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Environmental Impacts from the System of Solar Energy
Abstract
The technology associated with solar energy provides a cleanest, domestic, and inexhaustible renewable source of energy and its important necessities for renewable energy source in future span. System of solar energy (i.e., solar panel photovoltaics, solar thermal, etc.) that influences benefit of the environment in contrast to the traditional power sources (i.e., coal, petroleum, firewood, straw, etc.) However, it is recognized that the solar-based technological systems have some minor bad affects on the environment throughout the generation and application. This paper summarizes and discusses the effect of waste material of different systems of solar energy in the environment.
This research involved cold cracking in microalloyed steels, scrutinizing its corrosive impact on physical and mechanical attributes. A comprehensive analysis covers the base material, heat-affected zone, and weld material through microstructural examinations, hardness tests, fracture resistance tests, etc. The heat affected zone exhibits finer grain structures, elevating hardness. The weld region’s fracture toughness is compromised by finefeatures, inducing tear ridge, and micro-cracks, collectively diminishing overall toughness. Fractography identifies fracture causes and flaws. Non-destructive dye crack test detects surface very micro crack on the surface, while fracture analysis explores hydrogen’s influence. Findings reveal a substantial reduction in CTOD and J-fracture resistance in the weld zone decrease that is attributed to lower weld zone ductility. Weld regions exhibit 35 % lower ductility than the base material, with fractography revealing reduced energy absorption and diminished fracture toughness. The study guides improvements in oil and gas pipeline for safety and durability measures.
Coir fiber crystallinity is crucial since it widens the range of possible uses for natural fiber. To increase the crystallinity of coir fiber, the study describes an easy-to-use, simple-to-implement method that is cost-effective, eco-friendly, and highly productive. With the help of dodecyl methacrylate disperson, hydrocarbon molecules of varying chain lengths are covalently attached to the surface of coir fibers, modulating their surface wettability. There are a few different long-chain hydrocarbon compounds employed, including n-butyl methacrylate, n-octyl acrylate, and dodecyl methacrylate (DM), but DM has shown to be the most effective. The degree of grafting yield alteration is determined gravimetrically. It has been found that grafting yields of 28–30 wt.% can be used to convert hydrophilic coir fibers into water repellent crystalline fibers (water contact angle 148°). A total of 15 nm of dispersion, a disperson rate of 2 nm/min, DM concentration of 20%, and water content of 10% are fixed as key reaction parameters. Thermal and mechanical analyses show no significant changes in the fiber structure during alteration. The grafting and changes in surface wettability are well supported by the surface morphology of pure and modified coir fiber, which can be seen using scanning electron microscopy.
Background: Bone cancer is a severe condition often leading to patient mortality. Diagnosis relies on X-rays, MRIs, or CT scans, which require time-consuming manual review by experts. Thus, developing an automated system is crucial for accurate classification of malignant and healthy bone.
Methods: Differentiating between them poses a challenge as they may exhibit similar physical characteristics. The initial step is selecting the optimal edge detection method. Two feature sets are then generated: one with the histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) and one without. Performance evaluation involves two machine learning models: Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest.
Results: Including HOG consistently yields superior results. The SVM model with HOG achieves an F-1 score of 0.92, outperforming the Random Forest model’s .77. This study aims to develop reliable methods for bone cancer classification. The proposed automated method assists surgeons in accurately detecting malignant bone regions using modern image analysis techniques and machine learning models. Incorporating HOG significantly enhances performance, improving differentiation between malignant and healthy bone.
Conclusion: Ultimately, this approach supports precise diagnoses and informed treatment decisions for bone cancer patients.
In today’s world, researchers are actively seeking the most suitable materials to meet the growing industrial demands. These materials need to possess specific characteristics such as lightweight nature, high strength, excellent mechanical properties, and environmental friendliness. Due to these requirements, relying solely on mono fiber composite materials is insufficient. Therefore, it has become necessary to incorporate different reinforcements into polymer matrices to achieve the desired mechanical properties. This study focuses on the fabrication of a novel hybrid composite using jute fibers, luffa fibers, palmyra leaf fibers, and AISI 303 (0.5 mm) wire mesh combined with epoxy resin. The fabrication process involved utilizing vacuum bagging techniques. To assess the mechanical properties of the hybrid composites, two wire mesh orientations (45° and 90°) and a total of 12 stacking sequences of jute/wire mesh/luffa/palmyra (J/W/L/P) were selected. The mechanical characterization of the hybrid composites included tensile, impact, flexural, and interlaminar strength tests. Furthermore, a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA-8000) was employed to investigate the elastic behavior, including storage modulus (E′), loss modulus ( E″), and damping factor (tan δ). Additionally, the fracture surface's microstructure was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Among the various stacking sequences and fiber orientations, the 45° fiber orientation and the stacking sequences JWLP, JLWP, JWPL, JPWL, PWJL, and PJWL exhibited superior ultimate tensile strength. Notably, the PWJL stacking sequence displayed the highest average tensile strength (74.83 MPa), flexural strength (131.60 MPa), percentage elongation (1.35%), and interlaminar strength (1.47 kN). Moreover, dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that the hybrid composite sample with 90° wire mesh orientation exhibited a peak energy absorption of 0.820 at the transition region, specifically at a frequency of 0.5 Hz.
