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Characterization and biological evaluation of selected Mediterranean propolis samples. Is it a new type?
... collected from Malaita Island in the Solomon Islands [59]. The main source of Russian propolis is catkins of Betulla verrucosa, with major compounds of flavones and flavonols, which are different from the poplar type [29,37,58,60]. Nonetheless, such a correlation between the type of propolis and its main botanical source is conditional to some extent. ...
... The above-mentioned information points out that the chemical composition of extracts prepared from propolis will mainly depend on the plant sources used by bees for forming propolis, as well as species of bees [19,30,37,58]. Some authors connect the chemical composition of propolis with the vegetation of the locality [19,26,34,37,58]. ...
... The above-mentioned information points out that the chemical composition of extracts prepared from propolis will mainly depend on the plant sources used by bees for forming propolis, as well as species of bees [19,30,37,58]. Some authors connect the chemical composition of propolis with the vegetation of the locality [19,26,34,37,58]. Nevertheless, it can be supposed that the vegetation is constant to a certain extent for the particular area, and actually, the locality can be regarded as the principal factor that mainly determines the chemical composition of propolis. ...
Abstract: This review aims to analyze propolis as a potential raw material for the development and manufacture of new health-promoting products. Many scientific publications were retrieved from the Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases via searching the word “propolis”. The different extraction procedures, key biologically active compounds, biological properties, and therapeutic potential of propolis were analyzed. It was concluded that propolis possesses a variety of biological properties because of a very complex chemical composition that mainly depends on the plant species visited by bees and species of bees. Numerous studies found versatile pharmacological
activities of propolis: antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory,
immunomodulatory, etc. In this review, the composition and biological activities of propolis are presented from a point of view of the origin and standardization of propolis for the purpose of the development of new pharmaceutical products on its base. It was revealed that some types of propolis, especially European propolis, contain flavonoids and phenolic acids, which could be markers for the standardization and quality evaluation of propolis and its preparations. One more focus of this paper was the overview of microorganisms’ sensitivity to propolis for further development of antimicrobial
and antioxidant products for the treatment of various infectious diseases with an emphasis on the
illnesses of the oral cavity. It was established that the antimicrobial activity of different types of
propolis is quite significant, especially to Gram-negative bacteria and lipophilic viruses. The present
study could be also of interest to the pharmaceutical industry as a review for the appropriate design
of standardized propolis preparations such as mouthwashes, toothpastes, oral drops, sprays, creams,
ointments, suppositories, tablets, and capsules, etc. Moreover, propolis could be regarded as a source
for the isolation of biologically active substances. Furthermore, this review can facilitate partially
overcoming the problem of the standardization of propolis preparations, which is a principal obstacle
to the broader use of propolis in the pharmaceutical industry. Finally, this study could be of interest
in the area of the food industry for the development of nutritionally well-balanced products. The
results of this review indicate that propolis deserves to be better studied for its promising therapeutic
effects from the point of view of the connection of its chemical composition with the locality of its
collection, vegetation, appropriate extraction methods, and standardization
... Propolis is a natural waxy substance collected by honeybees (Apis mellifera) from leaf buds of different tree species and exudates of the plants [17,18]. There are more than 300 compounds (polyphenols, terpenoids, steroids, sugars, amino acids, and others) have been detected in a different kind of propolis in the world [19]. Taking into account the importance of Mediterranean propolis as it was reported by Graikou et al. [19], it should be exciting to incorporate these natural products in order to enhance the functional proprieties of biopolymers, such as PLA. ...
... There are more than 300 compounds (polyphenols, terpenoids, steroids, sugars, amino acids, and others) have been detected in a different kind of propolis in the world [19]. Taking into account the importance of Mediterranean propolis as it was reported by Graikou et al. [19], it should be exciting to incorporate these natural products in order to enhance the functional proprieties of biopolymers, such as PLA. In addition, Mediterranean propolis could be considered as a new type of propolis group, which has shown high antioxidant and antimicrobial activities [20][21][22]. ...
... The out layer of Gram-negative bacteria containing phospholipids, proteins, and lipopolysaccharides are impermeable to some molecules. The major presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the chemical composition in propolis may be related to the promising antimicrobial activities observed [19,20]. It can also be noted that the biological effect of EEP was related to the action of several aromatic compounds that existed in the propolis such as caffeic acid, benzyl cinnamate, cinnamyl cinnamate [38]. ...
Antimicrobial films based on polylactic acid (PLA) were developed by incorporating Thymus vulgaris essential oil (TV-EOs) with different concentrations of ethanolic extract of Mediterranean propolis (EEP) (5 wt% and 10 wt% based on PLA). The antimicrobial activities of EEP were performed by the agar disc diffusion method. The EEP exhibited high antimicrobial properties with inhibition zone diameter of 12.1 and 11.58 mm against Staphylococcus aureus and Penicillium sp., respectively. The addition of TV-EOs to films containing 5 and 10 wt% of EEP decrease the elastic modulus from 1292 MPa to 1084 MPa and 911.1 MPa to 794 MPa compared with films containing 5 and 10% of EEP alone, respectively. However, the elongation at break increased by 64% after the addition of TV-EOs to the film containing 10 wt% of EEP. Thermal stability of films improvement by the addition of TV-EOs and EEP. Antimicrobial activity of the films showed that films containing 10 wt% EEP inhibited the growth of Candida albicans and the combination of EEP and TV-EOs in the PLA matrix showed a synergistic effect against Escherichia coli. The developed PLA-based films with antimicrobial activity have a potential application in food packaging to increase the shelf life of packaged food.
... Propolis is a natural waxy substance collected by honeybees (Apis mellifera) from leaf buds of different tree species and exudates of the plants [17,18]. There are more than 300 compounds (polyphenols, terpenoids, steroids, sugars, amino acids, and others) have been detected in a different kind of propolis in the world [19]. Taking into account the importance of Mediterranean propolis as it was reported by Graikou et al. [19], it should be exciting to incorporate these natural products in order to enhance the functional proprieties of biopolymers, such as PLA. ...
... There are more than 300 compounds (polyphenols, terpenoids, steroids, sugars, amino acids, and others) have been detected in a different kind of propolis in the world [19]. Taking into account the importance of Mediterranean propolis as it was reported by Graikou et al. [19], it should be exciting to incorporate these natural products in order to enhance the functional proprieties of biopolymers, such as PLA. In addition, Mediterranean propolis could be considered as a new type of propolis group, which has shown high antioxidant and antimicrobial activities [20][21][22]. ...
... The out layer of Gram-negative bacteria containing phospholipids, proteins, and lipopolysaccharides are impermeable to some molecules. The major presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the chemical composition in propolis may be related to the promising antimicrobial activities observed [19,20]. It can also be noted that the biological effect of EEP was related to the action of several aromatic compounds that existed in the propolis such as caffeic acid, benzyl cinnamate, cinnamyl cinnamate [38]. ...
... The low productivity of propolis and its great chemical variability allied to the lack of standardization are the main obstacles to propolis applications, for example, in the food industry as a food preservative but especially in the pharmaceutical industry for therapeutic purposes [10,[20][21][22]. In this framework, and given the great potential of this natural product [6,23,24], the aim of this work is the evaluation of the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of mixtures of propolis, as well as the characterization of its chemical composition through in vitro methodologies. ...
... It is well known that propolis composition depends on a myriad of factors and that chemical and biological diversity are propolis signatures [21,22,44]. Over the years, propolis from Gerês, in the north of Portugal, has shown great consistency in terms of its biological activity and phenolic profiles [25]. ...
Global demand for safe, effective and natural products has been increasing in parallel with consumers’ concerns about personal and environmental health. Propolis, a traditional and potentially medicinal product with several health benefits, is a beehive product with a worldwide reputation. However, despite the bioactivities reported, the low productivity and high chemical heterogeneity have been extensively hampering broader industrial uses. To assist in overcoming some of these problems, we prepared and characterized mixtures of ethanol extracts of a heterogeneous propolis sample (Pereiro) collected over a five-year period (2011–2015) and, additionally, we mixed two different propolis samples from distinct regions of Portugal (Pereiro and Gerês), also harvested at different times. An investigation of the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, as well as characterization of the chemical composition of the eleven propolis blends were performed in this work. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of such blends of propolis samples, either from different localities and/or different years, were maintained, or even enhanced, when a comparison of the individual extracts was conducted. The differences in the chemical composition of the original propolis samples were also diluted in the mixtures. The results reemphasize the great potential of propolis and suggest that mixing different samples, regardless of provenance or harvesting date, can contribute to propolis standardization while simultaneously increasing its availability and adding value to this beehive byproduct.
... Propolis, also known as bee putty or bee glue, is a natural plant product found in beehives and collected and treated by bees (18). A literature review of several reports documented the antimicrobial effects of propolis related to the presence of flavonoids and terpenoids (19). ...
... Propolis is a natural plant product produced by Apis mellifera bees (18). Interestingly, it contains over 300 biochemical constituents including flavonoids, polyphenols, phenolic aldehydes, sesquiterpenes, and coumarins rendering it a potent antimicrobial activity (53)(54)(55). ...
The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is considered a serious threat to global poultry production. Despite the availability of vaccines, it remains a major devastating epidemic responsible for great economic losses. The development of novel virus-controlling strategies is therefore an urgent need. The present study investigated for the first time the antiviral efficacy of propolis and chitosan nanoparticles against two NDV isolates, MW881875 and MW881876, recovered from vaccinated commercial broiler farms in KafrEl Sheikh Governorate, Egypt. The polygenetic analysis focused on the F and M genes, with one isolate having a 97% identity with the genotype VII NDV Israeli strain. On the other hand, the identified isolates showed high genetic variation and only 76% identity with the LaSota vaccine (genotype II). More interestingly, the cell cytotoxic concentrations of chitosan, propolis, and a propolis–chitosan mixture against Vero cells were 327.41 ± 12.63, 109.48 ± 8.36, and 231.78 ± 11.46 μg/ml, respectively. The median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) assay demonstrated that the nanoparticles have antiviral effects after NDV exposure resulting in significant decrease in viral titer (TCID50) by 2, 2.66, and 2.5 log10 at 62 μg/ml of chitosan, 13 μg/ml of propolis, and 30 μg/ml of the propolis–chitosan mixture, respectively, compared with the control TCID50 value of 4 log10. Taken together, the results provide novel insights into the potentially promising roles of propolis and chitosan as novel, safe, and effective antiviral agents against NDV.
... [29,56,59,62] Flavones and flavonols, different from those present in Poplar type, are abundant in Birch and mixed propolis from Russia. [59,64] Mediterranean propolis from Sicily, Greece and Malta contains many diterpenic acids and benzoic acid esters [76][77][78][79] ; while the main phenolic compounds found in Turkish propolis are flavonoids and phenolic acids. [63] Propolis from tropical regions has a different chemical composition than propolis obtained from temperate regions, mainly due to differences in the endemic resinous plant species. ...
... Greece, Malta, Sicily, Cyprus, Algeria, Turkey [58,[76][77][78][79] Pacific Macaranga tanarius Prenylated flavanones: Propolin C, propolin D and propolin F, among others. ...
