Englishes and intercultural awareness in an Indonesian junior high school English as a Foreign Language (EFL) textbook, with a focus on its contribution to enhancing students' professional communication competence. The study employed Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to analyze both textual and visual components, alongside the broader social context, to uncover embedded ideologies and power dynamics. The study revealed a primary focus on Inner Circle cultures and Level 1 (Basic Cultural Awareness), with insufficient representation of other English Circles and limited opportunities for critical intercultural engagement. The textbook provides fundamental cultural knowledge but fails to cultivate the intercultural competence required for diverse professional environments. The study signals implications that are examined in relation to textbook developers and teaching practices aimed at enhancing professional communication in a global context
Children’s picture books apply a levelling system to adjust linguistic complexity according to the reader’s developmental stage. Despite having constitutive elements of text and images, their interdependent relationships within this system receive less attention. While the relationships of texts and images in picture books have been extensively studied, there is still a gap in understanding how these relationships adapt across different reading levels. Applying Halliday’s systematic functional linguistics (2004), Kress and Leeuwen’s multimodal approach (2021), and Nikolajeva and Scott’s approach to picture books (2006), this research qualitatively and quantitatively examined thirty-four text-image pairs from two children’s picture books at low and high reading levels. This study aimed to reveal whether such an adaptation exists and, if so, to what extent. The findings confirm that an increasing complexity in text-image relationships. The lower-level picture book exhibits three types of text-image relationships: enhancing, complementary, and counterpointing. The higher-level book, however, shows four types, incorporating a contradictory relationship alongside the other three. These findings suggest that the increasing complexity in children’s picture books occurs not only in linguistic aspects but also within multimodal relationships between texts and images, highlighting the need for picture book authors and educators to design or select picture books that progressively introduce multimodal complexity.
The focus in this chapter is on the possibilities that corpus linguistics offers for the study of unorthodox linguistic expressions which are not easily retrievable through conventional tagging and parsing. A corpus-driven analysis of ‘fragments’, that is, of independent non-clausal constructions with semantic, communicative functionality comparable to that of complete clauses or sentences, is carried out, based on data from the one-million-word British component of the International Corpus of English. The quantitative and qualitative analyses of the data lead to a precise definition of ‘fragment’, couched within (Cognitive) Construction Grammar, and to an inventory of the cognitive mechanisms operating in fragments which allow them to work as alternatives in the competition between fragments and complete clauses in language. The approximately 1,000 fragment tokens in the database are classified into five cognitive types, namely matching, functional, constructional, situational and register support strategies, which evince, respectively, compensation via Information Structure, grammar, Construction-Grammar knowledge, pragmatic competence and text-type entrenchment. As expected, only the so-called situational fragments show statistically significant correlation tendencies with specific text types or registers.
The famous early Viking Age Rök runestone inscription has been considered missing linguistic links which would have shown how its passages are connected. This study challenges these previous assumptions. It shows, to the contrary, that the riddles of the front side can be understood as closely connected to riddles of the opposite side. A key to the interpretation is that the riddles are taken to concern what is visible from the stone: the lunar changes of the year, the sunrise at the autumn equinox and the movement of stars the same night – all conceived as dimensions of an ongoing cosmological battle.
