1

Online resource 1

A global review of green turtle diet: sea surface temperature as a potential driver of

omnivory levels

Nicole Esteban1*, Jeanne A. Mortimer2,3, Holly J. Stokes1, Jacques-Olivier Laloë4, Richard K.F.

Unsworth1, Graeme C. Hays4

1 Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK

2 Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA

3 P.O. Box 1443, Victoria, Mahé, Republic of Seychelles

4 Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3280, Australia

Correspondence: n.esteban@swansea.ac.uk

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-020-03786-8

CONTENTS

Tables S1-S2

Figures S1-S5

Table S1. Reported diet composition of green turtles around the globe by Sub-region,

location, habitat type and methods used. Sub-regions are based on the RMU map (Fig. 2D,

Wallace et al. 2010). Sub-region abbreviations refer to the following (moving from west to

east): Pacific, North Central (Pacific NC); Pacific, East (Pacific E); Atlantic, Northwest (Atlantic

NW); Atlantic, Southwest (Atlantic SW) Atlantic, East (Atlantic E); Mediterranean; Indian,

Northwest (Indian NW); Indian, Southwest (Indian SW); Indian Northeast (Indian NE); Indian,

Southeast (Indian SE); Pacific, Southwest (Pacific SW); Pacific, Northwest (Pacific NW); Pacific

South Central (Pacific SC). Sample methods include Gut Content Analysis (GCA), Oesophageal

Lavage (OEL), Mouth Contents (MC), Stable Isotope Analysis (SIA), Faecal Examination (FE)

and Video). Food items are categorised and shown as percentage of diet taxa consumed. The

category ‘Other’ is not always defined in studies and, where defined, includes substrate (shell,

stone), cyanobacteria, very digested material, unidentifiable material and natural debris (e.g.,

bird feathers, wood fragments, roots). The analytical method conducted to determine

percent contribution of food items includes: % Dry weight (%DW), % Wet weight (%WW), %

Volume (%V), stable isotope analysis for carbon (C) nitrogen (N) sulphur (S), unquantified

observation (obs), and number of bites (# bites or # events), % Index of Relative Importance

(%IRI). Habitat type is represented by (S=sand, HS=hard sand, Mu=mud, E=estuary,

SG=seagrass, A=algae, Soft=soft bottom, Hard=hard bottom, M=mangrove, RR=rocky reef,

CR=coral reefs, Af=artificial, NR=not recorded). Reference numbers relate to study sites

shown in Fig. 1.

Online resource: Global review of green turtle diet Esteban et al. 2020. Marine Biology

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Sub-region Location Habitat Type Method Analysis Year(s) Sample

Size

Size Class +

Carapace Length

(cm)

mean; range

%

Seagrass

%

Macroalgae

%

Terrestrial

plants

(e.g.,

mangrove)

%

Animal

matter

%

Anthropo-

genic

debris

%

Other Reference Ref

no.

Pacific NC USA, Hawaii, 6 main

islands A, CR OEL %V 2003 155 range=35-75 0 100 0 <0.1 0 0 Arthur & Balazs 2008 1a

Pacific NC USA, Hawaii, O’ahu,

Kāne’ohe Bay SG, A OEL %V 2003 26 range=35-75 10 90 0 <0.1 0 0 Arthur & Balazs 2008 1b

Pacific NC USA, Hawaii, Oahu,

Kawela Bay CR, S, RR OEL %V 1985 12 x=53.1;

range=40.8-67.7 0 100 0 0 0 * Balazs et al. 1987 2a

Pacific NC USA, Hawaii,

Molokai, Palaau CR, RR, Mu, M OEL %V 1985 21 x=50.4;

range=38.8-71.3 6.7 93.5 0 * 0 * Balazs et al. 1987 2b

Pacific NC USA, Hawaii, Lanai

& Maunalua CR, S OEL %V 1985 7 x=51; range=38.9-

72.5 0 92.4 0 7.1 0 0 Balazs et al. 1987 2c

Pacific NC USA, Hawaii, Maui,

Kahului Bay Af OEL %V 1985 7 x=76.8;

range=44.8-90.2 0 100 0 * * * Balazs et al. 1987 2d

Pacific E

USA, California, San

Diego Bay

SG

SIA

(skin)

C, N 2003-2008 86

x=89.9; range=49-

115; n=74

~30 ~15 NI ~55 NI NI Lemons et al. 2011 3

Pacific E

México, Baja

California, Bahia de

los Angeles

NR GCA %V 1995-1999 7 x=72cm 0 80 0 20 0 * Seminoff et al. 2002 4a

Pacific E

Mexico, Baja

California, Bahia de

los Angeles

NR OEL %V 1995-1999 101 x=75.8;

range=50.4-96.6 0 97 0 3 0 0 Seminoff et al. 2002 4b

Pacific E

Mexico, Baja

California, Bahía de

los Angeles

NR Video # of events 1997-2002 34 x=79.6; range=

64.1-96.7 0 43 0 32 0 25 Seminoff et al. 2006 5

Pacific E

Mexico, Baja

California, Laguna

Ojo de Liebre

A, SG OEL %V 2008-2009 21 range=40-79.9 10.3 21.5 0 68.8 0 0 Rodríguez Barón 2010 6a