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed oncological malignancy in women. The search for better treatment alternatives has placed attention on natural products. Propolis, a resinous bee product rich in polyphenols, has important anti-proliferative properties. This review describes the molecular mechanisms of propolis and several of its constituents in breast cancer, with a special focus on those involved in their anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-metastatic activities. Their therapeutic potential in breast cancer is discussed, both individually, and in combination, identifying opportunities for future research. Synergistic effects of propolis-derived chemicals could lay the foundation for future breakthroughs in breast cancer treatment strategies.
... (7) De igual manera, la evaluación de la actividad antimicrobiana de 33 diferentes propóleos colectados en Grecia, Islas del Mar Egeo, Chipre, Croacia y Algeria, ricos en compuestos diterpénicos y flavonoides presentaron efecto sobre S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E.coli, E. cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, S. mutans y S. viridans. (16) Estos últimos resultados confirman la importancia de la flora de la región en la naturaleza de los propóleos. ...
... La actividad antioxidante del propóleo (16,18) es la propiedad biológica más importante. A ésta se le atribuye el efecto antimicrobiano, anticancerígeno, antiinflamatorio, antiviral, de los diferentes componentes fenólicos, terpénicos, etc. que actúan en si-nergia. ...
La apicultura tiene como producto protagonista a la miel, sin embargo, también permite la obtención de una serie de subproductos de alto valor agregado que hacen rentable y exitosa esta actividad. Entre los subproductos, el propóleo, el polen, la cera y la jalea real, son los más consumidos y utilizados, esto debido a las propiedades biológicas que se les confiere, como la actividad antimicrobiana, antioxidante y desinflamante.
Recientemente, el uso del veneno de las abejas o apiterapia, ha permitido el tratamiento complementario o alternativo del reumatismo y otras afecciones articulares, por sus propiedades antiinflamatorias, al ser eficaz supresor del dolor, debido a que actúa sobre el sistema inmunológico corrigiendo ataques de anticuerpos hacia las articulaciones. Asimismo, el veneno de abeja es útil en el tratamiento de esclerosis múltiple, síndrome de fatiga crónica, psoriasis, herpes y depresión.
... Therefore, the infusion method (the sample is immersed in a solvent for a long period) has been widely used by the industry to obtain chemical compounds with biological properties, presenting limitations and a low yield. Isolated ethanol extraction is not sufficient for obtaining extracts with high concentrations of compounds with biologically active functions [39][40][41]. With the aim of better using matrices rich in phytochemical substances, ultrasound technology (also called sonication) is an alternative for pretreatment during the extraction process. ...
The optimized extraction process of natural matrices such as propolis that results in extracts with significant compounds has been one of the main needs of the industry. The aim of this work was to analyze the content of the active components of Brazilian red propolis extracts previously treated with ultrasound, as well as to evaluate in vitro their performance regarding antioxidant capacity and against bacteria and tumor cells. The results of the chromatographic analysis showed the influence of ultrasound treatment for higher yields of formononetin and kaempferol. However, just a higher content of these two components was not enough to interfere with higher concentrations of phenolic compounds and flavonoids among the extracts. The ten extracts obtained showed activity against two bacterial strains, and eight of them showed >70% cytotoxicity against five neoplastic cell lines. These results demonstrated the influence of ultrasound technology as a pretreatment in obtaining the ethanolic extracts of propolis, increasing the possibility of the applicability of Brazilian red propolis in different areas.
... It was reported that the major biologically dominant components of propolis are flavonoids (flavanones and flavones), phenolic acids, and their esters. It has been reported that red propolis is characterized by many flavonoids (liquiritigenin, formononetin, pinobanksin-3acetate, rutin, pinocembrin, luteolin, quercetin, isoliquiritigenin and, daidzein) (Salatino & Salatino, 2018;Graikou et al., 2016). The major biologically dominant components of bee pollen vary. ...
Royal jelly, which is used in functional foods due to its antioxidant capacity, has started to be widely used. In this study, the antioxidant capacities and phenolic contents of royal jelly mixtures were determined. Total phenolic substance contents (TPC) of royal jelly mixtures were specified using the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure, total flavonoid substance contents (TFC) by aluminium chloride colourimetric method, phenolic compound contents with LC-MS/MS and antioxidant activity with 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. TPC ranged from 0.6 to 38.2 mg GAE/100 g, and the mean value was determined as 11.08 mg GAE/100 g. TFC ranged from were ranged from 0.1 to 30.06 mg QE/100 g and a mean value of 9.2 mg QE/100 g, and DPPH ranged from 4.4 to 93.0 mg TE/mL and a mean value of 29.11 mg TE/mL. TPC, TFC and DPPH activities were highest in S6 and S7 samples, and lowest in S1 and S2 samples. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester was the highest yielding phenolic compound in all samples, and Luteolin was the lowest yielding compound. The highest phenolic compound contents were determined in the S6 and S7 samples. As a result, it has been observed that food products containing bee products are rich in phenolic contents and have high antioxidant properties. TPC, TFC, DPPH activity and phenolic contents were found to change as the type and ratio of bee products in the food changed.
... Few studies were performed concerning the chemical composition of Algerian propolis and its botanical origin. Research has identified and proven the presence of two main propolis types: poplar and Mediterranean [19][20][21]. The main constituents of Algerian propolis include aromatic acids, namely, benzoic, ferulic, coumaric, vanillic, and caffeic acids, flavonoids, in particular, quercetin, kaempferol, chrysin, techtochrysin, galangin, naringenin, genistein, acacetin, pinostrobin, and pinobanksin, and their derivatives [19,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27], fatty acids, such as hexadecanoic acid, oleic acid, octadecanoic acid, etc., [26,28], and diterpenic acids, namely, pimaric acid, isopimaric acid, cupressic acid, isocupressic acid, imbricatoloic acid, torulosal, isoathotal, and cistadiol [26,27]. ...
Background: Breast cancer is a major cause of death in women worldwide. Propolis antitumor activity has become the subject of growing research. Algerian propolis is being studied for its antitumor activity on several cell lines. However, little is known about its cytotoxic activity on the human breast adenocarcinoma cell line.
Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effect of Algerian propolis on human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MDA-MB-231) and explain its mechanism of action.
Methods: Cytotoxic activity was evaluated using MTT assay, and mechanisms involved in the cytotoxic activity were also investigated. In addition, the chemical profile was analyzed by the determination of TP and TF contents.
Results: TP and TF of the tested propolis varied between 1.36±0.15 and 97.85±2.98 GAE μg/mg for TP and 0.08±0.10 and 33.22±1,17QE μg/mg for TF. Propolis treatment of MD-MB-231 cells for 24 hours was found to suppress the growth of the tested cell line in a dose-dependent manner. The tested propolis probably induces an intrinsic pathway of apoptosis through caspase cascade and activation of pro-apoptotic proteins: BAX, p53, and p21. In addition, cell proliferation was found to be inhibited by the diminution of CYCLIN2 and CDK4 activities associated with the increase in P21 acting as a protein inhibitor.
Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that Algerian propolis could be used as a complementary treatment for breast cancer. Our propolis suppresses the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation.
... Generally, the oxidative stability of the medium is assessed over a period under standard conditions (35). In some cases, the results can be expressed as a "protection factor", in which higher values above one indicates inhibition of lipid peroxidation (178). ...
... Propolis, as a natural substance with antimicrobial activity, has been traditionally used in folk medicine. Presently, it has been proven that bee glue possesses antiseptic and antimicrobial properties [16,17]. It can be extensively used in food, beverages, and food supplements for improving health and the prevention of many diseases, and it is also the source of new substances for future therapies [18]. ...
There is a noticeable interest in alternative therapies where the outcome is the eradication of the Gram-negative bacterium, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), for the purpose of treating many stomach diseases (chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers) and preventing stomach cancer. It is especially urgent because the mentioned pathogen infects over 50% of the world’s population. Recent studies have shown the potential of natural products, such as medicinal plant and bee products, on the inhibition of H. pylori growth. Propolis is such a bee product, with known antimicrobial activities. The main scope of the study is the determination of the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts from 11 propolis samples (mostly from Poland, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Greece) against H. pylori, as well as selected bacterial and yeast species. The most effective against H. pylori was the propolis from Ukraine, with an MIC = 0.02 mg/mL while the rest of samples (except one) had an MIC = 0.03 mg/mL. Moreover, significant antimicrobial activity against Gram+ bacteria (with an MIC of 0.02–2.50 mg/mL) and three yeasts (with an MIC of 0.04–0.63 mg/mL) was also observed. A phytochemical analysis (polyphenolic profile) of the propolis samples, by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-MS), was performed. An evaluation of the impact of the propolis components on antimicrobial activity, consisting of statistical analyses (principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical fuzzy clustering), was then performed. It was observed that the chemical composition characteristics of the poplar propolis correlated with higher antibacterial activity, while that of the poplar and aspen propolis correlated with weaker antibacterial activity. To summarize the activity in vitro, all tested propolis samples indicate that they can be regarded as useful and potent factors in antimicrobial therapies, especially against H. pylori.
... The bulk of the active ingredients of propolis comprise the family of polyphenols. In this concern, phenolic acids, flavonoids (flavanones, flavones, flavonols etc.), stilbenes, and tannins are considered the most active polyphenols of propolis (Graikou et al., 2015;Anjum et al., 2019). In addition, several previous in vitro and in vivo studies showed that flavonoids have high potential for inhibition of Angiotensin-Converting enzyme (ACE) (Hussain et al., 2018;Wang et al., 2018;Silveira et al., 2019). ...
The recent emergence of COVID‐19 represents one of the biggest challenges facing the world today. Despite the recent attempts to understand the epidemiological pattern and pathogenesis of the disease, detailed data about the physiology and pathology of the disease is still out of reach. Moreover, the lack of a widespread vaccine prompts an urgent call for developing a proper intervention strategy against the virus. Importantly, identification of novel molecules that target replication of the virus represents one of the promising strategies for the control this pandemic crisis. Among others, honey bee products contain numerous bioactive compounds such as propolis and several phenolic compounds that possess a wide range of therapeutic properties for combating various pathological disorders and infectious agents. The intention of the present review is to highlight the stages of SARS-CoV-2 lifecycle, the molecular mechanisms explaining the health benefits of honey bee products on COVID‐19 physiology and pathology and the possible limitations. Further future research is suggested to explore more about bee natural bioactive compounds as potential candidates against SARS-CoV-2.
... Propolisin, geçmiş zamanlardan günümüze kadar insan sağlığı açısından öneminin halen bilinmesinin en önemli nedenlerinden biri de antimikrobiyal etkisidir. Bu değerli arı ürününün antiviral, antibakteriyel, antifungal özelliklerinin yanı sıra antitümör, antikanserojenik, antiülser, antiinflamatör, lokal anestezik antioksidatif, bağışıklığı koruyucu gibi yararlı biyolojik aktiviteler göstermesi; apiterapi, tıp ve biyo-kozmetik alanlarında kullanımının yaygınlaşmasını sağlamıştır[75][76][77]. ...
