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4356
ISSN 2286-4822
www.euacad emic.org
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH
Vol. VIII, Issue 7/ October 2020
Impact Factor: 3.4546 (UIF)
DRJI Value: 5.9 (B+)
Effects of guarana (Paulinia cupana) properties on
antioxidant activity in the body
VINICIUS CAVALCANTI
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1843-0757
Federal University of Amazonas
Biodiversity and Biotechnology Network of the Legal Amazon
Human Performance Laboratory (LEDEHU)
MARCELO MARQUES
School of Physical Education and Sport of the University of São Paulo
in Biodynamic Studies of Physical Education and Sport
WHENDEL MESQUITA DO NASCIMENTO
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7556-4423
Biodiversity and Biotechnology Network of the Legal Amazon
AGNELO WEBER DE OLIVEIRA ROCHA
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2161-9470
Biodiversity and Biotechnology Network of the Legal Amazon
IVAN DE JESUS FERREIRA
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7895-5905
Federal University of Amazonas
2Biodiversity and Biotechnology Network of the Legal Amazon
DAURIMAR PINHEIRO LEÃO
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9242-8922
Federal University of Amazonas.
Biodiversity and Biotechnology Network of the Legal Amazon
PEDRO HENRIQUE CAMPELO FÉLIX
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5137-0162
Federal University of Amazonas
CINTIA MARA COSTA DE OLIVEIRA
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1065-8418
Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology Network of the Legal Amazon
Multidisciplinary Program in Biotechnology
Abstract
Guarana (Paulinia cupana) is composed of stimulants derived
from methylxanthines (caffeine, theophylline and theobromine),
condensed tannins (catechin and epicatechin), in addition to
phosphorus, iron, magnesium, potassium, calcium, vitamin A and
vitamin B1As. The components present in guarana have stimulating
and antioxidant properties, which act to minimize the damage to the
Vinicius Cavalcanti, Marcelo Marques, Whendel Mesquita do Nascimento, Agnelo Weber
de Oliveira Rocha, Ivan de Jesus Ferreira, Daurimar Pinheiro Leão, Pedro Henrique
Campelo Félix, Cintia Mara Costa de Oliveira- Effects of guarana (Paulinia cupana)
properties on antioxidant activity in the body
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 7 / October 2020
4357
body caused by oxidative stress, triggered by chronic diseases. In this
sense, the purpose of this work is to present studies that have proven the
effects of the properties of the use of guarana on the body's antioxidant
activity. Studies have shown positive effects of guarana as a food source
with anti-hyperglycemic potential, in the partial reduction of liver
damage caused by hyperlipidemia and may have a potential use in the
prevention of oral diseases.
Keywords: Stimulant, Xanthines, Tannins, Oxidative Stress, Food
Source, Energetic.
1. INTRODUÇÃO
Guarana (Paulinia cupana) is a plant native to the Amazon and the
largest regional production is in the municipality of Maués, State of
Amazonas. Descendants of indigenous people from the Sateré-Mawé
tribe traditionally use the fruit in a diet with healing and energetic
properties. One of the first forms of commercialization of guaraná was
through the use of smoked sticks, which are prepared by hand from
dried seeds crushed in wooden pestle with the addition of small
amounts of water (Rovellini & Fusari, 2015).
The socioeconomic relevance of guaraná planting is associated
with the high caffeine content found in its seeds with levels ranging
from 9.8 to 11.0%. Compared to other seeds, guarana extract has double
or even triple levels of caffeine (Meurer-Grimes et al., 1998).
Scientific research since the 1960s has shown that guarana has
a wide variety of biological properties, including antiproliferative
(Fukumasu et al., 2008; Hertz et al., 2015), antimicrobial and
antioxidant (Basile-doelsch et al., 2014; Yamaguti-Sasaki et al., 2007),
cytoprotective (Schimpl et al., 2013), anxiolytic (Rangel et al., 2013),
energetic and thermogenic (T. & J., 2001), in the prevention of oral
diseases (Yamaguti-Sasaki et al., 2007), as well as in efforts to reduce
oxidative effects and metabolic disorders (Portella et al., 2013).
