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Comparative Analysis of Implementation of Solar PV Systems Using the Advanced SPECA Modelling Tool and HOMER Software: Kenyan Scenario
Abstract
Globally, attention has majorly been focused on pollution and exhaustion of fossil fuels allied to the conventional energy sources while the non-conventional energy/renewable energy sources have always been considered clean and environmentally friendly. Of the two, the non-conventional (renewable) is being preferred because it is believed to be more environmentally friendly. Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) especially Solar Photovoltaics have seen many plants being constructed to either supplement the grid or as alternatives for those far from the grid. Solar Photovoltaics plants occupy large tracts of land which would have been used for other economic activities for revenue generation such as agriculture, forestry or tourism in archaeological sites. The negative impacts slow down the application of Solar PV , but a modelling tool that can easily and quantitively assess the impacts in monetary form would accelerate the Solar PV application. The work presents a developed modelling tool that is able to assess not only the techno-economic impacts but also the environmental impacts in monetary form, for one to be able to determine the viability of a plant in a given region. The results are compared with those of HOMER software.
... Computer tools that include pumped-storage modules are as follows: AEOLIUS, EMPS, ORCED, WASP, EnergyPLAN, ProdRisk, RAMSES, energy PRO, BALMOREL, HOMER, STREAM, and SimREN. Of these HOMER is the only tool that includes hydro systems on the micro scale [93]. It is also worth noting that the temporal and spatial assessment scale of these tools vary from hourly to yearly and from neighbourhood to global [92,94]. ...
... In case either the geographical or temporal scale did not match the research objectives, researchers developed a MILP-based framework. Some researchers also applied Genetic Algorithm, LINGO, SIMULINK, SPECA, and MATLAB to evaluate the cost of energy and optimise energy systems within microgrids [4,93]. Research which optimised MPS operation or design in interaction with other energy generation or storage systems are summarised in Table 3. ...
The modern layout and configuration of cities create power generation and storage possibilities through the urban water system. Surplus energy in water and wastewater networks has come to the researchers' attention for exploitation as micro hydropower (MHP). Also, the gravitational potential energy of stored water on highrises makes them a sustainable option for distributed energy storage as micro pumped-storage (MPS). Many studies have investigated technical aspects and estimated capacity of urban micro hydro systems (UMHS) in urban in-frastructures. However, there is no systematic review of relevant literature to signify challenges and opportunities of different urban infrastructures as UMHS, from economic, technical, and environmental viewpoints. Therefore, this article applied a reference-by-reference method to provide a systematic assessment and concept review of UMHS, including the characteristics, challenges, and drivers of potential sites for MHP and MPS development. Examining the challenges of real case studies worldwide identifies economic feasibility and energy generation reliability as obstacles in developing MPS and MHP, respectively. Nevertheless, overlooked opportunities are recognised that may accelerate UMHS proliferation. UMHS synergies, such as water saving and peak-load shaving, are introduced as influential factors in the economic feasibility of the UMHS that can be achieved through deploying sustainable stormwater management strategies and considering real-time analysis in the volatile energy market. Furthermore, simulation-optimisation tools are concisely presented for both the design and operation stages. Finally, some future research directions are offered to clarify the role of urban UMHS in addressing water and energy issues as individual systems or integrated into other decentralised energy sources.
... Due to the lack of access to renewable energy at all times of the year, the use of hybrid systems in this technology is of great importance. Therefore, in designing energy systems based on renewable energy, two or more sources such as sun, wind and biogas should be used [14][15][16]. ...
... Thus far, many researches have been conducted in relation to the concurrent electrical energy with the renewable energy considering smart grid using HOMER software [14][15][16]. A majority of countries including Iran [17], Pakistan [18], Iraq [19], China [20], India [21], Australia [22] and USA [23] have fulfilled studies on utilization of smart grid based on renewable energies. ...
Due to the growing reduction of fossil fuels and on the other hand the emission of pollution due to the use of these fuels, renewable energy is a very good alternative to produce the required energy. In the meantime, wind and solar energy are very important due to simple technology and production of energy with high capacities. To make the best use of renewable energy, the first step is to measure the potential of the studied areas using the AHP method. To do this, economically influential variables include (investment, maintenance costs, energy costs, revenue and rate of return on investment), environmental variables including (global impact (greenhouse gases), regional pollution, and health) for utilization of renewable energy (solar, wind, biomass) were studied in 8 cities of Ardabil province. The combined system of photovoltaic cell with wind turbine in Ardabil city is the most prone area in the province with a return on investment of 2.61 yr. The amount of energy produced for this region is 47944 kW hr/yr.
... Renewable energy is a viable alternative to the depletion of fossil fuels (Kapoor et al. 2020), and the cycles of materials proposed by the CE will only be effectively closed when the energy used is also renewable (Desing et al. 2019). Renewable energy sources are considered clean and environmentally friendly (Kibaara et al. 2020). From this perspective, technology and ecology can have a positive influence on energy companies' strategic decisions (Borowski 2020;Trung, 2020). ...
... From this perspective, technology and ecology can have a positive influence on energy companies' strategic decisions (Borowski 2020;Trung, 2020). Using solar systems with photovoltaic technologies (Kibaara et al. 2020) and lignocellulose biomass for ethanol and electricity production (Galanopoulos et al. 2020) can support the transition to a CE. Perception of innovation through enabling technologies is critical to solutions based on renewable energy systems (Consuelo 2020). ...
Brazil plays a prominent role in the global production of sugarcane and contributes to the renewable energy sector by producing ethanol. However, few studies have explored the adoption of the circular economy in the sugarcane ethanol sector. This
article is aimed at analyzing and prioritizing barriers to the adoption of the circular economy in leading Brazilian sugarcane
ethanol companies. For this, the analytical hierarchy process method and case studies methods were used. The main barriers
identifed were economic and fnancial, mainly due to dependence on high investments in production process technologies
and the resulting uncertainties about returns. Another barrier was the lack of Brazilian legislation concerning the circular
economy. We discuss the implications of our fndings and present mechanisms for overcoming barriers and the role in supporting circular economy adoption in emerging economies.
... Renewable energy is a viable alternative to the depletion of fossil fuels (Kapoor et al. 2020), and the cycles of materials proposed by the CE will only be effectively closed when the energy used is also renewable (Desing et al. 2019). Renewable energy sources are considered clean and environmentally friendly (Kibaara et al. 2020). From this perspective, technology and ecology can have a positive in uence on energy companies' strategic decisions (Borowski 2020;Trung, 2020). ...
... From this perspective, technology and ecology can have a positive in uence on energy companies' strategic decisions (Borowski 2020;Trung, 2020). Using solar systems with photovoltaic technologies (Kibaara et al. 2020) and lignocellulose biomass for ethanol and electricity production (Galanopoulos et al. 2020) can support the transition to a CE. Perception of innovation through enabling technologies is critical to solutions based on renewable energy systems (Consuelo 2020). ...
Brazil plays a prominent role in the global production of sugarcane and contributes to the renewable energy sector by producing ethanol. However, few studies have explored the adoption of the circular economy in the sugarcane ethanol sector. This article is aimed at analyzing and prioritizing barriers to the adoption of the circular economy in leading Brazilian sugarcane ethanol companies. For this, the analytical hierarchy process method and case studies methods were used. The main barriers identified were economic and financial, mainly due to dependence on high investments in production process technologies and the resulting uncertainties about returns. Another barrier was the lack of Brazilian legislation concerning the circular economy. We discuss the implications of our findings and present mechanisms for overcoming barriers and the role in supporting circular economy adoption in emerging economies.
