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Verletzungsmuster im Pferdesport

Authors:
  • European Digital University (EDU)

Abstract

Der Pferdesport erfreut sich weltweit wachsender Beliebtheit. St€urze vom Pferd kommen zwar häufig vor, führen aber eher selten zu schweren Verletzungen. Es muss grundsätzlich zwischen Unfällen während der Ausübung des Pferdesports und dem bloßen Umgang mit dem Pferd differenziert werden, da hier unterschiedliche Verletzungsmuster zu beachten sind. Im Rahmen der Unfallprävention kommen der Aufklärung über potenzielle Unfallrisiken sowie der fundierten Ausbildung von Reiter und Pferd besondere Bedeutung zu. Equestrian sports enjoy very high popularity around the globe. Although the incidence of falling from a horse is quite high, there seem to be relatively few serious injuries. There is a need to differentiate between accidents occuring during exercising and those happening whilst grooming a horse. Both result in different types of injury patterns. Injury prevention is of utmost importance and should focus on risk assessment, staff training and a wellfounded education of horse and rider.
REVIEW
/
SPECIAL
ISSUE
Verletzungsmuster
im
Pferdesport
Patrick
Daniel
Dißmann
Horn-Bad
Meinberg,
Germany
Stellenwert
des
Pferdesports
Die
Rolle
des
Pferdes
in
der
Gesell-
schaft
hat
sich
im
Laufe
der
Zeit
sehr
vera¨ndert.
Fru¨her
diente
das
Pferd
hauptsa¨chlich
als
Arbeitstier
und
Fortbewegungsmittel,
heutzutage
dient
das
Reiten
in
der
westlichen
Welt
hauptsa¨chlich
als
Sport
und
Freizeitbescha¨ftigung
[1],
bei
der
die
Popularita¨t
weltweit
stetig
steigt
[2].
So
wird
gescha¨tzt,
dass
ca.
30
Millionen
Menschen
jedes
Jahr
in
den
USA
reiten
[3].
Auch
deutsch-
landweit
reiten
3,89
Millionen
Men-
schen
der
u¨ber
14-ja¨hrigen
Frauen
und
Ma¨nner
und
1,25
Millionen
Men-
schen
betreiben
den
Sport
sogar
in
einem
u¨berdurchschnittlichen
Maße
[4].
Die
Deutsche
Reiterliche
Verei-
nigung
(F
ed
eration
E´questre
Natio-
nale,
FN)
registrierte
im
Jahre
2017
690.995
Mitglieder
[4].
Etwa
900.000
Menschen
in
Deutschland
sind
Pferdebesitzer.
Nach
Hochrech-
nungen
der
FN
auf
Grundlage
ver-
schiedener
Studien
und
Zahlen
wie
zum
Beispiel
der
IPSOS-Studie,
der
Tierseuchenkassen
und
der
Allensba-
cher
Markt-
und
Werbetra¨geranalyse
leben
rund
1,3
Millionen
Pferde
in
Deutschland
[5].
In
der
Schweiz
rei-
ten
ca.
140.000
Personen
im
Alter
von
10
bis
74
Jahren
zumindest
ab
und
zu.
Rund
85-95%
davon
sind
Frauen
[6].
Der
Reitsport
ist
sehr
vielfa¨ltig
und
es
za¨hlen
neben
den
drei
olympi-
schen
und
paralympischen
Diszipli-
nen
Dressur,
Springreiten
und
Viel-
seitigkeitsreiten
auch
der
Fahrsport,
das
Reining,
Voltigieren
und
Dis-
tanzreiten
zu
einer
der
acht
Diszipli-
nen
der
Weltreiterspiele
[7].
Der
hohe
Stellenwert
des
Reitens
im
Spitzensport
wird
dadurch
belegt,
dass
Deutschland
im
olympischen
Medaillenspiegel
der
Jahre
1912
bis
2016
auf
Platz
eins
lag
[7].
Des-
weiteren
kommt
dem
Pferd
eine
be-
sondere
Rolle
im
Rahmen
des
thera-
peutischen
Reitens
zu,
um
die
Ent-
wicklung
bei
Kindern
mit
einem
psychologischen
Beschwerdebild
oder
einer
Behinderung
zu
fo¨rdern
[8].
Gef
ahrdungspotenzial
Ein
Pferd
ist
ein
autonom
denkendes
und
agierendes
Lebewesen,
das
bis
zu
500
kg
wiegen
kann,
bis
zu
65
km/h
schnell
rennen
und
mit
dem
1,8-fachen
seines
Ko¨rperge-
wichtes
austreten
kann
[9,10].
Durch
den
genetisch
bedingten
Fluchtinstinkt
des
Tieres
la¨sst
sich
das
Pferd
als
ein
schreckhaftes
We-
sen
charakterisieren
[3].
Dadurch,
dass
beim
Reiten
der
Sport-
partner
ein
Tier
und
kein
Mensch
ist
[9,11],
ist
dieser
Sport
wie
kein
anderer
sehr
durch
die
unvorher-
sehbare
Interaktion
von
Mensch
und
Tier
charakterisiert
[10].
Die
ge-
scha¨tzten
Fa¨higkeiten
des
Pferdes
Athletik
und
Temperament
[9],
Zusammenfassung
Der
Pferdesport
erfreut
sich
weltweit
wachsender
Beliebtheit.