According Yonekura et al. (2016), substances antioxidant
bioactive of guarana, such as catechin and epicatechin, have the ability
to reduce oxidative stress in healthy individuals and consequently
Vinicius Cavalcanti, Marcelo Marques, Whendel Mesquita do Nascimento, Agnelo Weber
de Oliveira Rocha, Ivan de Jesus Ferreira, Daurimar Pinheiro Leão, Pedro Henrique
Campelo Félix, Cintia Mara Costa de Oliveira- Effects of guarana (Paulinia cupana)
properties on antioxidant activity in the body
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 7 / October 2020
4358
damage to the DNA molecule, while increasing the activities of
catalases and glutathione, remaining the effect even after catechin be
totally consumed.
Thus, the objective of this work is to present the characteristics
and functional properties of guarana related to the antioxidant effect
that its use is capable of causing in the body's metabolic syndrome.
2. ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
Free radicals (FR) are defined as highly reactive chemical species, with
one or more unpaired electrons in their orbitals, capable of existing
independently and are naturally produced in organisms as a result of
metabolism, with emphasis on Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species -
ERONs (Halliwell, 1991; Zhao et al., 2015).
The pathological activity of ERONs results from the
peroxidation of lipid membranes, oxidative damage to nucleic acids and
the oxidation of sulfhydryl functional groups of proteins (Dornas et al.,
2007). In addition, harmful changes in cellular structures can enhance
mitotic activity, increasing the likelihood of DNA damage and,
consequently, harmful mutations to the functioning of the organism (Lu
et al., 2014).
Among the ERONs, the greatest investigations are related to
the superoxide anion (O2 • -), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl
radical (HO •) and nitric oxide (NO •) and proxinitrine (ONOO-) (de
Souza et al., 2005; Valko et al., 2007).
The organism has a defense system against the FRs being
formed by the antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD),
catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione transferase
(GSTP-1), glutathionearedutase and endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS);
(Akimoto et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2015).
Physical exercise is one of the biggest sources of changes in the
body, causing greater oxygenation and, consequently, potentiating the
release of free radicals due to the oxidation-reduction reactions
necessary to obtain energy that the muscle will use during contractions
(Córdova et al., 2000). During electron transport chain (ETC) reactions
in mitochondrial ridges, molecular oxygen (O2) is reduced by accepting
2 electrons (e-) and 2 protons (2H) forming, consequently, water (H2O),
Vinicius Cavalcanti, Marcelo Marques, Whendel Mesquita do Nascimento, Agnelo Weber
de Oliveira Rocha, Ivan de Jesus Ferreira, Daurimar Pinheiro Leão, Pedro Henrique
Campelo Félix, Cintia Mara Costa de Oliveira- Effects of guarana (Paulinia cupana)
properties on antioxidant activity in the body
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 7 / October 2020
4359
but part of O2 ( approximately 5%) receives only 1 electron, being
converted to the superoxide anion (O2 • -) (Aguiar & Pinho, 2007).
During rest, the organism is able to synthesize the optimal
amount of antioxidant enzymes that supply biological needs, and
sometimes cell integrity (Prada et al., 2004). Some of the antioxidant
enzymes that form a defense system against free radicals are:
superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione
peroxidase (GPx) (Akimoto et al., 2010; Y. Liu et al., 2015).
The imbalance between the production of ERONs and
antioxidant agents can cause oxidative stress, which is able to increase
the degradation of several biomolecules, such as: carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins and nucleic acids (Fang et al., 2002; J. P. Soares et al., 2015)
Another factor that also potentiates the establishment of oxidative
stress is its high rate of body lipids. In subjects with dyslipidemia, as
well as those with metabolic syndrome (MS), it was found that there is
greater activity of ERONs compared to healthy people (Ohmori et al.,
2005).
