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When the gift is halfhearted: A socio-cultural study of ambivalence in a charity sport event
Abstract
Taking a culturally sensitive approach, we set out to explore the social response to, and the cultural adoption of, charity sport events in Israel, where this phenomenon is relatively new and understudied. We show that charity sport events participation is accepted with mixed feelings: participants are motivated by their novice athletic aspirations and love for bike riding, and by their emotional connection to the cause, but at the same time are reluctant to fundraise and donate due to socio-cultural barriers. Using a qualitative, exploratory, single case study design, and relying on the literature of charity sports events, we show that in contrast to the extant distinction between philanthropic givers’ motivations and non-givers’ barriers, participants in charity sport events experience simultaneous motivations for and barriers to their own philanthropic giving. Although they strongly identify with their role as bike riders, and are motivated to take part in a challenging ride, they struggle with the roles of fundraiser and philanthropist that are inherent components of charity sports events. The combination of these experiences yields the experience of ambivalence towards philanthropic giving, which we accordingly term as ambivalent philanthropy.
... Therefore, charity sports events generate great value for participants by increasing good health, happiness and enjoyment and igniting a warm glow feeling in response to ameliorating social and environmental problems (Oreg et al., 2021). Rundio et al. (2014) demonstrated that participation in charity sports events could help increase donors' positive feelings and enhance their perception of their self-worth. ...
Purpose
Charity sports events have emerged as a major, beneficial social phenomenon to be encouraged. In this study, the authors aim to examine the relationships among personal norms, social norms, self-identity, response efficacy and the “warm glow” feeling, which, in turn, influences willingness to return and enjoyment of participation in charity sports events in Thailand.
Design/methodology/approach
An online self-administered survey was conducted to collect data from 600 participants, and structural equation modelling (SEM) was done under the two-step modelling approach to test the hypotheses.
Findings
The findings indicate that self-identity and response efficacy positively influence participants' warm glow. By contrast, the relationships of personal and social norms with warm glow are not significant. Moreover, warm glow positively influences participants' willingness to return to attend the event and their enjoyment.
Practical implications
This study's findings have academic implications and can benefit marketers and event organizers by giving them insights into participants' behaviour and allowing them to better create services to improve participant experiences and boost repeat attendance better.
Originality/value
By applying the concept of warm glow in the context of charity sports events, this study deepens the understanding of the causal pathways from the antecedents to participants' willingness to return and enjoyment through the warm glow.
... A charity running event is a fund-raising activity aimed at raising awareness of and money for social issues, such as education, medicine, poverty, or the environment. Participants are required to pay registration fees and all or some of the proceeds are donated towards these social issues [5][6][7]. Such events combine fund-raising and physical activities to provide benefits for both participants and society [7,8]. ...
Although the literature shows that consuming pro-social products increases warm glow, a psychological factor that contributes to consumer experience and satisfaction, it is unclear whether participating in a charity sporting event results in the same outcome. This research addresses this gap by testing the effects of participating in charity running events and altruism on the warm glow of participants. A scenario-based survey was employed to collect data from 180 respondents who had previously participated in charity running events. Multiple regression analysis results showed that participating in a charity (vs. non-charity) running event increased participants’ warm glow. Altruism also had a significant positive impact on their warm glow; however, this effect was independent of the percentage of proceeds donated by the event to charity.
... Filo et al., 2020a). Meanwhile, a lack of trust in nonprofit organisations has been cited as a barrier to making donations in the charity sport event context (Oreg et al., 2020), and the emergence of online fundraising, which can be perceived as less personal, could amplify this distrust. Accordingly, the purpose of the current research is to explore how charity sport event donors perceive solicitations via online peer-to-peer fundraising techniques. ...
The employment of online peer-to-peer fundraising has become a critical aspect of the charity sport event experience. Charity sport event participants are encouraged and often requiredto fundraise as part of their involvement. Within this fundraising, participants increasingly use online peer-to-peer fundraising to solicit donations. The current research examines online peer-to-peer fundraising from the perspective of charity sport event donors. Guided by the diffusion of innovation theory and sociological approaches to technology, semi-structured interviews were conducted with individuals who had made an online donation in support of a charity sport event participant in the previous 12 months (N= 24). Four themes emerged from the interviews: technological detachment, technology eases pressure, saturated market, and cause integrity. These themes highlight concerns with the relative advantage inherent to online peer-to-peer fundraising as well as the importance of addressing technological adoption as a social process between users and technologies. The findings provide implications for event managers and charity managers to empower fundraisers to engage further with prospective donors through both online and in-person communication. © 2021 Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand.
This article intends to contribute to further research on cross-border phenomenon in nonprofit and philanthropic studies by developing a conceptual model for diaspora philanthropy, the transfer of resources such as money, time, labor, and knowledge to countries of origin for the public good. The interdisciplinary opportunities for the topic of diaspora philanthropy can be considered a strength, but at times, they result in disparate studies and minimal consideration for larger questions and theory development. In this article, we hope to aggregate relevant research in order to remedy some of these challenges. An interdisciplinary approach allows us to chart macro, meso, and micro theories and empirical work that help to explain diaspora philanthropy. We ask: What are the (global) drivers that influence diaspora philanthropy (macro level)? What are the channels that allow for, or challenge, diaspora philanthropy (meso level)? And what are the individual motives of diaspora philanthropists (micro level)?
