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Elite athletes, a rationale for the use of dietary supplements: A practical approach
Abstract
The general consensus within the scientific community is that an adequate diet can significantly influence athletic performance, without the need for any further or additional supplementation. Nevertheless, the perception, from times of antiquity to the present day, is that taking additional food nutrients will enhance performance. A common rationale for use of supplements by athletes is to gain a ‘competitive edge’. Current data suggests that the prevalence of supplement use among athletes is in the 40–70 % range, depending on the sport and definition or categorization of supplement. Athletes (youth/adult) may be influenced by a coach, fellow team members or administrators. Not all of these ‘influencers’ may possess up to date knowledge with respect to a supplement’s safety, efficacy or known side effects. Ingestion of supplements runs the risk of contamination with compounds banned by WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency). Athlete education, together with the athlete working in close collaboration with his/her health care team is a way to militate against a potential ban and optimize athlete health. Here we present a scientific rationale (with guidelines and case examples) for safe supplement use that should prove of benefit to the competitive athlete.
... In recent years, the popularity of nutritional supplements has surged. This is partially due to their potential ergogenic properties, which have been shown to improve athletic performance and recovery [10,11]. Nutritional supplements can be foods, such as fruits and vegetables, herbs, amino acids and proteins, vitamins, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) [4•, 5, 12]. ...
... Nutritional supplements can be foods, such as fruits and vegetables, herbs, amino acids and proteins, vitamins, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) [4•, 5, 12]. In general, all nutritional supplements for sports performance have been differentiated based on scientific evidence, nature, potency, as well as regulation and legislation of each country [9,11]. In comparison to chemical supplements, food or food products do not require harsh safety and regulatory evidence [11]. ...
... In general, all nutritional supplements for sports performance have been differentiated based on scientific evidence, nature, potency, as well as regulation and legislation of each country [9,11]. In comparison to chemical supplements, food or food products do not require harsh safety and regulatory evidence [11]. Therefore, most athletes choose organic food containing active compounds or food supplements to enhance performance during training and competitions [13,14]. ...
Beetroot juice is a popular natural food supplement commonly consumed for its health and ergogenic benefits. It contains an abundance of phytochemical compounds, which have been shown to enhance sports endurance and recovery. Among them, nitrate is well-studied and known for improving performance during exercise. On the other hand, betalains, the bioactive pigment, have shown various biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hypertensive, which may improve exercise performance and post-exercise recovery. Additionally, free radical scavenging activities of betalains could increase nitric oxide availability in the blood, thereby improving blood flow and oxygen supply during strenuous exercise. This review article provides a critical discussion of the non-pathological conditions induced by prolonged or strenuous exercise and betalains’ potential in reducing such conditions including muscle damage, inflammation, and fatigue. Additionally, the real-time application of betalains as an ergogenic compound in competitive athletes has been discussed. Finally, future directions and conclusions on the potential of betalains as a natural ergogenic aid in sport endurance are outlined.
Betalains in beetroot are the major water-soluble nitrogen-containing pigment possessing high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fatigue activities. Betalain supplementation could alleviate exercise-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and fatigue in competitive athletes.
Betalains have the potential to become a natural ergogenic aid or nutraceutical compound for sports people during exercise and competitive performance.
... Concerning age, authors have informed that SS use starts at a young age and continues into adult life [8][9][10]12,18,21]. Furthermore, they have reported that due to competition and nutritional needs, elite athletes tend to use more SS than recreational exercisers throughout their life [3,8,[20][21][22][23][24][25][33][34][35]. ...
... According to Mudrack et al. [36], who studied Sports Motivation (SM) (i.e., Self-determination in sports), there is a possible correlation between SM and the use of SS or enhancing products (i.e., SS that may contain doping agents, such as oxilofrine, which may be found in fat burners), where participants with SM and anxiety were more likely to use SS [34,36]. In addition, the literature has reported that severe obsessive-compulsive behaviors, such as Muscle Dysmorphia (MD) (i.e., variant of body dysmorphic disorder) and exercise abuse, may also influence in the decision of using SS [35,36,[38][39][40][41][42]. ...
... Findings have suggested a high risk of exercise abuse and body image disorders in recreational exercisers that used fitness products under no supervision [36,37,[40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51]. Moreover, they have informed that changes in habits, such as radical diets and the use of SS, have been reported as risk factors of MD, exercise abuse, and addictive behaviors in exercisers [34][35][36]38,39,[43][44][45][46][47][48][49]. Therefore, authors have reported users of SS with high levels of SM, MD and exercise abuse which are vulnerable to a risky intake that may lead to physical and mental problems [36,37,[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]. ...
Despite the high prevalence of sports supplement (SS) use, efforts to profile users have not been conclusive. Studies report that 30–95% of recreational exercisers and elite athletes use SS. Research found has mostly focused on demographic and sports variables to profile SS users, but little research has studied the psychological factors that may influence the use of SS. The purpose of this investigation was to classify, describe, and differentiate the profile of users and non-users of SS, considering demographic, sports, and psychological variables. A total of 554 participants completed the questionnaire. Overall, 45% of recreational exercisers and elite athletes reported using supplements. There were significant differences found regarding the use of SS between men and women (51% vs. 49%, p = 0.002; OR = 1.799), and when training 4 or more days per week (p ≤ 0.001; OR = 1.526). Findings regarding the psychological variables have been found in the Adonis Complex. These results indicate that participants with greater concerns regarding physical appearance, tend to be SS users (p = 0.001; OR = 1.200). The results of this study fill a gap in previous research, and provide an approximate profile, including demographic, sports, and psychological variables of SS users.
... Further, the expert panel acknowledged that supplements can be found in pill, capsule, powder or liquid form and contain dietary ingredients (e.g., vitamins, minerals, amino acids, botanicals) that can affect the body [2]. These functional effects on the body can drive many athletes to use a variety of supplements to manage the physical and social demands of sport, and enhance their performance and recovery [2,17,[17][18][19][20]. Practical reasons also prompt supplement use, including convenience, food availability and nutrient deficiencies [2,3,19]. ...
... Athletes' beliefs about supplements and their reasons for use (or non-use) serve as motivational barriers to and enablers of adherence to RMSUG. To date, most of the evidence regarding athlete motives for supplement use has been generated through cross-sectional surveys, but comparisons between surveys are confounded by differences in the use of non-validated and non-standardised survey instruments and the definition of what constitutes a supplement [18]. Still, in a scoping review of 26 articles (including a total of 17,342 athletes), findings were generally consistent, with the most frequently reported reasons for supplement use being improvement of athletic performance, recovery and health [17]. ...