Another consequence of oxidative stress is the occurrence of
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which results from
damage to the respiratory tract (Cavalcante & Bruin, 2009). In diabetic
rats, increases in superoxide levels were found in the prefrontal cortex,
in the production of reactive species of thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), in
the prefrontal cortex and in mitochondria of cells located in the
amygdala (Ceretta et al., 2012).
2. PROPERTIES OF GUARANA (Paulinia cupana)
The chemical components found in the guarana fruit (Paulinia cupana)
include stimulants derived from methylxanthines (caffeine,
theophylline and theobromine), condensed tannins, which are
composed of interconnected monomer units, the main ones being
catechin and epicatechin (S A Sousa et al., 2010), in addition to
phosphorus, iron, magnesium, potassium, calcium, vitamin A and
vitamin B1. Caffeine, structurally identified as 1,3,7-
trimethylxanthine, is the most consumed psychoactive chemical in the
world, being then classified among the methylxanthine compounds
(Tfouni et al., 2007). It is an alkaloid found in various plants, such as
Vinicius Cavalcanti, Marcelo Marques, Whendel Mesquita do Nascimento, Agnelo Weber
de Oliveira Rocha, Ivan de Jesus Ferreira, Daurimar Pinheiro Leão, Pedro Henrique
Campelo Félix, Cintia Mara Costa de Oliveira- Effects of guarana (Paulinia cupana)
properties on antioxidant activity in the body
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 7 / October 2020
4360
coffee, tea, mate, cola nuts, cocoa and guarana (Adnadjevic et al., 2017),
being a substance widely used in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic
industries, acting as a stimulant for the heart, airways and central
nervous system, being a vasodilator and a diuretic (Jun, 2009). One of
the main uses worldwide is due to caffeine increasing the individual's
alertness, thus improving cognitive capacity and resistance to physical
tiredness (Kuskoski et al., 2005).
Guarana seed has a high percentage (2.5% to 6%) of caffeine
(1,3,7-tri-methylxanthine) and has lower proportions of other purine
alkaloids, such as theobromine (3, 7-dimethylxanthine) and
theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine) (Heckman et al., 2010). They also
contain a high concentration of polyphenols, particularly
proanthocyanidins (Ruchel et al., 2016). There are other substances
present in guarana that have therapeutic properties. The effects of
antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity are due to the high
concentrations of phenolic compounds, such as tannins and the activity
to the presence of saponins (KuskoskI et al., 2005). Among the
therapeutic properties caused by the concentrations of phenolic
compounds, the inhibition of platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo
stands out (Bydlowski et al., 1988).
Sousa et al., (2010b) found that the total tannin content found
by the spectrophotometric method was 4.05% and by the
chromatographic method, catechins and epicatechins were determined,
totaling a percentage of 1.48%. The lower concentration of these
compounds obtained by liquid chromatography (wavelength 280 nm)
reinforces the importance of using specific methods in the analysis of
herbal medicines. Guarana was considered a rich source of highly
bioavailable catechins producing measurable effects on oxidative stress
markers in humans by improving plasma ORAC (Oxygen Radical
Absorbance Capacity), protecting erytrocytes DNA (against H2O2) and
reducing the oxidation of low-fat lipoproteins density (LDL - Low
Density Lipoproteins) (Yonekura et al., 2016).
For Moraes et al. (2004), the pharmacological activities of
tannins are due to characteristics such as complexation with metal
ions, the antioxidant and scavenger activity of free radicals and the
ability to complex with other molecules, such as proteins and
polysaccharides.