Charity sport activities provide a sense of contributing to the lives of others and offer participants an extra source of motivation. SL has been used in a variety of sports and recreational contexts to research dedication to leisure activities. However, no study has investigated SL in charity sports events. In this regard, a model integrating key variables from the studies of serious leisure, charity sport event participation motivation, experience value, and behavioral intentions was proposed and tested on the participants of charity sport events. It is anticipated that the findings of this study will help to understand the multidimensional aspects of charity sports event participation, which may increase the effectiveness of the organization of charity sports events. Besides, this research adds to the literature by providing empirical data analysis regarding charity sports events from an unexplored country (Turkey).
This article examines the relationship between sport and Jewish identity. The experiences of Jewish people have rarely been considered in previous sport-related research which has typically focused on ‘Black’ and South Asian individuals, sports clubs, and organisations. Drawing on data generated from interviews ( n = 20) and focus groups ( n = 2) with individuals based in one British city, this article explores how their Jewish identity was informed, and shaped by, different sports activities and spaces. This study’s participants were quick to correct the idea that sport was alien to Jewish culture and did not accept the stereotype that ‘Jews don’t play sport’. The limited historical research on sport and Jewish people and the ongoing debates around Jewish identity are noted before exploring the role of religion and the suggestion that Jewish participation in sport is affected by the Shabbat (sabbath). Participants discussed how sports clubs acted as spaces for the expression and re/affirmation of their Jewish identity, before they reflected on the threats posed to the wider Jewish community by secularism, assimilation, and antisemitism. The article concludes by discussing how the sporting experiences of the study’s British Jewish participants compare with the experiences of individuals from other ethnic minority communities.
There is a growing recognition of the ways in which sport and leisure can contribute to well-being. This paper offers a socio-cultural account of the sport-charity nexus as a site and source of community well-being. The paper conceives sports charity as broader than a fundraising imperative or a motivation for physical health outcomes and benefits and argues instead that “fitness philanthropy” is an important socio-sporting movement that mobilises well-being in increasingly neo-liberal times. Drawing on the literature on sport and social capital, and leisure and well-being, the paper argues that fitness philanthropy provides an important social barometer for broader cultural and ideological imperatives that contribute in novel ways to understanding health and well-being.
Israel’s rich philanthropic landscape dates back to biblical times, showing both change and continuity throughout the years. The modern era of Israel’s history can be divided into four different periods: (1) prior to the 1880s, (2) the pre-state era, from the 1880s to 1948, (3) the statist era, from 1948 to the mid-1970s, and (4) the pluralist era, from the mid-1970s to the present (Gidron et al., 2003; Haski-Leventhal & Kabalo, 2009).
Research question: Charities have begun utilizing sport events as a vehicle for obtaining contributions toward a designated cause and to differentiate themselves in the charity market. Although scholarship has focused on how people attach to a charitable organization, there is a lack of research investigating religiously based international charities. Therefore, this paper examines the attachment of participants in a running event fundraiser for a North American based Christian water charity implementing clean water systems in the developing world. Research methods: Part of a larger ethnography, this study focuses upon semi-structured interviews conducted with charity fundraisers, race participants and charity organizers, before, during, and after the Miami Marathon. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and coded both individually and communally by the authors. Results and Findings: Three distinct themes emerged: (1) embodied philanthropy; (2) embodied internalization of the cause; and (3) religiosity and international philanthropy. Theme three was divided into two sub-themes concerning (3a) religious systems of consumer ethics and global citizenship and (3b) participants as conduits for their religion. These themes developed as distinct responses for how individuals connect to an international cause unrelated to their everyday lives and show how a Christian water charity connects water poverty with the values of current and potential fundraisers. Implications: Findings of this study show the important role of embodied action and religiosity in philanthropy. Results contribute to the existing literature on psychological attachment within the sport management literature, while extending the field to include religiously based international charities.
Sufficient knowledge is available about the definition, details and differences of qualitative content and thematic analysis as two approaches of qualitative descriptive research. However, identifying the main features of theme as the data analysis product and the method of its development remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to describe the meaning of theme and offer a method on theme construction that can be used by qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis researchers in line with the underpinning specific approach to data analysis. This methodological paper comprises an analytical overview of qualitative
descriptive research products and the meaning of theme. Also, our practical experiences of qualitative analysis supported by relevant published literature informed the generation of a stage like model of theme construction for qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis. This paper comprises: (i) analytical importance of theme, (ii) meaning of theme, (iii) meaning of category, (iv) theme and category in terms of level of content, and (v) theme development. This paper offers a conceptual clarification and a pragmatic step by step method of theme development that has the capacity of assisting nurse researchers understand how theme is developed. As nursing is a pragmatic discipline, nurse researchers have tried to develop practical findings and devise some way to “do something” with findings to enhance the action and impact of nursing. The application of a precise method of theme development for qualitative descriptive data analysis suggested in this paper helps yield meaningful, credible and practical results for nursing.