For many reasons, athletes’ use of supplements is highly prevalent across sports and competitive levels, despite the risk of these products containing a substance on the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List. Contravening anti-doping rules through supplement use could have serious consequences for competitive athletes (e.g., ineligibility from major competitions, loss of medals and funding) due to the principle of strict liability. Indiscriminate supplement use also poses a risk to athlete health. To reduce the possibility of ingesting a supplement containing prohibited substances, independent quality assurance and certification programs have been established (e.g., Informed Sport). However, these programs do not completely eliminate risk, leading to some anti-doping organisations promoting a ‘just say no’ to supplements stance. Yet, this approach can be problematic as a small number of supplements may be necessary for athletes to consume, in certain situations. Recognising that athletes will continue to use these heavily marketed products, this narrative review describes a theoretically underpinned and systematic approach to preventing inadvertent doping by considering the barriers to and enablers of athlete adherence to risk minimisation supplement use guidelines (RMSUG). By outlining a conceptual shift towards a behaviourally informed approach, this review serves to stimulate the development of multifaceted interventions to prevent inadvertent doping through supplement use. Recognising that risk-minimised supplement use involves a myriad of behaviours, the problem of inadvertent doping through supplement use is framed, and research appraised, through the lens of the Behaviour Change Wheel.
... Athlete's motivations for using DS may vary, but are often related to improving athletic performance, improving health and accelerating recovery (6). In addition, athletes frequently report using supplements because "the best athlete use it" (10). ...
... It has been suggested that the culture generated by a particular sport influences supplement use among its athletes (10). Indeed, sport discipline significantly influenced the prevalence and type of products used. ...
Background:
Dietary supplements (DS) may be beneficial for athletes in certain situations, whereas incorrect or excessive use may impair performance, pose a risk to the athlete's health and cause positive doping tests by containing prohibited substances. To provide athletes with relevant and tailored information on safe supplement use, a better knowledge about DS trends over time and between sport disciplines are needed.
Methods:
This study examines the use of DS among athletes who have participated in doping controls by extracting information derived from 10,418 doping control forms (DCF) collected by Anti-Doping Norway from 2015 to 2019.
Results:
Overall, 51% of the DCFs contained information about at least one DS. National level athletes (NLA) more often reported using DS than recreational athletes (RA) (53 vs. 47%, p < 0.001). Athletes in strength and power (71%), VO2max endurance (56%) and muscular endurance sports (55%) had the highest proportion of DCFs with information about DS. Medical supplements were the most used supplement category for both genders and across all sports. Dietary supplements with a high risk of containing doping substances were most common among male, RA in strength and power sports. There were small and non-significant year-to-year variations in the prevalence of athletes using DS, while the number of products used concomitantly peaked in 2017 before declining in 2019 (2.30 vs. 2.08, p < 0.01). The use of medical supplements and ergogenic substances increased slightly for both NLA and RA from 2015 to 2019, while the use of all other supplement categories declined.
Conclusion:
Half of the 10,418 DCFs contained information about DS, with variations within the athlete population. DS with high risk of containing prohibited substances were mostly seen in sport disciplines requiring a high degree of specialization in strength/power, including powerlifting and weightlifting, as well as in some team sports, such as cheerleading and american football.
... This study has furthered the literature for the TPB in the health and supplement field by offering qualitative evidence that developing alpha-dominant and health-based interventions could potentially shift an individual's motivations to use supplements in an indiscriminate and potentially unsafe manner. Whilst scholars have investigated supplements in terms of consumption, motivations, attitudes, and influences [55][56][57][58][59], this study contributes theoretical concepts that can be used to limit or reduce supplement usage within a healthfocused intervention. In addition, this study contributes to both the health and social marketing literature, as the TPB constructs were used to inform potential messaging strategies to reduce or limit indiscriminate and unhealthy supplement usage. ...
... This study has furthered the literature for the TPB in the health and supplement field by offering qualitative evidence that developing alpha-dominant and health-based interventions could potentially shift an individual's motivations to use supplements in an indiscriminate and potentially unsafe manner. Whilst scholars have investigated supplements in terms of consumption, motivations, attitudes, and influences [55][56][57][58][59], this study contributes theoretical concepts that can be used to limit or reduce supplement usage within a health-focused intervention. In addition, this study contributes to both the health and social marketing literature, as the TPB constructs were used to inform potential messaging strategies to reduce or limit indiscriminate and unhealthy supplement usage. ...
Background:
There is growing concern about the self-administration of supplements, which can often be indiscriminate, counterproductive to health, and serve as a gateway to more harmful drugs and substances. Research suggests that high uptake of performance- and image-enhancing drugs (PIEDs) is correlated with body image to accentuate masculinity. This study provides insights into limiting unhealthy supplement usage. This research identifies reasons for casual unhealthy supplement use among young adult Australians through the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) lens, providing practitioners with insights into developing interventions to deter their use.
Method:
Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with ten participants aged between 18 and 40, using a convenience sample. Leximancer analysis was used to assess word co-occurrence and map to TPB constructs.
Results:
Leximancer identified positive attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control towards supplement usage. Key themes that influenced supplement use were weight loss, body image, nutrition, training, education, challenges, need, and time. Furthermore, using TPB constructs, affective and instrumental attitudes and prevailing norms were observed when investigating what would cause an individual to use supplements in an unhealthy manner.
Conclusion:
Through understanding the motivations of indiscriminate supplement use across the Australian population, the study has uncovered several social factors that may reduce or limit the practice of unsafe supplement usage.
... El consumo de suplementos nutricionales (SN) es una práctica extendida entre los deportistas de élite. Se estima que entre el 40 y el 100 % de los deportistas utilizan SN dependiendo del tipo de deporte, nivel de competición, edad, género o cultura propia del deporte (1,2). Los deportistas deciden consumir SN con el fin de mejorar el rendimiento y la salud, e incluso en algunos casos por motivos económicos bajo el patrocinio de algunas marcas comerciales. ...
... Como consecuencia, la industria de los suplementos deportivos ha sufrido un importante desarrollo para satisfacer esta creciente demanda. Se estima que, para 2027, la industria global de los suplementos se encontrará en los 230.700 millones de dólares, estando esta industria impulsada por una mayor conciencia sobre el estado físico y la salud y, en menor medida, por el deporte (2). Este mercado en rápido desarrollo se ve favorecido por la facilidad de acceso a la compra de cualquier artículo a través de internet, lo que genera una gran competitividad y la necesidad de ofrecer novedades continuamente (5). ...