Recycled reinforcements are being utilized more and more to make sustainable composites for load-bearing structural applications, which now dominate the key transportation industries, because they have lower environmental impact than virgin fiber manufacturing and are also less expensive. In order to improve the mechanical properties of composites, a combination of recycled carbon fibers (rCF) and waste tire-derived graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) with oxygen surface functional groups was used as reinforcement for the nylon-66 matrix. The alignment of the rCF and GNP during the injection molding process was monitored using numerical methods in conjunction with the rheological behavior of the compounds. The effective dispersion of the rCF and GNP was obtained using high shear mixing. In contrast, the flexural modulus and strength of the 20% rCF-0.3% GNP reinforced nylon-66 composites increased by 86% and 35%, respectively, while the tensile strength and modulus improved by 43% and 95%. Further, the addition of 0.3% GNP to the composition resulted in a 7.7% increase in Charpy notched impact energy compared to the 20% rCF composite. Moreover, the flow model developed to study the injection molding process of rCF/GNP reinforced composite using the fiber aspect ratio and distribution in the compounds described fiber alignment and provided insight into mechanical strengthening mechanisms.
This paper presents the surface degradation analysis of contact tips of commercial (20A, 110 V) molded case circuit breaker due to multiple electrical interruptions during experimental electrical test. In the experimental electric test, and according to the post arc current observation, the arc voltage and current were categorized. Multiple high-current interruption has been identified, and the phenomena that regulate the interruption failure have been established. Also, post-arc current sprinted for a short period of time (10–200 µs) during multiple electrical interruptions. These interruptions cause the failure of the contact tips of MCCB. The metallurgical changes were also observed on the contact tips. The braze joints between contacts tips and copper base is also affected by thermal and electrical conductivity during the electrical interruptions. The optical microscope reveals the typical metallurgical changes that occur during a breakdown, such as surface degradation, wear, cracks adjacent to the braze interface, oxide layer formation, cracks on the contact tips, and cracks that penetrate into the copper base. The experimental investigation of the factors influencing the post arc current was carried out to learn more about the link between the post arc current and the degradation of the interruption characteristics. This investigation’s primary objective is to explore the interruption performance and failure analysis of commercial MCCBs.
The unstructured or unknown environment in which the space manipulators work adds to their dynamic complexity. The trajectory tracking control problem that results in inaccuracy between the reference and actual trajectories is brought on by disturbance in the manipulator base. End effector departs from reference trajectory as a result. In order to address these problems, this study provides an amnesia feedback controller-based multi-axes space manipulator with optimal joint and trajectory tracking control and stable error minimization. Initially, a dynamic model for a 7DOF space manipulator is created utilizing the Jacobian matrix of each individual connection and the Euler–Lagrange theorem. Subsequently, the Amnesia controller technique is put into practice, which communicates the trajectory tracking error to the robot tip and maintains track of it. When an amnesia controller is employed instead of a PID control system, the rising time, settling time, and overshoot are all further decreased. When utilizing a PID controller, the trajectory deviation is 15°; however, when using an Amnesia controller, it is 3°. Furthermore, overshoot is reduced by 0.03%. As a result, the Amnesia controller lowers the steady state inaccuracy between the multi-axes space manipulator’s reference and actual trajectory. It has been proven that the suggested approach, which makes use of a 7DOF multi-axes space robot, is successful. This suggested plan can be used for spacecraft-based on-orbit servicing and space debris clean-up.
Solar irradiance being considered as one of the most important alternative sources of energy can be harnessed in the form of electrical power using photovoltaic panels erected under the sun. Optimum conversion of power from solar panels can be obtained by using Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), which involves continuously adjusting the angle of panels according to the change in the angle of falling irradiance. These trackers, however, use some amount of power for operation of MPPT equipment. Various techniques for arranging the solar panels in three dimensions have been suggested for optimizing the output power from them. The inspiration behind arranging the panels are often drawn from the natural trees where the branches and the leaves follow a particular pattern called phyllotaxy which is directly analogous to the Fibonacci number and Golden ratio. In this research work, the power output from two solar tree models based on 3/8 and 2/5 phyllotaxy pattern and solar conventional panel compared under similar irradiance conditions. There are so many phyllotaxy patterns like 1/3, 2/5, 3/8, etc. When the solar panels aligned in different phyllotaxies, then the orientation direction of solar panels are distinct. Each solar panel connected in solar trees is in a different direction, so that they received the maximum amount of sunlight throughout the day as compared to conventional panels which is oriented unidirectional.