TTürkiye farklı iklim ve coğrafi şartlara sahip olduğu için çok çeşitli bal arı ırklarının merkezi konumundadır. Türkiye’de yaygın olarak Anadolu arısı (Apis mellifera anatolica M.), Kafkasya arısı (Apis mellifera caucasia G.), Suriye Arısı (Apis mellifera syrica), İran arısı (Apis mellifera meda Skorikov, 1929) ırkları bulunmaktadır. Arıcılığın geçmişi Taş Devri ve eski medeniyet çağlarına kadar dayanmaktadır. İspanya'da yapılan kazılarda ortaya çıkarılan M.Ö. 7000 yıllarına ait arı fosil ve resimleri eski çağ insanlarının doğal yaşamlarında arılardan yararlandığını kanıtlamaktadır. Arının kültüre alındığı ilk yer Mısır olup, arıcılığın ise ilk defa 7000 yıl önce Orta Anadolu’da başladığı bilinmektedir. Literatürde
Mısırlılarda arıcılığın daha da geliştiği, 4.000 yıl öncesinde balın malların alım satımında takas malzemesi olduğu ve vergi ödemede kullanıldığı belirtilmektedir. Günümüzde arıcılık sektörü oldukça gelişmiş ve bal dışında diğer arı ürünlerinin önemi de araştırmacılar tarafından keşfedilmiştir. Bal dışındaki diğer arı ürünleri arasında propolis, arı sütü, polen, arı ekmeği (Perga), arı zehiri ve balmumu yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada arı ürünlerinin tanıtılması, beslenme ve sağlık açısından
önemlerinin vurgulanması amaçlanmaktadır.
... Propolisin, geçmiş zamanlardan günümüze kadar insan sağlığı açısından öneminin halen bilinmesinin en önemli nedenlerinden biri de antimikrobiyal etkisidir. Bu değerli arı ürününün antiviral, antibakteriyel, antifungal özelliklerinin yanı sıra antitümör, antikanserojenik, antiülser, antiinflamatör, lokal anestezik antioksidatif, bağışıklığı koruyucu gibi yararlı biyolojik aktiviteler göstermesi; apiterapi, tıp ve biyo-kozmetik alanlarında kullanımının yaygınlaşmasını sağlamıştır[75][76][77]. ...
Türkiye farklı iklim ve coğrafi şartlara sahip olduğu için çok çeşitli bal arı ırklarının merkezi konumundadır. Türkiye’de yaygın olarak Anadolu arısı (Apis mellifera anatolica M.), Kafkasya arısı (Apis mellifera caucasia G.), Suriye Arısı (Apis mellifera syrica), İran arısı (Apis mellifera meda Skorikov, 1929) ırkları bulunmaktadır. Arıcılığın geçmişi Taş Devri ve eski medeniyet çağlarına kadar dayanmaktadır. İspanya'da yapılan kazılarda ortaya çıkarılan M.Ö. 7000 yıllarına ait arı fosil ve resimleri eski
çağ insanlarının doğal yaşamlarında arılardan yararlandığını
kanıtlamaktadır. Arının kültüre alındığı ilk yer Mısır olup, arıcılığın ise ilk
defa 7000 yıl önce Orta Anadolu’da başladığı bilinmektedir. Literatürde
Mısırlılarda arıcılığın daha da geliştiği, 4.000 yıl öncesinde balın malların alım satımında takas malzemesi olduğu ve vergi ödemede kullanıldığı belirtilmektedir. Günümüzde arıcılık sektörü oldukça gelişmiş ve bal dışında diğer arı ürünlerinin önemi de araştırmacılar tarafından keşfedilmiştir. Bal dışındaki diğer arı ürünleri arasında propolis, arı sütü, polen, arı ekmeği (Perga), arı zehiri ve balmumu yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada arı ürünlerinin tanıtılması, beslenme ve sağlık açısından önemlerinin vurgulanması amaçlanmaktadır.
... It is noteworthy that the diterpene content in the EEP samples was directly proportional to antimicrobial activity against all tested bacteria. Moreover, the samples showed particularly strong activity on Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus mutans) (Graikou et al., 2016). Further studies on propolis samples collected from Mediterranean areas confirmed the effectiveness of EEP on S. epidermidis, S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) using a disc diffusion assay at a concentration range of 100 to 1000 mg/mL, with an inhibitory zone of 4.6-21.4 ...
Propolis is a plant-based sticky substance that is produced by honeybees. It has been used traditionally by ancient civilizations as a folk medicine, and is known to have many pharmaceutical properties including antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antitumour effects. Worldwide, researchers are still studying the complex composition of propolis to unveil its biological potential, and especially its antimicrobial activity against a variety of multidrug-resistant microorganisms. This review explores scientific reports published during the last decade on the characterization of different types of propolis, and evaluates their antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Propolis can be divided into different types depending on their chemical composition and physical properties associated with geographic origin and plant sources. Flavonoids, phenols, diterpenes, and aliphatic compounds are the main chemicals that characterize the different types of propolis (Poplar, Brazilian, and Mediterranean), and are responsible for their antimicrobial activity. The extracts of most types of propolis showed greater antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria: particularly on S. aureus, as well as on C. albicans, as compared to Gram-negative pathogens. Propolis acts either by directly interacting with the microbial cells or by stimulating the immune system of the host cells. Some studies have suggested that structural damage to the microorganisms is a possible mechanism by which propolis exhibits its antimicrobial activity. However, the mechanism of action of propolis is still unclear, due to the synergistic interaction of the ingredients of propolis, and this natural substance has multi-target activity in the cell. The broad-spectrum biological potentials of propolis present it as an ideal candidate for the development of new, potent, and cost-effective antimicrobial agents.
... There are many scientific studies showing that propolis, a natural bee product, is a very rich mixture of flavonoids and is an important agent of apitherapy. Polyphenolic profile of propolis varies according to the flora of the region and also caffeic acid, CAPE, rutin, quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol, hesperetin, naringin and naringenin, galangin are most active substances of Turkish propolis (Lu et al. 2004;Erdogan et al. 2011;Aliyazıcıoglu et al. 2013;Yang et al. 2013;Graikou et al. 2016). Barbarić et al. (2011) There are some differences between the findings because the chemical composition of propolis varies according to the geographical region, climate, environmental conditions and collection seasons (Sawaya et al. 2011;Lopez et al. 2014;Andrade et al. 2017). ...
The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-related carboxypeptidase, ACE-II, is a type I integral membrane protein of 805 amino acids that contains 1 HEXXH-E zinc binding consensus sequence. ACE-II has been implicated in the regulation of heart function and also as a functional receptor for the coronavirus that causes the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). In this study, the potential of some flavonoids presents in propolis to bind to ACE-II receptors was calculated with in silico. Binding constants of ten flavonoids, caffeic acid, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, chrysin, galangin, myricetin, rutin, hesperetin, pinocembrin, luteolin and quercetin were measured using the AutoDock 4.2 molecular docking program. And also, these binding constants were compared to reference ligand of MLN-4760. The results are shown that rutin has the best inhibition potentials among the studied molecules with high binding energy − 8.04 kcal/mol, and it is followed by myricetin, quercetin, caffeic acid phenethyl ester and hesperetin. However, the reference molecule has binding energy of – 7.24 kcal/mol. In conclusion, the high potential of flavonoids in ethanolic propolis extracts to bind to ACE-II receptors indicates that this natural bee product has high potential for COVID-19 treatment, but this needs to be supported by experimental studies.
... Essa diferença provavelmente se deve ao método empregado tanto no processo de extração quanto nos isolados microbianos. Resultados positivos de estudos com extratos de própolis contra E. coli estão descritos na literatura(38,39).A ação antibacteriana dos extratos de própolis apresenta uma relação com a presença de flavonoides (60, 62, 63). Como no presente estudo a concentração de sólidos solúveis totais foi padronizada e essa concentração apresenta correlação com a concentração de fenóis e flavonoides totais (compostos fenólicos) que estão presentes nas diferentes fontes de própolis usadas (9, 10, 29, 30) podemos supor que as diferenças observadas sejam devidas a diferentes compostos fenólicos presentes em cada amostra. ...
A própolis é um produto natural utilizado pelas abelhas para vedar as frestas da colmeia, preservando-a contra microrganismos e invasores. Possui inúmeras atividades biológicas, como antimicrobiana, antioxidante, antitumoral, reforçadora do sistema imunológico, entre outras. Considerando-se as atividades biológicas de diferentes tipos de própolis, foi preparada uma mistura de três amostras para se obter um extrato etanólico a 21%, denominada de fusion. No presente trabalho, avaliou-se a atividade antimicrobiana através da técnica de difusão em disco, dos extratos etanólicos da própolis silvestre, verde, vermelha e da fusion, contra cinco espécies de leveduras, seis linhagens de bactérias e um fungo. Os extratos obtidos apresentaram diferentes cores, característica devida a presença de distintos compostos fenólicos, inerentes a cada tipo de própolis. O extrato de própolis vermelha destacou-se na atividade antifúngica, seja contra células leveduriformes ou filamentosas. Conclui-se que a união de diferentes própolis num único extrato, aqui denominado fusion, apresenta resultados superiores ao esperado na maior parte dos testes.
... Since these types of propolis are classified by their botanical and geographical origins and their climatic zones, their chemical composition and consequently their antioxidant content, will differ. Table 4 summarizes the results from studies on the antioxidant capacity of propolis [6,32,55,[140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156][157]. The extraction of bioactive compounds depends on the type and quantity of solvent, on temperature and time, and on the process used to interact with raw propolis. ...
Bee products have been used since ancient times both for their nutritional value and for a broad spectrum of therapeutic purposes. They are deemed to be a potential source of natural antioxidants that can counteract the effects of oxidative stress underlying the pathogenesis of many diseases. In view of the growing interest in using bioactive substances from natural sources to promote health and reduce the risk of developing certain illnesses, this review aims to update the current state of knowledge on the antioxidant capacity of bee products such as honey, pollen, propolis, beeswax, royal jelly and bee venom, and on the analytical methods used. The complex, variable composition of these products and the multitude of analytical methods used to study their antioxidant activities are responsible for the wide range of results reported by a plethora of available studies. This suggests the need to establish standardized methods to more efficiently evaluate the intrinsic antioxidant characteristics of these products and make the data obtained more comparable.
... Our results are in agreement with the data from a previous study of Petkova-Popova et al. [10], confirming that propolis samples from the mainland of Greece are rich in flavonoids and phenolic acids and their esters and therefore possess strong antioxidant activity. On the other hand, propolis samples from Greek islands belong to the recently proposed by Graikou et al. [26] as Mediterranean propolis type, with significant amounts of diterpenes, relatively low quantity of phenolic acid esters and therefore a lower antioxidant activity. ...