St
urze
vom
Pferd
kommen
zwar
h
aufig
vor,
f
uhren
aber
eher
selten
zu
schweren
Verlet-
zungen.
Es
muss
grunds
atzlich
zwi-
schen
Unf
allen
w
ahrend
der
Aus
ubung
des
Pferdesports
und
dem
bloßen
Um-
gang
mit
dem
Pferd
differenziert
wer-
den,
da
hier
unterschiedliche
Verlet-
zungsmuster
zu
beachten
sind.
Im
Rah-
men
der
Unfallpr
avention
kommen
der
Aufkl
arung
uber
potenzielle
Unfallrisi-
ken
sowie
der
fundierten
Ausbildung
von
Reiter
und
Pferd
besondere
Bedeu-
tung
zu.
Schl
usselw
orter
Pferdesport
-
Verletzungsmuster
-
Unfallursachen
-
Unfallpr
avention
-
Risikoaufkl
arung
P.D.Patrick
Daniel
Dißmann
Injury
Patterns
in
Equestrian
Sports
Summary
Equestrian
sports
enjoy
very
high
pop-
ularity
around
the
globe.
Although
the
incidence
of
falling
from
a
horse
is
quite
high,
there
seem
to
be
relatively
few
serious
injuries.
There
is
a
need
to
differentiate
between
accidents
occur-
ing
during
exercising
and
those
hap-
pening
whilst
grooming
a
horse.
Both
result
in
different
types
of
injury
pat-
terns.
Injury
prevention
is
of
utmost
importance
and
should
focus
on
risk
assessment,
staff
training
and
a
well-
founded
education
of
horse
and
rider.
Keywords
Euestrian
Sports
-
Injury
Pattern
-
Accident
Cause
-
Accident
Prevention
-
Risk
Education
1
Facharzt
fu¨r
Allgemeinmedizin,
Not-
fallmedizin,
Sportmedizin,
Manuelle
Medi-
zin/Chirotherapie,
Visiting
Professor
-
Euro-
pean
Medical
College.
Sports
Orthop.
Traumatol.
36,
335–341
(2020)
CElsevier
GmbH
www.SOTjournal.com
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orthtr.2020.09.001
Orthopaedics
and
Traumatology
P.D.Patrick
Daniel
Dißmann Verletzungsmuster
im
Pferdesport
335
REVIEW
/
SPECIAL
ISSUE
ko¨nnen
somit
leider
auch
schwere
Verletzungen
zur
Folge
haben
[12].
Dabei
kann
es
nicht
nur
im
eigent-
lichen
Sport
zu
einer
Verletzung
kommen,
sondern
auch
im
bloßen
Umgang
mit
dem
Tier
[3].
Gema¨ß
einer
Erhebung
des
National
Safety
Council
rangierte
der
Pferdesport
in
den
USA
mit
knapp
49.000
Verlet-
zungen
im
Jahre
2017
auf
Rang
15
der
gefa¨hrlichsten
Sportarten
[13].
Dementsprechend
berichten
Thomas
et
al.
von
37.5
pferdesportbedingten
Verletzungen
pro
100.000
US-Ein-
wohner
[14].
Die
absolute
Verlet-
zungsrate
liegt
bei
circa
1
pro
1000
Pferdesportstunden
[15].
Es
wird
gescha¨tzt,
dass
in
den
USA
ei-
ner
von
fu¨nf
Reitern
wa¨hrend
seiner
Reitkarriere
einen
Unfall
erleiden
wird,
medizinische
Versorgung
be-
no¨tigt
und
eventuell
stationa¨r
auf-
genommen
werden
muss
[3].
Die
gleichen
Autoren
sprechen
von
einer
ja¨hrlichen
Verletzungsrate
bei
Kin-
dern
von
etwa
21%.
Mayberry
et
al.
fanden,
dass
sogar
81%
aller
Pferde-
sportler
wenigstens
einmal
in
ihrer
Reitkarriere
eine
a¨rztlich
behand-
lungsbedu¨rftige
Verletzung
erleiden
[16].
Laut
Einscha¨tzung
von
befrag-
ten
Pferdesportlern
waren
zwei
Drit-
tel
aller
erlittenen
Verletzungen
ver-
meidbar
[17].
Knapp
30%
der
Befragten
mussten
wegen
der
erlit-
tenen
Verletzungen
eine
Notaufnah-
me
aufsuchen,
26%
bedurften
eines
stationa¨ren
Aufenthaltes
und
17%
stellten
sich
bei
einem
niedergelas-
senen
Facharzt
vor.
Nur
etwas
u¨ber
27%
beno¨tigten
keine
weitere
a¨rzt-
liche
Behandlung
[17].
Verletzun-
gen
im
Reitsport
sind
fu¨r
bis
zu
10%
aller
sportbedingten
Patienten-
neuvorstellungen
in
britischen
Not-
fallambulanzen
verantwortlich
[18].
Seit
langem
gilt
der
Vielseitigkeits-
sport
mit
Gela¨ndepru¨fung
als
eine
der
gefa¨hrlichsten
aller
Pferdesport-
arten
[19,15].