Dil bilgisi öğretiminde işlev odaklı ve somut yansımaları olan bir yaklaşımın önemi giderek artmaktadır. Dolayısıyla dil bilgisi öğretimini sahada uygulamak amacıyla yetiştirilen öğretmen adaylarının bu yaklaşıma sahip olması beklenmektedir. Çalışmada, Türkçe öğretmeni adaylarının dil yapılarının işlevsel katkılarıyla ilgili anlayışları araştırılmaktadır. 54 katılımcıdan oluşan çalışma grubunda veriler, yazılı yanıtlar ve görüşmeler yoluyla toplanmıştır. Ses olayları, yapım ekleri, çekim ekleri, zamirler, bağlaçlar, fiilimsiler ve fiilde çatıyı içeren yedi dil yapısı, Türkçenin yapısal özelliklerine odaklanan alan uzmanlarının görüşleri doğrultusunda seçilmiştir. Sonuç olarak katılımcıların dil yapılarının işlevsel katkılarıyla ilgili yanıtlarını çeşitlendiremediği ve bir dil yapısının birden fazla işlevsel katkısıyla ilgili deneyimlerini paylaşan çok az sayıda öğretmen adayının olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca işlevsel katkılar yerine sadece konu anlatımı veya terminoloji aktarımına yer veren çok sayıda yanıtla karşılaşılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler, Türkçe öğretmeni adaylarının dil yapılarının işlevsel katkılarıyla ilgili deneyimlerini yeterince yansıtamadıklarını göstermiştir. Dil bilgisi öğretiminde işlev odaklı bir yaklaşımla öğretmen yetiştirme sürecinde olumlu gelişmelerin sağlanabileceği düşünülmektedir.
Ecolinguistic Learning Modules have been created to help in changing the education of English language and linguistics to embed critical thinking that considers sustainability. The modules are designed to aid educators in the task of guiding learners towards a wider understanding of the systems that dictate much of our daily lives and of the ways language and its use moulds our social cognition. Sustainability as an essential concept in the modules is analysed and redefined to ascertain it considers other-than-human lifeforms and the ecosystems that life depends on. Education for sustainability and its suitability as a framework for Ecolinguistic Learning Modules is examined critically, as it is a political educational tool that can be easily misused for diverse purposes. This chapter further introduces the theoretical foundations of this practical tool and explains the different functions and the overall structure of the modules. Special attention is given to learner identities and the importance of identity reflection in developing professional and personal identities that are responsive to and responsible towards the conditions of the world.
Ideal for methods and foundational courses in world language education, this book presents a theoretically informed instructional framework for instruction and assessment of world languages. In line with ACTFL and CEFR standards, this volume brings together scholarship on contextualized, task- based performance assessment and instruction with a genre theory and pedagogy to walk through the steps of designing and implementing effective genre- based instruction. Chapters feature step-b y- step lesson designs, models of performance assessment, and a wealth of practical and research- based examples on how to make languages explicit to students through a focus on genre. Including sections on Arabic, French, Spanish, Italian, and other major world languages, this book demonstrates how to effectively teach and assess world languages in the classroom.
PurposeThis study aimed to investigate the depiction of Vladimir Putin’s Power and Dominance in political cartoons collected from usnews.com, and identified the social contexts underlying the creation of those political cartoons. Method
This research used qualitative methods which engaged in discovering and uncovering the meaning of a particular phenomenon. The sample data was three political cartoons related to the Russia-Ukraine War taken from usnews.com. It employed Multimodal Discourse Analysis (MDA) approach of Visual Grammar from Kress & Leeuwen (2006) to examine the visual mode, and Systemic Functional Grammar theory from Halliday & Matthiessen (2014) to analyze the verbal modes. Results/findingsThe findings showed that Vladimir Putin in political cartoons was represented as a negative powerful figure through the dominant use of the narrative process. Whilst the images of Putin as a ruthless and dictator figure were revealed in the verbal modes through the use of material, relational, and mental process. Each political cartoon's social context connects the visual and verbal modes while providing clearer information about the reason for cartoonists created these political cartoons. The partiality of the American cartoonists to the United States and Western countries also revealed through the political cartoons that worked as a medium to convey the cartoonists’ thoughts, showing that they fought against the invasion. Conclusion
Through visual and verbal analysis, the cartoonist constructed a negative portrayal of Vladimir Putin as a dictatorial leader. However, this study has limitations in its scope since it does not deeply address potential variations in viewer or audience’s interpretation based on individual backgrounds and experiences. Therefore, future researchers are encouraged to expand upon this study by exploring the production and consumption of similar texts, which may offer diverse or multiple perspectives on the subject.