The present study aimed to investigate the metabolic profile, as well as the antioxidant and anti-ageing activities of twenty propolis samples from different regions of Greece. Chemical profiling of methanolic extracts was investigated using HPTLC and ¹H-NMR techniques. Their antioxidant activity was evaluated by free radical scavenging methods (DPPH and ABTS), whereas anti-ageing properties were assessed as anti-collagenase activity. Extracts were also investigated in vitro for their ability to inhibit tyrosinase, which is responsible for the oxidation of L-DOPA to dopachrome and the production of melanin. The HPTLC and NMR analysis revealed high variability in the phytochemical profile of the methanolic extracts, with three major groups to be observed: a) Group I, consisting of samples rich in terpenoids, which present low antioxidant but high anti-tyrosinase activity, b) Group II, consisting of samples rich in flavonoids, which form a broad cluster with major similarities at the aromatic region and showed the highest anti-oxidant and anti-collagenase activities and c) Group III, consisting of samples with lower flavonoid content than the samples of Group II, which exhibited moderate antioxidant, anti-collagenase and anti-tyrosinase activities.
In conclusion, this study has shown high differentiation on the chromatographic and spectroscopic metabolic profile of Greek propolis samples of different geographical origin, which is also reflected in their biological properties. Their important effects as antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and anti-collagenase agents make propolis an important potent ingredient in the industry of food supplements and cosmeceuticals. Moreover, a correlation of a particular chemical propolis type to a specific type of biological activity will allow to prepare standardized extracts and develop food supplements and cosmeceuticals possessing the desired pharmacological properties.
... While chemical investigation on Algerian propolis detected the presence of two types. The first type is rich in phenolic with the presence of poplar type marker [18] and the second type is rich in diterpenes and is considered a Mediterranean type [18,19]. ...
Background: Propolis is a natural resinous material produced by honeybees. Propolis biological activity and its phenolic profile were largely studied all over the world. However, only few investigations have been carried out on Algerian and Turkish propolis. The aim of the present study is to compare the phenolic content, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of propolis samples collected from different localities of Algeria and Turkey.
Methods: Propolis extracts were performed using maceration in ethanol 80%. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities were evaluated using FRAP assay and the determination of MIC against four bacterial strains (S. aureus ATCC 25923, E. coli ATCC 25922, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and K. pneumonia).
Results: TP varied from 19.51 ± 0.86 to 219.66 ± 1.23 mg GAE/g. Whereas, TF varied from 5.27± 0.07 to 74.57 ± 1.03 QE/g. All samples showed good ferric reducing antioxidant power ranging from 267.30 ± 4.77 to 2387.30 ± 44.15 μmol Trolox eq./g. All Algerian propolis samples displayed a more pronounced activity against S. aureus ATCC 25923 with MIC values ranging from 0,04 ± 0.00 mg/mL to 0.30±0.06 mg/mL with an activity 30 times more powerful than Anatolian propo-lis. While, Anatolian propolis samples were most active against P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 with MIC values ranging from 0.20±0.00 mg/mL to 0.60±0.00 mg/mL with an activity 5 to 10 times more powerful than Algerian propolis.
Conclusion: Algerian and Anatolian propolis possessed considerable phenolic and flavonoids contents. In addition, they ex-hibited an interesting antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Our finding suggest that both propolis could be useful in food and pharmaceutical industries
... The chemical composition of propolis varies due to its geographical origin, plant origins of the resins, and species of honeybees. Although there were researches conducted worldwide [7][8][9][10], the physicochemical and biofunctional properties, and in vivo rodent model studies on Ethiopian propolis are still necessary. In this study, the wound healing, antioxidant, antibacterial, physicochemical properties and mineral profiles of propolis collected from three different regions in Ethiopia of Apis mellifera bees are investigated. ...
Introduction: Propolis is one of the natural beehive products and a sticky material produced by honeybees to protect their hives from bacterial and fungal infections.
Aim: The objective of this study is to investigate the wound healing, antioxidant, antibacterial, physicochemical, and mineral profiles of propolis collected from three different regions in Ethiopia: Asela, Sheka, and Gambela.
Methods: Physicochemical properties and mineral profiles were determined using standard analytical methods; the antibacterial examination was determined using the disk-diffusion method; antioxidant properties were examined using spectrophotometric method; and a rodent model was used to investigate the wound healing properties of propolis.
Results: Ethiopian propolis has physicochemical properties, such as moisture (3.64% 6.69%), ash (2.05%–3.54%), soluble substances (45.28%–71.85%), insoluble substances (28.15%–54.74%), saponification value (82.27–127.89), conductivity (0.13–0.24), pH (4.82–5.49), waxes (7.80%–8.89%), acid value (10.07–35.14), ester value (63.84–107.03), and melting point (63.03–83.95). Minerals found in propolis were Na, Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Co. The inhibition zone (mm) for the antibacterial properties range from 6.55 ± 0.20 to 10.21 ± 0.16 (water extract) and 7.09 ± 0.06 to 12.06 ± 0.03 (ethanol extracts). The phenolic contents of propolis in Asela, Sheka, and Gambela were 63.09 ± 3.55, 72.26 ± 7.65, and 82.07 ± 3.72 mg GAE/g, respectively. The flavonoid contents of propolis in Asela, Sheka, and Gambela were 24.42 ± 0.53, 17.26 ± 0.35 and 22.68 ± 0.94 mg QE/g, respectively, which also have good antioxidant activities. The inhibition concentration values of 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging and ascorbic acid in propolis in Asela, Sheka, and Gambela were 18.13 ± 0.002, 12.17 ± 0.002, 22.07 ± 0.001 and 15.20 ± 0.002 (μgml−1), respectively. There was a significant difference between the four treatments. The wound area in propolis in Asela, Sheka, and Gambela (mm2) on day 14 was 0.51 ± 0.01, 0.60 ± 0.01, 0.49 ± 0.01, respectively. The highest wound improvement (%) was 84.49 ± 0.20 (propolis in Gambela), followed by propolis in Asela (83.75 ± 0.33) and Sheka (80.88 ± 0.32).
Conclusion: Propolis collected from Ethiopia has various wound healing, antioxidant,
antibacterial, physicochemical properties and mineral profiles. These properties and
profiles make it a good candidate in the food industry, pharmaceutical industry, and in
traditional healing practices.
... The propolis we studied belongs to the poplar type, and its characteristic chemical components include pinocembrin, chrysin, pinostrobin, and p-coumaric acid (Isidorov et al. 2014;Kuś et al. 2018;Popova et al. 2017). Other types of propolis are dominated by different chemical components; for example, Brazilian red propolis contains luteolin, naringenin, kaempferol, pinocembrin, and biochanin A; Pacific propolis contains prenylflavanones, namely, propolin H, propolin G, propolin D, propolin C, and propolin F; and Mediterranean propolis contains isocupressic, pimaric, and imbricatoloic acid (Graikou et al. 2016;Machado et al. 2016;Popova et al. 2010). The applied method for the preparation of extracts of propolis allows to obtain EEP with a high content of bioactive compounds (Pobiega et al. 2019a). ...
Cherry tomatoes are one of the most popular tomato varieties known for their bioactive compounds and sensory properties. One way to reduce the contamination of tomato is to coat them with natural or antimicrobial substances. In this study, an ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) was obtained, and its chemical composition was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD), and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) were determined using the serial microdilution method. The antimicrobial activity of 5 and 10% EEP and pullulan films containing EEP (5 and 10%) against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157, Penicillium chrysogenum, Fusarium solani, and Botrytis cinerea were compared. The influence of a pullulan coating containing EEP (5 and 10%) on reducing the number of bacteria and molds, physicochemical properties (weight loss (WL), total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), maturity index, pH, and color), and sensory properties (color and brightness of skin, aroma, flavor, overall quality, and general preference) of cherry tomatoes during refrigerated storage was evaluated. Pullulan films with EEP inhibited the growth of microorganisms on cherry tomatoes. These coatings did not affect the TSS and pH values of tomatoes, but a slight decrease in TA and WL was observed. Cherry tomatoes coated with pullulan coatings containing EEP did not show any adverse changes in their sensory properties. It was found that the addition of EEP to the pullulan coatings enriched them with antimicrobial properties and enhanced their action while reducing the WL and maturation time of cherry tomatoes.
Graphical Abstract
... The solution is filtered to produce a crude extract overnight in the freezer (-18 o C) to precipitate the wax. Then, the extract is separated from the wax using a separating funnel, and the supernatant is evaporated to dryness in a rotary evaporator at 40 °C [14]. ...
This study aims to standardize the specific and non-specific parameters of propolis extract originating from East Java, Indonesia, to fulfil the requirements as a herbal raw material. Standardization was carried out on propolis ethanol extract taken at three different harvesting times. Standardization was carried out on specific parameters including the content of dissolved compounds, chemical content of extracts and chromatogram patterns, while the non-specific parameters of the extract included water content, ash content residue, density, microbial contamination, and heavy metal contamination. Specific extract parameters showed that the water-soluble extract content was 2.1-3.5%; levels of ethanol-soluble extract 62.00-84.00%; total flavonoid levels of 0.015-0.072 mg ER / g; and total phenol content of 0.0039-0.0053 mg ER / g. Non-specific parameters indicate that the water content is 10.72-10.90%; drying losses 10.05-10.63%; total ash content of 0.08-0.65%, density of 0.88-0.89 g / mL; Pb levels from 6.55-9.01 mg / kg; Cd content of 0.50-1.22 mg / kg, Cu content of 0.82-1.13 mg / kg; the total plate number is 10 colonies / g and the yeast fungus number is 10 colonies / g. It can be concluded that propolis extract from the East Java region of Indonesia fulfills the requirements as a raw material for herbal products in Indonesia.
... Besides honey which is well known by many civilizations, recent works have shown interesting biological and chemical information of other bee products such as bee venom, royal jelly and propolis which are renewable sources of therapeutic products applied in their obtained forms or as synthesized analogues (Abd El-Wahed et al., 2018;Popova et al., 2019;Tamfu et al., 2019b;Blicharska and Seidel, 2019). Propolis (bee glue) is a sticky dark-colored material that honeybees (Apis mellifera) gather from buds and exudates of plants, combined with other bee secretions and use it to seal the walls in the hive, strengthen the borders of combs, and as a protective wall against invaders (Burdock, 1998;Bankova, 2005;Graikou et al., 2016). Propolis has been shown to possess antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, cytotoxic, immune-stimulating, antiprotozoal, anti-trypanosomal and so many other beneficial therapeutic effects (Bankova et al., 2000;Sforcin and Bankova, 2011;Tamfu et al., 2016). ...