Mehrere
Fallserien
[19,15,20]
sowie
der
FEI
Sicher-
heitsbericht
fu¨r
den
internationalen
Vielseitigkeitssport
[21]
berichten
Verletzungsquoten
zwischen
0,9
und
1,4%
aller
gestarteten
Vielsei-
tigkeitsreiter,
welche
durchaus
ver-
gleichbar
mit
bereits
bekannten
Da-
ten
fu¨r
Hindernisrennen
und
Ama-
teurpferderennen
in
Großbritannien,
Irland
und
Frank-
reich
sind
[22–24]
(Tabelle
1).
Der
Sicherheitsbericht
der
Weltreiter-
vereinigung
(F
ed
eration
E´questre
International,
FEI)
fu¨r
die
Jahre
2014-2019
verzeichnete
insgesamt
6.667
Stu¨rze
bei
121.917
Teilneh-
mern
im
Rahmen
von
4.147
interna-
tionalen
CCI/CIC-Turnieren
[21].
Der
Schwierigkeitsgrad
der
Veranstaltung
korrelierte
hierbei
direkt
mit
der
ab-
soluten
Sturzrate.
In
Großbritannien
sind
bei
Vielseitigkeitsturnieren
auf
nationalem
Niveau
hingegen
viel
ge-
ringere
Sturzraten
beschrieben
wor-
den
[20]
(Tabelle
1).
Der
FEI
Unfallstatistik
zufolge
kam
es
von
2014
bis
2019
durch
die
6.667
verzeichneten
Stu¨rze
zu
insgesamt
383
leichten
und
210
schweren
bzw.
to¨dlichen
Verletzungen
bei
121.917
Teilnehmern.
Immerhin
6.074
Reiter
blieben
nach
dem
Sturz
unverletzt.
Demnach
betrug
die
re-
lative
Unfallquote
fu¨r
geringgradige
Verletzungen
1:322
Teilnehmer
und
fu¨r
schwere/to¨dliche
Verletzungen
1:588
Teilnehmer
[21]
(Tabelle
2).
Unfallursachen
Bei
der
Betrachtung
von
mo¨glichen
Ursachen
muss
zuna¨chst
zwischen
solchen
Unfa¨llen
unterschieden
wer-
den,
welche
wa¨hrend
der
Ausu¨bung
des
eigentlichen
Pferdesports
durch
einen
Sturz
passieren
(z.B.
beim
Rei-
ten,
Voltigieren,
Longieren
oder
Fahren),
und
solchen,
welche
sich
im
Umgang
mit
dem
Pferd
ereignen
(bspw.
bei
der
Pflege
in
der
Stall-
gasse,
dem
Weide-
und
Koppelgang
Tabelle
1.
Vergleich
der
durchschnittlichen
Verletzungsquoten
fu¨r
Galopprennen,
Hindernisrennen,
Amateurpferderennen
und
dem
Vielseitigkeitssport.
Reitsportart
Galopprennen
Hindernisrennen
Amateurrennen
Vielseitigkeit
Verletzungsrate
0.12
-
0.18%
0.6
-
1.2%
1.2
2.3%
0.9
-
1.4%
Quelle:
Eigene
Darstellung
nach
[19,15,20,22,23,24].
Tabelle
2.
FEI
Unfallstatistik
fu¨r
2014
bis
2019.
FEI
Unfallstatistik
Unverletzt
Leicht
verletzt
Schwer/to¨ dlich
verletzt
Verletzungsrate
5%
0,3%
0,15%
Verletzungsquote
1:20
1:322
1:588
Quelle:
FEI
Eventing
Risk
Management
Programme
Statistics
2008-2019
[21].
336
P.D.Patrick
Daniel
Dißmann Verletzungsmuster
im
Pferdesport
REVIEW
/
SPECIAL
ISSUE
Sports
Orthop.
Traumatol.
36,
335–341
(2020)
oder
der
Assistenz
fu¨r
Hufschmied
und
Tierarzt).
In
mehreren
interna-
tionalen
Studien
werden
der
Sturz
vom
Pferd
oder
der
Kutsche
fu¨r
54
bis
95%
aller
Unfa¨lle
verantwortlich
gemacht
[17,25–32]
(Tabelle
3).
Die
ha¨ufigsten
Unfallursachen
beim
Umgang
mit
dem
Pferd
stellen
laut
Studienlage
Pferdetritte
(16-24%)
[17,25,26,28,30],
Pferdebisse
(2-
4%)
[26,25]
sowie
Verletzungen
an
Gera¨tschaften
und
Zaumzeug
(6-
10%)
[17,25]
dar
(Abbildung
1).
Alters-
und
Geschlechtsverteilung
Hinsichtlich
der
Alters-
und
Ge-
schlechtsverteilung
findet
sich
in
der
Literatur
erwartungsgema¨ß
[6]
ein
ho¨herer
Anteil
verletzter
Reiter-
innen
[25–28,31–34]
(Tabelle
4).
Diese
scheinen
im
Durchschnitt
auch
etwa
12
Jahre
ju¨nger
zu
sein
als
ma¨nnliche
Pferdesportler
(24,3
vs
36,0
Jahre)
[25].