This paper examines the role of recreation motives and motives for charitable giving in the development of participants' attachment to a charity sport event across two different events. Online questionnaires were administered within a pilot study, and then given to participants in the 2007 Lance Armstrong Foundation (LAF) LIVESTRONG Challenge (N=568) and the 2007 3M Half Marathon and Relay (N=689). Regression analysis revealed both recreation-based and charity-based motives contribute to attachment to the events. The findings also demonstrate that the charity-based motives make a stronger contribution for the 2007 LAF LIVESTRONG Challenge, while recreation-based motives make a stronger contribution for the 2007 3M Half Marathon and Relay. Suggestions are made for the creation of participant profiles based upon the motives.
Using a constructivist case study analysis, we explore philanthropy toward higher education among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) alumni, examining how a person’s LGBTQ identity and experiences (un)consciously affects his, her, or hir1 decision to give philanthropically. Data come from focus groups with 37 advancement staff and 23 LGBTQ alumni at two research extensive universities. Findings reveal unconscious influences of LGBTQ identities on giving, importance of campus climate for LGBTQ individuals, and LGBTQ alumni affinity group involvement. We draw implications from our findings, discussing the need to create a warm campus climate for current students, increase and encourage involvement within LGBTQ affinity groups, systematize data collection to include LGBTQ identities, and develop culturally sensitive solicitations.
The purpose of this study was to examine the utility of the existing subscales of charity sport events (CSEs) participation motivation by adopting both a second-order modeling and a bifactor modeling approaches. The results with 488 college students revealed that the bifactor model provided a better interpretation of the data compared to second-order model. The five-factor CSE motivation significantly predict the intention to participate in CSEs along with two domain-specific motivations, namely 'sport and event' and 'cause' while other three domain-specific motivations including 'philan-thropic', 'social interaction', and 'reference group' are not statistically significant predictors. The results suggest that the bifactor model is more useful in predicting this group's participation in charity sport events.
In the crowded sport event market, differentiation strategy is key to the survival of event organizers. One way to differentiate an event is by adding a charity component. To understand how events attract athletes,
this study compared the motives of athletes to participate in cause-related or non-cause-related sport events. Using the Motivations of Marathoners Scales (MOMS), participants rated motivations to attend either cause-related sport events or non-cause-related sport events. The five motivations important for all participants were General Health Orientation, Personal Goal Achievement, Weight Concern, Self-Esteem, and Affiliation motivations. Association with cause-related sport events attracted participants more for Self-Esteem, Recognition/Approval, Personal Goal Achievement, and Competition reasons. Non-cause-related events attracted participants more motivated by the Weight Concern motive. Overall, the psychographic differences for participating in either cause-related or non-cause-related events supported the view that adding a charity component to an event can add to the differentiation strategy of the organization.
[instead of abstract] Charitable sports events aim to engage as many people as possible as participants and fund raisers in support of local or international social causes. This method of raising money was initially used for “walks” in which donors “sponsored” participants on a per-mile basis. Participants earned donations only for the actual distance completed. Such events have evolved and now include fun runs, weekend walks, marathon races, and bicycle rides or tours in support of local and over- seas events. Participants now usually pay a registration fee and are required to bring in minimum amounts of sponsorship dollars that are no longer tied to performance. Participation today typically involves a significant commitment of physical, psychological, and financial resources. Despite its proliferation and interest- ing characteristics, this sphere of activity is surprisingly under-investigated. Using the Alyn charity bike ride as the context of inquiry, this paper explores how participants’ identities were constructed, dynamically “re-constructed,” renovated, and re-created through this sporting event.
Research on elite philanthropy has discussed a rich range of motivations and interests to help explain why individuals of great wealth might be inclined to engage in philanthropic giving. In such context, however, little attention has been paid to anger. Drawing upon interviews with a sample of 26 Israeli philanthropic mega-donors, this article highlights a distinctive cluster of negative and critical emotions – called here ‘civic anger’ – found to target the state and politics in particular, and possibly help account for a growing engagement with philanthropic giving among the very wealthy in the context of Israel. Donors’ civic anger is then discussed as a context-bound moral and political emotion, characterizing donors’ understanding of philanthropy as a highly personal and reflexive option, but also shaped and facilitated by a specific configuration of macro-institutional and cultural conditions. As such, it also underscores the need for further comparative exploration of the varying moral and emotional tenor of elite philanthropy as an expanding mode of public action in contemporary civil societies.
This article contributes to discussions about culturally sensitive research approaches in qualitative research. The author argues that the use of culturally sensitive research approaches in research focusing on African Americans can use the cultural knowledge and experiences of researchers and their participants in the design of the research as well as in the collection and interpretation of data. The author presents a rationale for the use of culturally sensitive research approaches for African Americans, a theoretical framework for culturally sensitive research approaches, and a discussion of culturally sensitive research in practice. This article concludes by discussing some implications for teaching and practice in educational research.
Thematic analysis is a poorly demarcated, rarely acknowledged, yet widely used qualitative analytic method within psychology. In this paper, we argue that it offers an accessible and theoretically flexible approach to analysing qualitative data. We outline what thematic analysis is, locating it in relation to other qualitative analytic methods that search for themes or patterns, and in relation to different epistemological and ontological positions. We then provide clear guidelines to those wanting to start thematic analysis, or conduct it in a more deliberate and rigorous way, and consider potential pitfalls in conducting thematic analysis. Finally, we outline the disadvantages and advantages of thematic analysis. We conclude by advocating thematic analysis as a useful and flexible method for qualitative research in and beyond psychology.