Based on Cardiff Grammar, this paper studies the construction of “Taishang zuo-zhe zhuxituan” (“There is the presidium sitting on the stage”) in Mandarin, aiming to answer three key questions: (i) What Process type and Participant Roles are expressed by the construction? (ii) What is the functional syntactic structure of the construction? (iii) What are the functional motivations for using the construction? Guided by the principles of functional linguistic description, this study reveals that this construction realizes a Locational Relational Process, with two Participant Roles of Location and Carrier, which is different in meaning from similar constructions like “Zhuxituan zuo zaitaishang” (“The presidium sits on the stage”) and “Zhuxituan zaitaishang zuo-zhe” (“On the stage, the presidium sits”). The functional syntax of the construction is “S ^ P ^ C,” with the Subject conflated with Location, Complement with Carrier, and zhe following the verb zuo is an Aspect particle, which is part of the Predicator. The functional motivations of the construction include making taishang the Subject Theme, setting the scene for the discourse, and enhancing the state of existence of zhuxituan. This paper has implications for the study of other “location + V-zhe + thing” constructions in Mandarin and some similar linguistic phenomenon in other world languages.
This volume explores everyday communication practices in Greco-Roman and Late Antique Egypt, with a particular focus on Greek papyri and related sources. It examines how language, layout, and materiality – manifesting overtly or subtly, at global and local levels – shaped the production and interpretation of texts. Grounded in a ‘frame-based’ approach, the chapters draw on sociolinguistics, pragmatics, and multimodality to reveal how ancient writers and readers constructed meaning and articulated identities across genres, languages, and cultural contexts.
Religion and politics are inextricably connected through shared values, institutional influence, and historical relationships, culminating in what can be described as politics in religion and religion in politics. During key religious festivities, political actors deliver messages to the members of the religious community. Thus, the present study employed a Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) approach to examine the transitivity choices in the 2021 Easter speech by former President Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo (PNADAA) to reveal the interplay between political messaging and religious resonance. By employing the transitivity pattern of process and participants, the study showed how PNADAA revealed his political and religious ideologies. Material clauses were used to address pressing concerns while at the same time resonating with shared religious beliefs around the themes of hope and the principle of compassion, commitment, and communal welfare. Verbal and relational clauses were used to engender rapport and credibility with the Christian community while echoing religiously inspired motifs of renewal and redemption. With echoes from the religious concepts of faith, perseverance, and endurance, the mental clauses were employed to acknowledge the challenging times while the existential clauses simultaneously blended the religious themes of health and life preservation with the government’s commitment to safeguarding public safety during the peak of the Covid-19 pandemic. The study has implications for theorizing the interconnection among discourse, politics, and religion. Keywords: Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), political discourse, religious discourse, Easter speech, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
This research is qualitative descriptive research with a fixed case study that has the following objectives: to describe students' opinions in the text about "Services in Private Hospitals are better than services in State Hospitals". Hence after, to determine and describe data expressions included in the appraisal category. Furthermore, to describe data expressions included in appraisal appreciation. The data in this study were obtained through document analysis and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The instruments in this study were documentation and interviews. In the study, 444 data were found. The 403 data were included in the category of Appraisal assessment types: Appreciation-Valuation. The data obtained were divided into 2 types of assessments, 1) assessment of Private Hospital and State Hospital services, 2) assessment of Private Hospital and State Hospital facilities. From these findings, the average expression used by students to describe Private Hospital services was; quality and so on 20 data, professional 22 data, faster 12 data, fast 10 data, quality 20 data, friendly 8 data, more friendly 10 data, friendly 8 data, more friendly 10 data, efficient 22 data, great 13 data, good 19 data, and bad 1 data. Based on the study, it was found that there were shortcomings in the results of the argumentative text produced by students. When asked to write an argumentative text, students in giving their opinions were still not persuasive. There are fundamental differences that students must understand regarding the differences between opinion texts and argumentative texts, namely: the purpose of making the text.