... The correct functioning of the network of charging stations is based on the method of determining their location, depending on a number of factors. In Kibaara et al. (2020) and Pashajavid and Golkar (2013) [35,36] studies, it is noted that the places of installation of charging stations with renewable energy sources should take into account the minimum losses from the energy source to the charging station. The calculation of the number of such charging stations and their total capacity is carried out on the basis of the theory of queuing systems and simulation of the features of their functioning [37,38]. ...
... The correct functioning of the network of charging stations is based on the method of determining their location, depending on a number of factors. In Kibaara et al. (2020) and Pashajavid and Golkar (2013) [35,36] studies, it is noted that the places of installation of charging stations with renewable energy sources should take into account the minimum losses from the energy source to the charging station. The calculation of the number of such charging stations and their total capacity is carried out on the basis of the theory of queuing systems and simulation of the features of their functioning [37,38]. ...
Application of renewable energy sources is a relevant area of energy supply for urban infrastructure. In 2019, the share of energy produced by such sources reached 11% (for solar energy) and 22% (for wind energy) of the total energy produced during the year. However, these systems require an improvement in their efficiency that can be achieved by introducing electric vehicles. They can accumulate, store and transfer surplus energy to the city’s power grid. A solution to this problem is a smart charging infrastructure. The existing studies in the field of charging infrastructure organization for electric vehicles consider only models locating charging stations in the city or the calculation of their required number. These calculations are based on socio-economic factors and images of a potential owner of an electric vehicle. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a methodology for determining the location of charging stations and their required number. The calculation will include the operating features of the existing charging infrastructure, which has not been done before. Thus, the purpose of this article is to research the operation of the existing charging infrastructure. This will provide an opportunity to develop approaches to the energy supply of charging infrastructure and city’s power grid from renewable energy sources. The article presents an analysis of data on the number of charging sessions during the year, month and day. This data enable us to construct curves of the charging session number and suggest ways to conduct the next stages of this study.
Doi: 10.28991/esj-2020-01251
Full Text: PDF
... The job landscape pans out in the form of established and opportunistic importers, technicians, and solar sales agents. Kenya, which is perhaps only second to South Africa in terms of technology, skills, and competence, is able to develop Solar PV systems and expand her on-grid industry (Kibaara, Murage, Musau, & Saulo, 2020). Recent statistics project that annual job growth rates within the industry will be at a percentage point of 26 points by the year 2024 11 . ...
Kenya and the European relationship have a long-term relationship revolving around trade and the desire to address climate change, the transition to green industrialization and the creation of jobs. Studies on the political economy of solar photovoltaic and electric cooking with respect to green industrialization and
energy justice are still lacking. We conducted a desk review to assess the policies, economics and labour markets for the two technology sectors. The solar sector has relatively well-developed policies compared to the electric cooking sector. There are various supportive initiatives to drive their development but the potential for industrialization and job creation is yet to be realized. The solar has a high potential
for job creation while the electric cooking sector is still nascent and prospects for job creation are unclear. Opportunities to enhance job creation exist particularly through the harmonization of regional regulations in the solar sector; and the development of local content requirements for lending to local companies. European Union could re-strategize its funding support to local companies while Kenya addresses the limited skill availability.
Key words: Electric cooking, green industrialization, job creation, political economy, solar photovoltaic.
... The LAA short lifetime allows to counteract their climatic impact by applying the right policies and strategies (Ødemark et al., 2012;Shindell et al., 2012;Jacobson, 2010;Quinn et al., 2008) leading more time to achieve the CO 2 reduction and renewable energy targets (Qerimi et al., 2020;Kibaara et al., 2020;Burciaga, 2020). This requires an accurate determination of the LAA absorption coefficient (b abs (λ)) for a proper assessment of its climatic impact (Su et al., 2020;Tian et al., 2019;Diémoz et al., 2019;Ferrero et al., 2011aFerrero et al., , 2014Ferrero et al., , 2016Ferrero et al., , 2019aFerrero et al., , 2019bRan et al., 2016;Costabile et al., 2013;Lemaître et al., 2010;Gao et al., 2008) and the importance of different LAA sources/species (Ferrero et al., 2021b;Bernardoni et al., 2021) in any part of the world (Backman et al., 2017;Myhre et al., 2013). ...
How to compute the Aethalometer multiple scattering enhancement factor from the loading parameter
... Kibaara et al. developed tool by modeling to assess the techno-economic and the environmental impacts in monetary form (Kibaarae et al. 2020), which is able to determine the viability of a plant in a given region. ...
In order to provide continuous supply for succeeding application, abundant electricity energy and solar energy can be stored by means of thermal storage technology. In the present paper, the heat energy storage/exothermic tests are conducted to evaluate the performance of thermal energy storage and release of electricity energy in the self – designed heat storage box equipped with the composite phase change material (PCM), the delivery of heat to surrounding environment is through an air blower directly. The composite PCM consisting of Na2HPO4⋅12H2O and Na3PO4⋅12H2O at the ratio of 7:3 is used to carry out the tests, which is with stable solidification property. Following results are obtained from this research: (1) The solidification temperature of the composite PCM is 33.4 °C with reduced supercooling degree of 2.6 °C; (2) The is phase change exothermic enthalpy value of the composite PCM is 178.02 J/g; (3) The self – designed “peak load shifting” heat storage equipment for electricity energy is with the energy exchange efficiency of 89.59%. The achievements of this research show the applicability of the thermal storage technology by means of the composite PCM.
... It may be observed from Thus, this communication aims at presenting a new active -C MSO design using DO-VDBA based on APNs which overcomes all the limitations of existing structures and is the best suitable for voltage mode operations. Several applications have been used by many researchers in different fields including electronics [23][24][25][26][27] and others [28][29][30][31][32] using new advancements in technologies. The pros of the proposed MSO, when compared to the existing structures are that • ...
A multiphase sinusoidal oscillator (MSO) using dual output voltage differencing buffered amplifier (DO-VDBA) is presented in this paper which provides n equally spaced phase sinusoids of equal magnitudes. The proposed MSO topology is realized using the first order all pass network (APN). In the proposed structure the output voltages are made available at low impedance nodes which makes the proposed MSO easy for cascadability. Making the proposed structure a resistorless structure is a major challenge. The main benefits of the structure are easy integration and less power losses. The formulation of frequency and condition of oscillation is derived mathematically. The oscillation frequency can be tuned electronically, is an added advantage of the proposed MSO. The effect of device non-idealities is also discussed in the study. To assess the proposed MSO performance further Monte Carlo analysis was carried out. The workability of the proposed structure is verified through SPICE simulations for a three (n=3) and four (n=4) phases MSO, and the obtained simulated results are in close agreement with the theoretical values. The total harmonic distortion (THD) is found to be quite low.
... However, implementing energy-saving measures will not be enough to keep up with rising building energy consumption (Fernandes et al.,2017). Consequently, ensuring a secure, inclusive, affordable, and sustainable supply from renewable energy sources is essential for future prosperity (Kariuki et al., 2020;Pinheiro, 2020;Qerimi et al., 2020;;Ala'a M. Al-Falahat et al., 2022;Abu Qadourah, Al-Falahat, Alrwashdeh, Nytsch-Geusen, 2022) Among different energy sources, the most promising resource is solar energy, particularly in the Mediterranean region (Ala'a , because of its high solar radiation intensity and a long period of sunshine, with more than 2,000 hours of sunlight every year, particularly along the southern and eastern shores (GTZ, 2009). The Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) ranges from 1,600 kWh/m 2 /year to 2,600 kWh/m 2 /year. ...