Verletzungsmuster
Bei
71
bis
87%
der
verunfallten
Rei-
ter
ist
in
der
Literatur
nur
eine
Ko¨r-
perregion
betroffen,
bei
10
bis
19%
entstehen
kombinierte
Verletzungen
an
2
Ko¨rperregionen,
und
die
gleich-
zeitige
Verletzung
von
mehr
als
2
Ko¨rperregionen
liegt
bei
4,5
bis
9%
[31].
Hinsichtlich
der
Verteilung
der
Verletzungsmuster
herrscht
in
der
Literatur
eine
gewisse
Heterogenita¨t
(Abbildung
2).
Auch
die
Angaben
zu
den
Verlet-
zungsha¨ufigkeiten
der
verschiede-
nen
Ko¨rperregionen
schwanken
zwi-
schen
den
einzelnen
Studien
(Tabelle
6).
Wolyncewicz
et
al.
stellten
bei
Kin-
dern
und
Jugendlichen
signifikante
Unterschiede
in
den
Verletzungs-
mustern
fest,
je
nachdem,
ob
diese
zuvor
geritten
waren
oder
sich
im
Umgang
mit
einem
Pferd
befanden.
So
fanden
sich
durch
den
Sturz
vom
Pferd
vermehrt
Verletzungen
der
oberen
Extremita¨t
(32%)
und
Wir-
belsa¨ule
(17%),
wa¨hrend
sich
beim
Umgang
mit
dem
Pferd
vermehrt
Ge-
sichtsverletzungen
(57%)
und
stumpfe
Abdominaltraumen
(21%)
Tabelle
3.
FEI
Unfallstatistik
fu¨r
2014
bis
2019.
FEI
Unfallstatistik
Unverletzt
Leicht
verletzt
Schwer/to¨ dlich
verletzt
Verletzungsrate
5%
0,3%
0,15%
Verletzungsquote
1:20
1:322
1:588
Quelle:
FEI
Eventing
Risk
Management
Programme
Statistics
2008-2019
[21].
Abbildung
1
Vergleich
der
absoluten
Sturzraten
f
ur
nationale
und
internationale
Vielseitigkeitsturniere.
Quelle:
FEI
Eventing
Risk
Management
Programme
Statistics
2008-2019
[21]
und
Dissmann
2014
[20].
P.D.Patrick
Daniel
Dißmann Verletzungsmuster
im
Pferdesport
337
REVIEW
/
SPECIAL
ISSUE
Sports
Orthop.
Traumatol.
36,
335–341
(2020)
aufgrund
von
Pferdetritten
fanden
[29].
Carmichael
et
al.
und
Schroeter
et
al.
kamen
zu
einem
a¨hnlichen
Schluss
fu¨r
Verletzungen
durch
den
Umgang
mit
dem
Pferd,
fanden
je-
doch
vermehrt
Thoraxtraumen
infol-
ge
eines
Sturzes
vom
Pferd
[28,30].
Van
Balen
et
al.
beschrieben
eine
Ha¨ufung
von
oberen
Extremita¨tenf-
rakturen
(44%)
aufgrund
eines
Stur-
zes
vom
Pferd,
wa¨hrend
es
beim
Um-
gang
mit
dem
Pferd
eher
zu
unteren
Extremita¨tenfrakturen
(40%)
und
Gesichtsscha¨delverletzungen
(10%)
kam
[27].
Fleischer
et
al.
hingegen
fu¨hren
als
die
ha¨ufigsten
Verlet-
zungsregionen
nach
einem
Sturz
vom
Pferd
den
Beckengu¨rtel,
die
Wirbelsa¨ule
und
die
Kopf-/Halsre-
gion
an,
wa¨hrend
Verletzungen
durch
den
Umgang
mit
Pferden
sich
eher
im
Bereich
der
Gesichts-/
Kopfregion
sowie
der
unteren
Extre-
mita¨t
ha¨ufen
[31]
(Tabelle
5).
Zusammenfassung
Der
Pferdesport
erfreut
sich
weltweit
großer
Beliebtheit
[4].
Von
der
Kom-
bination
zweier
belebter
und
ani-
mierter
Sportpartner
geht
eine
große
Faszination
aber
auch
ein
gewisses
Gefahrenpotenzial
aus.
Stu¨rze
vom
Pferd
kommen
zwar
ha¨ufig
vor,
fu¨h-
ren
aber
eher
selten
zu
schweren
Verletzungen
[21].
Was
die
zu
erwartenden
Verletzungs-
muster
anbelangt,
so
muss
grund-
sa¨tzlich
zwischen
Unfa¨llen
im
Zu-
sammenhang
mit
dem
Reiten,
Fah-
ren
oder
Fu¨hren
eines
Pferdes
sowie
dem
bloßen
Umgang
im
Zusammen-
hang
mit
der
ta¨glichen
Pflege
unter-
schieden
werden
[20].
Aufgrund
von
Stu¨rzen
von
Pferd
oder
Kutsche
kommt
es
ha¨ufig
zu
Kopfver-
letzungen
und
Scha¨del-Hirn-Traumen
auch
trotz
Tragen
eines
Reithelmes
[35].
Verletzungen
der
oberen
Extre-
mita¨t,
der
Wirbelsa¨ule
und
des
Thorax
sind
nicht
selten
und
mu¨ssen
durch
den
zusta¨ndigen
Turnierarzt
in
Be-
tracht
gezogen
werden.