Purpose
– In spite of the fact that the health, mental, and educational benefits of physical activity are well documented, information is still lacking regarding the physical activity patterns in Israeli society. The purpose of the present study is to shed light on the changes of physical activity practices between the years 1992‐2008 and to analyze the main reasons for such changes.
Design/methodology/approach
– A survey was conducted among 501 adults (ages 18‐69) representing the Jewish Hebrew‐speaking population of Israel.
Findings
– The percentage of Israelis who engaged in physical activity more than doubled between 1992 and 2008. Almost 56 percent of Israelis took part in some activity on a regular basis in 2008.
Originality/value
– This investigation of some of these factors uncovers a cultural transformation as well as demographic, global, and cognitive processes, all of which affected and reflected upon physical activity in Israeli society during that period.
Organisers of charity-affiliated sporting occasions have to attract participants, and thus need to understand the reasons why people want to take part. This paper examines the motives that influence participation in mass sporting events with charity connections. Five hundred and seventy-nine members of the public who reported that they had previously taken part in one or more charity-related sporting events completed a questionnaire designed to establish their reasons for participation, the number of events they had attended, and their willingness to increase their financial contribution to an event based on its charity-credentials. The results identified ten motives that seemingly determined participation. Four of these dominated the sample members' responses, namely motivations that arose from (i) personal involvement with the good cause(s) supported by an occasion, (ii) opportunities to lead a healthy lifestyle provided by the event, (iii) an individual's involvement with the sport in question, and (iv) the desire to mix socially with other attendees. The research also found that a person's propensity towards being seriousminded exerted a moderating effect on the impacts on decisions to participate of three of these motives. A regression analysis revealed that individuals were more inclined to be willing to pay a higher fee to enter an event of this nature if it was regarded as high in status, if the participant was heavily involved with the good cause(s) covered by the occasion, and if the person was intent on pursuing a healthy lifestyle. People who felt a 'duty to participate' and who wanted to experience 'fun and enjoyment' were more likely than others to participate frequently in charity-related sporting events.
Explores alternate meanings of attitudinal neutrality in the context of the bipolarity-reciprocal antagonism issue, and proposes a modification of the semantic differential technique wherein the liking and disliking components of attitude can be separately measured. A geometrical model is developed in which 3 nondirectional attitude variables (total affect, ambivalence, and polarization) are distinguished from the usual attitude variable. Reliability and validity data are presented, and an application of the model is discussed. (31 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Your Honor, I can’t tell you the number of people for whom it is a core motivation to act for the wellbeing of this country. But I can tell you with certainty what their stigma is: They are freiers.’ (i). © 1992, Archives Europã
This study empirically investigated the motives of sport tourists who traveled internationally to participate in a hallmark Australian running event, the 2005 Gold Coast Airport Marathon. Structural equation modeling analysis revealed that involvement and strength of motivation contributed to socio-psychological motivation while cultural experience and knowledge learning contributed to cultural-education motivation. Cultural experience was further explored through a consumer acculturation framework that led to development of the Cultural Learning Inventory (CLI). Analysis revealed that international participants desired to experience and learn nine specific aspects of the foreign destination's culture: transportation, housing, arts, language, food, media, currency, leisure activities and indigenous population. Hofstede's [(1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in work related values. Newbury Park, CA: Sage] cultural clusters were subsequently used to segment participants and MANOVA results revealed that while respondents did not differ on socio-psychological motives, respondents from cultural backgrounds dissimilar to Australian culture were more likely to agree that experiencing Australian culture and learning new information was appealing. These results indicate the duality of international marketing efforts for hallmark sport events. Convergent marketing strategies should be used to target specific segments in their sport communities, while divergent cultural marketing strategies should be utilised to target potential participants with different cultural backgrounds.
The authors present an overview of the academic literature on charitable giving
based on a literature review of more than 500 articles. They structure their review
around the central question of why people donate money to charitable organizations.
They identify eight mechanisms as the most important forces that drive charitable
giving: (a) awareness of need; (b) solicitation; (c) costs and benefits; (d) altruism;
(e) reputation; (f) psychological benefits; (g) values; (h) efficacy. These mechanisms can provide a basic theoretical framework for future research explaining charitable giving.