Photovoltaic energy-generating has attracted widespread attention, because of its efficiency and environmental benefits. As the number of buildings floors increases, the area of the façade grows substantially larger than the roof, which led to increasing the potential for a solar system installed on the vertical walls, although they receive less solar radiation than roof surfaces. As a result, it has become critical to assess the solar installation possibilities on buildings’ roofs as well as facades in the early design stage. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to present a method to evaluate the suitable area on the building surfaces for photovoltaic installation, taking Apartment buildings in Amman, Jordan as a case study. The methodology is based on the assessment of the incident solar radiation on different surfaces, considering the shading effect from surrounding buildings in the most common residential urban zone in Jordan, and architectural suitable areas for PV installation. Different simulation software was used, Autodesk Ecotect simulation software was used to calculate the incident solar radiation on the building surfaces and IDA ICE 4.8 simulation software to predict the overshadowing area. The main findings of this study show that conducting a solar potential in the early design stage is critical to defining the most suitable surfaces for PV installation. Moreover, the highest potential envelope part of installing the solar photovoltaic technologies is the roof because it is unshaded and received the highest solar radiation, followed by the south façade with about 40% less received solar radiation. This study can contribute to supporting energy and urban planners in determining the best locations for solar photovoltaic installations on building surfaces.
... There are rapid interests to adopt ICT to make life easier and better in several aspects such as education, environment, business, and cyber security [18]- [21]. Within the field of digital humanities, a great deal of work has been made in the area of digital humanities to digitize papers and archives them in various formats, such as portable document format (PDF), extensible markup language (XML), plain text, and images [22]. ...
Land registration systems are very essential for property ownership management. The exited land registry systems are less efficient and time-consuming and expose to human errors. By using blockchain technology, most of the principles of good governance in land administration such as transparency and efficiency can be fulfilled. However, there is a lack of experience in developing blockchain-based land registry systems. This paper proposes a blockchain-based adoption framework for land registry management in Malaysia. It elaborates more on developing a prototype that fulfills the main functions of current land registration by using smart contract functionalities. Also, this paper illustrates the main challenges of adopting this technology such as expertise shortage of software developers, implementation difficulties due to scalability of the land transactions, data sharing with different types of blockchain and lack of security attacks resistance. Therefore, there is a need to form an agreed-upon blockchain development platform that meet such constraints.
... Additionally, Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) especially Solar Photovoltaics have seen many plants being constructed to either supplement the grid or as alternatives for those off-grid as argued in (Kibaara et al., 2020). On the other hand, according to (De Benedetti et al., 2018) the reduction in PV system costs, the market price trends, along with the increase in yields from cell efficiency improvements and less electrical conversion losses, has led to a rise in interest in said alternatives for energy production systems. ...
This article presents a methodology for automatic fault detection in photovoltaic arrays. Due to the great importance in the construction of increasingly robust photovoltaic plants, automatic fault detection has become a necessary tool to extend the useful life of these plants, avoid system shutdowns and reduce serious safety problems. In the present study, nine possible faults are detected, caused by malfunction in the bypass and blocking diodes. The solution consists of training two models based on artificial neural networks, the first model is a binary classifier that detects whether or not a fault occurs, the second is a multiclass classifier that detects the fault type. The obtained models were trained from simulation data, in an architecture of 9 photovoltaic panels interconnected in three rows by three columns matrix (extendable to larger systems). The evaluation shows that the prediction system has a total accuracy of 92.95%. Finally, this methodology is intended to be implemented in Colombia, in zones with difficult access and not interconnected to the electricity grid, seeking to reduce corrective maintenance.
... Year Solar pump projects provide the direct benefit of less costly water service and are expected to improve the economic level of beneficiaries through providing an affordable water supply. However, recent studies on solar technology and water resources have focused on the design system and modeling, such as research into the modeling of solar domestic water heating systems [17] and comparison of two modelling software in implementing solar PV systems [18]. For water resources, a similar modelling study was conducted to calculate the water budget components using meteorological data [19]. ...
Decentralized renewable energy projects, such as solar photovoltaic water pumping, have been deployed to provide access to water in rural areas with strong involvement of the local community. However, the ways in which communities benefit from such projects has been insufficiently studied, and the establishment process has been better documented. Moreover, relevant studies from developing countries are limited. This study was conducted to provide empirical evidence of the local impacts of community-scale renewable energy projects in a developing country, using the case of solar water pumping in Indonesia. A questionnaire survey was used to evaluate the socio-economic impacts perceived by the beneficiaries, and, subsequently, qualitative and statistical analysis were conducted. The results showed that the capacity of the local management team and satisfaction in saving money were perceived as the most significant impacts. However, the economic benefit of financial savings did not translate to welfare improvement. These findings provide insights that shows that (1) members of rural communities gained knowledge regarding the renewable energy technology through project deployment and (2) creating a support mechanism along with project deployment is crucial to achieve greater development opportunities in the context of rural poverty alleviation.
... Besides, When the addition amount of TiO 2 increased, the ⋅OH radical generated in the solution also increased under the action of ultrasonic wave. However, when the TiO 2 incorporation amount exceeded a certain value, the utilization of ultrasonic waves decreased due to mutual shielding between catalysts, and thus the degradation rate decreased (Kibaara et al., 2020). ...
Rhodamine B is widely used in the dyeing of paints, acrylic and other fabrics as well as biological products. It is highly toxic to organisms when directly discharged into water. To this end, in this paper, degradation of Rhodamine B in water by ultrasound-assisted TiO2 photocatalysis was investigated. The effects of various factors, such as the amount of catalyst, the speed of mechanical stirring, the frequency of ultrasonic vibration, the ultrasonic output power, the initial pH value of the reaction solution, the initial concentration of Rhodamine B, the introduced air, and physical adsorption, etc., on the degradation of Rhodamine B in wastewater were studied, and the optimal degradation conditions were obtained: rotational speed, pH value, initial rhodamine B concentration, ultrasonic vibration frequency, output power and TiO2 nanoparticles dosage were 500 r/min, 7, 20 mg/L, 40 kHz, 300 W and 500 mg/L respectively. Finally, degradation mechanism was discussed. The results indicate that ultrasound-assisted TiO2 photocatalysis method is of great potential application value in removal of organic pollution and environmental purification.
... Unlike CO 2 , which is distributed quite homogeneously in the atmosphere, LAA are short-lived climate forcers (~1 to several weeks of residence time) Cape et al., 2012); thus, their effect could be counteracted by short-term climate strategies (Ødemark et al., 2012;Shindell and Faluvegi, 2009;Jacobson, 2010;Quinn et al., 2008). This would lead enough time to CO 2 related sustainability strategies and renewable energy to become fruitful (Qerimi et al., 2020;Kibaara et al., 2020;Burciaga, 2020) to avoid the dramatic environmental effects of climate change (e.g. Javadinejad et al., 2020;Oo et al., 2020). ...