Introduction:
The use of nutritional supplements (NSs) is a widespread practice in both professional and amateur athletes. Their choice must be based on criteria of safety, legality, and effectiveness. There are several risks that some of these products can trigger, this being a reason for fraud to the consumer. By way of example, the presence of a legal substance in doses higher than its recommendation may cause unwanted side effects; on the other hand, its presence in quantities lower than necessary (effective threshold) may not have the effect expected or announced by the product. Therefore, the objective of this review was to describe the existence of fraud in relation to nutritional labeling and/or to the content of NSs intended for athletes. A narrative review was conducted through PubMed in which 16 studies met the inclusion criteria. The results show that nutritional labeling differs from the actual amounts of ingredients. This type of fraud has been found in protein powder supplements, pre-workout mixtures, creatine, and beverages containing vitamins and minerals, among others. Fraud due to errors in the labeling by omission of substances present in the product or by errors in the analysis or declaration of quantities, is high. This lack of transparency in the actual composition of labels can contribute to sports performance and/or health problems in the athlete. Therefore, an improvement of the legislation on NS is necessary to ensure their safety, effectiveness, and legality.
... Böylece sporcular için günlük ihtiyaç duyulan karbonhidrat günde 500 gram civarındayken, günlük demir ihtiyacı ise adet gören kadınlar için günde 18 miligram, yetişkin erkekler için günde 11 miligramdır. Tüketilen minerallerin sadece küçük bir yüzdesi vücut tarafından emildiğinden, besin gereksinimleri de bağırsakların onları ne kadar verimli bir şekilde emebildiğinden etkilenir (Garthe & Ramsbottom, 2020). ...
... Sports foods are effective in specific situations to achieve hydration, fuelling, recovery, training adaptation, and electrolyte balance (22,23) . They also provide safe alternatives where there are food intolerances, allergies, preferences, limited energy budgets, limited availability of foods, food hygiene or contamination risks (17,24) . However, sports https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114523000648 ...
Sports foods are convenient alternatives to everyday foods to fuel performance. Strong scientific evidence supports their use; however, commercial sports foods are classified by the NOVA system as ultra-processed foods (UPF). Consumption of UPF has been associated with poor mental and physical health, but little is known about athletes' consumption of and attitudes toward sports foods as a source of UPF. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess Australian athletes' intake of and attitudes toward sports foods and UPF. Adult athletes were recruited to complete an anonymous online survey via social media between October 2021 and February 2022. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, and Pearson's chi-square test was used to assess potential relationships between categorical demographic variables and consumption of sports foods. One hundred forty Australian adults participating in recreational (n=55), local/regional (n=52), state (n=11), national (n=14), or international (n=9) sports completed the survey. Ninety-five per cent reported consuming sports foods within the past 12 months. Participants consumed sports drinks most commonly (73%) and isolated protein supplements most frequently (40% at least once per week). Participants reported everyday foods to be more affordable, taste better, present less risk of banned substances, but less convenient, and greater risk of spoilage. Half (51%) of participants reported concern about health effects of UPF. Participants reported regular UPF consumption despite taste and cost-related preferences for everyday foods and health concerns regarding UPF intake. Athletes may need support to identify and access safe, affordable, convenient, minimally processed alternatives to sports foods.
... melatonin and seratonin [12][13][14]. Importantly, many athletes may already have a supplement regimen with research suggesting 40-70% of athletes use protein supplements [15,16]. As such, altering existing protein supplement protocols may offer a more feasible and easily implemented nutritional intervention to improve sleep. ...
This double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial aimed to investigate the effects of α-lactalbumin consumption on sleep quality and quantity in female rugby union athletes during a competition season. Eighteen semi-professional female rugby union players (age 23.8 ± 5.2 y; mean ± SD) wore wrist actigraphy watches for four seven-day blocks corresponding to the pre-season, a home game, a bye week (i.e. no competition game scheduled) and an away game. Participants consumed either an α-lactalbumin (α-LAC), or placebo drink (PLA) every night two hours before bed for the duration of the season. Generalised linear mixed models were used to investigate the effects of the nutritional intervention on sleep variables (total sleep time, sleep efficiency (SE), sleep onset latency (SOL) and wake after sleep onset) over the duration of the season. There was a significant condition by period interaction effect on SOL (p = 0.01). While similar at baseline (23.3 ± 16.3 and 23.2 ± 18.9 min α-LAC and placebo respectively) and for the home game (22.4 ± 17.6 and 19.3 ± 14.9 min α-LAC and placebo respectively), SOL was reduced in the α-LAC group for the bye (11.6 ± 13.4 min) and away game (17.0 ± 11.5 min; p = 0.045). In comparison, SOL remained unchanged in the PLA group (bye 21.2 ± 17.3 and away 22.5 ± 18.5 min). Pre-sleep α-lactalbumin consumption improved SOL in a semi-professional female team-sport cohort. Thus, α-lactalbumin could be utilised by athletes to support sleep during a competitive season.
... The prevalence of athletes' use of supplements varies from 40 to 70%, depending on the study considered [9]. Nevertheless, the growing population of recreational users and amateur athletes has greatly expanded the potential consumers of these supplements. ...
The use of supplements containing herbal active ingredients in sport has increased in recent years. Their consumption is explained by the benefits they may provide and because their natural origin do not involve health complications, from the point of view of the consumers. The aim of this study is to analyze the availability of four supplements (caffeine, turmeric, ginseng, cannabidiol) on the internet and understand the nature of these websites. A descriptive, observational, and cross-sectional study design was used. A detailed search was carried out with specifically developed software. The searches and data evaluation took 10 days. The websites consulted correspond to those that sell supplements, or some sport websites in the case of the Spanish ones, whereas those in English belong to pharmacies, parapharmacies, or herbalists. It is concluded that the websites do not provide adequate information to ensure proper consumption and lack advice on the choices of supplements and their administration guidelines.
... Fulfilling nutrition for adolescent athletes is also important as a supplement and additional energy to produce good performance speed up the process of recovery (Garthe & Ramsbottom, 2020). The fulfillment of good and proper nutrition for adolescent athletes is not only good for maximizing the performance process during training, but also very important for meeting growth and development requirements (Kreider et al., 2017). ...