Participatory sport events have emerged as viable fundraising mechanisms for charitable organizations. This paper examines the impact that motives for charitable giving and sport event participation have on charity sport events. The authors examine the factors that attract participants to a charity sport event, while the role of charity in fostering attachment to the event is explored. Focus groups were conducted with charity sport event participants to discuss what motivated their participation. Results revealed that intellectual, social, and competency motives along with the motives of reciprocity, self-esteem, need to help others, and desire to improve the charity contribute to attraction. In addition, the results suggest that the charitable component influences social and competency motives and contributes to the development of attachment to the event. The authors recommend event managers work to foster and leverage the sense of community created through these events. Yes Yes
People are generally averse toward conflict between beliefs and/or feelings underlying their attitudes-that is, attitudinal ambivalence. This review integrates literature on attitudinal ambivalence with theories on decision making and coping strategies to gain a better understanding of when and how people deal with feelings of ambivalence. First it shows that ambivalence is experienced as being particularly unpleasant when the ambivalent attitude holder is confronted with the necessity to make a choice concerning the ambivalent attitude object; then, incongruent evaluative components of the attitude become accessible, and feelings of uncertainty about the potential outcomes arise, which may involve the anticipation of aversive emotions. Several coping strategies are employed when ambivalence is experienced as unpleasant. Emotion- and problem-focused coping strategies are discussed. The article concludes with a discussion of the MAID (model of ambivalence-induced discomfort), which aims to describe the consequences of ambivalence.
The subjective experience of ambivalence results from possessing both positive and negative reactions. Why do individuals sometimes experience ambivalence when they possess only positive or only negative reactions (i.e., univalent attitudes)? This research advances and provides support for the notion that anticipated conflicting reactions underlie such ambivalence. Anticipated conflicting reactions occur when an individual possesses no, or only a few, manifest conflicting reactions and yet anticipates that there may exist conflicting information of which they are unaware. Support is provided by three experiments in which anticipated conflicting reactions mediated the influence of amount of univalent information on feelings of ambivalence. (c) 2007 by JOURNAL OF CONSUMER RESEARCH, Inc..
The relation between conflicting evaluations of attitude objects (potential ambivalence) and associated unpleasant feelings (felt ambivalence) was investigated. Participants indicated their potential and felt ambivalence about capital punishment (Studies 1 and 2) and abortion (Studies 1-3). The simultaneous accessibility (J. N. Bassili, 1996) of participants' potential ambivalence (i.e., how quickly and equally quickly conflicting evaluations came to mind) was measured using response latency (Studies 1-3) and manipulated by repeated expression (Study 3). The relation between potential ambivalence and felt ambivalence was strongest when potential ambivalence was high in simultaneous accessibility (Studies 1-3). This pattern was most pronounced for participants who were high in preference for consistency (Study 3; R. B. Cialdini, M. R. Trost, & T. J. Newsom, 1995). Similarities of ambivalence and cognitive dissonance constructs are discussed.
Charity sport events not only involve completing the activity, but also the opportunity to bring people together. A variety of research has examined charity sport events’ capacity to foster a sense of community from the participant point of view. The current research examines sense of community within charity sport events from the event management perspective and advances the following research question: What do charity sport event managers feel they have put in place to create sense of community among participants? To address this research question, qualitative data were collected via interviews with 15 charity sport event managers in Japan. An interview guide comprised of six demographic questions, along with nine questions based upon the sense of community in sport framework was utilized. Five themes were identified within the interviews: charitable contribution, soliciting feedback from participants, interactive event environment, supplementary activities, and lack of competition. Two themes from the sense of community in sport framework that did not emerge across the interviews underscore opportunity for event managers to leverage mobile applications and online discussion forums to engage participant’s shared interest in sport, as well as enlist leaders among event participants to serve as advocates. Based upon the current results, future research can include managers from the designated charities aligned with events to assess whether the sense of community created within these events leads to long-term benefits for the organisation.
This article offers a sociological account of the growth in popularity of mass participation sports-based charity challenges. It argues these events have emerged as unique social, health, and philanthropic phenomena in the context of healthism and neo-liberalism. Drawing on the concept of “embodied philanthropy,” the key argument is that “fitness philanthropy” represents a new form of giving in which displays of fitness are increasingly also displays of civic engagement and being a “good person.” The growth of fitness philanthropy highlights changing responsibilities for health and wellness and addresses key sociological concerns with identity, community, and civic engagement that are now manifest in sports charity challenges.
Charity sport events provide participants with a meaningful event experience, and the opportunity to support a charitable cause is a critical component of this experience. This opportunity often involves fundraising, either as a requirement of event participation or as an option to supplement registration. However, fundraising as part of charity sport event participation is a difficult task. In the current research, the authors examine the challenges faced by charity sport event participants in soliciting donations, and the effort made to overcome these challenges. Constraint negotiation served as a theoretical framework to guide this examination. Semi-structured interviews (N = 27) were conducted with Triathlon Pink participants to discuss their fundraising process and their attitudes towards fundraising. Four constraints were revealed: lack of receptivity among potential donors, perceived lack of money from potential donors, discomfort in asking, and lack of time. These constraints were negotiated through three strategies: narrative, prizes and incentives, and emphasising that any bit helps. Based upon the themes uncovered, charity sport event managers can implement increased education of fundraisers and point of sale donations within the registration process. © 2019 Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand
The purpose of this research was to analyse the main characteristics of charity runs and walks in Barcelona Province, attending at the format of the event, at the organising agents and, with a particular emphasis, at the level of accountability in the management of charitable giving at such events. Data were collected from an analysis of 189 websites for charity runs and walks. A participatory action research group contributed to the development of the analysis model, whose design guided the different stages of the research. The results show the growing popularity of events like these within the context of an ever-increasing diversity of event types and organising agents, as well as the importance placed on charitable causes. A considerable variability is observed in the criteria used for charity management, together with a very low awareness of the need to render account to stakeholders through the website of the events analysed. © Copyright: Federación Española de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educación Física (FEADEF)
This paper introduces a configurational approach to the study of multiple identities. Specifically, it examines how prosocial identity combines with collective and individualistic identities in conflicting and enhancing ways to affect prosocial behavior in organizational settings. We examine an unexplored intuition in the multiple identities literature that when all identities are enhancing (a mutual enhancement configuration), it will be best for prosocial outcomes. Our results show, however—across two field studies and two experiments—that enhancement between prosocial and collective identities (a focused enhancement configuration) results in the highest levels of prosocial behavior. Furthermore, we trace this result to the greater self-serving orientation activated in a mutual enhancement configuration, where one’s individualistic identity enhances one’s other identities. Our work demonstrates the value of a configurational approach to the study of multiple identities, and it challenges the assumption that a mutual enhancement configuration is always desirable.
