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Fursov, V. N. Review of the Ukrainian species of the genus Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) from natural populations and in mass production. — Ukrainska Entomofaunistyka, 2020, 11 (4), pp.7-18. Фурсов, В. Н. Обзор видов рода Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) Украины из природных популяций и биолабораторий. - Украинская энтомофаунистика, 2020, 11 (3), с.7-18.
Abstract
Biological data (in particular, on reproduction), main hosts, synonymy and distribution are reviewed
for 14 species of the genus Trichogramma recorded in Ukraine. The species included inhabit natural and disturbed habitats, and are mass-reared
by commercial enterprises. Trichogramma achaeae Nagarkatti & Nagaraja is reported for Ukraine for the first time: although for mass-rearing
conditions only, in Dnipropetrovsk and Poltava Regions. It is likely it was introduced in 2019–2020.
Key words: Trichogrammatidae, biocontrol, plant protection, fauna, egg parasitoids.
— Узагальнено дані щодо особливостей біології (репродукції), основних хазяїв, синонімії та поширення 14 видів
роду Trichogramma в Україні, як зібраних в природних умовах, так і розведених в біолабораторіях. Trichogramma achaeae Nagarkatti &
Nagaraja вперше вказано як такий, що розводиться в культурі (Дніпропетровська та Полтавська області); ймовірно він був завезений
до України в 2019–2020 рр.
Ключові слова: Trichogrammatidae, біометод, захист рослин, фауна, яйцеїди.
Фурсов, В. Н. Обзор видов рода Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea)
Украины из природных популяций и биолабораторий.
- Обобщены данные об особенностях биологии (репродукции), синонимах, основных хозяевах и распространении 14 видов рода Trichogramma в Украине: как собранных в природных условиях, так и тех, которых разводят в биолабораториях. T. achaeae Nagarkatti & Nagaraja впервые указано как разводимый в биолабораториях (Днепропетровская и Полтавская области); вероятно, он был завезен в Украину в 2019-2020 гг.
Ключевые слова: Trichogrammatidae, биометод, защита растений, фауна, яйцееды.
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Most trials have used only five species of Trichogramma against two pests; Ostrinia in corn is the most universally feasible. Selection of the appropriate population is based on inter- and intraspecific variation, as well as on current definitions of parasitoid quality. Mass rearing comprises both host and parasitoid components, although major emphasis is now on developing artificial systems. Effective distribution of Trichogramma requires supportive extension and advanced technology. Strategies for use in the field vary according to the approach desired (inundative or inoculative), the timing, frequency and rate of release, and the multiple factors that affect release, such as weather, crop, host, predation, pesticides, and dispersal. -from Author
6-OS (ouvrages ou chapitres scientifiques)
Results of studies with Trichogramma in Brazil are presented, especially those developed at ESALQ/USP in the past two decades (1984-2004). The project involved taxonomy, rearing techniques, biological and behavioral aspects of the pests and parasitoids, pest population dynamics, release techniques, selectivity studies, and efficiency evaluation. It can be considered a model project and has been adopted by other biological control programs in Brazil and Latin America. The program has given rise to a number of publications, allowing the formation of human resources in this area and opening new research areas. The results indicated that the parasitoid can be used to control key pests in cotton, sugarcane, stored grain, vegetables, corn, soybean, and tomato. The perspective of using the parasitoid has stimulated the creation of companies to commercialize it in Brazil, thus more easily transferring this technology to users.
A molecular key for the identification of common Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) species found in agricultural settings around the Mediterranean is developed based on the
sequence of the internal transcribed spacer 2 of the ribosomal cistron. Using the size of the ITS2 PCR product and restriction
fragment length polymorphisms of the amplicon, ten Trichogramma species (T. bourarachae Pintureau and Babault, T. brassicae Bezdenko, T. cacoeciae Marchal/T. embryophagum Hartig, T. cordubensis Vargas and Cabello, T. dendrolimi Matsumura, T. euproctidis Girault, T. evanescens Westwood, T. nerudai Pintureau and Gerding, T. oleae Voegelé and Pointel, and T. pintoi Voegelé) can be distinguished.
Several systematic and genetical problems are dealt with in Trichogramma embryophagum and T. cacoeciae. The difficulty in finding the description of T. embryophagm and the poor descriptions of both species have induced nomenclatural problems which are treated here. The particular reproductive system of these species led authors to hypothesize about the origin of T. cacoeciae and the sex determination of Trichogramma. Alternative hypotheses are proposed. New electrophoretic results in T. cacoeciae are reported and interpreted taking into account the mode of reproduction. New geographical data are also provided.
erepresent a large group of minute parasitic wasps which attack eggs of various insects, many of which are of economic importance. The small size of trichogrammatids and the relatively uniform morphology of species within each genus have made taxonomic studies difficult, and this has resulted in many nomenclatorial problems. Descriptions of species have often been rather vague, frequently based on one sex, and, in the absence of good type specimens, verification of descriptions has not always been possible. The most recent and comprehensive revisionary study of the family has been made by Doutt & Viggiani (6) , who not only developed an excellent key for separation of the 70-odd genera and subgenera, but have also synonymized many of these groups. These authors have observed that the minuteness of these winged insects has apparently increased their chances of dispersion by wind, and as a result they are even found on remote isolated oceanic islands. Moreover, they are unique in that they occupy all kinds of habitats, from swampy marshlands to hot dry deserts, and occur on low-lying vegetation or in strictly arboreal habitats.