Athletes certainly need better nutrition than ordinary people. These nutritional needs, especially for adolescent athletes, are very important as a supplement to produce performance, energy, growth, and in the recovery process. The purpose of this article is to explain the components or aspects that must be considered in meeting the nutritional needs of adolescent athletes. This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and the Meta-analysis. There are scientific articles obtained from Elsevier, Pubmed, Science Direct, Web of Science, National Index, Google Scholar, Journal of Sport Nutrition. Some important aspects of meeting nutritional needs for adolescent athletes are as follows: calorie needs, macronutrients hydration, and timing. The analysis structure used in this study is in line with several bibliometric studies conducted on other topics. Research on nutrition in adolescent athletes, research on important aspects of nutrition to meet the needs of adolescent athletes, English and Indonesian articles, full text form, published from 2015 to 2021. Exclusion criteria, abstract only, unpublished articles in scientific journals. All aspects of fulfilling nutrition for adolescent athletes are very important to support performance and quality, especially for adolescent athletes.
... In recent years, laboratory tests for the detection of prohibited substances in sports supplements have been available to anyone interested, such as athletes, sports organizations, national anti-doping agencies and manufacturers of these products (Garthe and Ramsbottom, 2020). Various third-party companies offer supplement analysis services for quality, purity, and composition. ...
Sports supplements are a category of dietary supplements that in recent years has not only increased in quantity and availability, but also in the number of new products. Athletes of all levels are interested in the consumption of supplements that are useful to increase muscle mass gain, thus making the consumption of these products a frequent practice. Unfortunately, there are some products that are doping substances and that are offered as sports supplements, on the other hand, certain sports supplements may contain active pharmaceutical ingredients, or their analogues not declared in their ingredients to effectively enhance the benefits that these products ensure, exposing consumers to a significant potential health risk, especially those unfamiliar with sports supplements. It is important that health professionals are aware of the possible implications of consuming certain products offered in the sports nutrition market when evaluating their patients for a variety of pathologies.
Dietary supplements (DS) are intended for healthy people to maintain or improve their overall health. Its consumption is widespread in large part of the general population and at all levels of athletes. Nevertheless, DS use can also pose health risks to individuals and, in the case of athletes, may lead to adverse analytical findings (AAFs) due to the possibility of DS contamination or adulteration with doping agents banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Although educational initiatives are being performed in Brazil to warn the sports community about inadvertent doping cases, AAFs connected to the DS administration have been increasingly growing. The findings of DS analyzed by the Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD), between 2017 and 2022, after Testing Authorities (TAs) analysis requests, showed an alarming number of tainted samples. Diuretics were the most common adulterants found in all supplement types. However, the profile of prohibited substances in manufactured and compounded dietary supplements (MDS and CDS, respectively) were distinct, with stimulants being most prevalent in MDS and anabolic agents in CDS products. Additionally, MDS samples generally presented higher estimated concentrations of banned substances (mg/g) than CDS samples (μg/g). The common practice of DS intake by athletes continues to be of great concern for a doping-free sport, given the high prevalence of prohibited substances detected in the analyzed samples by the LBCD. The current Brazilian scenario reinforces the importance of raising awareness in the sports community of the possible consequences of an unintentional doping case linked to DS use.
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Exercise-induced muscular overload can trigger delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). DOMS is related to the indiscriminate use of analgesics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs without proper guidance, decreased physical exercise adherence and degenerating sports performance, increased risk of injury, and reduced muscle strength and function. Dietary anthocyanins have been extensively studied as potential natural treatments for DOMS, but the indication, dosage, and form of use remain highly variable. Therefore, this review aims to synergize and present evidence relating to the effect of anthocyanins on DOMS in clinical studies. Notably, the results of anthocyanin supplementation for DOMS were found to be inconclusive. The use of protocols with lower anthocyanin doses yielded better results than those with high-dose supplements, suggesting that anthocyanin-rich foods are more accessible as therapeutic tools, leading to the conclusion that these foods could be used to prevent and treat DOMS. However, consumption protocols for this purpose are not yet well established, and the answer is dependent on the methodological quality of future studies.
Delayed post-exercise muscle pain is a type of pain that is felt within the first 24 hours after exercise, peaks between 1 and 3 days, compared to acute muscle pain, and its effect decreases completely after 5-7 days. There is increasing interest and research into delayed muscle pain. Although there are different formation mecha- nisms on delayed muscle pain, the formation mechanisms have not been fully exp- lained. Nutritional interventions are one of the preventive and/or therapeutic ways to reduce delayed muscle soreness. Studies have reported that nutritional interven- tions can reduce delayed muscle soreness. Many studies have reported the effect of caffeine, omega-3 fatty acids, taurine, polyphenols, and curcumin on delayed muscle soreness. Consistent data have not been reported from minor interventions with supplements such as antioxidants, L-carnitine, BCAA, allicin. Delayed musc- le soreness is an area that needs more study in athletes. There is a need for more studies examining these factors by considering more factors such as the severity of the damage, individual response, the dose-response relationship used, the duration of intake and the markers they are affected by. The aim of this review is to address nutritional interventions that are thought to be effective in the treatment and pre- vention of delayed muscle pain and to discuss the relationship between delayed muscle pain and nutrition.
Keywords: Nutrition, doms, delayed muscle soreness
Egzersiz sonrası gecikmiş kas ağrısı, akut kas ağrısına nazaran egzersizden sonraki ilk 24 saat içinde hissedilen, 1 ve 3 gün arasında pik yapan etkisi 5-7 gün sonra tamamen azalan bir ağrı türüdür. Gecikmiş kas ağrısına yönelik ilgi ve araştırmalar giderek artmaktadır. Gecikmiş kas ağrısı üzerinde farklı oluşum mekanizmaları bulunmakla birlikte oluşum mekanizmaları tam olarak açıklanamamıştır. Beslenme müdahaleleri gecikmiş kas ağrısını azaltmanın önleyici ve/veya tedavi edici yollarından biridir. Çalışmalar beslenme müdahalelerinin gecikmiş kas ağrısını azaltabileceğini bildirmiştir. Pek çok çalışma kafein, omega-3 yağ asitleri, taurin, polifenoller ve kurkuminin gecikmiş kas ağrısı üzerindeki etkisini bildirmiştir. Antioksidanlar, L-karnitin, BCAA, allisin gibi takviyeler ile yapılan küçük müdahalelerden ise tutarlı veriler bildirilmemiştir. Gecikmiş kas ağrısı sporcular üzerinde daha çok çalışmaya ihtiyaç duyulan bir alandır. Hasarın ciddiyeti, bireysel tepki,kullanılan doz- cevap ilişkisi, alım süresi ve etkilendikleri belirteçler gibi daha çok faktör dikkate alınarak bu faktörlerin incelendiği daha çok çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır. Bu derlemenin amacı gecikmiş kas ağrısının tedavisi ve önlenmesinde etkili olabileceği düşünülen beslenme müdahalelerine değinmek ve gecikmiş kas ağrısı ile beslenme arasındaki ilişkiyi ele almaktır.