The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2017.1129.
The relation between conflicting evaluations of attitude objects (potential ambivalence) and associated unpleasant feelings (felt ambivalence) was investigated. Participants indicated their potential and felt ambivalence about capital punishment (Studies 1 and 2) and abortion (Studies 1–3). The simultaneous accessibility (J. N. Bassili, 1996) of participants’ potential ambivalence (i.e., how quickly and equally quickly conflicting evaluations came to mind) was measured using response latency (Studies 1–3) and manipulated by repeated expression (Study 3). The relation between potential ambivalence and felt ambivalence was strongest when potential ambivalence was high in simultaneous accessibility (Studies 1–3). This pattern was most pronounced for participants who were high in preference for consistency (Study 3; R. B. Cialdini, M. R. Trost, & T. J. Newsom, 1995). Similarities of ambivalence and cognitive dissonance constructs are discussed. Our lives can be rife with cognitive inconsistency, both prosaic and profound. We might conduct an internal debate over which television show to watch or, while viewing a program about capital punishment, realize that our desire for vengeance conflicts with our love of all life, no matter how vile. Our inconsistent thoughts might cause uncomfortable mixed emotions and feelings of being torn about the value of state-sanctioned execution. When the program ends and our thoughts turn to what is in the refrigerator,
Abstract
Using data collected by means of an online questionnaire of German football-club volunteers, we
studied whether match quality helps to predict philanthropy as measured in terms of donations.
Match quality is defined as the congruence of a volunteer’s motives for volunteering with his or
her utility experiences and can thus be expected to foster the production of volunteer satisfaction
and eventually social capital. Social capital has a bonding and a bridging component. The former
should predict donations to a volunteer’s own football club, while the latter should predict
donations to other charitable and non-profit organizations. Our empirical results lend some
support to the hypothesis that a high match quality makes it more likely for a volunteer to donate
to his or her own football club. The propensity of donations to other organizations decreases
when match quality increases. We use social identity theory and the economics of identity to
sketch elements of a theory that links match quality, social identity, social capital, and donations.
The Palgrave Handbook of Global Philanthropy is a comprehensive reference guide to the practice of philanthropy across twenty-six nations and regions. In addition, thematic chapters examine cross-national issues to provide an indispensable guide to the latest research in this field. Drawing on theoretical insights from sociology, economics, political science, and psychology, and including a stellar international line-up of leading philanthropy scholars, this essential reference work describes the non-profit sector and analyzes philanthropic endeavours country by country, providing a global overview that covers Asia, Europe, the Middle East, Australia and the Americas. In addition, thematic chapters examine cross-national issues, including the social origins of the non-profit sector and charitable giving; the influence of government support; the role of religion; fiscal incentives; and fundraising to outline how major country-specific differences in governmental, economic, and legal policies for philanthropic actors and nonprofit organizations shape philanthropic giving, demonstrating how country-specific factors may facilitate or inhibit charitable giving. Nonprofit organizations provide important public goods and services in societies across the world. In times of economic crisis, when governments are forced to decrease public spending, these organizations become even more important in meeting demands for these goods and services. But what motivates individuals to voluntarily give away portions of their own financial resources to benefit the public good and to enable nonprofit organizations to carry out their work? Why do people in one country give more frequently and more generously to nonprofit organizations than those in another? The Palgrave Handbook of Global Philanthropy provides an indispensable guide to the latest research in philanthropy, the non-profit sector and charitable giving.
This study focuses on understanding the experiential meaning for participants engaged in events at the nexus of tourism, sport and charity. Using the Constant Comparison Method (CCM), we analyze the published findings of an autoethnographic study on philanthropic adventure tourism with focus group (n = 31) and interview (n = 32) studies of charity sport event participants. Several themes related to the tourism, sport and charitable aspects of the experience are highlighted. Notably, the central role of connectedness is revealed, and the multiple levels for participant connectedness, including with the self, with others and with a greater social cause, and the processes facilitating these connections are discussed. The results extend research on charity sport events to multi-day touring events, while uncovering initial evidence of how these events may facilitate pathways to wellbeing. In addition, implications for autoethnographic research in tourism, and managing experiential meanings within this growing event sector, are highlighted.