Propolis is rich in diverse bioactive compounds. Propolis samples were collected from three localities of Cameroon and used in the study. Column chromatography separation of propolis MeOH:DCM (50:50) extracts yielded a new isoflavonol, 2-hydroxy-8-prenylbiochanin A (1) alongside 2’,3’-dihydroxypropyltetraeicosanoate (2) and triacontyl p-coumarate (3) isolated from propolis for first time together with seven compounds: β-amyrine (4), oleanolic acid (5), β-amyrine acetate (6), lupeol (7), betulinic acid (8), lupeol acetate (9) and lupenone (10). These compounds were tested for their inhibitory effect on oxidative burst where intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were produced from zymosan stimulated human whole blood phagocytes and on production of nitric oxide (NO) from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated J774.2 mouse macrophages. The cytotoxicity of these compounds was evaluated on NIH-3T3 normal mouse fibroblast cells, antiradical potential on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylhydrazyl (DPPH·) as well as their anti-yeast potential on four selected candida species. Compound 1 showed higher NO inhibition (IC50 =23.3 ± 0.3 µg/mL) than standard compound L-NMMA (IC50 = 24.2 ± 0.8 µg/mL). Higher ROS inhibition was shown by compounds 6 (IC50 = 4.3 ± 0.3 µg/mL) and 9 (IC50 = 1.1 ± 0.1 µg/mL) than Ibuprofen (IC50 = 11.2 ± 1.9 µg/mL). Furthermore, compound 1 displayed moderate level of cytotoxicity on NIH-3T3 cells, with IC50 = 5.8 ± 0.3 µg/mL compared to the cyclohexamide IC50 = 0.13 ± 0.02 µg/mL. Compound 3 showed lower antifungal activity on Candida krusei and Candida glabrata, MIC of 125 μg/mL on each strain compared to 50 μg/mL for fuconazole. The extracts showed low antifungal activities ranging from 250-500 μg/mL on C. albicans, C. krusei and C. glabrata and the values of MIC on Candida parapsilosis were 500 μg/mL and above. DPPH* scavenging activity was exhibited by compounds 1 (IC50 = 15.653 ± 0.335 μg/mL) and 3 (IC50 = 89.077 ± 24.875 μg/mL) compared to Vitamin C (IC50 = 3.343 ± 0.271 μg/mL) while extracts showed moderate antiradical activities with IC50 values ranging from 309.31 ± 2.465 to 635.52 ± 11.05 µg/mL. These results indicate that compounds 1, 6 and 9 are potent anti-inflammatory drug candidates while 1 and 3 could be potent antioxidant drugs.
... From all the constituents, phenols (such as flavonoids, lignans, caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives) and terpenes are also thought to be the main active molecules of propolis from temperate climates, whereas for the tropical regions and also some Mediterranean regions, the predominant active constituents of propolis are phenols, different from those found in poplar propolis (prenylated r-coumaric and cinnamic acids, lignans, stilbenes), and diterpenic acids [1,3,8,9,11,34]. Owing to their abundance and activity, phenols are regarded as the most important constituents of propolis [38,39]. ...
Propolis is a lipophilic sticky substance collected by bees that has been used by humans for centuries. Owing to its healing, antioxidant, and other medicinal properties, its chemical composition has been widely studied. Most pharmacological properties of propolis have been attributed to its phenols and terpenes, mainly flavonoids, phenolic acids, and their derivatives. More than 500 components of propolis were known from different parts of the world until 2012. In this article, 305 new constituents of propolis described between 2013 and 2018 are being reviewed, with 19 additional compounds that were discovered between 2011 and 2012, and were excluded from a similar previous review article. Altogether more than 850 compounds were isolated from propolis until 2018.
... The condensed extracts were centrifuged (39009g/10 min, centrifuge 5804R, Eppendorf, Poland) to eliminate wax depositing on the tube bottom. Next, the extracts were freeze dried (Alpha 1-4 LSC plus, Christ, Germany) and stored at 4°C in dark containers (Bankova et al. 2016a;Graikou et al. 2016;Al-Ani et al. 2018;Al-Qurashi and Awad 2018;Escriche and Juan-Borrás 2018). The aforementioned procedures afforded a total of 12 EEPs ( Table 1). ...
The objective of the study was to compare the antimicrobial activities of ethanolic propolis extracts obtained using different extraction methods. Extraction of propolis was carried out using 70% ethanol, propolis to ethanol ratios of 1:10 and 1:5, extraction times of 1 or 7 days, and shaking extraction (SE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and ultrasound-assisted shaking extraction (SUAE) methods. A total of 12 propolis extract lyophilizates were obtained. Samples were tested for extraction yield and for total phenol content by the Folin–Ciocalteau colourimetric method, and total flavonoid content using a spectrophotometric method. GLC/MS was used for the identification of chemical compounds in selected extract lyophilizates. Antimicrobial activity against selected bacterial and fungal species was assessed using the disk diffusion method. Propolis extracts obtained as the result of 1-day and 7-day shaking extraction followed by 20 min of ultrasound-assisted extraction (SUAE) had better antimicrobial properties as compared to those obtained by SE or UAE alone. SE and UAE gave lower extraction yields as well as lower phenol and flavonoid contents compared to SUAE. No differences were observed with regard to the qualitative composition of extracts obtained by any of the methods. It is best to obtain the extract using the combined method of 1-day extraction and 20-min sonication.
... Ethanol extraction has been described as the most suitable medium for the extraction of biologically active phenolic components from propolis [96][97][98][99]. In addition, the industrial extraction method commonly used to obtain biocompounds from propolis is conventional extraction (ethanolic or hydroethanolic extraction), where the sample can be submerged in a solvent for days, weeks, or months, which requires an enormous amount of time when extracting on an industrial scale (usually at room temperature) [1,100,101]. Thus, the findings of this study show that the use of ultrasound technology as a treatment during the extraction process is a viable alternative for obtaining antioxidant compounds from propolis in a short period of time when compared with the applied conventional extraction (ethanolic extraction for 7 days) that is usually employed by industry. ...
Propolis is a complex mixture of resinous and balsamic material collected from the exudates of plants, shoots, and leaves by bees. This study evaluated red propolis extracts obtained by conventional (ethanolic) extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction of six samples from different regions of northeastern Brazil. The total phenolic compounds and flavonoids, in vitro antioxidant activity, concentration of formononetin and kaempferol and the cytotoxicity against four human tumor cell lines were determined for all twelve obtained extracts. Significant variations in the levels of the investigated compounds were identified in the red propolis extracts, confirming that the chemical composition varied according to the sampling region. The extraction method used also influenced the resulting propolis compounds. The highest concentration of the compounds of interest and the highest in vitro antioxidant activity were exhibited by the extracts obtained from samples from state of Alagoas. Formononetin and kaempferol were identified in all samples. The highest formononetin concentrations were identified in extracts obtained by ultrasound, thus indicating a greater selectivity for the extraction of this compound by this method. Regarding cytotoxic activity, for the HCT-116 line, all of the extracts showed an inhibition of greater than 90%, whereas for the HL-60 and PC3 lines, the minimum identified was 80%. In general, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the antiproliferative potential when comparing the extraction methods. The results showed that the composition of Brazilian red propolis varies significantly depending on the geographical origin and that the method used influences the resulting compounds that are present in propolis. However, regardless of the geographical origin and the extraction method used, all the red propolis samples studied presented great biological potential and high antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the ultrasound-assisted method can be efficiently applied to obtain extracts of red propolis more quickly and with high concentration of biomarkers of interest.
In the current paper, we present the results of Kazakh propolis investigations. Due to limited data about propolis from this country, research was focused mainly on phytochemical analysis and evaluation of propolis antimicrobial activity. uHPLC-DAD (ultra-high-pressure-liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection, UV/VIS) and uHPLC-MS/MS (ultra-high-pressure-liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry) were used to phytochemical characteristics while antimicrobial activity was evaluated in the serial dilution method (MIC, minimal inhibitory concentration, and MBC/MFC, minimal bactericidal/fungicidal concentration measurements). In the study, Kazakh propolis exhibited a strong presence of markers characteristic of poplar-type propolis—flavonoid aglycones (pinocembrin, galangin, pinobanksin and pinobanskin-3-O-acetate) and hydroxycinnamic acid monoesters (mainly caffeic acid phenethyl ester and different isomers of caffeic acid prenyl ester). The second plant precursor of Kazakh propolis was aspen–poplar with 2-acetyl-1,3-di-p-coumaroyl glycerol as the main marker. Regarding antimicrobial activity, Kazakh propolis revealed stronger activity against reference Gram-positive strains (MIC from 31.3 to above 4000 mg/L) and yeasts (MIC from 62.5 to 1000 mg/L) than against reference Gram-negative strains (MIC ≥ 4000 mg/L). Moreover, Kazakh propolis showed good anti-Helicobacter pylori activity (MIC and MBC were from 31.3 to 62.5 mg/L). All propolis samples were also tested for H. pylori urease inhibitory activity (IC50, half-maximal inhibitory concentration, ranged from 440.73 to 11,177.24 µg/mL). In summary Kazakh propolis are potent antimicrobial agents and may be considered as a medicament in the future.
Propolis is a natural material collected from beehives. Its bioactive properties are affected by the region’s flora and geographical features. Although there are many studies on Anatolian propolis, data on the botanical and chemical diversity of the region are not sufficient. This study investigated the palynology, wax, balsam, humidity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content, phenolic composition, and antioxidant properties of Anatolian propolis. The palynological results varied among the regions, Pinaceae, Quercus spp., Castanea sativa, Helianthus annuus, Salix spp., and Fabaceae being identified as the major botanic sources. The average humidity, wax, balsam, total phenolic, and total flavonoid values were 3.13, 26.03, 38.89%, 147.28 mg GAE/g, and 30.58 mg QUE/g, respectively. The phenolic profiles were clarified using RP-HPLC-PAD with 25 phenolic standards, and the samples were found to be rich in caffeic acid, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), chrysin, pinocembrin, and cinnamic acid. Although the composition of the propolis was affected by botanical and geographical features, it was determined that its phenolic composition was not exactly related to the collection area.
The queen honey bee is known to mate with multiple drones, and can produce over a million offspring in its lifetime. Its presence is vital to the growth and survival of a beehive. This reference book is a detailed guide to queen honey bees. The book starts by providing deep insights into the fascinating biology of the queen honey bees, their morphometric features, developmental synchronicity, genetics, hormones, pheromones, colonial organization and swarming. Further, the book describes artificial queen rearing techniques that facilitate healthy bee colony growth and increase apiculture productivity. The book equips readers with all the knowledge they need to know about queen bee development, their role in the colony and improving the health of their colony. Key Features - 14 reader-friendly chapters that comprehensively present information about queen honey bees - Comprehensive coverage about queen bee biology, including their physical morphology, genetics, proteomics, development and behavior (including worker and drone interactions) - Information about the role of queen bees in colonial organization and life-cycle events - Practical information that helps to improve bee colony health for research and apiculture (disease mechanisms and control, artificial breeding) The book is an essential primary reference on queen honey bees for biology and entomology students, academicians and researchers at all educational levels. Apiculturists, bee keeping enthusiasts, and general readers interested in honey bees can also benefit from the breadth of information presented.