Volume 5 • Issue 2 • 1000158 J Fundam Renewable Energy Appl ISSN: 2090-4541 JFRA, an open access journal Abouelfadl, et al. J Fundam Renewable Energy Appl 2015, 5:2 http://dx.
Abstract
Gardens’ City is a new city in newly discovered area in the Egyptian western desert, which is rich to be developed. It lies in new Farafra Oasis. The site has different potential aspects for sustainable development; it has agricultural and industrial economic bases. The city center's area is designed to be about 5% of the city's area. The area of the industrial zone is about 22% of city area. This paper refers to the development of the city with a focus on the central and the industrial zones. The city center has the major managerial and commercial services. The industrial zone includes industrial areas as well as the major industrial education, training and managerial services. Renewable energy will be
generated with different methods. This city will be the first step of development series opportunities in Egypt.
Solar energy installations in deserts are on the rise, fueled by technological advances and policy changes. Deserts, with a combination of high solar radiation and availability of large areas unusable for crop production are ideal locations for large scale solar installations. For efficient power generation, solar infrastructures require large amounts of water for operation (mostly for cleaning panels and dust suppression), leading to significant moisture additions to desert soil. A pertinent question is how to use the moisture inputs for sustainable agriculture/biofuel production. We investigated the water requirements for large solar infrastructures in North American deserts and explored the possibilities for integrating biofuel production with solar infrastructure. In co-located systems the possible decline in yields due to shading by solar panels may be offsetted by the benefits of periodic water addition to biofuel crops, simpler dust management and more efficient power generation in solar installations, and decreased impacts on natural habitats and scarce resources in deserts. In particular, we evaluated the potential to integrate solar infrastructure with biomass feedstocks that grow in arid and semi-arid lands (Agave Spp), which are found to produce high yields with minimal water inputs. To this end, we conducted detailed life cycle analysis for these coupled agave biofuel – solar energy systems to explore the tradeoffs and synergies, in the context of energy input-output, water use and carbon emissions.
a b s t r a c t Renewable energy is a promising alternative to fossil fuel-based energy, but its development can require a complex set of environmental tradeoffs. A recent increase in solar energy systems, especially large, centralized installations, underscores the urgency of understanding their environmental interactions. Synthesizing literature across numerous disciplines, we review direct and indirect environmental impacts – both beneficial and adverse – of utility-scale solar energy (USSE) development, including impacts on biodiversity, land-use and land-cover change, soils, water resources, and human health. Additionally, we review feedbacks between USSE infrastructure and land-atmosphere interactions and the potential for USSE systems to mitigate climate change. Several characteristics and development strategies of USSE systems have low environmental impacts relative to other energy systems, including other renewables. We show opportunities to increase USSE environmental co-benefits, the permitting and regulatory constraints and opportunities of USSE, and highlight future research directions to better understand the nexus between USSE and the environment. Increasing the environmental compatibility of USSE systems will maximize the efficacy of this key renewable energy source in mitigating climatic and global environmental change.
Solar energy systems (photovoltaics, solar thermal, solar power) provide significant environmental benefits in comparison to the conventional energy sources, thus contributing, to the sustainable development of human activities. Sometimes however, their wide scale deployment has to face potential negative environmental implications. These potential problems seem to be a strong barrier for a further dissemination of these systems in some consumers.To cope with these problems this paper presents an overview of an Environmental Impact Assessment. We assess the potential environmental intrusions in order to ameliorate them with new technological innovations and good practices in the future power systems. The analysis provides the potential burdens to the environment, which include—during the construction, the installation and the demolition phases, as well as especially in the case of the central solar technologies—noise and visual intrusion, greenhouse gas emissions, water and soil pollution, energy consumption, labour accidents, impact on archaeological sites or on sensitive ecosystems, negative and positive socio-economic effects.