In this article I elaborate and codify the extended case method, which deploys participant observation to locate everyday life in its extralocal and historical context. The extended case method emulates a reflexive model of science that takes as its premise the intersubjectivity of scientist and subject of study. Reflexive science valorizes intervention, process, structuration, and theory reconstruction. It is the Siamese twin of positive science that proscribes reactivity, but upholds reliability, replicability, and representativeness. Positive science, exemplified by survey research, works on the principle of the separation between scientists and the subjects they examine. Positive science is limited by “context effects” (interview, respondent, field, and situational effects) while reflexive science is limited by “power effects” (domination, silencing, objectification, and normalization). The article concludes by considering the implications of having two models of science rather than one, both of which are necessarily flawed. Throughout I use a study of postcolonialism to illustrate both the virtues and the shortcomings of the extended case method.
Methodology can only bring us reflective understanding of the means which have demonstrated their value in practice by raising them to the level of explicit consciousness; it is no more the precondition of fruitful intellectual work than the knowledge of anatomy is the precondition of“correct” walking.
Max Weber— The Methodology of the Social Sciences
This work provides a systematic look at cultural differences across a variety of fields: commercial, bureaucratic, professional and social settings, illustrated with many case studies and examples. It shows readers how to deal with different norms, expectations and behaviour patterns, and how to cope with what outsiders often see as the rudeness and abruptness of everyday life in Israel, where there is little predictability and where things can appear to be always in motion.
In this essay I attempt to establish the centrality of a fundamental idea-ambivalence-as a psychological postulate that is essential for understanding individual behavior social institutions, and the human condition generally. In this effort I examine the strengths and limitations of an alternative postulate-the rational-choice model of behavior-and argue for supplementing it with a conception of ambivalence. The idea of ambivalence is essential for explaining phenomena such as reactions to death and separation, but also is required in our understanding of love, social organizations, social movements, consumer attitudes, political practices and institutions, as well as the fundamental values of the Western democratic tradition.
Charitable organizations continue to use sport events to raise money for the cause and provide meaningful experiences for participants. This study analyzes the motivation for participating in a charity sport event. Four segments of participants have been distinguished based upon a cluster analysis; for each of them, personas have been constructed on the basis of qualitative research. How to approach these personas with different propositions has been formulated on the basis of their motivation regarding the cause and/or the actual sport activities. The purpose of this study is to contribute to a common understanding and method of creation of personas, a new and largely untested tool. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the value of detecting the most valuable participant segments in order to influence and leverage future and repeat participation as a basis for success of a fundraising event for a charity's cause.
Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Charity challenges are an increasingly popular form of alternative tourism, drawing upon charity events, sports and tourism. This study adopts a thematic/analytic autoethnographic approach to explore some of the themes present in the author's experience of a 3-day cycling charity challenge event in Queensland, Australia. The aim of the research was specifically to draw forth both the manifest and latent aspects of the experience using diary entries recorded during the event. Using an emic, inductive approach, eight manifest themes that could be analysed with respect to the broader literature on tourism, sports and charity events were identified. An additional two latent themes that had not been examined previously within this context also appeared in the analysis. The first was the notion of creative expression as a result of fundraising for the event, and the second was related to overcoming a fear of cycling in traffic. The findings raise questions about how we might understand the unspoken facets of the tourism experience as topics such as fear and anxiety are not easy to discuss with external researchers or to capture in their entirety through more prescriptive research methods, such as surveys and structured or semi-structured interviews. This paper provides insights into one event that occurs at the boundaries of cycling tourism, sports and charity events whilst advocating for an understanding of the nuances that permeate participants' experiences of such events. Failure to recognise and acknowledge these nuances may lead to misleading managerial suggestions, poor policy design and unsuccessful new initiatives.
Virtually all past leisure constraints research has been based on a conception of constraints as insurmountable obstacles to leisure participation. Thus, it has typically been assumed that if an individual encounters a constraint, the outcome will be nonparticipation. This article elaborates an alternative view of constraints that has recently begun to appear in the literature, summarized in the central proposition that leisure participation is dependent not on the absence of constraints but on negotiation through them. Such negotiation may modify participation rather than foreclosing it. Evidence from the existing literature for the negotiation proposition is examined, and five additional propositions are defined concerning relative success in negotiating constraints, interactions between different types of constraints, and balance between constraints and motivations.
This article points out the criteria necessary in order for a qualitative scientific method to qualify itself as phenomenological in a descriptive Husserlian sense. One would have to employ (1) description (2) within the attitude of the phenomenological reduction, and (3) seek the most invariant meanings for a context. The results of this analysis are used to critique an article by Klein and Westcott (1994), that presents a typology of the development of the phenomenological psychological method.
This article explores the cultural genesis and meanings of the lives of three African-American women leaders/researchers and disrupts and unsettles the taken-for-granted notions surrounding the very goals and purposes of educational research. By examining the life notes of these women, the author develops an endarkened feminist epistemology, which embodies a distinguishably different cultural standpoint, located in the intersection/overlap of the culturally constructed socializations of race, gender, and other identities and the historical and contemporary contexts of oppressions and resistance for African-American women.