Pacific E

Mexico, Baja

California, Punta

Abreojos

A, SG, M OEL %V 2008-2009 15 range=40-79.9 35.6 44.6 0 0 0 12.8 Rodríguez Barón 2010 6b

Pacific E

Mexico, Baja

California, Bahia

Magdalena lagoon

A, SG, M OEL %V 2008-2009 23 range=40-59.9 5.2 90.6 1.9 0.6 0 0.1 Rodríguez Barón 2010 6c

Pacific E

México, Baja

California, San

Ignacio lagoon

NR OEL %V 2011-2016 55 x=68.3;

range=47.0-79.0 0 91.3 0 4.7 0 3.8 Vejar Rubio 2016 7

Pacific E

Mexico, Baja

California, Estero

Banderitas

M, A OEL %V 2002 15 x=59.9;

range=48.0-75.6 0 98.5 <1 <1 0 0 López-Mendilaharsu et

al. 2008 8

Online resource: Global review of green turtle diet Esteban et al. 2020. Marine Biology

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Sub-region Location Habitat Type Method Analysis Year(s) Sample

Size

Size Class +

Carapace Length

(cm)

mean; range

%

Seagrass

%

Macroalgae

%

Terrestrial

plants

(e.g.,

mangrove)

%

Animal

matter

%

Anthropo-

genic

debris

%

Other Reference Ref

no.

Pacific E

Mexico, Baja

California, Bahia

Magdalena lagoon

E, M, SG, Soft,

RR, A GCA %V 2000-2002 12

x=55.5;

range=47.7-76.9;

n=11

10.1 74.7 3.2 9.9 0 2.1 López-Mendilaharsu et

al. 2005 9a

Pacific E

Mexico, Baja

California, Bahia

Magdalena coastal

RR, SG, A GCA %V 2000-2002 12 x=67.7; range=49-

87; n=11 63.4 36.1 0 0 0 0 López-Mendilaharsu et

al. 2005 9b

Pacific E Colombia, Cauca,

Gorgona Park E, CR, Soft, S OEL %DW 2003-2004 84

x=58.4;

range=37.0-72.9;

n=86

0 3.7 14.6 72.6 0 9.1 Amorocho & Reina

2007 10

Pacific E Colombia, Cauca,

Gorgona Park CR, A, M, S OEL %V 2012 Black: 30

Yellow: 47

Black: x=63.9;

range=52.3-73.2

Yellow: x=54.3;

range=40.9-68.9

0 12.6 37.8 20.3 13.1 0 Sampson et al. 2018 11

Pacific E Ecuador, Galapagos RR, A, M OEL %V 2006-2007 65 range=46-95 0 82.3 5.0 8.8 0 3.9

Carrión-Cortez et al.

2010

12

Pacific E Peru, Sechura Bay A, SG GCA %WW 2013-2014 27

x=53.7;

range=40.5–67.0

0 23 0 69 8 0.1 Jiménez et al. 2017 13

Pacific E

Peru, San Andrés

NR

GCA

NR

1999-2000

13

range=51-85

3.6

44.6

0

37.3

14.5

0

de Paz et al. 2004

14

Pacific E Peru, San Andrés NR GCA %WW 1987 192

x=67.5; range=45-

100; n=998

0 13.5 0 72.2 10.9 3.4 Quiñones et al. 2010 15

Pacific E

Peru, Bahia Paracas,

La Aguada

S, Mu, A OEL %WW 2011 22

x=59.7;

range=46.3-76.5

0 17.6 0 82.4 * 0 Paredes 2015 16

Atlantic NW

Bermuda, Bermuda

Platform

CR, SG, M

SIA

(skin)

