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Cross-company data exchange with Asset Administration Shells and Distributed Ledger Technology
Abstract
To overcome boundaries in the cross-company data exchange, a new solution to use Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) for the transfer of data between asset supplier and the Asset Administration Shell (AAS) in a remote repository is proposed in this paper. A short introduction to the AAS and an analysis of DLT in industrial context is given and showing useful properties for industrial usage as well as challenges to solve. The status of the exchange of AASs and possibilities to use DLT in supply chain tracking are described. The new solution combines both concepts by sending data through the distributed ledger from the supplier to the AAS. This is also shown in a proof-of-concept implementation of the solution using IOTA as a DLT and BaSyx as a framework for the AAS. The evaluation and discussion shows challenges and advantages from using the presented approach.
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An increasingly connected production in the sense of Industry 4.0 allows completely new possibilities in regard to improved and more efficient production and higher product quality. But a key factor to Industry 4.0 is a consistent data flow along the production chain. However, the exchange of data, especially between companies, still is a major obstacle to overcome in order to achieve the aforementioned advantages. Currently, there are increasing efforts to record and analyse data. But there is a lack of a holistic system to handle data, therefore commonly company databases or other inefficient methods are used. These solutions are limited with regard to data exchange since the ownership of data cannot be proven, production data has no unforgeable timestamp, which in turn hinders the generation of complete production history from the final product (e.g., car door) back to the semi-finished product (e.g., steel sheet). As a result, there is insufficient to no data exchange along the production chain. In order to solve these problems blockchain is a promising approach. At the Institute of Manufacturing Technology, an operational blockchain system was developed and implemented using standard production machines. With the combination of a quarto rolling mill and a 400t - press, representing the sheet metal supplier and a forming company, respectively, the typical process chain of sheet metal processing is represented, which allows the detailed investigation of the established blockchain in this field of application. Within this contribution, the conceptual approach of a blockchain system for forming technology will be presented. The nature and the classification of occurring data throughout the production chain will be addressed.
Industry 4.0 is a concept devised for improving the way modern factories operate through the use of some of the latest technologies, like the ones used for creating Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), robotics or Big Data applications. One of such technologies is blockchain, which is able to add trust, security and decentralization to different industrial fields. This article focuses on analyzing the benefits and challenges that arise when using blockchain and smart contracts to develop Industry 4.0 applications. In addition, this paper presents a thorough review on the most relevant blockchain-based applications for Industry 4.0 technologies. Thus, its aim is to provide a detailed guide for future Industry 4.0 developers that allows for determining how blockchain can enhance the next generation of cybersecure industrial applications.
Blockchain technologies have recently come to the forefront of the research and industrial communities as they bring potential benefits for many industries. This is due to their practical capabilities in solving many issues currently inhibiting further advances in various industrial domains. Securely recording and sharing transactional data, establishing automated and efficient supply chain processes, and enhancing transparency across the whole value chain are some examples of these issues. Blockchain offers an effective way to tackle these issues using distributed, shared, secure, and permissioned transactional ledgers. The employment of blockchain technologies and the possibility of applying them in different situations enables many industrial applications through increased efficiency and security; enhanced traceability and transparency and reduced costs. In this paper, different industrial application domains where the use of blockchain technologies has been proposed are reviewed. The paper explores the opportunities, benefits, and challenges of incorporating blockchain in different industry applications. Furthermore, the paper attempts to identify the requirements that support the implementation of blockchain for different industry applications. The review reveals that several opportunities are available for utilizing blockchain in various industry sectors; however, there are still some challenges to be addressed to achieve better utilization of this technology.
In the last century the automotive industry has arguably transformed society, being one of the most complex, sophisticated and technologically advanced industries, with innovations ranging from hybrid, electric and self-driving smart cars to the development of IoT-connected cars. Due to its complexity, it requires the involvement of many Industry 4.0 technologies, like robotics, advanced manufacturing systems, cyber-physical systems or augmented reality. One of the latest technologies that can benefit the automotive industry is blockchain, which can enhance its data security, privacy, anonymity, traceability, accountability, integrity, robustness, transparency, trustworthiness and authentication, as well as provide long-term sustainability and a higher operational efficiency to the whole industry. This review analyzes the great potential of applying blockchain technologies to the automotive industry emphasizing its cybersecurity features. Thus, the applicability of blockchain is evaluated after examining the state-of-the-art and devising the main stakeholders’ current challenges. Furthermore, the article describes the most relevant use cases, since the broad adoption of blockchain unlocks a wide area of short- and medium-term promising automotive applications that can create new business models and even disrupt the car-sharing economy as we know it. Finally, after a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis, some recommendations are enumerated with the aim of guiding researchers and companies in future cyberresilient automotive industry developments.