The aim of this study is to examine the processes in the sport industry and consumer society in Israel, following similar global trends, which paradoxically contribute to the creation of an obesogenic culture and a sedentary lifestyle, while completely overshadowing popular participatory physical activity. This essay examines the case of active transportation in Israel (walking, cycling, roller-blading, skateboarding, etc) to widen the scope of discussion in popular sport to include the ecology of health, environmental injustice and governmental decision-making which produces an inactivity-enhancing environment instead of a sport promoting one. The ecological vision of health and sport is contrasted with television-dominated professional commercialized ‘sport’ and of sedentary lifestyle. Active Transportation is viewed as an environmental alternative to traditional sport for promoting active living and a healthy lifestyle in society at large, while bike advocacy is portrayed as an attempt to realize active transportation in Israel. The essay also surveys the controversy sparked by the issue of safety and bike helmets legislation, and questions the self-professed role of professional sport as inspiration for popular physical activity.
Developed categories of leisure constraints and resulting negotiation strategies through an open-ended questionnaire on leisure participation, motivations, and constraints with 425 junior high school and high school students. The frequencies of constraints negotiation variables were reported, and associations among them were identified to compile a preliminary picture of the constraints negotiation process. The study confirms the E. L. Jackson et al (see record
1993-35630-001) proposition that, instead of reacting passively to constraints on their leisure (i.e., by not participating), some people negotiate through constraints and succeed in initiating or continuing leisure participation. Thus, constraints on leisure should not be viewed as necessarily insurmountable obstacles to participation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This work presents an analytical approach to assessing the negotiation of interaction through a key cultural symbol. Six distinct dimensions are proposed to explain how the term freier (roughly glossed as “sucker”) functions in Israeli society and what impact it has on communication: the freier concept as a frame for interaction; its centrality as a key cultural concept within cultural discourse; its prevalence in several social realms; the terms of negotiation delimited by the frame; the dynamics of the freier frame as a scale; and the duality of its function in interaction as both means and end. Critical analysis based on these dimensions shows that the freier frame is detrimental to communication and social interaction and has the potential to threaten the cohesion of an entire society.
This paper presents a comparative analysis of giving ethos and behavior in the United States and the United Kingdom, in particular the relationship of giving to civic life. Obvious disparities between the two countries exist when overall levels of giving are considered. In the United States, individual giving as a percentage of gross national or domestic product has consistently hovered around 2% of Gross Domestic Product. By contrast, charitable giving in the United Kingdom has yet to reach 1% of GDP. The paper identifies the differences in giving ethos and behavior in the two countries in relation to the complexity of the differences between the political structures, social attitudes, and the role of charitable giving in the two countries. In particular, the paper postulates a set of models—generosity and altruism—for explaining the differences.
Using constructs from the Theory of Planned Behavior and theories of altruism, this article explores how multiple motivations and beliefs for blood donation are clustered and change across the donor career. In so doing important distinctions, for blood donation, between impure altruism, pure altruism, and warm glow are explored.
Measures of intentions, cognitive and affective attitudes, role merger, pure altruism, trust, self-efficacy, subjective and moral norms, and habit formation were assessed in a sample of 12,580 whole blood donors. Analyses showed that a distinction between first-time, novice (one to four donations), and experienced donors (five or more donations) is justified. Principal components analysis and confirmatory factor analytic Multiple-Indicator Multiple-Causal models were used to compare models across these groups.
A cognition-behavior (CB) factor, including intentions, was common to all groups. First-time and novice donors were marked by a newly identified motivational factor: "reluctant altruism" (i.e., the motivation to donate because of a lack of trust in others). First-time donors exhibited an impure altruism factor whereas for experienced donors warm glow and pure altruism factors were observed. For first-time donors impure altruism and reluctant altruism were both associated with the CB factor in females and impure altruism only in males. For both sexes reluctant altruism was associated of the CB factor in novice donors and warm glow and pure altruism for experienced donors.
New avenues for intervention are suggested by the emergence of reluctant altruism for novice donors and warm glow for experienced donors. The importance of distinguishing aspects of altruism is highlighted.
International differences in giving levels are becoming increasingly well documented by a variety of
sources. Less well explicated in both research and practice are the social understandings of the role
and meaning of charitable giving in different countries and cultures. This paper contributes a
comparative analysis of giving ethos and behaviour in two countries, the United States and the United
Kingdom, in particular the relationship of giving to civic life. It identifies differences in giving ethos
and behaviour in the two countries, and postulates two models—generosity and altruism—for
explaining those differences.
Obvious disparities between the two countries exist when overall levels of giving are considered. In
the United States, individual giving as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product has consistently
hovered around 2%. By contrast, charitable giving in the United Kingdom has yet to reach 1% of
GDP. Various strategies, including those imported from the US, have not been able to move that
percentage significantly higher, and giving levels were in fact declining in the mid-1990s as incomes
were rising. Intriguingly, while the two countries differ dramatically in the total amounts given, rates
of participation in giving are quite similar.
These kinds of figures have encouraged some analysts to conclude that the giving culture in the UK is
simply less well developed than in the US. This conclusion, however, neglects the complexity of the
differences between the political structures, social attitudes, and the role of charitable giving in the
two countries. Other countries and cultures may also suffer similar simplistic assessments in an era
when the export of American civic concepts and strategies has become increasingly popular.