Vinicius Cavalcanti, Marcelo Marques, Whendel Mesquita do Nascimento, Agnelo Weber
de Oliveira Rocha, Ivan de Jesus Ferreira, Daurimar Pinheiro Leão, Pedro Henrique
Campelo Félix, Cintia Mara Costa de Oliveira- Effects of guarana (Paulinia cupana)
properties on antioxidant activity in the body
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 7 / October 2020
4361
3. EFFECTS OF GUARANA ON METABOLIC SYNDROME
Yonekura et al. (2016) investigated the acute and cumulative effects of
a 15-day intervention with daily doses of guarana powder, containing
approximately 150 mg of catechins and 20 mg of proanthocyanidins.
The daily intake of guarana had both acute and cumulative effects on
glutathione peroxidase and catalase, which are phase II antioxidant
enzymes that reduce oxides to water molecules The protective effect of
guarana, on the anti-genotoxic / cytotoxic properties in hepatocytes of
mice injected with N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN), was evaluated both
by the comet assay and by the DNA fragmentation technique in two-
month-old female mice BALB. The treatment showed a 52.54%
reduction in the length of the comet image when the animals were
exposed to DEN (p <0.05), showing that guarana has a protective effect
against DNA damage induced by DEN in the liver of mice (Heidge
Fukumasu et al., 2006). Studies carried out in rodents evaluated the
toxicity of a semipurified extract (EPA fraction, containing caffeine and
various flavonoids and proanthocyanidins) from guarana. Acute
toxicity was tested in Swiss male mice, which received different doses
orally (DR) and intraperitoneally (IP); control groups received water.
Hematological and biochemical tests showed few changes, differing
slightly between men and women; histopathological evaluation did not
indicate significant changes. These results indicate that the guarana
EPA fraction did not cause toxicity in rats at the lowest evaluated dose
(30 mg / kg) (Antonelli-Ushirobira et al., 2010). Campos et al. (2003)
sought to evaluate the effects of guarana extract in rats with acute
gastric lesions induced by ethanol and indomethacin and compared to
those produced by caffeine. Animals pretreated with guarana (50 and
100 mg / kg p.o.) showed a significant reduction in the severity of gastric
lesions induced by absolute ethanol in a similar way to caffeine (20 and
30 mg / kg p.o.). Against gastric ulceration induced by indomethacin,
guarana in higher doses offered significant protection.
Results found by Bonadiman et al. (2017) pointed out that the
consumption of guarana can have beneficial effects on the vision of the
elderly through preventive effects caused by oxidative stress. An in vivo
analysis revealed that riverine elderly people with reports of good
quality in vision were those with higher habitual consumption of
Vinicius Cavalcanti, Marcelo Marques, Whendel Mesquita do Nascimento, Agnelo Weber
de Oliveira Rocha, Ivan de Jesus Ferreira, Daurimar Pinheiro Leão, Pedro Henrique
Campelo Félix, Cintia Mara Costa de Oliveira- Effects of guarana (Paulinia cupana)
properties on antioxidant activity in the body
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 7 / October 2020
4362
guarana than other elderly people. Portella et al. (2013) sought to
investigate the potential association between the effect of guarana on
LDL and serum oxidation also in the elderly. The results showed that
guarana (GI) intake resulted in lower maximum production of
conjugated diene. In addition, in vitro tests showed that guarana
increased the lag phase in LDL and serum oxidation in vitro, as well as
prevented the production of Thiobarbituric Acid (TBARS) and
destruction of Tryptophan (Trp) in LDL oxidation.
Ruchel et al. (2016) determined the possible preventive effect of
guarana powder on memory deficiency and acetylcholinesterase
(AChE) activity in the brain structures of rats with Poloxamer-407-
induced hyperlipidemia. The results revealed that the guarana powder
was able to reduce the levels of CT and LDL-C in a similar way to
simvastatin. Guarana powder also partially reduced liver damage
caused by hyperlipidemia and was able to prevent changes in AChE
activity and unforeseen impairment due to hyperlipidemia. In this case,
guarana powder can be a source of promising phytochemicals used as
adjunctive therapy in the management of hyperlipidemia and cognitive
disorders, as the results showed that guarana powder was able to
modulate enzymatic activity when associated with a
hypercholesterolemic state. It was also observed that guarana
decreased total cholesterol and LDL-C at baseline levels. In order to
evaluate the potential inhibitory activity of guarana extracts after in
vitro digestion in carbohydrate metabolism enzymes and to assess the
bioaccessibility of guarana polyphenols. Silva et al. (2017) compare the
guarana samples before and after enzymatic digestion in terms of total
phenolic content and phenolic profile.