Accurate and temporally consistent measurements of light absorbing aerosol (LAA) heating rate (HR) and of its source apportionment (fossil-fuel, FF; biomass-burning, BB) and speciation (black and brown Carbon; BC, BrC) are needed to evaluate LAA short-term climate forcing. For this purpose, wavelength- and time-dependent accurate LAA absorption coefficients are required. HR was experimentally determined and apportioned (sources/species) in the EMEP/ACTRIS/COLOSSAL-2018 winter campaign in Milan (urban-background site). Two Aethalometers (AE31/AE33) were installed together with a MAAP, CPC, OPC, a low volume sampler (PM2.5) and radiation instruments. AE31/AE33 multiple-scattering correction factors (C) were determined using two reference systems for the absorption coefficient: 1) 5-wavelength PP_UniMI with low time resolution (12 h, applied to PM2.5 samples); 2) timely-resolved MAAP data at a single wavelength. Using wavelength- and time-independent C values for the AE31 and AE33 obtained with the same reference device, the total HR showed a consistency (i.e. reproducibility) with average values comparable at 95% probability. However, if different reference devices/approaches are used, i.e. MAAP is chosen as reference instead of a PP_UniMI, the HR can be overestimated by 23-30% factor (by both AE31/AE33). This became more evident focusing on HR apportionment: AE33 data (corrected by a wavelength- and time-independent C) showed higher HRFF (+24±1%) and higher HRBC (+10±1%) than that of AE31. Conversely, HRBB and HRBrC were -28±1% and -29±1% lower for AE33 compared to AE31. These inconsistencies were overcome by introducing a wavelength-dependent Cλ for both AE31 and AE33, or using multi-wavelength apportionment methods, highlighting the need for further studies on the influence of wavelength corrections for HR determination.
Finally, the temporally-resolved determination of C resulted in a diurnal cycle of the HR not statistically different whatever the source- speciation- apportionment used.
... Again, the existence of CAPP and NAPP will reduce the higher amount of emissions within the regions, as argued by Pavicevic and Quoilin [39]. However, employing modeling tools to tackle environmental and socio-economic activities and bioenergy carbon capture and storage can lead to environmental sustainability in the entire continent [40,41]. ...
Existing studies have widely examined the link between energy consumption, economic growth, and CO2 emissions regionally and globally across development levels. Very few studies conducted at the African level overlooked the difference in regions and income levels of the countries involved in the research. This study empirically examined the long-run impact of energy intensity, renewable energy consumption, and economic growth on CO2 emissions across regions and income levels over 50 African countries from 1980 to 2018. The most recent panel estimators, causality test, and impulse response and variance decomposition analysis were employed. The findings from panel estimators revealed that renewable energy consumption contributed to mitigating CO2 emissions, while energy intensity promoted emissions across regions and income levels, and at the African level. Economic growth affected CO2 emissions negatively at the African level but the effect was mixed across regions and income levels. The causality test confirmed bi-directional causations between CO2 emissions and its determinants in African, and some regions and income levels. Again, unidirectional causation was highly supported across regions and income levels. Moreover, results of impulse response and variance decomposition analysis showed that both energy intensity and economic growth counted higher variations of CO2 emissions, while renewable energy highly contributed to reducing emissions within 10 years. Our findings grasp new insight into country development, income levels, and regions for regional and government policymakers related to effectively mitigate CO2 emissions.
... Authors of [31] used Salp swarm algorithm to enhance low voltage right through capability of grid connected PV system. HOMER and Genetic algorithms are also used to analyze the performance of PV [32][33]. ...
Future of generation depends on the renewable energy resources due to lack of fuel and the problems of emissions. Photovoltaic (PV) system is a promising type of renewable energy resources. Non uniformity of irradiance, temperature variation, and partial shading conditions are the main disturbances associated with PV systems. Most of literatures focus on enhancing the PV performance and to achieve Maximum Power Point Tracing (MPPT) based on offline Optimization techniques. These techniques suffer from complicated mathematical burden, long computing time, and should be repeated for any change in the operating conditions/system parameters. This paper proposed a hybrid adaptive controller to improve the system performances under several disturbances, as well as to stabilize the operation of the MPPT. Thus, the proposed controller affords tight and accurate MPPT. The gains of the proposed controller are updated automatically with the variation in the operating conditions. The initialization of the proposed a hybrid adaptive controller is carried out utilizing the Sine-Cosine Algorithm (SCA). Finally, the proposed system is evaluated through comparison with one of the newly presented techniques that achieve accurate MPPT. Ó 2021 Ain Shams University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
... They concluded that the deep learning model provides satisfactory forecasting results and has a competitive advantage over existing models. Li et al. (2019) developed a support vector regression Besides the application of AI in wind power, Kibaara et al. (2020) summarized different AI techniques for optimization of sizing of hybrid renewable energy systems, introduced by previous authors. For instance, Amer et al. (2013) proposed the cost reduction of HRES using particle swarm optimization (PSO). ...
We investigated the applications of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms in wind power technology changes over time and found that AI accelerates the automation of wind power systems. This study shows evidence of the evolution of wind technology innovation following the advancement in AI algorithms using the patents data issued in four intellectual property (IP) offices from 1980 through 2017. Artificial intelligence and more advanced data analytics can be effectively applied to increase the efficiency of wind power systems and to optimize wind farm operations. This study empirically analyzes the evolution of applications of AI algorithms in wind power technology by employing machine learning-based text mining and network analysis, demonstrating the dynamic changing pattern of applications of AI algorithms in wind power technology innovation.
The global demand for energy has increased exponentially over the years. To reduce the dominance of fossil fuels in energy production, there has been a shift towards energy production models based on renewable sources. In the design of hybrid energy systems, it is essential to keep investment costs low while ensuring the security of the energy supply by meeting the consumer’s energy demands without interruption. The success of a good energy production model can be directly associated with the results of load estimation. The primary objective of this research is to predict the electricity demand for the Göksun district until 2028, utilising a data set that encompasses electricity usage from 2019 through the first four months of 2024 for the Göksun district in Kahramanmaraş. This endeavour includes the application of various machine learning (ML) paradigms (long short-term memory (LSTM), gated recurrent unit (GRU), convolutional neural network (CNN)-LSTM, support vector regression (SVR)) to produce load forecasting outcomes and to engineer an optimally performing hybrid system. On evaluation of the performance metrics derived from the experimental data, it has been established that the LSTM model outperforms other methodologies, yielding more favourable results. The simulation studies of the designed hybrid system were conducted using the hybrid optimisation model for electric renewables software (HOMER Pro), demonstrating improvements in both economic and environmental parameters. Our study is unique in that it is the first to utilise a data set specific to the Göksun region and to model predictions obtained from this data set using HOMER software.
Cooling of photovoltaic panels is an important topic in the field of energy-efficient devices. An experimental setup is established in which SiC/water nanofluid with various flow rates acts as the coolant. This research aims at effective cooling the panel using suitable nozzle arrangement as well as simultaneous increasing the output power/enhancing the thermo-hydraulic characteristics. The results reveal that the photovoltaic module has comparatively more uniform temperature distribution when multi-orifice nozzles with relatively normal-concentration nanofluids are practically utilized. The module with the multi-orifice nozzle arrangement in which the coolant mass flow rate is 0.14kg/s and the nanoparticle concentration is 1.1 % wt (in the presence of 1000W/m² irradiation) produces nearly 9.3 W of electric energy, whilst is the most efficient layout in the proposed active cooling system. An increase in the flow rate and/or in the nanofluid concentration may lead to positive electrical and thermal outcomes while to negative hydrodynamic results. For a fixed circumstance, there is a particular mass flow rate and/or a special nanoparticle concentration beyond which the overall performance steadies. To evaluate electro-hydro-thermal characteristics in practice, three key parameters are introduced to assess the overall performance of the system in various conditions.