Im
Vergleich
zum
Scha¨del-Hirn-Trauma
kann
hier
jedoch
durch
das
Tragen
einer
Abbildung
2
Verteilung
der
Verletzungsarten.
Quelle:
Eigene
Darstellung
nach
[26,27,29,32].
Tabelle
4.
Vergleich
der
Verletzungsha¨ufigkeiten
beim
Reiten
oder
beim
Umgang
mit
dem
Pferd.
Ta¨tigkeit
Carmichael
2014
(n
=
284)
Lang
2014
(n
=
1408)
Fleischer
2016
(n
=
1206)
Schroeter
2017
(n
=
503)
Abdulkarim
2018
(n
=
143)
Camargo
2018
(n
=
265)
Kru¨ ger
2018
(n
=
770)
Wolyncewicz
2018
(n
=
505)
Van
Balen
2019
(n
=
945)
Reiten
54%
73%
58%
74%
79%
95%
68%
77%
68%
Umgang
46%
27%
42%
26%
21%
5%
32%
23%
32%
Quelle:
Eigene
Darstellung.
338
P.D.Patrick
Daniel
Dißmann Verletzungsmuster
im
Pferdesport
REVIEW
/
SPECIAL
ISSUE
Sports
Orthop.
Traumatol.
36,
335–341
(2020)
Schutzweste
das
Verletzungsrisiko
um
bis
zu
56%
gesenkt
werden
[36].
Beim
Umgang
im
Stallbereich
und
wa¨hrend
der
Weide-
und
Koppelga¨n-
ge
kann
es
durch
das
Austreten
und
Beißen
des
Pferdes
zu
nicht
minder
gefa¨hrlichen
Verletzungen
kommen
[17,28,29,31],
welche
vor
allem
den
Gesichtsscha¨del,
die
Hand,
die
un-
tere
Extremita¨t
sowie
Thorax
und
Abdomen
betreffen
ko¨nnen.
Gerade
Kinder
und
Jugendliche
erscheinen
hiervon
besonders
betroffen
[29],
da
in
der
Stallgasse
und
auf
dem
Hof
ha¨ufig
auf
die
sonst
u¨bliche
Schutz-
kleidung
verzichtet
wird
[17].
Insgesamt
betonen
alle
Autoren
einschla¨giger
Studien
die
zur
Un-
fallpra¨vention
notwendigen
Maß-
nahmen,
insbesondere
die
Aufkla¨-
rung
aller
mit
dem
Pferdesport
ver-
bundenen
Personen
u¨ber
mo¨gliche
Unfallrisiken
sowie
die
entspre-
chende
Unterweisung
von
Reitern,
Reitlehrern
und
Stallpersonal.
Eine
große
Bedeutung
kommt
auch
der
Schulung
des
auf
Pferdesportturnie-
ren
eingesetzten
medizinischen
Personals
zu
[20].
Eine
fundierte
Ausbildung
von
Pferd
und
Reiter
er-
scheinen
fu¨r
die
Unfallvermeidung
von
zentraler
Bedeutung
[17].
Letztlich
gilt
es
auch,
die
Entwick-
lung
von
verbesserten
Reithelmen
und
Schutzwestensystemen
voran-
zutreiben
[35,36].
Abschließend
sei
angemerkt,
dass
zwar
viele
Studien
auf
lokaler
oder
regionaler
Ebene
durchgefu¨hrt
wur-
den,
was
zu
der
vorbeschriebenen
Heterogenita¨t
der
Datenlage
fu¨hrt,
aber
bis
auf
das
Sicherheitsregister
des
Weltreiterverbandes
fu¨r
den
Viel-
seitigkeitssport
[21]
nur
wenige
systematische
nationale
und
fast
gar
keine
internationalen
Datener-
hebungen
fu¨r
andere
Pferdesportdis-
ziplinen
bzw.
den
allta¨glichen
Um-
gang
mit
Pferden
außerhalb
von
Tur-
nierveranstaltungen
existieren.
Hier
muss
durch
den
Aufbau
von
nationa-
len
Sturz-
und
Verletzungsregistern
fu¨r
den
Reitsport
dringend
nachge-
steuert
werden
(Abbildung
3).
Tabelle
6.
Zusammenhang
zwischen
Unfallursache,
-mechanismus
und
Verletzungsmuster.
Unfallursache
Unfallmechanismen
Ha¨ufige
Verletzungsmuster
Sportliche
Beta¨tigung
(Reiten,
Fahren,
Fu¨ hren
des
Pferdes)
Sturz
von
Pferd
oder
Kutsche
Kopfverletzung
Thoraxtrauma
Wirbelsa¨ulenverletzung
Verletzung
der
oberen
Extremita¨t
Umgang
mit
dem
Pferd
(Pflege,
Koppel-
und
Weidegang,
Assistenz
fu¨r
Tierarzt
oder
Hufschmied)
Pferdetritt
Pferdebiss
Gesichtsscha¨delverletzung
Handverletzung
Bauchtrauma
Verletzung
der
unteren
Extremita¨t
Quelle:
Eigene
Darstellung.
Tabelle
5.
Alters-
und
Geschlechtsverteilung
fu¨r
verletzte
Pferdesportler(innen).