The result pointed to the use of guarana as a food source with
anti-hyperglycemic potential. In order to investigate the
polysaccharides present in guarana, Dalonso & Petkowicz (2012),
isolated and characterized a pectic fraction and a xylan. The
antioxidant activity tests were performed with methanolic extract and
the pectic fraction in concentrations of 0.1 to 10 mg / ml. The methanolic
extract exhibited a strong ability to eliminate DPPH radicals (90.9% at
10 mg / ml). At the same concentration, the polysaccharide showed a
DPPH? Elimination activity of 68.4%. At a higher concentration, the
methanolic extract and the polysaccharide exhibited similar effects of
Vinicius Cavalcanti, Marcelo Marques, Whendel Mesquita do Nascimento, Agnelo Weber
de Oliveira Rocha, Ivan de Jesus Ferreira, Daurimar Pinheiro Leão, Pedro Henrique
Campelo Félix, Cintia Mara Costa de Oliveira- Effects of guarana (Paulinia cupana)
properties on antioxidant activity in the body
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 7 / October 2020
4363
eliminating hydroxyl radicals (-70%). The results suggest that the
polysaccharides present in the extract may contribute to the possible
biological effects of powdered guarana. Galduróz & Carlini (1996)
sought to evaluate the effects of prolonged administration of guarana
on the cognition of normal elderly volunteers. Forty-five volunteers
were studied, with a random distribution in three experimental groups:
placebo (n = 15), caffeine (n = 15) and guarana (n = 15), in a double-
blind study. The results found point to flaws such as insufficient
guarana treatment time, although studies with drugs to improve
cognition state that a drug is not efficient when it does not show results
after 5 to 6 months of administration.
Machado et al. (2015) exposed senescent adipocyte-
mesenchymal cells (ASCs) obtained from human liposuction agents in
contact with different concentrations of guarana hydroalcoholic extract
for 72 h. Oxidative stress indicators and antioxidant enzymes
(biochemical activity and gene expression by qRT-PCR analysis) were
also evaluated in these senescent cells. In senescent cells exposed to
guarana at a concentration of 5 mg / g, there was an increase in cell
proliferation compared to untreated senescent cells (79.1 ± 15.7%).
Concomitantly, a decrease was observed in several oxidative
stress indicators in senescent cells treated with guarana. A genomic
effect of guarana exposure was observed when the modulation of
antioxidant enzyme genes was analyzed. The results described in the
study suggest that supplementation of dietary extract may reverse the
initial senescence processes in ASCs. Matsuura et al. (2015) performed
the in vitro evaluation of the effect of guarana on cell surface
hydrophobicity (CSH), biofilm formation and the adhesion of C.
albicans to polystyrene, composite resins and oral epithelial cells
(BEC). The results showed that guarana did not show antifungal
activity or reduced adherence of C. albicans to the surface of
nanoparticle composites. However, it reduced the adhesion of C.