Solar-driven evaporation has been recognized as a great candidate for freshwater production and has received growing interest as a practical approach to cope with global water scarcity and energy crisis. However, evaporation design with low heat loss, high photothermal conversion and sustainable water supply is still challenging for practical application. In this work, inspired by the transpiration of plants, we reported a high photothermal chitosan (CS)/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) based aerogel evaporator with a hierarchical light-absorbing structure by introducing PPy cross-linked network as light-absorber, which realize the synergistic integration of light absorption, heat location and water transportation. The integration of microstructure for light-absorbing and macroporous structure inside aerogel leads to strong water transportation via capillary action and vapor escape. Moreover, the hierarchical porous structure contributes to the low sunlight reflection (under 10%). Interestingly, the integrated evaporation system not only shows high efficiency (94.3%) and evaporation rate (1.67 kg m⁻² h⁻¹) but also achieves satisfactorily self-disinfection. We believed that this work could provide new insights into the development of solar-driven low-energy water purification/harvesting and sustainable cleaner production.
This paper proposes a comparative performance analysis between two robust adaptive controllers grounded on Robust Model Reference Adaptive Control (RMRAC) and Sliding Mode Control (SMC) theories. Both controllers are totally developed on discrete-time domain. The first controller is an RMRAC integrated to an adaptive SMC, named RMRAC-SM, which has a first order sliding surface. The second controller is an RMRAC-based Super-Twisting Sliding Mode (STSM) Controller, named RMRAC-STSM. Both controllers were applied on grid-injected current control of a three-phase grid-tied Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) with LCL filter. Moreover, both structures were designed considering a reduced order plant model. Experimental results using a 5.4 kW VSI with LCL filter are presented to discuss the performance and robustness differences of proposed control structures. The main advantage of RMRAC-STSM in relation to the RMRAC-SM is the chattering smoothing, which reduces even more the tracking and augmented errors. It implies straightforwardly on power converter Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) decrease, which was 2.82% for RMRAC-STSM against 3.04% for RMRAC-SM.
The present paper focuses on the use of the Multilevel Current Rectifier topology as an interconnection element between PV systems and the network or loads. In order to properly use the converter in connection with the PV system, several subjects such as the compatibility with the maximum power point tracking and the compatibility between the converter and the PV array must be taken into account. Compatibility between the converter and the PV array can be achieved by ensuring at least the maximum power point is a point that the converter can work with. In this sense, this work focuses on the operating conditions to guarantee the compatibility with the PV array. The main results are an analytical and experimental characterization of the operating range of the system using the Multilevel Current Rectifier. This operating range has a precision of 1%. Leading to the conclution that not only the converter is a viable option, but also that the theory and methodology used can be extrapolated to another topologies.
Carbon emission right allowance is a double-edged sword, one edge is to reduce emission as its original design intention, another edge has in practice slain many less developed coal-consuming enterprises, especially for those in thermal power industry. Partially governed on the hilt in hands of the authority, body of this sword is the prices of carbon emission right. How should the thermal power plants dance on the blade motivates this research. Considering the impact of price fluctuations of carbon emission right allowance, we investigate the operation of Chinese thermal power plant by modeling the decision-making with optimal stopping problem, which is established on the stochastic environment with carbon emission allowance price process simulated by geometric Brownian motion. Under the overall goal of maximizing the ultimate profitability, the optimal stopping indicates the timing of suspend or halt of production, hence the optimal stopping boundary curve implies the edge of life and death with regard to this enterprise. Applying this methodology, real cases of failure and survival of several Chinese representative thermal power plants were analyzed to explore the industry ecotope, which leads to the findings that: 1) The survival environment of existed thermal power plants becomes severer when facing more pressure from the newborn carbon-finance market. 2) Boundaries of survival environment is mainly drawn by the technical improvements for rising the utilization rate of carbon emission. Based on the same optimal stopping model, outlook of this industry is drawn with a demarcation surface defining the vivosphere of thermal power plants with different levels of profitability. This finding provides benchmarks for those enterprises struggling for survival and policy makers scheming better supervision and necessary intervene, and the methodology developed in this paper provides a research paradigm for enterprise survival analysis.
The problem of energy management in the smart autonomous electrical grids (SAEGs) is a main challenge in the active distribution networks. In such systems, the operator of the network decides on the optimal scheduling of the resources to supply the local demand. In this paper, a multi-objective optimization model is developed for a SAEG considering responsive consumers (RCs) and a hydrogen storage system (HSS). The objective functions are maximizing the reliability and minimizing both the operation cost and the gap between the energy consumption and its optimal value. The participation of the RCs is modeled through the demand shifting strategy and the local generation of the plug-in electric vehicles. To model the uncertainties of the renewable energy sources and the demand, the Monte Carlo simulation approach is used. The resulted model is solved using the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA) regarding which the non-dominated solutions are generated. Then, the best solution is obtained using the fuzzy and the weighted sum methods. To investigate the effectiveness of the proposed model, it is applied on a 24-node test system through defining four case studies. The results shown that in the presence of the RCs and the HSS, the operation cost and the reliability of the system both improve.
The present work is devoted to the preparation of the hetero-junction of Polyaniline-Zinc oxide nanoparticles (Pani-ZnONps) and its photo-electrochemistry to assess its photocatalytic properties for the water reduction into hydrogen. The semiconducting characterization of the Pani-ZnONps synthetized by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization was studied for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) upon visible light illumination. The forbidden bands Eg (= 1.64 eV, Pani) and (3.20 eV, ZnONPS) were extracted from the UV–Visible diffuse reflectance data. The Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) showed the predominance of the intrinsic material with a bulk impedance of 71 kΩ cm². The semi conductivity was demonstrated by the capacitance measurements with flat band potentials (Efb = - 0.7 and - 0.3 VSCE) and carriers concentrations (NA = 1.77 × 10¹⁹ and ND = 4.80 × 10²⁰ cm⁻³) respectively for Pani and ZnONPS. The energetic diagram of the hetero-junction Pani-ZnONps predicts electrons injection from Pani to ZnONPS in KOH electrolyte. An improvement of 78% for the evolved hydrogen was obtained, compared to Pani alone; a liberation rate of 61.16 μmol g⁻¹ min⁻¹ and a quantum yield of 1.15% were obtained. More interestingly, the photoactivity was fully restored after three consecutive cycles with a zero-deactivation effect, indicating clearly the reusability of the catalyst over several cycles.
Thermosetting polyethylene (PEG)-based solid-solid phase change materials networks (PCMNs) have high latent leat and form stability from the covalent crosslinking, yet they remain a great challenge in reprocessing and recycling of PCMNs without compromising a high latent heat above 100 J/g. Herein, the polyester-based solid-solid PCMNs with PEG as phase change component were synthesized via ionic crosslinking between the linear multiple carboxyl-functionalized phase change materials (CPCMs) polyester and zinc cations. The CPCMs were synthesized via polyesterification reaction between pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and diol containing PEG and ethylene glycol, meanwhile forming multiple carboxyl along molecular chains. The dynamic ionic bonds and hydrolysable ester bonds endowed PCMNs with the reprocessability and biodegradability, respectively. PCMNs had the ΔH = 120 J/g with PEG weight fraction of ∼0.91 and concentration of carboxyl of ∼0.26 mmol/g. Also, PCMNs had good phase change ability, thermal stability and thermal reliability before and after thermal cycling and reprocessing. The robust approach enabled the combination of the reprocessing ability and high latent heat of PCMNs by ionic crosslinking.
An alternative Equivalent Electrical Circuit for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells is modelled in this study. Both I–V characteristics and H2 consumptions corresponding to generated power under load and no-load conditions are investigated. For this purpose, H2 consumptions and I–V characteristics of three different sized PEMFCs are tested. There is a very good harmony between the model results and measured values (relative error %0.7, %6.4 and %2.5 for FC-A, FC-B and FC-C respectively). In the proposed model current passes only on parallel resistance and not on serial resistance at no-load condition. Thus, a FC with higher parallel resistance should be preferred. Another key output of this study is that based on the proposed model, performance comparison of FCs can be performed with the parameters defined in this work. Proposals made in this study can easily be used for performance analysis of FCs under for both steady state and transient analysis.