Pelatihan Bahasa Inggris tingkat dasar bagi siswa di Dusun Kertha Raharja ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan dasar bahasa Inggris, meliputi aspek mendengarkan (listening), berbicara (speaking), membaca (reading), dan menulis (writing). Program ini dirancang untuk memberikan pemahaman dasar bahasa Inggris kepada siswa yang memiliki akses terbatas terhadap pendidikan formal di bidang tersebut. Metode yang digunakan dalam pelatihan meliputi pendekatan interaktif, seperti permainan edukatif, diskusi kelompok, dan latihan praktik langsung. Pelatihan ini berlangsung selama durasi pelatihan dengan melibatkan jumlah peserta] siswa dari berbagai jenjang pendidikan. Hasil evaluasi pelatihan menunjukkan bahwa pelatihan ini berhasil meningkatkan keterampilan dasar bahasa Inggris siswa secara signifikan. Selain itu, siswa menunjukkan antusiasme yang tinggi selama proses pembelajaran, yang juga meningkatkan kepercayaan diri mereka dalam menggunakan bahasa Inggris. Faktor-faktor pendukung keberhasilan pelatihan meliputi metode pengajaran yang menarik, dukungan dari orang tua dan masyarakat, serta semangat siswa dalam belajar. Pelatihan ini memberikan dampak positif dalam penguasaan bahasa Inggris dasar dan dapat menjadi model bagi program serupa di wilayah lain. Rekomendasi ke depan adalah melanjutkan program dengan kurikulum yang lebih mendalam dan menyediakan sarana pembelajaran yang lebih lengkap untuk mendukung proses belajar siswa.
Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras da Universidade Federal de Sergipe como requisito à obtenção do título de Mestre em Letras. Área de concentração: Estudos Linguísticos. Linha de Pesquisa: Sociolinguística e Dialetologia.
This study investigates how Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and V.S. Naipaul’s A Bend in the River use linguistic expressions of trauma and silence. The investigation details how language together with sentence structures and speech patterns create silent stories which literature uses to depict both national and personal tragic experiences. The interpretation uses "quantum silence" theory which demonstrates traumatized experiences through shattered and broken fragments of narration. The research employs Voyant Text Analysis tools to detect how trauma affects language structures by identifying common patterns in text. Research demonstrates that silence functions actively within storytelling because it allows both the expression of obscured feelings along with undisclosed histories and marks from colonial dominance. The text contains pauses as well as gaps and disruptions which reveals how individuals and societies attempt to deal with their past. This study investigates trauma transmission through language which results in advanced comprehension of literature that comes from colonial and postcolonial traditions. As per this research silence operates as a powerful element that enhances how stories about survival and suffering get narrated. This research urges readers to rethink how language functions when documenting emotions and events which usually remain unexpressed. Keywords Quantum silence, linguistic encoding, corpus-based analysis, non-linear trauma, colonial fiction, postcolonial fiction
This article constitutes a pioneering comparative study of the use of
epistemic possibility adverbs (EPAs)– i.e., sentence or clausal adverbs expressing
neutral epistemic support (reminiscent of English‘perhaps’)– in the Bantu languages
of East Africa. In a sample of a total of 77 languages, the semantic and syntactic inter-
and intra-clausal distribution of EPAs and the way they interact with other modal
markers is investigated. Next, the semasiological background of the East African
Bantu EPAs and the range of additional functions they may serve to co-express is
explored. Based on the semantic characteristics of the EPAs, their etymons and the
linguistic categories they additionally convey, it is proposed that the common
conceptualization underlying these patterns of polysemy is the notion of scalarity,
and more precisely that of an in-between position between a positive and a negative
pole, thus conveying a neutral, indeterminate or interchangeable stance. Through
these endeavors, this study o ers the rst thorough, comparative-based investiga-
tion of the development and distribution of epistemic adverbs in Bantu languages,
broadening our understanding of expressions of modality and the use of adverbs
more generally, both within Bantu languages and beyond.
Keywords: Bantu; modality; epistemicity; possibility; adverbs
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