albicans to BEC and polystyrene. These results indicate that guarana
may have a potential use in the prevention of oral diseases. Oliveira et
al. (2013) carried out the evaluation of the application of guaraná
aiming to reduce the number and severity of hot flushes in women after
breast cancer diagnosis. Women who survived breast cancer and who
completed treatment at least 3 months before were evaluated, in
Vinicius Cavalcanti, Marcelo Marques, Whendel Mesquita do Nascimento, Agnelo Weber
de Oliveira Rocha, Ivan de Jesus Ferreira, Daurimar Pinheiro Leão, Pedro Henrique
Campelo Félix, Cintia Mara Costa de Oliveira- Effects of guarana (Paulinia cupana)
properties on antioxidant activity in the body
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 7 / October 2020
4364
addition to having at least 14 episodes of hot flushes per week. The
patients received 50 mg of the dried extract of Guarana orally 2 times
a day for 6 weeks. The results showed that of the 15 patients who
completed the study, 10 obtained a decrease of more than 50% in the
severity rates of hot flushes. The use of guarana cupana was well
tolerated, with no reports of toxicity as the cause of the study. Mara et
al. (2007), evaluated in vitro the antibacterial potential of Paulinia
cupana extracts against Streptococcus mutans in the prevention of
dental plaque. The evaluation of the quality of P. cupana seeds
established the minimum conditions for the drug, demonstrating the
quality and equivalence in the content of characteristic chemical
substances (methylxanthines and tannins). The total tannin content
was 5.47% ± 0.19 (relative standard deviation - RSD% = 3.51) and
methylxanthines 6.19% ± 0.08 (RSD% = 1.29). The results presented in
the research showed that guarana extract can be used to prevent dental
plaque.
L. Pomportes et al. (2015) compared the effects of a creatine-
guaraná supplement (CRE + G) or placebo (Pl) on muscle power and
cognitive performance in highly trained sportsmen. Seventeen high-
level athletes in squash and fencing were analyzed and participated in
two randomized experimental sessions, presented randomly one week
apart, including the use of a nutritional supplement based on creatine
(1000 mg) and guarana (1500 mg) (CRE + G ) or placebo (Pl).
Muscle power was assessed during a 6-sprint test of 6 seconds,
with 25 seconds of recovery performed on an ergocycle. Cognitive
performance was measured before and after the speed test by simple
reaction time, vigilance, ocular motility and decision-making tasks (Go
/ No-Go). Supplementation was presented to the athlete in two shots,
spaced 30 minutes, 60 and 30 minutes before the beginning of the effort.
The results indicate a positive effect of creatine + guarana supplement
on muscle power (fatigue and peak power), as well as on cognitive
performance measured after exercise for surveillance, Go / No-Go and
eye motility tasks (Laura Pomportes et al., 2017).
Bittencourt et al. (2013) evaluated the antioxidant effects of
hydroalcoholic extract of guarana (Paulinia cupana var. Sorbilis Mart.)
on nitric oxide (NO) and other compounds generated by the degradation
of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in a culture of embryonic fibroblasts
Vinicius Cavalcanti, Marcelo Marques, Whendel Mesquita do Nascimento, Agnelo Weber
de Oliveira Rocha, Ivan de Jesus Ferreira, Daurimar Pinheiro Leão, Pedro Henrique
Campelo Félix, Cintia Mara Costa de Oliveira- Effects of guarana (Paulinia cupana)
properties on antioxidant activity in the body
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. VIII, Issue 7 / October 2020
4365
(NIH-3T3 cells) . The bioactive compounds of guarana were: caffeine =
12,240 mg / g, theobromine = 6,733 mg / g and total catechins = 4,336
mg / g. The cells were exposed to 10 lM SNP over a 6 h period because
the cells exhibited> 90% mortality in that concentration. These results
demonstrate that guarana has an antioxidant effect on nitric oxide
metabolism in situations with higher levels of cellular nitric oxide.
4. CONCLUSION
Considering the results presented, it is evident that the components
present in guarana have stimulating and antioxidant properties that
minimize damage to the body caused by oxidative stress in the body.
Studies have shown positive effects of guarana as a food source
with anti-hyperglycemic potential, provided partial reduction of liver
damage caused by hyperlipidemia, protection against gastric ulceration
induced by indomethacin, beneficial results in the eyes of the elderly
through preventive effects caused by stress oxidative, decreased
cholesterol levels to baseline levels, as well as showing good results in
preventing oral diseases and dental plaque.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The State University of Amazonas, the Federal University of Amazonas and
the Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology of Rede Bionorte.
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