The framework of this study is to weight 8 selected determinants and rank energy alternatives for hydrogen investments. For this purpose, different criteria that are based on two dimensions are identified with supported literature and interval type-2 (IT2) fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) with alpha cuts is considered to measure the significant criteria. Additionally, renewable and non-renewable energy alternatives are ranked regarding the appropriateness for hydrogen energy investments with the help of IT2 fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) and IT2 fuzzy Vlse Kriterijumska Optimizacija Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) with alpha cuts. It is concluded that the weights of the criteria are quite similar for different alpha cuts. Also, ranking results of different energy alternatives are almost the same for both IT2 fuzzy TOPSIS and IT2 fuzzy VIKOR. Thus, it can be concluded that the analysis results are reliable and coherent. The principal results indicate that cost-efficiency and reserve adequacy play a key role in hydrogen investments since they have the highest weight (0.129). Moreover, it is also found that technological capacity also plays a critical role in this regard with the weight of 0.127. However, legal regulation has the lowest importance weight (0.121) in comparison with other factors. Additionally, the weights of personnel competency (criterion 3) and storage (criterion 4) are also low (0.122). The major conclusion show that renewable energy alternatives are more suitable to generate hydrogen energy in comparison with non-renewable ones. Within this context, it is identified that solar and geothermal energies are more appropriate alternatives for hydrogen production whereas coal and nuclear are on the last rank. Hence, the main strategy should be lowering the costs by following up-to-date technological developments. Another important issue is that it becomes more logical to produce hydrogen in renewable energy sources that will not be consumed forever so that sustainable production of the hydrogen can be provided.
NiO doped LiMnBO3/Li2MnO3/Li2B2O4 (LMBO) nanoscale composites were prepared through sol-gel (Pechini-type) route using the combination of Ni, Mn and Li cations with Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a chelating operator. By changing molar ratios of M: ethylene glycol: EDTA can control appearance properties of nanocomposites. Analyses of FT-IR, XRD and EDX were accomplished aimed at the approval of crystalline and structural features. Also, in order to investigation of morphology, scanning and transmission electron microscopy images were taken. The prepared nanocomposite with 1:1:1 M ratio in presence of EDTA has optimized size and morphology. Optical property and band-gap energy of NiO doped LMBO ternary nanocomposite computed by UV–Vis information is 3.1 eV. The magnetic character of the prepared nanocomposite investigated through VSM illustrates ferromagnetic performance. Besides, photodegradation activities of pristine and NiO doped LMBO ternary nanocomposites were examined by different lights on two diverse dyes of malachite green and acid red 88. Some operative factors including radiation, pollutant and nanoscale composite sort were considered in order to optimize elimination of water contaminant dyes. In both cationic and anionic dyes, NiO doped LMBO ternary nanocomposite has better performance than LMBO nanocomposite.
Developing high-efficiency and low-cost electrocatalyst is significant for the application of water splitting technology. Herein, Co3O4 nanoparticles and MnO2 nanosheets are separately synthesized and subsequently assembled into a unique 0/2-dimensional heterostructure via van der Waals interactions. The consequent composites expose abundant accessible active sites and expedite the reaction kinetics, which can be testified by the superiorities in Tafel slope, exchange current density and double-layer capacitance, only requiring overpotentials of 355 and 129 mV for oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions in 1.0 M KOH at 10 mA cm⁻², respectively. Moreover, a cell voltage of 1.660 V can drive the electrolyzer at 10 mA cm⁻². Benefitted from robust integration, the original aggregation and restacking of individual materials have been overcome, thereby leading to superior elelctrocatalysis durability. This facile and universal strategy may inspire the researchers on the design and construction of advanced functional composites.
Developing earth abundant, active and stable photocatalysts for water splitting is a critical but challenging procedure for efficient conversion and storage of sustainable energy. Here, a ternary photocatalyst was rationally prepared for efficient H2 production by covalently anchoring a nickel molecule cocatalyst (NiL) onto graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (CN) and introducing nickel oxides (NiOx) as hole-transport materials. The lower H2 overpotential by NiL and the faster separation of photoinduced carriers by NiOx nanoparticles account for the efficient H2 generation of CN without the help of noble metals. Eventually, the prepared NiL/NiOx/CN catalyst exhibited excellent performance for H2 evolution (289 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹) in TEOA solution under visible light irradiation, which is superior to 3NiL/CN (161 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹) and CN (Null). Furthermore, a possible mechanism of photocatalytic H2 production for NiL/NiOx/CN is proposed based on a series of electrochemical measurements. The noble-metal-free photocatalyst developed in this work will pave a new way to synthesize low-cost multicomponent photocatalysts for solar conversion.
Renewable energy sources (RESs) are essential for the future energy security. These energy sources provide a viable alternative energy, and cost effective sources in various types of electric energy grids such as utility grids, smart grids, and microgrids. In addition, RESs are currently considered as a feasible techno-economic alternative for supplying remotely located off-grid electric and non-electric energy loads. RESs are freely abundant and accessible, and environmentally friendly; however, the widespread use and large-scale integration of renewable energy systems to electric power systems face three critical challenges. These categories cover the main operational, dynamical, and economical prospective. From electricity grid operation point of view, the popular renewable sources have high and risky levels of variability, intermittency, resource predictability, interface controllability, and economic generation dispatchability. These inherent problems are mainly attributed to the stochastic and varying nature of renewable energy sources as well as the inherent uncontrollability of the input natural resources (such as wind speed or solar radiation) and the impossibility of storing them in their natural form. Many approaches are proposed for reducing these operational problems. These approaches include geographical diversity, interconnections between systems, energy storage, distributed renewable sources, and smart grids. More details about the operational characteristics of variable RESs are presented in Chapter 3. In addition, the chapter includes suggestions for 100% renewable energy sources based on the power-to-gas-to-power conversions. These energy conversions minimize the inherent operational characteristics of variable energy sources. From dynamical point of view, the behaviors of the host power grid are significantly modified by the dynamic characteristics, control settings, and switching of converters utilized in the grid interface of the generators, the active elements in the power networks, and the dynamic loads as well as their interactions. In comparison with conventional synchronous generators, renewable energy includes a massive number of technologies, each of which has different technological structural, control capabilities, and dynamical properties. Therefore, the dynamic behavior of renewable energy sources as well as their interaction with power systems is highly different in comparison with conventional synchronous generators. This situation requires continuous updating of the models to cope with these technologies and assessment of their impacts on power systems for various themes of power system studies. The dynamical issues of RESs and their impacts on power grids are out of the scope of this textbook; however, numerous previous publications effectively handle these issues. The readers may refer to the following textbooks for recent details about the dynamical behavior of electric power systems and RESs. 1. M. EL-Shimy. Dynamic Security of Interconnected Electric Power Systems - Volume 1. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing / Omniscriptum Gmbh & Company Kg; Germany; ISBN: 978-3-659-71372-9; May, 2015. 2. M. EL-Shimy. Dynamic Security of Interconnected Electric Power Systems - Volume 2: Dynamics and stability of conventional and renewable energy systems. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing / Omniscriptum Gmbh & Company Kg; Germany; ISBN: 978-3-659-80714-5; Nov. 2015. From economical point of view, most renewable energy sources currently show competitive economical properties in comparison with conventional sources, especially if their true lifecycle costs are taken into consideration. This book focuses on the evaluation of the techno-economic performances of solar-PV and wind energy systems. Various modes of operation are considered. These modes include grid-connected and off-grid applications. In addition, various types of loads are considered, including non-deferrable and deferrable loads. Viable techno-economic performance and optimization of Renewable Energy Systems (RESs) for economic performance maximization is among the main objectives of this textbook. This book consists of four parts. For the convenience of the readers, each part is constructed as self contained structure with minor dependence on the surrounding parts. We hope that this multi-disciplinary book will provide a significant support to students and researchers as well as various related specialists. We welcome any supporting feedback from the readership. M. EL-Shimy May, 2017 (Book editor)
Coal-based electricity is an integral part of daily life in South Africa and globally. However, the use of coal for electricity generation carries a heavy cost for social and ecological systems that goes far beyond the price we pay for electricity. We developed a model based on a system dynamics approach for understanding the measurable and quantifiable coal-fuel cycle burdens and externality costs, over the lifespan of a supercritical coal-fired power station that is fitted with a flue-gas desulfurisation device (i.e. Kusile Power Station). The total coal-fuel cycle externality cost on both the environment and humans over Kusile's lifespan was estimated at ZAR1 449.9 billion to ZAR3 279 billion or 91c/kWh to 205c/kWh sent out (baseline: ZAR2 172.7 billion or 136c/kWh). Accounting for the life-cycle burdens and damages of coal-derived electricity conservatively, doubles to quadruples the price of electricity, making renewable energy sources such as wind and solar attractive alternatives.