Modifications to the surface albedo through the deployment of cool roofs and pavements (reflective materials) and photovoltaic arrays (low reflection) have the potential to change radiative forcing, surface temperatures, and regional weather patterns. In this work we investigate the regional climate and radiative effects of modifying surface albedo to mimic massive deployment of cool surfaces (roofs and pavements) and, separately, photovoltaic arrays across the United States. We use a fully coupled regional climate model, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, to investigate feedbacks between surface albedo changes, surface temperature, precipitation and average cloud cover. With the adoption of cool roofs and pavements, domain-wide annual average outgoing radiation increased by 0.16 ± 0.03 W m −2 (mean ± 95% C.I.) and afternoon summertime temperature in urban locations was reduced by 0.11–0.53 • C, although some urban areas showed no statistically significant temperature changes. In response to increased urban albedo, some rural locations showed summer afternoon temperature increases of up to +0.27 • C and these regions were correlated with less cloud cover and lower precipitation. The emissions offset obtained by this increase in outgoing radiation is calculated to be 3.3 ± 0.5 Gt CO 2 (mean ± 95% C.I.). The hypothetical solar arrays were designed to be able to produce one terawatt of peak energy and were located in the Mojave Desert of California. To simulate the arrays, the desert surface albedo was darkened, causing local afternoon temperature increases of up to +0.4 • C. Due to the solar arrays, local and regional wind patterns within a 300 km radius were affected. Statistically significant but lower magnitude changes to temperature and radiation could be seen across the domain due to the introduction of the solar arrays. The addition of photovoltaic arrays caused no significant change to summertime outgoing radiation when averaged over the full domain, as interannual variation across the continent obscured more consistent local forcing.
Solar energy installations in deserts are on the rise, fueled by technological advances and policy changes. Deserts, with a combination of high solar radiation and availability of large areas unusable for crop production are ideal locations for large solar installations. Yet for efficient power generation, solar infrastructures use large amounts of water for construction and operation. We investigated the water use and greenhouse gas emissions associated with solar installations in North American deserts in comparison to agave-based biofuel production, another widely promoted potential energy source from arid systems. We determined the uncertainty in our analysis by a Monte Carlo approach that varied the most important parameters, as determined by sensitivity analysis. We considered the uncertainty in our estimates due to variations number of solar modules ha-1, module efficiency, number of agave plants ha-1 and the overall sugar conversion efficiency for agave. Further, we considered the uncertainty in revenue and returns due to variations in wholesale price of electricity and installation cost of solar PV, wholesale price of agave ethanol, and cost of agave cultivation and ethanol processing. The life cycle analyses show that energy outputs and greenhouse gas offsets from solar photovoltaic systems - mean energy output of 2405 GJha-1y-1 (5% and 95% quantile values of 1940 - 2920) and mean GHG offsets of 464 MgCO2e ha-1y-1 (375 - 562) - are much larger than agave - mean energy output of 206 (171 - 243) to 61 (50 -71) GJha-1y-1 and mean GHG offsets of 18 (14 -22) to 4.6 (3.7 - 5.5) MgCO2e ha-1y-1 depending on the yield scenario of agave. Importantly though, water inputs for cleaning solar panels and dust suppression are similar to amounts required for annual agave growth, suggesting the possibility of integrating the two systems to make maximize the efficiency of land and water use to produce both electricity and liquid fuel. A life-cycle analysis of a hypothetical colocation indicated higher returns per m3 of water used than either system alone. Water requirements for energy production were 0.22 liters MJ-1 (0.28 - 0.19) and 0.42 liters MJ-1 (0.52 - 0.35) for solar PV - agave (baseline yield) and solar PV - agave (high yield) respectively. Even though colocation may not be practical in all locations, in some water limited areas colocated solar PV-agave systems may provide attractive economic incentives in addition to efficient land and water use.
Extensive fossil fuel consumption in almost all human activities led to some undesirable phenomena such as atmospheric and environmental pollutions, which have not been experienced before in known human history. Consequently, global warming, greenhouse affect, climate change, ozone layer depletion and acid rain terminologies started to appear in the literature frequently. Since 1970, it has been understood scientifically by experiments and researches that these phenomena are closely related to fossil fuel uses because they emit greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) which hinder the long wave terrestrial radiation to escape into space, and consequently, the earth troposphere becomes warmer. In order to avoid further impacts of these phenomena, the two concentrative alternatives are either to improve the fossil fuel quality with reductions in their harmful emissions into the atmosphere or more significantly to replace fossil fuel usage as much as possible with environmentally friendly, clean and renewable energy sources. Among these sources, solar energy comes at the top of the list due to its abundance, and more evenly distribution in nature than any other renewable energy types such as wind, geothermal, hydro, wave and tidal energies. It must be the main and common purpose of humanity to sustain environment for the betterment of future generations with sustainable energy developments. On the other hand, the known limits of fossil fuels compel the societies of the world in the long run to work jointly for their gradual replacement by renewable energy alternatives rather than the quality improvement of fossil sources.
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