Gastric cancer is one of the most common, aggressive, and invasive types of malignant neoplasia. It ranks fifth for incidence and fourth for prevalence worldwide. Products of natural origin, such as propolis, have been assessed for use as new complementary therapies to combat cancer. Propolis is a bee product with antiproliferative and anticancer properties. The concentrations and types of secondary metabolites contained in propolis mainly vary according to the geographical region, the season of the year, and the species of bees that make it. The present study is a systematic review of the main articles related to the effects of propolis against gastric cancer published between 2011 and 2021 in the PubMed and Science Direct databases. Of 1305 articles published, only eight studies were selected; among their principal characteristics was the use of in vitro analysis with cell lines from gastric adenocarcinoma and in vivo murine models of the application of propolis treatments. These studies suggest that propolis arrests the cell cycle and inhibits proliferation, prevents the release of oxidizing agents, and promotes apoptosis. In vivo assays showed that propolis decreased the number of tumors by regulating the cell cycle and the expression of proteins related to apoptosis.
Propolis is a raw natural product produced by Apis mellifera for hive defence. Scientists have also investigated propolis in terms of different biological activities such as antimicrobial and anticancer effects for many years. Its activities depend on the chemical composition of propolis and the composition is changed according to the botanical origin and sampling site. In this study, 13 propolis samples were collected from different locations in Cyprus and ethanolic extraction of Cyprus Propolis (EECP) composition was analysed by GC-MS analysis. In total, there are 78 compounds were found in EECP. Three concentrations (200, 100 and 50 μg/ml) of EECP treated with breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) at 24 h and 48 h for determined antiproliferation activity. All EECP, except EECP5 and EECP6, inhibit proliferation activity at all concentrations. Difference between exception samples and all others is the deficiency of 8-βH-cedran-8-ol. Three concentrations of EECP also treated with nosocomial bacteria and results showed EECPs prevented proliferation on Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa while no effect observed on Klebsiella pneumoniae. This situation might be due to the fact that K. pneumoniae is encapsulated. In conclusion, it has been determined that Cyprus propolis, which contains different active compounds, especially 8-βH-cedran-8-ol, is a potential product against infectious diseases and breast cancer proliferation.
Propolis is a bee-produced substance rich in bioactive compounds, which has been utilized widely in folk medicine, in food supplement and cosmetology areas because of its biological properties, (antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, etc.). The subject of this study is associated with the chemical analysis and the biological evaluation of 16 propolis samples from the northeast Aegean region Greek islands, a well-recognized geographic area and the homeland of rich flora as a crossroads between Europe and Asia. Our study resulted in the detection of a significant percentage of diterpenes by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), while flavonoids were identified in low percentages among studied samples. Furthermore, the DPPH assay highlighted that eight of the samples (Lesvos and Lemnos origin) demonstrated a promising antioxidant profile, further verified by their total phenolic content (TPC). Additionally, the propolis samples most rich in diterpenes showed significant antibacterial and fungicidal properties against human pathogenic microorganisms, proving them to be a very interesting and promising crude material for further applications, concluding that floral diversity is the most responsible for the bioactivity of the propolis samples.
The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical and physical properties of samples of propolis collected from apiaries in Genç, Karliova and Solhan districts of Bingöl Province, which is important in the beekeeping sector in Turkey. In the experiment, fatty acids and derivatives of the propolis samples were analysed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis techniques. As a result, 10 fatty acids and 49 volatile components were detected in these samples. These results will contribute to the standardization of propolis produced in Bingöl, Turkey, and to future studies on determining the chemical composition of propolis.
Propolis samples from a geographical part of northwest Greece (Prespa National Park, PNP), which is characterized as a plant endemism center and biodiversity hotspot, were characterized through pollen analysis, chemically analyzed, and biologically evaluated. The majority of the studied propolis showed typical chemical constituents (phenolic acids, flavonoids, and chalcones) of European type, while a sample of Mediterranean-type propolis (rich in diterpenes) was also identified. The palynological characterization was implemented to determine the botanical origin and to explain the chemical composition. The total phenolic content and the DPPH assay showed that the European-type propolis samples possessed strong antioxidant activity (86–91% inhibition at 200 μg/mL). Moreover, promising antibacterial activity of the extracts (MIC values 0.56–1.95 mg/mL) and moderate antifungal activity (MIC values 1.13–2.40 mg/mL) were noticed, while the sample with the highest activity had a significant content in terpenes (Mediterranean type). Propolis samples from the PNP area represent a rich source of antibacterial and antioxidant compounds and confirm the fact that propolis is a significant natural product with potential use for improving human health and stimulating the body’s defense. Finally, it is noteworthy that a significant chemical diversity was demonstrated, even in samples from a limited geographical area as this of PNP.
As abelhas produzem a própolis a partir de materiais balsâmicos coletados das plantas. Trata-se de um produto natural com diversas funções dentro da colmeia. Atualmente, a ciência já comprovou várias ações biológicas desse material, tal como antioxidante. Porém, ainda há desafios no que concerne a padronização de técnicas de coleta, preparo da amostra, análises, controle de qualidade, dentre outros, dificultando o uso da própolis pela indústria. Essa revisão investigou os possíveis fatores de heterogeneidade do potencial antioxidante da própolis, considerando todo o processo de obtenção, desde origem das colmeias até formas de extração da própolis de abelha Apis mellifera. A busca desta revisão foi realizada nas seguintes bases de dados e ferramentas de busca: SciELO, Google Acadêmico, PubMed, MEDLINE, Catálogo de Dissertações e Teses da CAPES, BVS, CRD, Embase, Science Direct, Scopus e Cochrane Library. Foram incluídas publicações em português, inglês e espanhol (2011 a 2021). Foram obtidos 173 trabalhos que comprovaram importante atividade antioxidante do extrato de própolis de A. melífera. Porém, os resultados numéricos de potencial antioxidante diferiram muito entre si. Os principais fatores de heterogeneidade encontrados nas metodologias foram: local e época de coleta (sazonalidade), raça da abelha, tipo de própolis ou sua fonte botânica, e preparo do extrato (solvente, tempo e metodologia de extração).
Propolis is a bee product that has been used in medicine since ancient times. Although its anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, and immunomodulatory activities have been investigated, its anti‐parasitic properties remains poorly explored especially regarding helminths. This review surveys the results obtained with propolis around the world against human parasites. Regarding protozoa, studies carried out with the protozoa Trypanosoma spp. and Leishmania spp. have demonstrated promising results in vitro and in vivo . However, there are fewer studies for Plasmodium spp., the etiological agent of malaria and less so for helminths, particularly for Fasciola spp. and Schistosoma spp. Despite the favorable in vitro results with propolis, helminth assays need to be further investigated. However, propolis has shown itself to be an excellent natural product for parasitology, thus opening new paths and approaches in its activity against protozoa and helminths.
Bu çalışmada arıcılık sektöründe önemli bir yeri olan Bingöl ilinin Genç, Karlıova ve Solhan ilçelerinde tespit edilen farklı arılıklardan toplanan propolis örneklerinin kül oranları ve protein oranları incelenmiştir. Deneme sonucunda propolis örneklerine ait protein oranları %2.18-4.73arasında, kül oranları %1.76–4.29 arasında değişen değerlerde bulunmuştur. Elde edilen bulguların özellikle Bingöl ve Türkiye propolislerinin standardizasyonun oluşturulmasına aynı zamanda propolisin kimyasal kompozisyonunun belirlenmesi ile ilgili yapılacak çalışmalara katkı sağlayacağı söylenebilir.
Propolis is a complex mixture of resinous and balsamic material collected by bees from various plant sources which is then processed by salivary enzymes and mixed with other substances like beeswax. This natural product has several biological activities that may provide a wide range of applications. However, propolis low productivity and high diversity hamper its full and efficient use. In order to increase propolis availability and contribute to its standardization, essential for the manufacture of marketable products, blends of propolis were prepared with ethanol extracts of samples harvested from a Portuguese apiary over 2011 to 2015. These mixtures were chemically characterized in terms of total polyphenols and flavonoids, and tested for antioxidant potential and antimicrobial properties. The mixtures of propolis ethanol extracts generally show similar or better bioactivities than individual extracts, possibly due to synergisms between bioactive compounds. Our results suggest that blends of propolis samples from different years can retain or even potentiate the bioactivities of individual samples, namely antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Therefore, blending could be a possible way of making a better and more efficient use of propolis and simultaneously contribute to its normalization, allowing large scale applications and adding more value to this remarkable natural product.
Encapsulation is a promising technological process enabling the protection of bioactive compounds against harsh storage, processing, and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) conditions. Legume proteins (LPs) are unique carriers that can efficiently encapsulate these unstable and highly reactive ingredients. Stable LPs‐based microcapsules loaded with active ingredients can thus develop to be embedded into processed functional foods. The recent advances in micro‐ and nanoencapsulation process of an extensive span of bioactive health‐promoting probiotics and chemical compounds such as marine and plant fatty acid‐rich oils, carotenoid pigments, vitamins, flavors, essential oils, phenolic and anthocyanin‐rich extracts, iron, and phytase by LPs as single wall materials were highlighted. A technical summary of the use of single LP‐based carriers in designing innovative delivery systems for natural bioactive molecules and probiotics was made. The encapsulation mechanisms, encapsulation efficiency, physicochemical and thermal stability, as well as the release and absorption behavior of bioactives were comprehensively discussed. Protein isolates and concentrates of soy and pea were the most common LPs to encapsulate nutraceuticals and probiotics. The microencapsulation of probiotics using LPs improved bacteria survivability, storage stability, and tolerance in the in vitro GIT conditions. Moreover, homogenization and high‐pressure pretreatments as well as enzymatic cross‐linking of LPs significantly modify their structure and functionality to better encapsulate the bioactive core materials. LPs can be attractive delivery devices for the controlled release and increased bioaccessibility of the main food‐grade bioactives.
Owing to its chemical richness, propolis has a myriad of therapeutic properties. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review paper on propolis to focus exclusively on its major effects for cardiovascular health. The propolis compound varieties with the most promising therapeutic benefits and their respective physiological mechanisms will be discussed. Propolis displays an anti-atherosclerotic activity, attained through modulation of the plasma lipid profile and through stabilization of the fatty plaque by inhibiting macrophage apoptosis, vascular smooth muscle proliferation and metalloproteinase activity. The antihypertensive effects of propolis probably arise through the combination of several mechanisms, including the suppression of catecholamine synthesis, stimulation of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and vascular anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-hemostatic activity of propolis is attributed to the inhibition of platelet plug formation and antifibrinolytic activity. By inhibiting the secretion of proangiogenic factors, propolis suppresses endothelial cell migration and tubulogenesis, exerting antiangiogenic activity. The an-tioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities are responsible for protection against vascular endothelial and cardiomyocyte dysfunction, mostly by the prevention of oxidative stress. Among the reviewed propolis varieties, the Brazilian green and red varieties show the largest number of beneficial activities. Further research, especially preclinical, should be conducted to assess the cardiovascular benefits of the given varieties with different compositions.