Significance:
The use of coal for electricity generation carries a heavy cost for social and ecological systems that goes far beyond the price we pay for electricity. The estimation of social costs is particularly important to the electric sector because of non-differentiation of electricity prices produced from a variety of sources with potentially very dissimilar environmental and human health costs. Because all electricity generation technologies are associated with undesirable side effects in their fuelcycle and lifespan, comprehensive comparative analyses of life-cycle costs of all power generation technologies is indispensable to guide the development of future energy policies in South Africa.
In this study, a new methodology, hybrid GAPSO (HGAPSO), has been developed to design and achieve cost optimization of an off-grid hybrid energy system (HES). Since standard particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm suffers from premature convergence due to low diversity, and genetic algorithm (GA) suffers from a low convergence speed, in this study modification strategies have been used in GAs and PSO algorithms to achieve the properties of higher capacity of global convergence and the faster efficiency of searching. This improved algorithm HGAPSO described and implemented in a MATLAB environment has been compared with GAs and PSO algorithms in finding the optimum minimum annual cost of a real off-grid energy system (a group of villages in India). The optimization process resulted in HES, utilizing photovoltaic (PV) arrays, batteries, a diesel generator, and other renewable sources, which, in turn, may prove to be a feasible and sustainable power supply alternative for a remote unelectrified rural area. The superiority of HGAPSO algorithm over GAs and PSO algorithms for the problem at hand is shown in terms of convergence generations and computation time.
Habitat degradation and subsequent biodiversity damage often takes place far away from the place of consumption due to globalization and increasing international trade. Informing consumers and policy makers about the biodiversity impacts "hidden" in the life cycle of imported products is an important step toward achieving sustainable consumption patterns. Spatially explicit methods are needed in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to accurately quantify biodiversity impacts of products and processes. We use the Countryside species area relationship (SAR) to quantify regional species loss due to land occupation and transformation for five taxa and six land use types in 804 terrestrial ecoregions. Further, we calculate vulnerability scores for each ecoregion based on the fraction of each species' geographic range (endemic richness) hosted by the ecoregion and the IUCN assigned threat level of each species. Vulnerability scores are multiplied with SAR predicted regional species loss to estimate potential global extinctions per unit of land use. As a case study, we assess the land use biodiversity impacts of 1 kg of bioethanol produced using six different feed stocks in different parts of the world. Results show that the regions with highest biodiversity impacts differed markedly when including the vulnerability of species.
In this paper, optimal design of a stand-alone hybrid solar- wind- diesel power generation system using Imperialist Competitive Algorithm, Particle swarm optimization and ant colony optimization is presented. The final goal of this paper is minimization of net present cost of hybrid system for lifetime of project ( here 20 years) considering by reliable supply of load and loss of power probability (LPSP) reliability index. In order to find out the least expenditure and best combination, the result of these algorithms compared together. Among these algorithms, the imperialist competitive algorithm is faster and more accurate than others and has more certain design in comparison to PSO and ACO algorithms. In this paper, first the mathematical model of various parts of hybrid system is presented. Then the purposed algorithm is used. Finally, simulation results ( number of PV panels, number of wind turbines, number of battery storages, system total cost ,power diagram of hybrid power system components and reliability diagram) for solar-wind -diesel systems is presented.
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the cost benefit of a self-optimized solar-wind-hydro hybrid energy supply and to compare the outcome with a similar optimization done with the HOMER software. In reality HOMER optimization software has long been used for hybrid system optimization and many do consider it as the reference software for any optimization related to hybrid energy systems. However, due to some few lack of flexibility in the setting-up of constraints and also the ignorance of the true optimization approaches used by the HOMER, it has become necessary to develop self-optimized algorithms based on rigorous mathematical models. One of these self-optimized models, developed in a previous study, was presented in this paper and was tested with data collected at Accra, Ghana. Results show that the cost of electricity proposed by the HOMER, 0.307/kWh. Moreover looking at the dynamism of selecting different sources to achieve the optimization at a lower rate for the user, more credit is given to the developed method than the HOMER because the self-optimization method gives more priority to the wind turbine than the solar plant due to the higher electricity cost of solar (0.64$/kWh). It was however observed that the HOMER software does the opposite in terms of priority. Moreover the probability of unmet load is lower with the self-optimized method than the HOMER result which consists of a big contribution because it is a major quality measure for hybrid systems to always satisfy the load request.
Wind and solar are clean energy sources with vast potential to reduce the dependence on conventional energy sources. The stochastic nature of these energy sources, has led to the development of reliable hybrid systems in recent years. The main objective of this paper is to utilize the available wind and solar resource to meet the energy needs of residential/institutional buildings in Western Himalayan Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. A 6 kWp solar-wind hybrid system installed on the roof top of an institutional building is analyzed and optimized using HOMER software at different reliability levels. The total electricity production by the system is found to be 1996 kWh/yr with cost of energy (COE) as 0.575 1/kWh. The optimum combination for utilizing the available solar and wind resource of the site is found to be a 5 kWp wind turbine, 2 kWp PV and battery storage. The results indicate that solar and wind resource can be utilized economically using solar-wind hybrid energy systems for decentralized applications in the Western Himalayan complex terrain. Further research areas are also identified.
This paper presents a method for the optimization of the power generated from a Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) in order to achieve the load of typical house as example of load demand. Particle Swarm Optimization Technique (PSO) is used as optimization searching algorithm due to its advantages over the other techniques for reducing the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCE) with an acceptable range of the production taking in consideration the losses between production and demand sides; the problem is defined and objective function is introduced taking in consideration fitness values sensitivity in particle swarm process. The algorithm structure was built using MATLAB software.