Background
The market of sport supplements is expanding worldwide Such phenomenon is often supported by captivating marketing strategies and social media advertising providing unscientifically founded claims, thus raising safety concerns. The aim of our study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the online market, patterns of use, perceived risks and other safety issues on supplement use as reported in online fitness communities.
Methods
A mixed method approach was employed. An automatized web-based monitoring tool (Brand24ࣨ) was used to track the most popular supplements and related discussions according to the number of interactions between users and shares; the number and category of websites; the social media reach; and the most popular hashtags. Results were assessed through a netnographic qualitative analysis of online fitness fora to identify motivations of intake, self-reported side effects, the overall safety perception reliability of supplements information online.
Results
A social media reach of over four million individuals, inclusive of 19,835 posts, emerged from our search. The most cited supplements were “Whey Protein”, “Branched Chain Amino-Acid”, “Creatine”, “Multivitamin supplements” and “Nitric Oxide boosters”. Supplements were mainly taken for muscle gain (23%), increase energy (17%), and weight loss (8%). Although the web narrative on supplementation was overall positive, a wide range of side effects were reported by 19% of fitness fora users. These included acne (9%), water retention (9%), stomach pain (9%), rashes (7%), erectile dysfunctions (7%) and weight gain (5%). Concerns about contamination (47%), counterfeit content (17%) and the presence of hidden ingredients (11%) were also recorded.
Conclusions
In a poorly regulated context, where unsolicited social media posts have replaced the typical advice provided by professionals, efforts should be made to ensure the reliability of the provided information to avoid the insurgence of unwanted adverse effects and safeguard public health.
Nutrition usually makes a small but potentially valuable contribution to successful performance in elite athletes, and dietary supplements can make a minor contribution to this nutrition program. Nonetheless, supplement use is widespread at all levels of sport. Products described as supplements target different issues, including the management of micronutrient deficiencies, supply of convenient forms of energy and macronutrients, and provision of direct benefits to performance or indirect benefits such as supporting intense training regimens. The appropriate use of some supplements can offer benefits to the athlete, but others may be harmful to the athlete's health, performance, and/or livelihood and reputation if an anti-doping rule violation results. A complete nutritional assessment should be undertaken before decisions regarding supplement use are made. Supplements claiming to directly or indirectly enhance performance are typically the largest group of products marketed to athletes, but only a few (including caffeine, creatine, specific buffering agents and nitrate) have good evidence of benefits. However, responses are affected by the scenario of use and may vary widely between individuals because of factors that include genetics, the microbiome, and habitual diet. Supplements intended to enhance performance should be thoroughly trialed in training or simulated competition before implementation in competition. Inadvertent ingestion of substances prohibited under the anti-doping codes that govern elite sport is a known risk of taking some supplements. Protection of the athlete's health and awareness of the potential for harm must be paramount, and expert professional opinion and assistance is strongly advised before embarking on supplement use.
Young athletes experience numerous dietary challenges including growth, training/competition, unhealthy food environments, and travel. The objective was to determine nutrient intakes and supplement use in pre-adolescent and adolescent Canadian athletes. Athletes (n = 187) aged 11-18 years completed an on-line 24-h food recall and dietary supplement questionnaire. Median energy intake (interquartile range) varied from 2159 kcal/day (1717-2437) in 11-13 years old females to 2905 kcal/day (2291-3483) in 14-18 years old males. Carbohydrate and protein intakes were 8.1 (6.1-10.5); 2.4 (1.6-3.4) in males 11-13 years, 5.7 (4.5-7.9); 2.0 (1.4-2.6) in females 11-13 years, 5.3 (4.3-7.4); 2.0 (1.5-2.4) in males 14-18 y and 4.9 (4.4-6.2); 1.7 (1.3-2.0) in females 14-18 years g/kg of body weight respectively. Median vitamin D intakes were below the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) and potassium was below the adequate intake (AI) for all athlete groups. Females 14-18 years had intakes below the RDA for iron 91% (72-112), folate 89% (61-114) and calcium 84% (48-106). Multivitamin-multiminerals, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin-enriched water, protein powder, sport foods, fatty acids, probiotics, and plant extracts were popular supplements. Canadian pre-adolescent and adolescent athletes could improve their dietary intakes by focusing on food sources of calcium, vitamin D, potassium, iron, and folate. With the exceptions of vitamin D and carbohydrates during long exercise sessions, supplementation is generally unnecessary.
The gladiator cemetery discovered in Ephesus (Turkey) in 1993 dates to the 2nd and 3rd century AD. The aim of this study is to reconstruct diverse diet, social stratification, and migration of the inhabitants of Roman Ephesus and the distinct group of gladiators. Stable carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur isotope analysis were applied, and inorganic bone elements (strontium, calcium) were determined. In total, 53 individuals, including 22 gladiators, were analysed. All individuals consumed C3 plants like wheat and barley as staple food. A few individuals show indication of consumption of C4 plants. The δ13C values of one female from the gladiator cemetery and one gladiator differ from all other individuals. Their δ34S values indicate that they probably migrated from another geographical region or consumed different foods. The δ15N values are relatively low in comparison to other sites from Roman times. A probable cause for the depletion of 15N in Ephesus could be the frequent consumption of legumes. The Sr/Ca-ratios of the gladiators were significantly higher than the values of the contemporary Roman inhabitants. Since the Sr/Ca-ratio reflects the main Ca-supplier in the diet, the elevated values of the gladiators might suggest a frequent use of a plant ash beverage, as mentioned in ancient texts.
Objectives:
To help athletic trainers promote a "food-first" philosophy to support health and performance, understand federal and sport governing body rules and regulations regarding dietary supplements and banned substances, and become familiar with reliable resources for evaluating the safety, purity, and efficacy of dietary supplements.