The aim of this document is to make selected specifications of the structure of the Administration Shell in such a way that information about assets and I4.0 components can be exchanged in a meaningful way between partners in a value creation network.
This part of this document therefore focuses on the question of how such information needs to be processed and structured. In order to make these specifications, the document formally stipulates a few structural principles of the Administration Shell. This part does not describe technical interfaces of the Administration Shell or other systems to exchange information, protocols or interaction patterns.
Zusammenfassung
Neue Entwicklungen in der Fertigung durch Industrie 4.0 gehen mit vielfältigen sicherheitstechnischen Herausforderungen einher. Einen möglichen Lösungsansatz zu deren Behebung stellt die Verwendung der Blockchain-Technologie dar. Gegenstand dieses Beitrages ist somit die Charakterisierung sicherheitstechnischer Herausforderungen in der Industrie 4.0 sowie nachfolgend die Darstellung Blockchain-basierter Lösungsansätze. Letztere werden beispielhaft anhand des Projektes „Secure Additive Manufacturing Platform“ (SAMPL) beschrieben, dessen Ziel es ist, die vollständige Wertschöpfungskette additiv gefertigter Bauteile in der Luftfahrtindustrie abzusichern. Die Eignung der Blockchain-Technologie für diesen Anwendungsfall konnte hierbei anhand einer prototypischen Implementierung nachgewiesen werden.
The blockchain technology as a foundation for distributed ledgers offers an innovative platform for a new decentralized and transparent transaction mechanism in industries and businesses. The inherited characteristics of this technology enhance trust through transparency and traceability within any transaction of data, goods, and financial resources. Despite initial doubts about this technology, recently governments and large corporations have investigated to adopt and improve this technology in various domains of applications, from finance, social and legal industries to design, manufacturing and supply chain networks. In this article, the authors review the current status of this technology and some of its applications. The potential benefit of such technology in manufacturing supply chain is then discussed in this article and a vision for the future blockchain ready manufacturing supply chain is proposed. Manufacturing of cardboard boxes are used as an example to demonstrate how such technology can be used in a global supply chain network. Finally, the requirements and challenges to adopt this technology in the future manufacturing systems are discussed.
Full text available at http://esatjournals.net/ijret/2016v05/i09/IJRET20160509001.pdf
Die Möglichkeiten und Herausforderungen des industriellen Internets der Dinge werden seit Jahren am Werkzeugmaschinenlabor WZL der RWTH Aachen unter dem Thema Internet of Production (IoP) untersucht. Das IoP ist auf interdisziplinäre Optimierungsansätze und die gesamte Wertschöpfungskette, insbesondere in den Bereichen Datenerfassung, Datenmodellierung und Datenverwertung fokussiert. Dieser Buchbeitrag erläutert, ob und wie die Vision des IoP auf eine autonome Fertigungsökonomie ausgeweitet werden kann, in welcher Daten wie ein wirtschaftliches Gut gehandelt werden können. Hierfür werden Distributed-Ledger-Technologien untersucht. Anschließend werden potenzielle IoP-Anwendungsfälle für Fertigungstechnologien skizziert.
Thanks to its decentralized structure and immutability, blockchain technology has the potential to address relevant security and privacy challenges in the Internet of Things (IoT). In particular, by hosting and executing smart contracts, blockchain allows secure, flexible, and traceable message communication between IoT devices. The unique characteristics of IoT systems, such as heterogeneity and pervasiveness, however, pose challenges in designing smart contracts for such systems. In this paper, we study these challenges and propose a design approach for smart contracts used in IoT systems. The main goal of our design model is to enhance the development of IoT smart contracts based on the inherent pervasive attributes of IoT systems. In particular, the design model allows the smart contracts to encapsulate functionalities such as contractlevel communication between IoT devices, access to data-sources within contracts, and interoperability of heterogeneous IoT smart contracts. The essence of our approach is structuring the design of IoT smart contracts as self-contained software services, inspired by the microservice architecture model. The flexibility, scalability and modularity of this model make it an efficient approach for developing pervasive IoT smart contracts.
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