This paper includes a review of the different computer tools that can be used to analyse the integration of renewable energy. Initially 68 tools were considered, but 37 were included in the final analysis which was carried out in collaboration with the tool developers or recommended points of contact. The results in this paper provide the information necessary to identify a suitable energy tool for analysing the integration of renewable energy into various energy-systems under different objectives. It is evident from this paper that there is no energy tool that addresses all issues related to integrating renewable energy, but instead the ‘ideal’ energy tool is highly dependent on the specific objectives that must be fulfilled. The typical applications for the 37 tools reviewed (from analysing single-building systems to national energy-systems), combined with numerous other factors such as the energy-sectors considered, technologies accounted for, time parameters used, tool availability, and previous studies, will alter the perception of the ‘ideal’ energy tool. In conclusion, this paper provides the information necessary to direct the decision-maker towards a suitable energy tool for an analysis that must be completed.
The paper presents a novel hybrid evolutionary algorithm that combines Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithms.
When a local optimal solution is reached with PSO, all particles gather around it, and escaping from this local optima becomes difficult. To avoid premature convergence of PSO, we present a new hybrid evolutionary algorithm, called HPSO-SA, based on the idea that PSO ensures fast convergence, while SA brings the search out of local optima because of its strong local-search ability. The proposed HPSO-SA algorithm is validated on ten standard benchmark multimodal functions for which we obtained significant improvements. The results are compared with these obtained by existing hybrid PSO-SA algorithms. In this paper, we provide also two versions of HPSO-SA (sequential and distributed) for minimizing the energy consumption in embedded systems memories. The two versions, of HPSO-SA, reduce the energy consumption in memories from 76% up to 98% as compared to Tabu Search (TS). Moreover, the distributed version of HPSO-SA provides execution time saving of about 73% up to 84% on a cluster of 4 PCs.
The aim of this paper is to present a feasibility study of a grid connected photovoltaic (PV) and biomass Integrated renewable energy (IRE) system providing electricity to rural areas in the Beni Suef governorate, Egypt. The system load of the village is analyzed through the environmental and economic aspects. The model has been designed to provide an optimal system configuration based on daily data for energy availability and demands. A case study area, Monshaet Taher village (29° 1′ 17.0718”N, 30° 52′ 17.04”E) is identified for economic feasibility in this paper. HOMER optimization model plan imputed from total daily load demand, 2,340 kWh/day for current energy consuming of 223 households with Annual Average Insolation Incident on a Horizontal Surface of 5.79 (kWh/m
The reliance of future energy demand on standalone PV system is based on its payback period and particular electrical grid parity prices. This highlights the importance for optimum and applicable methods for sizing these systems. Moreover, the designers are being more sensitive toward simple and reliable sizing models for standalone PV system. This paper proposes a review on important knowledge that needs to be taken into account while designing and implementing standalone PV systems. Such a knowledge includes configurations of standalone photovoltaic system, evaluation criteria for unit sizing, sizing methodologies. Moreover, this review provides highlights on challenges and limitations of standalone PV system size optimization techniques.
In this chapter we present an overview of the development of today’s electric power industry, including the regulatory and historical evolution of the industry as well as the technical side of power generation. Included is enough thermodynamics to understand basic heat engines and how that all relates to modern steam-cycle, gas-turbine, combined-cycle, and cogeneration power plants. A first-cut at evaluating the most cost-effective combination of these various types of power plants in an electric utility system is also presented.
The goods and services provided by coastal systems and the natural capital stocks that produce them are critical to the functioning of the earth's life support systems. They also contribute significantly to human welfare, both directly and indirectly, and therefore represent a significant portion of the total economic value of the global environment. Coastal systems including estuaries, coastal wetlands, river deltas and coastal shelves are particularly rich in ecosystem goods and services. They provide a wide range of highly valued resources including fisheries, open spaces, wildlife habitat, nutrient cycling, and recreational opportunities. In this paper, we present a conceptual framework for the assessment and valuation of goods and services provided by coastal systems. First, we elucidate a formal system based on functional diversity for classifying and valuing coastal ecosystem services, emphasizing that no single ecological or economic methodology can capture the total value of these complex systems. Second, we demonstrate the process of ecosystem service valuation using a series of economic case studies and examples drawn from peer-reviewed literature. We conclude with observations on the future of coastal ecosystem service valuation and its potential role in the science and management of coastal zone resources. In: James G. Wilson (ed.) The Intertidal Ecosystem: The Value of Ireland's Shores, 1–24. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy.
In this paper, size of a PV/wind integrated hybrid energy system with battery storage is optimized under various loads and unit cost of auxiliary energy sources. The optimization is completed by a simulation based optimization procedure, OptQuest, which integrates various heuristic methods. In the study, the main performance measure is the hybrid energy system cost. And the design parameters are PV size, wind turbine rotor swept area and the battery capacity. The case study is realized for Izmir Institute of Technology Campus Area, Urla, Turkey. The simulation model of the system is realized in ARENA 12.0, a commercial simulation software, and is optimized using the OptQuest tool in this software. Consequently, the optimum sizes of PV, wind turbine and battery capacity are obtained under various auxiliary energy unit costs and two different loads. The optimum results are confirmed using Loss of Load Probability (LLP) and autonomy analysis. And the investment costs are investigated how they are shared among those four energy sources at the optimum points.
Renewable energy has the potential to play an important role in providing energy with sustainability to the vast populations in developing countries who as yet have no access to clean energy. Although economically viable for several applications, renewable energy has not been able to realise its potential due to several barriers to its penetration. A framework has been developed in this paper to identify the barriers to renewable energy penetration and to suggest measures to overcome them.
Hybrid energy system is an excellent solution for electrification of remote rural areas where the grid extension is difficult and not economical. Such system incorporates a combination of one or several renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaic, wind energy, micro-hydro and may be conventional generators for backup. This paper discusses different system components of hybrid energy system and develops a general model to find an optimal combination of energy components for a typical rural community minimizing the life cycle cost.The developed model will help in sizing hybrid energy system hardware and in selecting the operating options. Micro-hydro-wind systems are found to be the optimal combination for the electrification of the rural villages in Western Ghats (Kerala) India, based on the case study. The optimal operation shows a unit cost of Rs. 6.5/kW h with the selected hybrid energy system with 100% renewable energy contribution eliminating the need for conventional diesel generator.
When the stand alone energy system having photovoltaic panels only or wind turbine only are compared with the hybrid PV/wind energy systems, the hybrid systems are more economical and reliable. Hybrid system can be able to adapt the effects due to climate changes. This paper presents a Artificial Intelligent method to design the hybrid PV/wind system. While meeting the basic requirements of the stand-alone energy system, the objective function for cost of hybrid system is constructed, this includes initial costs, yearly operating costs and maintenance costs. The hybrid system consists of photovoltaic panels, wind turbines and storage batteries. Due to the complexity of hybrid energy system with nonlinear integral planning, Meta Particle Swarm Optimization is used to solve the problem. By use of MPSO operation strategy, the global optimal searching ability of the proposed algorithm is improved. The improved PSO can avoid the possibility of local minimum trap. The method mentioned in this article is proved to be effective using an example of hybrid energy system. Finally, the optimal solution is received using proposed MPSO method.
Assessing the economic value of new utility-scale renewable generation projects
- C Namovicz
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Description of updated and extended draft tools for the detailed site-dependent assessment of external costs
- P Preiss
- V Klotz
Preiss, P., & Klotz, V. (2008). NEEDS New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability. Technical Paper no. 7.4-RS 1b."Description of updated and extended draft tools for the detailed site-dependent assessment of external costs".
Universität Stuttgart, Germany.
Solar energy in Australia: Health and environmental costs and benefits
- J Moss
- A Coram
- G Blashki
Moss, J., Coram, A., & Blashki, G. (2014). Solar energy in Australia: Health and environmental costs and benefits.