Background:
The dietary supplement industry is poorly regulated and takes in billions of dollars per year. Uneducated athletes need to gain a better understanding of the safety, eligibility, and efficacy concerns associated with choosing to take dietary supplements. The athletic trainer is a valuable athletic team member who can help in the educational process. In many cases, athletic trainers are asked to help evaluate the legality, safety, and efficacy of dietary supplements. For this position statement, our mission is to provide the athletic trainer with the necessary resources for these tasks.
Recommendations:
Proper nutrition and changes in the athlete's habitual diet should be considered first when improved performance is the goal. Athletes need to understand the level of regulation (or lack thereof) governing the dietary supplement industry at the international, federal, state, and individual sport-participation levels. Athletes should not assume a product is safe simply because it is marketed over the counter. All products athletes are considering using should be evaluated for purity (ie, truth in labeling), safety, and efficacy.
In recent years there has been a significant increase in the consumption of dietary energy supplements (DES) associated with the parallel advertising against obesity and favoring high physical performance. We present the case and outcome of a young patient who developed acute mixed liver injury (hepatocellular and cholestatic) after ingestion of various "over the counter" products to increase muscle mass and physical performance (NO Xplode®, creatine, L-carnitine, and Growth Factor ATN®). The diagnosis was based on the exclusion of other diseases and liver biopsy findings. The dietary supplement and herbal multivitamins industry is one with the highest growth rates in the market, with annual revenues amounting to billions and constantly lacking scientific or reproducible evidence about the efficacy and/or safety of the offered products. Furthermore, and contrary to popular belief, different forms of injury associated with these natural substances have been documented particularly in the liver, supporting the need of a more strict regulation.
It is the position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine that physical activity, athletic performance, and recovery from exercise are enhanced by optimal nutrition. These organizations recommend appropriate selection of foods and fluids, timing of intake, and supplement choices for optimal health and exercise performance. This updated position paper couples a rigorous, systematic, evidence-based analysis of nutrition and performance-specific literature with current scientific data related to energy needs, assessment of body composition, strategies for weight change, nutrient and fluid needs, special nutrient needs during training and competition, the use of supplements and ergogenic aids, nutrition recommendations for vegetarian athletes, and the roles and responsibilities of sports dietitians. Energy and macronutrient needs, especially carbohydrate and protein, must be met during times of high physical activity to maintain body weight, replenish glycogen stores, and provide adequate protein to build and repair tissue. Fat intake should be sufficient to provide the essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins, as well as contribute energy for weight maintenance. Although exercise performance can be affected by body weight and composition, these physical measures should not be a criterion for sports performance and daily weigh-ins are discouraged. Adequate food and fluid should be consumed before, during, and after exercise to help maintain blood glucose concentration during exercise, maximize exercise performance, and improve recovery time. Athletes should be well hydrated before exercise and drink enough fluid during and after exercise to balance fluid losses. Sports beverages containing carbohydrates and electrolytes may be consumed before, during, and after exercise to help maintain blood glucose concentration, provide fuel for muscles, and decrease risk of dehydration and hyponatremia. Vitamin and mineral supplements are not needed if adequate energy to maintain body weight is consumed from a variety of foods. However, athletes who restrict energy intake, use severe weight-loss practices, eliminate one or more food groups from their diet, or consume unbalanced diets with low micronutrient density, may require supplements. Because regulations specific to nutritional ergogenic aids are poorly enforced, they should be used with caution, and only after careful product evaluation for safety, efficacy, potency, and legality. A qualified sports dietitian and in particular in the United States, a Board Certified Specialist in Sports Dietetics, should provide individualized nutrition direction and advice subsequent to a comprehensive nutrition assessment.
There has been a remarkable rise in the popularity of herbal and botanical supplements the last decade, owing to increased mindfulness toward health and well-being. However, several challenges such as contamination, undefined ingredients, and variable content of biologically active substances are of great concern for athletes who are tested regularly for banned substances. Athletes will unfortunately continue to be at risk of adverse events until authorities see the need for changing the rules and guidelines on how these products are regulated. In the meantime, there are several steps that can be taken to reduce the risk, including improved education of medical staff, coaches, and athletes; a greater awareness among consumers and the use of third-party–certified products.
In elite sport, where opponents are evenly matched, small factors can determine the outcome of sporting contests. Not all athletes know the value of making wise nutrition choices, but anything that might give a competitive edge, including dietary supplements, can seem attractive. Between 40% and 100% of athletes typically use supplements, depending on the type of sport, level of competition, and the definition of supplements. However, unless the athlete has a nutrient deficiency, supplementation may not improve performance and may have a detrimental effect on both performance and health. Dietary supplements are classified as a subcategory of food, so manufacturers are not required to provide evidence of product safety and efficacy, nor obtain approval from regulatory bodies before marketing supplements. This creates the potential for health risks, and serious adverse effects have been reported from the use of some dietary supplements. Athletes who compete in sports under an anti-doping code must also realize that supplement use exposes them to a risk of ingesting banned substances or precursors of prohibited substances. Government systems of regulations do not include specific laboratory testing for banned substances according to the WADA list, so a separate regulatory framework to evaluate supplements for their risk of provoking a failed doping test is needed. In the high-performance culture typical of elite sport, athletes may use supplements regardless of possible risks. A discussion around medical, physiological, cultural, and ethical questions may be warranted to ensure that the athlete has the information needed to make an informed choice.
Context:
Proper nutrition is crucial for an athlete to optimize his or her performance for training and competition. Athletes should be able to meet their dietary needs through eating a wide variety of whole food sources.
Evidence acquisition:
PubMed was searched for relevant articles published from 1980 to 2016.
Study design:
Clinical review.
Level of evidence:
Level 4.
Results:
An athlete should have both daily and activity-specific goals for obtaining the fuel necessary for successful training. Depending on the timing of their season, athletes may be either trying to gain lean muscle mass, lose fat, or maintain their current weight.
Conclusion:
An athlete will have different macronutrient goals depending on sport, timing of exercise, and season status. There are no specific athletic micronutrient guidelines, but testing should be considered for athletes with deficiency or injury. Also, some athletes who eliminate certain whole food groups (eg, vegetarian) may need to supplement their diet to avoid deficiencies.