C, N 2012-2013 157

x=38.4;

range=25.1-68.9

55 22 NI 24 NI NI Burgett et al. 2018 17

Atlantic NW

Florida, Mosquito

Lagoon

SG OEL %WW 1978 6 unk 88.6 7.6 0 0 0 3.4 Mendonca 1983 18

Atlantic NW

USA, Florida,

Trident Submarine

Basin

Af, A OEL %V 2008-2010 94 x=29.4;

range=24.3-44.5 2.8 71.8 0 11.7 0.7 13.4 Holloway-Adkins &

Hanisak 2017 19a

Atlantic NW

USA, Florida,

Trident Submarine

Basin

Af, A OEL %V 1999-2002 108 unk 10.2 87.1 0 0.6 0 6.8 Holloway-Adkins &

Hanisak 2017 19b

Atlantic NW

USA, Florida,

Trident Submarine

Basin

Af, A OEL %V 1993-1996 69 x=31.7; range=

20.0-52.0 6.5 82.1 0 2.8 2 6.5 Holloway-Adkins &

Hanisak 2017 19c

Atlantic NW

USA, Florida, Indian

River County

RR, A OEL %V 2003 40

x=39.5; range=27-

56

0.1 96.1 0 1.3 0 2.4 Gilbert 2005 20

Atlantic NW

USA, Florida, Palm

Beach County, Lake

Worth Lagoon

E, SG OEL %V 2005-2013 31

x=40.4;

range=24.6-62.3;

n=100

94 2 0 0 0 4 Gorham et al. 2016 21

Atlantic NW USA, Texas, middle

coast E, SG GCA %V 2007-2010 63

x=31.5;

range=17.6-65.4

35.6 58.4 0.1 2.8 3.1 0 Howell et al. 2016 22a

Online resource: Global review of green turtle diet Esteban et al. 2020. Marine Biology

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Sub-region Location Habitat Type Method Analysis Year(s) Sample

Size

Size Class +

Carapace Length

(cm)

mean; range

%

Seagrass

%

Macroalgae

%

Terrestrial

plants

(e.g.,

mangrove)

%

Animal

matter

%

Anthropo-

genic

debris

%

Other Reference Ref

no.

Atlantic NW

USA, Texas, lower

coast

SG, E GCA %V 2007-2010 51

x=37.9;

range=15.5-69.6

77.1 20.9 0.1 1.7 0.2 0 Howell et al. 2016 22b

Atlantic NW USA, Texas, South

Padre Islands SG, Mu, A, HS OEL %DW 1991-1993

76 samples

from 47

individuals

x=38.9; range=20-

60 34.2 61.3 0 * 0.2 4.27 Coyne 1994 23

Atlantic NW

Bahamas, Eleuthera,

Starved Creek

A, SG OEL %DW 2015 8

x=43.5;

range=34.2-59.2

~94 * 0 * 0 * Gary 2017 24

Atlantic NW

USA, Key West

National Wildlife

Refuge & adjacent

waters

SG, Hard, S, Mu,

CR OEL %V 2003-2012 62 x=49.4;

range=31.6-100 80.7 11.1 0 5.5 0 1.9 Herren et al. 2018 25

Atlantic NW

Florida, Dry

Tortugas National

Park

SG SIA (flipper) C, N 2008-2015 61 x=35.7;

range=22.3-51.5 45 31 NI 24 NI NI Roche 2016 26a

Atlantic NW

Florida, Dry

Tortugas National

Park

SG SIA (flipper) C, N 2008-2015 98 x=93.7;

range=65.3-111.7 86 1 NI 13 NI NI Roche 2016 26b

Atlantic NW

Turks & Caicos

Islands

SG, CR GCA %WW 2008-2010 92

x=52.8; range=

28.8-88.8; n=91

91.0 1.0 0 7.0 * 0 Stringell et al. 2016 27

Atlantic NW

US Virgin Islands,

Teague Bay

SG, A, S, CR FE obs 1981 1 >36 99 * 0 * 0 0 Ogden et al. 1983 28

Atlantic NW

Nicaragua,

Caribbean (N),

Miskito & Little

Sandy Bay Cays

SG, CR GCA %DW 1975- 1976 174 Subadult – Adult 94.2 3.1 0 1.1 0 1.5 Mortimer 1981 29a

Atlantic NW

Nicaragua,

Caribbean (S),

Mudset & Set Net

Cays

Soft, Mu, GCA %DW 1975-1976 64 Subadult – Adult 72.6 20.1 0 1.7 0 5.6 Mortimer 1981 29b

Atlantic NW

Colombia, La

Guajira peninsula,

Puerto Santa Cruz

A, SG GCA %V 2016 5 x=43; range=27-

87 25 71.8 0 3.2 0 0 Vasquez Carrillo 2017 30

Atlantic SW

Brazil, Pernambuco,

Fernando de

Noronha, PE

CR OEL %WW 2010-2013 19 x=50.5 7.2 86.6 0 <0.1 0 0 Santos et al. 2015 31a

Atlantic SW

Brazil, Bahia,

Abrolhos

CR OEL %WW 2010-2013 24 x=52.3 53.2 44 0 0.4 0 0 Santos et al. 2015 31b

Atlantic SW

Brazil, Rio de

Janeiro State,

(Búzios, Cabo Frio &

Arraial do Cabo)

A

SIA

(muscular

tissue)