Propolis is a resinous mixture, made by the honeybees from substances collected from tree or other plant buds, plant exudates, or resins found in the stem, branches, or leaves of different plants. The geographical origin of propolis is given by plant sources from respective areas. Different studies have classified this bee product according to the vegetal material from the same areas. Poplar-type propolis has the widest spread in the world, in the temperate zones from Europe, Asia, or North America. The name is given by the main plant source from where the bees are collecting the resins, although other vegetal sources are present in the mentioned areas. Different Pinus spp., Prunus spp., Acacia spp. and also Betula pendula, Aesculus hippocastanum, and Salix alba are important sources of resins for “poplar-type” propolis. The aim of this review is to identify the vegetal material’s chemical composition and activities of plant resins and balms used by the bees to produce poplar-type propolis and to compare it with the final product from similar geographical regions. The relevance of this review is to find the similarities between the chemical composition and properties of plant sources and propolis. The latest determination methods of bioactive compounds from plants and propolis are also reviewed.
Propolis is a complex mixture of different biologically active compounds. Among these, phenols (especially flavonoids) and terpenes are the most important and abundant. As these compounds are gaining attention in development of suppressors of cancer and microbial disease, studies of their interactions with lipid membranes are becoming more and more relevant. In this article, the interactions of most of the important compounds from propolis (phenols: mostly flavonoids, and terpenes) with different kinds of model membranes are reviewed. Knowledge from these studies can be used for further development of new cancer suppressors and anti-microbial drugs, as well as for many more uses.
Propolis is a byproduct widely used in folk medicine due to its valuable biological and pharmacological properties. In this study, in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative capacities of propolis ethanolic extracts (EEPs) collected from four Tunisian regions were evaluated. EEPs showed high total antioxidant and antiradical capacities and were active against all tested microorganisms. These biological capacities were correlated to the amounts of phenolics in the samples. Cytotoxicity of EEPs on human bladder cancer cells RT112 was assessed using both clonogenic and the tetrazolium salt colorimetric (MTT) assays. Clonogenic assay of RT112 cells showed that all EEPs (10 µg/ml) reduce cell survival, as compared to the control. In addition, MTT assay showed a significant cytotoxic capacity of all samples on RT112 cells with an estimated IC50 ranging between 8 and 11 µg/ml. Annexin V–FITC staining test was then used to study and quantify the induction of apoptosis. Data showed that propolis induces apoptosis of RT112 cells. These findings show that propolis extracted from different Tunisian regions is an attractive antioxidant/antimicrobial/antiproliferative agent suggesting its potential application in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products.
Propolis is a natural mixture produced by bees from plant resin substances. This study focuses on the general characteristics of five samples of Polish extract propolis originating from agricultural areas. Chemical composition with high performance liquid chromatography‒diode array detector method, total content of flavonoids and polyphenols, and antioxidative activity were determined in the ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP) samples. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) and time-kill curves were studied for foodborne pathogens and food spoilage microorganisms. In EEPs the predominant flavonoid compounds were pinocembrin, chrysin, pinobanksin, apigenin, and kaempferol and the predominant phenolic acids were p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid. A strong antioxidative action of propolis in vitro was observed (IC50 for DPPH radical was at the level of 0.9–2.1 µg/mL). EEPs had MIC values for bacteria in the range of 1–16 mg/mL, whereas MIC for fungi ranged from 2 to 32 mg/mL. Extract of propolis originating from southern Poland was distinguished by higher content of bioactive components, and stronger antioxidative and antimicrobial activity than EPPs from the remaining areas of Poland. The results indicate the possibility of applying ethanol extracts from Polish propolis to protect food against microbiological spoilage.
The objective of this study was the chemical analysis of four selected samples of African propolis (Congo and Cameroon) and their biological evaluation. Twenty-one secondary metabolites belonging to four different chemical groups were isolated from the 70% ethanolic extracts of propolis and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral evidence. Three triterpenes and two diprenyl-flavonoids were identified from Congo propolis, which has been investigated for the first time, while thirteen triterpenes, three diprenyl-flavonoids, two monoterpenic alcohols and one fatty acid ester have been identified from Cameroon propolis samples. To our knowledge, the identified diprenyl-flavonoids, as well as five of the isolated and determined triterpenes, are reported for the first time in propolis. Moreover, the total polyphenol content was estimated in all extracts and the antimicrobial activities of all four extracts were studied against six Gram-positive and -negative bacteria and three pathogenic fungi, showing an interesting antibacterial profile.
Propolis is the generic name given to the product obtained from resinous substances, which is gummy and balsamic and which is collected by bees from flowers, buds, and exudates of plants. It is a popular folk medicine possessing a broad spectrum of biological activities. These biological properties are related to its chemical composition and more specifically to the phenolic compounds that vary in their structure and concentration depending on the region of production, availability of sources to collect plant resins, genetic variability of the queen bee, the technique used for production, and the season in which propolis is produced. Many scientific articles are published every year in different international journal, and several groups of researchers have focused their attention on the chemical compounds and biological activity of propolis. This paper presents a review on the publications on propolis and patents of applications and biological constituents of propolis.
Propolis is a honeybee product which bees produce by collecting resins from various botanical sources. The chemical composition of propolis is directly dependant on the availability of resinous plant materials in different geographic regions. This study was undertaken to evaluate the resinous plant sources used by bees to produce Mediterranean type propolis. Although this propolis type has already been the subject of numerous studies, its major botanical source had not yet been identified. In this study, using GC-MS analysis, we identify the resin of the common cypress, Cupressus_sempervirens, as the major plant source of the characteristic diterpene fingerprint profile of Mediterranean propolis.
The oil from the dried seeds of the Moringa oleifera tree (variety of Malawi) was extracted with a mixture of chloroform/methanol (50∶50). The induction period measurements demonstrated a great resistance to oxidative rancidity. After degumming, there was a reduction of 74% in induction periods. The gums produced were extracted with diethylether, n-butanol, and water, yielding four fractions: Fraction 1 (81.8% w/w), Fraction 2 (0.04% w/w), Fraction 3 (0.05% w/w), and Fraction 4 (17.0% w/w). These fractions were tested for their protection of fresh sunflower oil against rancidity, at 50°C, using a UV accelerated method. The oxidation of the sunflower oil was measured using PV; absorbance E
1cm1% and malondialdehyde concentration were measured by HPLC. The fraction that showed the highest antioxidant activity was further fractionated by HPLC, yielding seven fractions. Fraction HPLC 3 (present in a quantity of 330.8 and 29.11 ppm in gums and oil, respectively) showed the highest antioxidant activity. Its activity was also compared with that of the commonly used antioxidants BHT and α-tocopherol on sunflower oil using the same methods. At the same level of addition (200 ppm), HPLC 3 showed higher antioxidant activity than BHT and α-tocopherol. The identification of HPLC3 was done using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS, melting point, and UV absorption spectroscopy and proved to be 3,5,7,3′,4′,5′-hexahydroxyflavone (myricetin).
The effect of using a rosemary extract on the stability of oil used for frying potato chips has been evaluated. Sliced potatoes
were fried intermittently in soybean oil containing a natural extract from rosemary. The conditions used for frying were 185°C
for 90 s. Two separate experiments, with and without replenishment of oil, were carried out. Oil samples were taken each day,
not only from the frying pans but also by extraction with hexane from the chips. Changes in the induction period of the oil
samples (Rancimat method) were determined. The induction period decreased as frying progressed. The reduction in the induction
period was higher in the oil free of rosemary extract, and the chips were much darker in color. The oil containing the extract
showed greater antioxidant activity, and reduced darkening and rancidity of the oil. Potato chips fried in the oil with added
rosemary extract were more acceptable than chips fried in oil containing no extract until the last frying. The free radical
scavenging activity of rosemary extract in comparison to other natural antioxidants was also determined by the reduction of
O2
.- in a hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase system.
Propolis is a honeybee product, composed mainly of wax and resins. The latter have a plant origin and contain substances with biological activity. The composition of propolis is variable, and many plant substances have been identified for the first time in propolis. Some of these compounds have been recognized as having potential medicinal value, and this has stimulated chemical studies of the corresponding plant sources. Topics covered in this review include the known types of propolis, propolis constituents, evaluation of the biological activities of resin constituents, and determination of plant resin sources.
New information published since 1995 about propolis constituents is reviewed. The available information on the biological action of new found components is presented. Recent publications are reviewed on propolis of native South American stingless bees. The plant sources of bee glue are discussed, taking into consideration data based on reliable chemical evidence including comparisons between propolis samples and plant material. Some aspects of the chemical standardization of propolis are discussed.
The objective of this work is to analyze and identify the diterpene compounds in Mediterranean propolis samples from different Greek regions by GC-MS. The chemical composition of six propolis samples was established using previously isolated diterpenes from Cretan propolis as authentic standards for identification, based on mass spectral fragmentation of the TMS derivatives and retention index. More than 30 diterpenes, among which were new propolis constituents, were identified and characterized by means of authentic standards and interpretation of MS fragmentation as well. This is the first detailed profiling of a new type of propolis, rich in diterpenes. The chromatographic and mass- spectral characteristics of the diterpenes identified could be very useful for rapid GC-MS profiling of this propolis type and for revealing its plant sources.
The effect on induction period and tocopherol content after γ-irradiation onsamples of olive oil and seed oils (sunflower and soybean) was determined. In seed oilsamples 0, 100, 200 and 300 ppm of δ-tocopherol were added before irradiation with 1, 2and 3kGy. The results of induction period showed that, after irradiation, all samplespresented a significant decreased in resistance to oxidation. However, this decrease wasminimized when δ-tocopherol was added. Irradiation significantly decreased the level oftocopherols. δ-Tocopherol appeared more sensitive in irradiation process than α- andγ-tocopherol. The addition of δ-tocopherol significantly reduced, in most cases, thedepletion of the other tocopherols.
Four labdane-type diterpenic acids and syringaldehyde were isolated and identified from Brazilian propolis. All the compounds exhibit antibacterial activity. The diterpenes, found for the first time in propolis, are typical for some Araucaria species and thus indicate a possible plant source of Brazilian propolis.
The chemical composition of propolis from Bulgaria, Turkey, Greece and Algeria was investigated by GC-MS. All of them contained mainly flavonoids and esters of caffeic and ferulic acids, which indicated that their main source are buds of poplars of the taxonomic section Aegieros. Some Turkish samples contained a low percent of diterpenic acids, while in Algerian samples significant amounts of a hydroxyditerpenic acid (M=322, its structure not determined by its MS) were found. All samples showed significant antibacterial and weak to moderate antifungal activity.
Ten propolis samples from Bulgaria, Italy and Switzerland were analyzed by GC-MS. As expected, most samples displayed the typical chemical pattern of "poplar" propolis: they contained pinocembrin, pinobanksin and its 3-O-acetate, chrysin, galangin, prenyl esters of caffeic and ferulic acids. Two samples differed significantly: one from the Graubünden Alpine region, Switzerland, rich in phenolic glycerides, and one from Sicily which contained only a limited number of phenolics and was rich in diterpenic acids.
Silylated ethanolic extract of two propolis samples from Kazan and Marmaris regions in Turkey were investigated by capillary GC-MS. The compounds were characterized by comparison with library searches. Twenty four compounds from Kazan samples were identified, eight of them were new for propolis. Eighteen compounds from Marmaris samples were identified, two of them were new for propolis.