Studie
Ø
Alter
(Jahren)
Weiblich
ma¨nnlich
Bilaniuk
2014
(n
=
284)
30.0
84%
16%
Carmichael
2014
(n
=
284)
37.2
52%
48%
Hessler
2014
(n
=
198)
27.2
85%
15%
Lang
2014
(n
=
1408)
33.4
54%
46%
Fleischer
2016
(n
=
1206)
-
88%
12%
Schroeter
2017
(n
=
503)
26.2
90%
10%
Abdulkarim
2018
(n
=
143)
27.0
58%
42%
Kru¨ ger
2018
(n
=
770)
25.7
88%
12%
Wolyncewicz
2018
(n
=
505)
12.0
88%
12%
Van
Balen
2019
(n=945)
22.0
81%
19%
Quelle:
Eigene
Darstellung.
P.D.Patrick
Daniel
Dißmann Verletzungsmuster
im
Pferdesport
339
REVIEW
/
SPECIAL
ISSUE
Sports
Orthop.
Traumatol.
36,
335–341
(2020)
Adressen
und
Kontaktstellen
zum
Thema
Internetauftritt
der
Initiative
,,A
¨rz-
te
im
Reitsport’’
unter
http://www.
a¨rzte-im-reitsport.de/
Interessenkonflikt
Ich
erkla¨re,
dass
ich
keine
Interes-
senkonflikte
habe.
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Korrespondenzadresse:
Dr.
med.
Patrick
Daniel
Dißmann,
MSc,
MHA,
Chirotherapie,
Hausarztpraxis
am
Markt
Ratstwete
3b,
32805
Horn-Bad
Meinberg,
Germany.
E-Mail:
dr.dissmann@aol.com
Available
online
at
www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
P.D.Patrick
Daniel
Dißmann Verletzungsmuster
im
Pferdesport
341
REVIEW
/
SPECIAL
ISSUE
Sports
Orthop.
Traumatol.
36,
335–341
(2020)
Article
Full-text available
Objectives: To collect and analyse helmets from real-world equestrian accidents. To record reported head injuries associated with those accidents. To compare damage to helmets certified to different standards and the injuries associated with them. Methods: Two hundred sixteen equestrian helmets were collected in total. One hundred seventy-six helmets from amateur jockeys were collected via accident helmet return schemes in the UK and USA, while 40 helmets from professional jockeys were collected by The Irish Turf Club. All helmet damage was measured, and associated head injury was recorded. Results: Eighty-eight percent (189) of equestrian fall accidents returned an injury report of which 70% (139) reported a head injury. Fifty-four percent (75) of head injury cases had associated helmet damage while 46% had no helmet damage. Reported head injuries consisted of 91% (126) concussion, 4% (6) skull fractures, 1 (0.7%) subdural hematoma, 1 (0.7%) cerebral edema and 5 (3.6%) diffuse axonal injury (DAI). It is also shown that helmets certified to the most severe standard are overrepresented in this undamaged group (p <0.001). Conclusions: It is clear that despite jockeys wearing a helmet, large proportions of concussion injuries still occur in the event of a jockey sustaining a fall. However, the data suggest it is likely that helmets reduce the severity of head injury as the occurrence of skull fracture is low. The proportion of undamaged helmets with an associated head injury suggests that many helmets may be too stiff relative to the surface they are impacting to reduce the risk of traumatic brain injury (TBI). It may be possible to improve helmet designs and certification tests to reduce the risk of head injury in low-severity impacts.
Article
Full-text available
Objectives To investigate the risk reduction and benefit of wearing body protection/safety vests in equestrian sports. Methods A comparison of equestrians wearing body protective vests and those not wearing vests was performed using incident report data of 718 participants in the United States Pony Clubs during 2011–2017. Data obtained included age, gender, certification level of member, type of activity, description of incident, description of injuries, what protective equipment was worn and other possible contributing factors. Results While wearing body protective vests when riding on the flat or for show jumping was not correlated with a decrease in injuries, wearing vests for cross country was correlated with decrease in reported injuries (p=0.036) and showed a trend towards a lower incident severity level (p=0.062). Wearing body protection during cross country reduced the relative risk of injury by 56%. While the volume of incidents varied with a rider’s experience level, the number of serious injuries did not appear to correlate with lesser equestrian experience. Conclusions While equestrian sports are considered to have a certain degree of risk associated with them, there are ways to make them safer. Wearing safety equipment, such as helmets and body protection, and obtaining education and experience can lessen the chance of incurring serious injuries.
Article
Full-text available
Background/aim Horse riding is a popular sport, which bears the risk of serious injuries. This study aims to assess whether individual factors influence the risk to sustain major injuries. Methods Retrospective data were collected from all equine-related accidents at a German Level I Trauma Centre between 2004 and 2014. Logistic regression was used to identify the risk factors for major injures. Results 770 patients were included (87.9% females). Falling off the horse (67.7%) and being kicked by the horse (16.5%) were the two main injury mechanisms. Men and individuals of higher age showed higher odds for all tested parameters of serious injury. Patients falling off a horse had higher odds for being treated as inpatients, whereas patients who were kicked had higher odds for a surgical therapy (OR 1.7) and intensive care unit/intermediate care unit (ICU/IMC) treatment (OR 1.2). The head was the body region most often injured (32.6%) and operated (32.9%). Patients with head injuries had the highest odds for being hospitalised (OR 6.13). Head or trunk injuries lead to the highest odds for an ICU/IMC treatment (head: OR 4.37; trunk: OR 2.47). Upper and lower limb injuries showed the highest odds for a surgical therapy (upper limb: OR 2.61; lower limb: OR 1.7). Conclusion Risk prevention programmes should include older individuals and males as target groups. Thus a rethinking of the overall risk assessment is necessary. Not only horseback riding itself, but also handling a horse bears a relevant risk for major injuries. Serious head injures remain frequent, serious and an important issue to be handled in equestrians sports.