Thelytokous populations, consisting only of females that produce female offspring without mating, have long caused problems for systematists. In the wasp genus Trichogramma, these forms cause additional problems because the identity of most species is based on male characters. The discovery that antibiotics and high temperatures can permanently change the mode of reproduction of the majority of thelytokous forms of Trichogramma to arrhenotoky now makes it possible to use male anatomy and reproductive compatibility as criteria for species identity. Thelytokous strains of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii, T. deion Pinto & Oatman, T. pretiosum Riley, and T. platneri Nagarkatti were rendered arrhenotokous (“cured) by antibiotic treatments and were crossed to conspecific arrhenotokous reference cultures. Results of these crosses as well as morphometrics of the males show that cured cultures do not differ from field-collected arrhenotokous lines. Thelytokous forms should not be named solely because of their mode of reproduction. Adequately sampling for conspecific arrhenotokous populations, and crossing experiments of cured strains with already described arrhenotokous species, or both, should precede decisions on their taxonomic status.
Twelve Trichogramma spp. are redescribed. These are: T. australicum Girault, T. dendrolimi Matsumura, T. euproctidis (Girault), T. evanescens Westwood, T. fasciatum(Perkins), T. japonicum Ashmead, T. minutum Riley, T. perkinsi Girault, T. pretiosum Riley, T. retorridum (Girault), T. semblidis (Aurivillius) and T. semifumatum(Perkins). Differences in male genitalia are emphasised, being most stable and reliable, and pigmentation as well as wing and antennal trichiation are described, being characters of supplementary importance for species diagnosis. Host and distribution records are also given. In the male genitalia, the shape of the dorsal expansion of the gonobase differs considerably in some species and the position of the chelate structures with respect to the tips of the gonoforceps also varies; the median ventral projection
is large in some species, reduced in some and almost absent in others. A comparative account of the most distinguishing characters of the different species is included and a key to 15 species is provided(Received February 09 1970)(Revised December 04 1970)
The usefulness of the internally transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of the nuclear ribosomal gene complex is tested for providing taxonomic characters to identify Trichogramma species. The ITS2 sequences of a group of sibling species of the T. deion/T. pretiosum complexes were determined. A simple and precise identification key to the species of these assemblages was constructed using as taxonomic characters the size of the ITS2 and the difference in restriction length polymorphism of species with similarly sized ITS2. Individual wasps can be identified by amplification of their ITS2 with general primers, determining the size of the PCR product using standard agarose electrophoresis, followed in some species by a DNA-digestion with a restriction enzyme. Because this system works well for a number of closely related species we are hopeful that similar PCR-based identification can be extended to all species of the genus once their ITS2 sequences have been determined. The advantage of this identification system over the morphology-based system is that non-specialists are able to quickly and cheaply identify individual specimens. In addition, species specific primers were tested for the two most common species of these groups (i.e. T. pretiosum and T. deion). These primers can be used either as a direct identification tool or as a method to confirm the identification using the general key. The phylogeny of this group of wasps was also analyzed based on the ITS2 sequence.
Minute egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera; Trichogrammatidae) are promising candidates for biological control of lepidopteran pests in tomato in Portugal. This certainly applies to native Trichogramma strains that have thelytokous reproduction, i.e., produce only daughters. In Trichogramma wasps, thelytoky is mostly induced by the intracellular bacterium Wolbachia. In this study, we carried out a field survey of native Trichogramma species in four locations in Ribatejo, the main processing tomato region of Portugal, and determined the prevalence of Wolbachia in those species. Five Trichogramma species were found to emerge from lepidopteran eggs collected in the field, namely Trichogramma bourarache, Trichogramma cordubensis, Trichogramma evanescens, Trichogramma pintoi, and Trichogramma turkestanica. T. evanescens and T. pintoi were by far the dominating species representing, respectively, 64.9 and 26.4% of the trichogrammatids collected. Total natural parasitism rates of the collected lepidopteran eggs by Trichogramma wasps ranged from 28.2 to 64.6%. Three Trichogramma species were found to be infected with Wolbachia, namely T. cordubensis, T. evanescens, and T. turkestanica. All the wasp broods belonging to T. cordubensis were infected, whereas low infection rates were found in T. evanescens (0.9% of the broods) and T. turkestanica (4.5% of the broods). The latter represents the first record of a Wolbachia infection in T. turkestanica. Sequencing of the Wolbachia surface protein, wsp, revealed this Wolbachia infection to be related to other Wolbachia infections in Trichogramma wasps. As Wolbachia-infected thelytokous strains exist for T. evanescens, the most abundant Trichogramma species naturally occurring in the tomato fields of the Ribatejo region, this species offers interesting and powerful options for biological control of lepidopteran pests in processing tomato in this region.
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