Die antioxidative Wirkung von γ-Tocopherol wurde in diversen Speisefetten, vergleichend mit anderen Tocopherolen und handelsüblichen Antioxidantien, mit dem Rancimat-Test untersucht. Gleichzeitig wurde der prooxidative Effekt der Tocopherole und der Antioxidantien in höheren Konzentrationen verglichen. Mit einem Spezialfett wurden unter Fritierbedingungen Stabilisierungsversuche durchgeführt. Mögliche Stabilisierung von Vitamin A (in Lebertran) wurde getestet. Es wurde festgestellt, daß das γ-Tocopherol antioxidativ wirksamer ist als die anderen mitgeprüften Antioxidantien.γ-Tocopherol as Natural AntioxidantThe antioxidative efficacy of γ-tocopherol has been examined in various oils and fats in comparison with other tocopherols and antioxidants. The prooxidative effect of different tocopherols and antioxidants in higher concentrations has been compared. Stabilization trials with a special frying fat have been carried out. The possibility of the stabilisation of vitamin A (in cod liver oil) was also tested. Generally, the γ-tocopherol has shown higher antioxidative efficacy than the other antioxidants.
Propolis is a resinous hive product collected by honeybees from various plant sources. It is a popular folk medicine possessing a broad spectrum of biological activities. It has also been used as a health drink in various Asian, European and American countries. Several groups of researchers have focused their attention on the biological activity of propolis and its active principles. Many scientific articles are published every year in different international journals related to the pharmacological properties of propolis. This review article compiles recent findings (since 1995) on the pharmacological properties of propolis focusing on its antihepatotoxic, antitumour, antioxidative, antimicrobial and antiinflammatory properties. The possible mechanism of action of propolis as well as the active compounds are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The antioxidant effects of α- and γ-tocopherols were evaluated in a model system based on the autooxidation of purified sunflower
oil (p-SFO) triacylglycerols at 55°C for 7 d. Both tocopherols were found to cause more than 90% reduction in peroxide value
when present at concentrations >20 ppm. α-Tocopherol was a better antioxidant than γ-tocopherol at concentrations ≤40 ppm
but a worse antioxidant at concentrations >200 ppm. Neither α- nor γ-tocopherol showed a prooxidant effect at concentrations
as high as 2000 ppm. The amount of tocopherols consumed during the course of oxidation was positively correlated to the initial
concentration of tocopherols, and the correlation was stronger for α- than for γ-tocopherol. This correlation suggested that,
besides reactions with peroxyl radicals, destruction of tocopherols may be attributed to unknown side reactions. Addition
of FeSO4, as a prooxidant, caused a 12% increase in the peroxide value of p-SFO in the absence of tocopherols. When tocopherols were
added together with FeSO4, some increase in peroxide value was observed for samples containing 200, 600 or 1000 ppm of α- but not γ-tocopherol. The
addition of FeSO4, however, caused an increase in the amount of α- and γ-tocopherols destroyed and led to stronger positive correlations between
the amount of tocopherols destroyed during oxidation and initial concentration of tocopherols. No synergistic or antagonistic
interaction was observed when α- and γ-tocopherols were added together to autooxidizing p-SFO.
Propolis is a resinous substance collected by honeybees from various plant sources. The composition of propolis depends on time, vegetation, and the area of collection. This study examined the antioxidant activity of propolis from various areas of China: Heilongjiang, Neimongol, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan, Hunan, Yunnan and Hainan. Ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP) were prepared and evaluated for their antioxidant activities by β-carotene bleaching, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging, and 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation decolorization assays. Furthermore, the major constituents in EEP were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with a photodiode array (PDA) and mass spectrometric (MS) detection, and each component was quantitatively analyzed. All propolis samples except that from Yunnan had relatively strong antioxidant activity accompanied by high total polyphenol contents. Propolis with strong antioxidant activity contained large amounts of antioxidative compounds, such as caffeic acid, ferulic acid and caffeic acid phenethyl ester. On the other hand, propolis from Yunnan and Hainan had compounds not present in propolis from other areas.
Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and in vitro antimicrobial activity of twelve propolis ethanolic extracts (PEE) from mainland Greece, Greek islands, and east Cyprus were determined. The PEE studied contained significant amounts of terpenes and/or flavonoids, anthraquinones – mainly emodin and chrysophanol – and low amounts of phenolic acids and their esters, presenting differences from typical European propolis, and similarities to East Mediterranean propolis. Simple polyphenols and terpenic acids content ranged between 11.9–373.5 and 7.23–286.5 mg/g of PEE, respectively, with anthraquinones representing the 1.3–28.9% of simple polyphenols. Despite differences in composition, the PEE samples exhibited significant antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities, affecting a wider spectrum of microorganisms than the food grade antibacterial nisin, and presenting lower or no activity against several Lactobacillus strains. The presence of significant amounts of terpenoids seemed to enhance the antimicrobial activity of PEE. The conclusion, given the non-toxic and natural origin of PEE, is that, besides their potential pharmaceutical and nutraceutical value, propolis balsams from Greece and Cyprus are attractive candidates for use as natural antioxidant and microbicidal additives in food systems, especially those containing lactic acid bacteria.
Seventeen Maltese propolis samples were studied by GC-MS after silylation. They exhibited the typical Mediterranean chemical profile, rich in diterpene compounds (18-92% of TIC, GC-MS): 32 individual diterpenes were identified; 22 of them were present in each specimen. The other abundant compound group was that of sugars and sugar derivatives. In some samples, however, another compound group was observed (0-12% of TIC, GC-MS); the corresponding mass spectra were consistent with mono- and sesquiterpenyl esters of substituted benzoic acids. Two new propolis constituents of this group, daucane diterpene esters of hydroxybenzoic acids, were isolated. Their origin is suggested to be Ferula communis, as they are taxonomic markers for this species. All propolis samples were active against Staphylococcus aureus but only those with high concentrations of terpenyl esters showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The present results confirm that Mediterranean propolis is a valuable natural product with potential to improve human health.
The present study investigated the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the water extract of propolis (WEP) collected from 26 locations in China. Spectrophotometry was used to determine the physicochemical properties and the chemical constituents of WEP. Phenolic compounds in WEP were identified by RP-HPLC-DAD with reference standards. The antioxidant activities [characterized by reducing power and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging ability] of WEP were also measured. Results show that epicatechin, p-coumaric acid, morin, 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid, naringenin, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, pinocembrin, and chrysin are the major functional phenolic compounds in Chinese WEPs. Furthermore, most WEPs show strong antioxidant activities, which are significantly correlated with E(1cm)(1%), an index for the estimation of the quality of WEP. WEPs also contain many more active constituents than ethanol extracts of propolis.
Introduction:
Propolis has plenty of biological and pharmacological properties and its mechanisms of action have been widely investigated in the last years, using different experimental models in vitro and in vivo. Researchers have been interested in the investigation of isolated compounds responsible for propolis action; however, there is lack of clinical research on the effects of propolis.
Strategy and objectives:
Since propolis-containing products have been marketed and humans have used propolis for different purposes, the goal of this review is to discuss the potential of propolis for the development of new drugs, by comparing data from the literature that suggest candidate areas for the establishment of drugs against tumors, infections, allergy, diabetes, ulcers and with immunomodulatory action.
Conclusions:
The efficacy of propolis in different protocols in vitro and in vivo suggests its therapeutic properties, but before establishing a strategy using this bee product, it is necessary to study: (a) the chemical nature of the propolis sample. (b) Propolis efficacy should be compared to well-established parameters, e.g. positive or negative controls in the experiments. Moreover, possible interactions between propolis and other medicines should be investigated in humans as well. (c) Clinical investigation is needed to evaluate propolis potential in patients or healthy individuals, to understand under which conditions propolis may promote health. Data point out the importance of this research field not only for the readers and researchers in the scientific community waiting for further clarification on the potential of propolis but also for the pharmaceutical industry that looks for new drugs.
Five terpenes, the diterpenes: 14,15-dinor-13-oxo-8(17)-labden-19-oic acid and a mixture of labda-8(17),13E-dien-19-carboxy-15-yl oleate and palmitate as well as the triterpenes, 3,4-seco-cycloart-12-hydroxy-4(28),24-dien-3-oic acid and cycloart-3,7-dihydroxy-24-en-28-oic acid were isolated from Cretan propolis. Moreover, 18 known compounds were also isolated, seven of them for the first time as propolis components. All structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical evidence. All isolated compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as against some human pathogenic fungi showing a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity.
Propolis samples from different geographic origins were investigated for their antibacterial (against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli), antifungal (against Candida albicans) and antiviral (against Avian influenza virus) activities. All samples were active against the fungal and Gram-positive bacterial test strains, and most showed antiviral activity. The activities of all samples were similar in spite of the differences in their chemical composition. In samples from the temperate zone, flavonoids and esters of phenolic acids are known to be responsible for the above mentioned activities of bee glue; tropical samples did not contain such substances but showed similar activities. Obviously, in different samples, different substance combinations are essential for the biological activity of the bee glue. It seems that propolis has general pharmacological value as a natural mixture and not as a source of new powerful antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral compounds.
The composition of propolis, a resinous hive product collected by honeybees from various plant sources, depends on various factors such as season and vegetation of the area. Based on standards (either isolated from Brazilian propolis or reported from propolis) including chromane, diterpenes and phenolic compounds, different Brazilian propolis were analysed by LC-MS in order to determine their chemical constituents. Dicaffeoylquinic acids were detected in almost all water extracts of Brazilian propolis, whereas diterpenes, flavonoids and prenylated phenolic compounds were found in their methanol extracts. Based on the identified chemical constituents and their biological activities, it was determined that the quality of Brazilian propolis could be directly related to the phenolic constituents. Moreover, Baccharis dracunculifolia was concluded to be an important source of Brazilian propolis. Propolis samples from Peru, China and the Netherlands were also studied.
One new 2,3-dihydroflavone derivative, 7- O-prenylstrobopinin, and 25 known diterpenes and phenolic compounds were identified from the n-butanol extract of Greek propolis. This is the first time that diterpenes have been isolated from propolis of European origin, while six of the known compounds are reported as propolis constituents for the first time. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods, mainly by the concerted application of 1D, 2D NMR techniques (HMQC, HMBC, NOESY) and mass spectrometry. The studied sample and the isolated compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activity against Gram (+/-) bacteria and fungi and five of them exhibited strong activities.
Chemical variability of propolis is discussed with respect to the problem of standardization. Several chemical types of propolis are formulated, based on their plant source. Reliable criteria for chemical standardization of different propolis types are needed but such generally accepted criteria do not yet exist. The chemical profile of "poplar" propolis, typical for the temperate zone, can be characterized by the following parameters: total flavone and flavonol content, total flavanone and dihydroflavonol content, and total phenolics content. These parameters correlate better with the biological activity and are more informative that the quantification of individual components. There is still a lot of work to be done to achieve standardization of other propolis types. Working with standardized material will allow scientists to connect a particular chemical propolis type to a specific type of biological activity and formulate recommendations for mainstream practitioners.