In the United States, the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA) classified dietary supplements as a subcategory of food, exempting manufacturers from providing pre-market evidence of product safety and efficacy. Under DSHEA, agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cannot inspect supplements until after the products have entered the marketplace. Recognizing that both limited resources and DSHEA prevent the FDA from conducting broad-based inspections on a regular basis, disreputable manufacturers have spiked products with drugs such as anabolic steroids and amphetamines. With contaminated supplements now causing athletes to fail drug tests and, in some instances, threatening public health, it becomes important to examine sources of supplement information. This article reviews 53 studies that have addressed athlete information sources about dietary supplements. It finds that athletes, in general, rely heavily on coaches and trainers as well as friends and family for information. Relative to U.S. athletes, those competing internationally appear more likely to seek information from a physician or nutritionist. The article offers recommendations for individuals and organizations based on the most frequent information sources identified by athletes.
Background:
Dietary supplements, such as herbal or complementary nutritional products and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), are commonly used in the United States, yet national data on adverse effects are limited.
Methods:
We used nationally representative surveillance data from 63 emergency departments obtained from 2004 through 2013 to describe visits to U.S. emergency departments because of adverse events related to dietary supplements.
Results:
On the basis of 3667 cases, we estimated that 23,005 (95% confidence interval [CI], 18,611 to 27,398) emergency department visits per year were attributed to adverse events related to dietary supplements. These visits resulted in an estimated 2154 hospitalizations (95% CI, 1342 to 2967) annually. Such visits frequently involved young adults between the ages of 20 and 34 years (28.0% of visits; 95% CI, 25.1 to 30.8) and unsupervised children (21.2% of visits; 95% CI, 18.4 to 24.0). After the exclusion of unsupervised ingestion of dietary supplements by children, 65.9% (95% CI, 63.2 to 68.5) of emergency department visits for single-supplement-related adverse events involved herbal or complementary nutritional products; 31.8% (95% CI, 29.2 to 34.3) involved micronutrients. Herbal or complementary nutritional products for weight loss (25.5%; 95% CI, 23.1 to 27.9) and increased energy (10.0%; 95% CI, 8.0 to 11.9) were commonly implicated. Weight-loss or energy products caused 71.8% (95% CI, 67.6 to 76.1) of supplement-related adverse events involving palpitations, chest pain, or tachycardia, and 58.0% (95% CI, 52.2 to 63.7) involved persons 20 to 34 years of age. Among adults 65 years of age or older, choking or pill-induced dysphagia or globus caused 37.6% (95% CI, 29.1 to 46.2) of all emergency department visits for supplement-related adverse events; micronutrients were implicated in 83.1% (95% CI, 73.3 to 92.9) of these visits.
Conclusions:
An estimated 23,000 emergency department visits in the United States every year are attributed to adverse events related to dietary supplements. Such visits commonly involve cardiovascular manifestations from weight-loss or energy products among young adults and swallowing problems, often associated with micronutrients, among older adults. (Funded by the Department of Health and Human Services.).
The potential for supplement use to result in doping infringements is likely to be of concern for anyone involved in sports nutrition. The available data indicates that between 40-70% of athletes use supplements, and that between 10-15% of supplements may contain prohibited substances. Such data indicates that there is a considerable risk of accidental or inadvertent doping through using supplements. Accordingly, this paper sets out to provide an overview of the currently available empirical evidence of accidental doping by supplement use. In carrying out this task, the authors refer to press releases and proxy measures associated with nutritional supplement use, as well as statistical data on supplement contamination rates and doping infractions. A number of different indications as to the percentage of doping cases that might be attributed to supplement use are presented, ranging from 6.4% to 8.8%. Such percentages are not comparable; instead they are provided as indications as to how difficult it is to ascertain or estimate the scale of this problem. Although some forms of estimation can be made, it is suggested that it is currently not possible to quantify the scale of the problem. By way of conclusion, it is argued that antidoping regulators may wish to review current data gathering and information provision systems so that the problem of inadvertent doping can be more directly assessed as a factor in sports doping overall.
To evaluate dietary supplement use in young, Canadian athletes, their motivation for consuming supplements, and their sources of information.
A questionnaire tested for content validity and reliability was administered to 567 athletes between the ages of 11 and 25 years from the Canadian athletic community in face-to-face meetings. Demographics and sport variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Fisher's Exact tests were used to examine dietary supplementation patterns and sources of information regarding dietary supplement use between categories of gender, age, sport type, and competition level.
Ninety-eight percent of athletes were taking at least one dietary supplement. Males were more likely to consume protein powder, energy drinks, recovery drinks, branched chain amino acids, beta-alanine, and glutamine (p<0.01); supplements typically associated with increased muscle mass. Athletes 11-17 years focused on vitamin and mineral supplements; whereas, athletes 18-25 years focused on purported ergogenic supplements. Strength training athletes were more likely to consume creatine, glutamine, and protein powders (p<0.02). Reasons for supplement use included to stay healthy, increase energy, immune system, recovery, and overall performance. Primary sources of information were family and friends, coaches, and athletic trainers; with 48% of athletes having met with a dietitian. Preferred means of education included individual consultations, presentations, and the internet.
The majority of young athletes are using dietary supplements with the belief they will improve performance and health; however, may not always have reliable information. Educational programs using individual consultations and electronic media are recommended for this demographic.