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Background The Irish Equestrian industry provides over 12,500 full time job equivalents contributing in excess of €454 million to the Irish economy annually. For such an important industry there is a paucity of information relating to equestrian injuries. Aims The aim of this study was to determine the demographics, characteristics, and outcomes of equestrian related injuries presenting to the emergency department of a regional trauma centre in Ireland over the course of one year. Methods Retrospective analysis of all 30,700 presentations to the emergency department (ED) of the Midland Regional Hospital (MRH) Tullamore in 2013 was performed to identify equestrian related presentations. Patient demographics, mechanism of injury, radiology results, management, and follow-up data were collected and analysed using Microsoft Excel software. Results A total of 149 equestrian related presentations were identified during the study period. There were significantly more females involved in equestrian injuries than males (58% versus 42%). Falling from a horse contributed to significantly more presentations and admissions than any other cause. 36% of presentations were associated with a radiological abnormality. Types of injuries identified included skeletal fractures (27.5%), joint dislocation/subluxation (5%), concussion (12.5%), and splenic laceration/intraperitoneal haemorrhage (1%). Admission or transfer to tertiary care was required for 18% of equestrian injuries. Only 43% of presentations were discharged back to primary care from the emergency department. Conclusion This study identifies a high incidence of morbidities associated with equestrian presentations. In addition we recognised populations at risk of specific injuries and described high-risk mechanisms of injury.
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A high percentage of equestrians will experience accidents, with different degrees of severity, throughout their riding careers. Horse-related injuries have the highest likelihood of requiring hospitalization based on individuals visiting US emergency departments. Studies have shown that the majority of injured riders said they could have prevented the accident and the injury was due to rider/handler error. Therefore, equestrians reported their injuries, and a panel of experts analyzed these reports to better understand the causes, how to prevent, and where to invest educational resources to generate a reduction in horse-related accidents. The majority of riders reported intermediate riding skills, most accidents occurred in the arena, and most were preventable. The most severe accidents occurred when the weather played a major role, as opposed to the least severe accidents when riders were in the horse’s space. Avoidable accidents included when tack broke, as opposed to unavoidable accidents such as horses slipped or fell. Educational Impact Index was calculated with combined results of the cause of injury, avoidability, and severity. Other humans, horse spooked, and tack/equipment problems were the main causes of accidents with the highest educational impact index, and authors believe that educational efforts should be focused on these categories.
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Introduction: Horse-related injuries account for one quarter of all paediatric sports fatalities. It is not known whether the pattern of injury spectrum and severity differ between children injured whilst mounted, compared with those injured unmounted around horses. We aimed to identify any distinctions between the demographic features, spectrum and severity of injuries for mounted versus unmounted patients. Patients and methods: Trauma registry data were reviewed for 505 consecutive paediatric patients (aged<16years) admitted to a large paediatric trauma centre with horse-related injuries over a 16-year period. Patients were classified into mounted and unmounted groups, and demographics, injury spectrum, injury severity, and helmet usage compared using odds ratios and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Results: More patients (56%) were injured in a private setting than in a sporting or supervised context (23%). Overall, head injuries were the most common horse-related injury. Mounted patients comprised 77% of the cohort. Mounted patients were more likely to sustain upper limb fractures or spinal injuries, and more likely to wear helmets. Unmounted were more likely to be younger males, and more likely to sustain facial or abdominal injuries. Strikingly, unmounted children had significantly more severe and critical Injury Severity Scores (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.5, 4.6) and longer hospital stay (2.0days vs 1.1days; p<0.001). Unmounted patients were twice as likely to require intensive care or surgery, and eight times more likely to sustain a severe head injury. Conclusions: Horse-related injuries in children are serious. Unmounted patients are distinct from mounted patients in terms of gender, age, likelihood of personal protective equipment use, severity of injuries, and requirement for intensive or invasive care. This study highlights the importance of vigilance and other safety behaviours when unmounted and around horses, and proposes specific targets for future injury prevention campaigns, both in setting of organised and private equestrian activity.