times. The task of providing a constant and sufficient supply of food was by no means the least important part of the work involved in the day to day running of the Roman army.' In time of war the troops would forage from enemy countryside, requisition supplies from defeated tribes or towns, and receive them from allies.2 According to Josephus the legionaries carried with them as part of their equipment sickles to reap the crops and also rations for three days.3 A scene on Trajan's Column depicts the legionaries carrying their kit on a stake; this consisted in part of a string-bag for forage, a metal cookingpot and a mess-tin, examples of which have been discovered in most parts of the Empire.4 When an army was not on active service, the arrangements to supply food for men and animals were extensive and complex. The magnitude of the food requirements of the Roman army has generally not been realized. According to Tacitus every Roman fort in Britain, when * The evidence collected in this paper is not meant to be exhaustive, but is a representative selection. The period under study is that of the Principate. The evidence for the consumption of meat in the armies of the Later Republic, Caesar, and Early Principate is studied in detail in an appendix. The evidence for items provided mainly or exclusively for fodder is not here studied, but may on occasion be mentioned in passing. Some of the analyses were made fifty or even one hundred years ago; consequently, more modern methods and further excavation provide a better picture. Some of the analyses were restricted; thus oyster and mussel shells and chicken bones are often not mentioned, because the analysis was concerned exclusively with animal bones, but they are frequently found, as, for example, at Corbridge. Part I of the analysis of the Corbridge bones by Meek and Gray was published in I9I I1; Part II has never been published. Some earlier studies will be found in: J. Lesquier, L'armle romaine d'Agypte d'Auguste a Diocldtien (1918) 347-68; R. Cagnat, L'armie romaine d'Afrique et l'occupation militaire de l'Afrique sous les empereurs (second edition, 1913) 311-26; both authors at times use passages of the SHA, for which nowadays more care is required. For the Later Roman Empire, see: D. van Berchem, L'annone militaire dans l'empire romain au IIIhme sizcle (0937); A. H. M. Jones, Later Roman Empire (1964) 628-9, and note 44. This is the only period for which regulation amounts are known; presumably those of A.D. 360 are not dissimilar in quantity from those of the Principate: 3 pounds of bread, 2 pounds of meat, 2 pints of wine, I/8 of a pint of oil per man per day.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of dietary supplement (DS) use among elite Finnish athletes in 2002 and 2009. In 2009, the authors also wanted to examine the reasons for athletes' DS use, whether athletes feel they have experienced benefits from their supplement use, and whether athletes had had an opportunity to consult dietary specialists. Cross-sectional studies were conducted in 2002 and 2009 among Finnish Olympic athletes. Data were collected using semistructured questionnaires, mainly in national team camps. The study population in 2002 was 446 athletes, and in 2009 it was 372. The number of DS users was high in both study years (81% in 2002 and 73% in 2009). Vitamin D consumption was low in both 2002 and 2009 (0.7% and 2.0%, respectively). An increase was found in consumption of omega-3 fatty acids between study years (11% in 2002 and 19% in 2009; p = .002), and their regular use nearly doubled (8% and 15%, p = .002). For vitamin and mineral users, the main reason for DS use was to prevent nutritional deficiencies, and for nutritional supplement users the main reason was recovery from exercise. Only 27% of all athletes and 30% of DS users had an opportunity to consult dietary specialists in 2009. This survey shows that supplementation rates among elite Finnish athletes are high and there may be over- and underuse of some micronutrient supplements. There is a need for professional nutritional counseling among national elite athletes.
Little is known about the prevalence and motives of supplement use among elite young athletes who compete on national and international levels. Therefore, the current survey was performed to assess information regarding the past and present use of dietary supplements among 164 elite young athletes (16.6 +/- 3.0 years of age). A 5-page questionnaire was designed to assess their past and present (last 4 weeks) use of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrate, protein, and fat supplements; sport drinks; and other ergogenic aids. Furthermore, information about motives, sources of advice, supplement sources, and supplement contamination was assessed. Eighty percent of all athletes reported using at least 1 supplement, and the prevalence of use was significantly higher in older athletes (p < .05). Among supplement users, minerals, vitamins, sport drinks, energy drinks, and carbohydrates were most frequently consumed. Only a minority of the athletes declared that they used protein/amino acids, creatine, or other ergogenic aids. Major motives for supplement use were health related, whereas performance enhancement and recommendations by others were less frequently reported. Supplements were mainly obtained from parents or by athletes themselves and were mostly purchased in pharmacies, supermarkets, and health-food stores. Among all athletes, only 36% were aware of the problem of supplement contamination. The survey shows that supplement use is common and widespread among German elite young athletes. This stands in strong contrast to recommendations by leading sport organizations against supplement use by underage athletes.
Unlabelled:
The aims of this study were to investigate (a) the use of nutritional supplements (NS) (vitamins, minerals, Omega 3, antioxidants, ginseng, amino acids, Creatine and energy supplements) in elite athletes of different international ranking (b) why athletes are using NS, and (c) who recommends the elite athletes to use NS. The total population of elite athletes in Norwegian National Teams (n = 1620, 960 males and 660 females aged 15-39 years) and randomly selected (n = 1681) (916 males and 765 females) controls from the general population, were given a questionnaire including questions about use of nutritional supplements (NS), and from whom athletes had received information about nutrition and recommendations to use NS. The response rate was 76% for male and 92% for female athletes and 75% and 81% for male and female controls, respectively. A similar percentage of female athletes (54%) and controls (52%) reported use of one or more NS, but more male athletes (51%) than male controls (32%) used NS (P < 0.001). However, independent of gender, more athletes as compared to controls used minerals (males 26% vs. 8%; females 42% vs. 20%), amino acids (males 12% vs. 4%; females 3% vs. 0), and Creatine (males 12% vs. 2%; females 3% vs. 0). A lower percentage of NS users were observed in the best female athletes (52%) as compared to female athletes with less experience of international competition (73%) (P < 0.01). In male athletes, NS use was independent of international ranking (49%-53%). The coach was the main advisor for use of NS for both male (58%) and female athletes (52%). For male and female athletes, the main reason for using NS was that they felt it was needed in addition to their daily intake (56% and 67%, respectively). Forty one percent of the male and 37% of the female athletes using NS felt they were well informed about nutrition in general and NS. However, 8% of the NS users did not know whether the NS they used was doping classified or not.
In conclusion:
we found that a similar percentage of female elite athletes and controls, but a higher percentage of male elite athletes than controls, reported the use of NS. There was a lower percentage of NS use among the top female athletes, but not the top male athletes as compared to the less successful elite athletes. The coach was the main advisor for NS use both for male and female elite athletes.
The nutritional supplementation practices of 32 national track and field athletes competing at the 2004 World Junior Championships were studied using an anonymous questionnaire. Information was sought on the prevalence and type of supplement used, the reasons for use, knowledge of supplements, and sources of information.
Use of supplements was widespread with 62% of respondents declaring supplement use. Prevalence in female athletes (75%) was higher than in males (55%) but was not statistically significant. No differences were found for age, training volume, or type of event. Seventeen different supplements were taken, with each athlete using an average of 2.4 products, multivitamins and minerals being the most popular. Reasons for using supplements were for health (45%), to enhance the immune system (40%), and to improve performance (25%). Of all respondents 48% believed they had an average knowledge of supplements, but three quarters felt that they required further information. Those not using supplements were more likely to think supplements were associated with health risks than those taking them (p = 0.03). Most athletes (72%) have access to a sports dietician but underutilise this resource. Coaches (65%) had the greatest influence on supplementation practices, with doctors (25%) and sports dieticians (30%) being less important.
Supplementation practices were widespread among the population studied. The findings of this investigation could be used to enable the sports dietician and physician to identify common misconceptions held by adolescent athletes regarding nutritional supplements and to implement educational programs, which should include members of the non-medical support team.
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Dietary supplement market to reach USD 210.3 billion by 2026
- Data Reports
Reports and Data, Dietary supplement market to reach USD 210.3 billion by 2026,
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