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Background: Equestrian sports are one of the most popular forms of sport in Germany, while also being one of the most accident-prone sports. Furthermore, riding accidents are frequently associated with a high degree of severity of injuries and mortality. Nevertheless, there are insufficient data regarding incidences, demographics, mechanisms of accidents, injury severity and patterns and outcome of injured persons in amateur equestrian sports. Accordingly, it was the aim of the present study to retrospectively analyze these aspects. Methods: A total of 503 patients were treated in the emergency room of the Hannover Medical School because of an accident during recreational horse riding between 2006 and 2011. The female gender was predominantly affected with 89.5 %. The mean age of the patients was 26.2 ± 14.9 years and women (24.5 ± 12.5 years) were on average younger than men (40.2 ± 23.9 years). A special risk group was girls and young women aged between 10 and 39 years. The overall injury severity was measured using the injury severity score (ISS). Results: Based on the total population, head injuries were the most common location of injuries with 17.3 % followed by injuries to the upper extremities with 15.2 % and the thoracic and lumbar spine with 10.9 %. The three most common injury locations after falling from a horse were the head (17.5 %), the upper extremities (17.4 %), the thoracic and lumbar spine (12.9 %). The most frequent injuries while handling horses were foot injuries (17.2 %), followed by head (16.6 %) and mid-facial injuries (15.0 %). With respect to the mechanism of injury accidents while riding were predominant (74 %), while accidents when handling horses accounted for only 26 %. The median ISS was 9.8 points. The proportion of multiple trauma patients (ISS > 16) was 18.1 %. Based on the total sample, the average in-hospital patient stay was 5.3 ± 5.4 days with a significantly higher proportion of hospitalized patients in the group of riding accidents. Fatal cases were not found in this study but the danger of riding is not to be underestimated. The large number of sometimes severe injuries with ISS values up to 62 points can be interpreted as an indication that recreational riding can easily result in life-threatening situations. Conclusion: Girls and young women could be identified as a group at particular risk. It has been demonstrated in this study that the three most common injury locations after falling from a horse were the head, the upper extremities, the thoracic and lumbar spine. The most frequent injury locations while handling horses were foot injuries, followed by head and mid-facial injuries.
Article
Patients with equestrian injuries were identified in the trauma registry from 2004 to 2007. We a priori divided patients into three groups: 0 to 18 years, 19 to 49 years, and 50 years old or older. There were 284 patients identified with equestrian-related trauma. Injury Severity Score for the three major age categories 0 to 18 years, 19 to 49 years, and 50 years or older, were 3.47, 5.09, and 6.27, respectively. The most common body region injured among all patients was the head (26.1%). The most common injuries by age group were: 0 to 18 years, upper extremity fractures; 19 to 49 year olds, concussions; and 50 years or older, rib fractures. Significant differences were observed among the three age groups in terms of percent of patients with rib fractures: percent of patients with rib fractures was 2, 8, and 22 per cent in age groups 0 to 18, 19 to 49, and 50 years or older, respectively. We found different patterns of injuries associated with equestrian accidents by age. Head injuries were commonly seen among participants in equestrian activities and helmet use should be promoted to minimize the severity of closed head injuries. Injury patterns also seem to vary among the various age groups that ride horses. This information could be used to better target injury prevention efforts among these patients.
Article
The purpose of this study is to determine whether discrepant patterns of horse-related trauma exist in mounted vs. unmounted equestrians from a single Level I trauma center to guide awareness of injury prevention. Retrospective data were collected from the University of Kentucky Trauma Registry for patients admitted with horse-related injuries between January 2003 and December 2007 (n=284). Injuries incurred while mounted were compared with those incurred while unmounted. Of 284 patients, 145 (51%) subjects were male with an average age of 37.2 years (S.D. 17.2). Most injuries occurred due to falling off while riding (54%) or kick (22%), resulting in extremity fracture (33%) and head injury (27%). Mounted equestrians more commonly incurred injury to the chest and lower extremity while unmounted equestrians incurred injury to the face and abdomen. Head trauma frequency was equal between mounted and unmounted equestrians. There were 3 deaths, 2 of which were due to severe head injury from a kick. Helmet use was confirmed in only 12 cases (6%). This evaluation of trauma in mounted vs. unmounted equestrians indicates different patterns of injury, contributing to the growing body of literature in this field. We find interaction with horses to be dangerous to both mounted and unmounted equestrians. Intervention with increased safety equipment practice should include helmet usage while on and off the horse.
Article
BACKGROUND: Horse riding is associated with a high rate of injuries. The possibilities of prevention are limited because of deficient knowledge about the causes and mechanisms of equine-related accidents. In the present study 198 equine-related accidents were analyzed and based on these data risk groups were identified and guidelines to improve safety in horse riding were formulated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this 2-center study the accidents of 169 riders over a period of 12 months were analyzed. Data on equine-related patterns of injury and the resulting treatment were collated from the clinical records. Additionally, a questionnaire was completed on the day of trauma by the patients, which covered age, gender, the cause and mechanism of injury and the use of safety equipment at the time of the accident. RESULTS: There were 169 (85.5%) female and 29 (14.5%) male riders with a median age of 27.2 years (range 5-74 years). Of the riders 55 (27.8%) were aged 18 years or younger, 134 (67.7%) riders were treated as outpatients while 64 (32.3%) required hospitalization, 51 (25.8%) required surgical treatment, 66 (33.3%) used a helmet and 14 (7.1%) a body protector at the time of accident. DISCUSSION: Equestrians wear helmets increasingly more when riding but the willingness to wear body protectors is disappointing. Protective headgear has been proven to reduce the risk of injuries but based on these data a positive effect of body protectors could not be shown. In this study safety vest users suffered from injuries of the upper body more often than those who did not wear a body protector. Children and adolescents often overestimate their skills; therefore, teaching and supervision of inexperienced young riders along with the use of protective equipment can prevent major injuries.