C, N 2009-2010 45 x=34.9;

range=27.3-48 NI ~95 NI ~5 NI NI di Beneditto et al. 2017 32

Atlantic SW

Brazil, State of Sao

Paulo, Ubatuba

RR, A GCA %DW 1979-1980 4 range=33.1-45.2 0 100 0 0 0 0 Sazima & Sazima 1983 33

Online resource: Global review of green turtle diet Esteban et al. 2020. Marine Biology

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Sub-region Location Habitat Type Method Analysis Year(s) Sample

Size

Size Class +

Carapace Length

(cm)

mean; range

%

Seagrass

%

Macroalgae

%

Terrestrial

plants

(e.g.,

mangrove)

%

Animal

matter

%

Anthropo-

genic

debris

%

Other Reference Ref

no.

Atlantic SW

Brazil, São Paulo,

Baía de Santos

NR GCA %IRI 2004-2006 8 Unk 34.8 2.1 21.6 31.2 7.4 3.1 Carvalho et al. 2008 34

Atlantic SW

Brazil, São Paulo,

Cananéia Estuarine -

Lagoon,

E OEL %V 2009

53 samples

from 50

individuals

x=36.9;

range=31-50 2.4 20.1 35.1 7.8 0 34.4 Nagaoka et al. 2012 35

Atlantic SW

Brazil, Arvoredo

Marine Reserve

RR, A OEL %DW 2005-2008 30 >30.5 0 88.4 0 11.6 0 0 Reisser et al. 2013 36

Atlantic SW

Uruguay, Cerro

Verde

RR, S OEL %V 2005 23

x=41;

range=32.6-58.4

0 95 0 2.2 0 0 Darré Castell et al. 2005 37

Atlantic SW Argentina,

Samborombón Bay E GCA %WW 2008-2011 62

x=38.5;

range=31.3 –

52.2; n=54

0 4.5 9.6 59 0 26.9 González Carman et al.

2014 38

Atlantic E

Africa, Gulf of

Guinea, São Tomé

Island, Ilhéu das

Cabras, Foraging

Ground North

SG, A SIA

(skin) C, N 2015 5 x=73.8;

range=64.0-83.0 ~25 ~55 NI ~20 NI NI Hancock et al. 2018 39a

Atlantic E

Africa, Gulf of

Guinea, São Tomé

Island, Foraging

Ground South

RR, A SIA

(skin) C, N 2015 8 x=73.0;

range=53.0-87.0 0 ~70 NI ~30 NI NI Hancock et al. 2018 39b

Mediterranean

Croatia

NR

GCA

%WW

2001

1

40

8.9

2.2

0

69.8

0

19.1

Lazar et al. 2010

40

Mediterranean

Greece, Lakonikos

Bay

SG GCA obs 2000-2001 2 range=30.5-34.5 ~100 0 0 0 0 0

Margaritoulis &

Teneketzis 2003

41

Mediterranean

Turkey, Samandağ

Beach

NR GCA %WW 2010 1 (F) 72.0 25.1 70.2 0 0.2 0.3 4.2 Özdilek et al. 2015 42

Mediterranean

Tunisia, Gulf of

Gabes

S, Mu GCA %WW 2006 1 45.0 10.5 0 0 89.5 0 0 Karaa et al. 2012 43a

Mediterranean

Tunisia, Gulf of

Gabes

S, Mu GCA %WW 2006-2011 6

x=90.4;

range=65.5-110

85.6 0.1 0 0 1.9 12.4 Karaa et al. 2012 43b

Indian NW

United Arab

Emirates, Ras al

Khaimah

SG, A, S, Mu GCA %DW 1997 5 >89 99.0 <1 0 <1 0 <1 Hasbún et al. 2000 44

Indian NW

Oman, Masirah

Channel

HS GCA obs 1977-1979 9 Adults 72 28 0 0 0 0 Ross 1985 45

Indian NW

Yemen P.D., Khor

Umaira

SG GCA obs 1972 5 Adults (F) 100 0 0 0 0 0 Hirth et al. 1973 46

Indian NW

India, Gulf of

Mannar and Palk

Bay

CR GCA %W 1971-1976 10 x=50.2;

range=40.4-64.5 62 28.9 0 9.3 0 0 Agastheesapillai &

Thiagarajan 1979 47

Indian SW

Seychelles,

Cosmoledo &

Farquhar Atolls

SG, CR GCA %DW 1982-1983 28

(26M, 2F)

x=102.3;

range=93-111 95 2 0 2 * * Stokes et al. 2019 48

Online resource: Global review of green turtle diet Esteban et al. 2020. Marine Biology

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Sub-region Location Habitat Type Method Analysis Year(s) Sample

Size

Size Class +

Carapace Length

(cm)

mean; range

%

Seagrass

%

Macroalgae

%

Terrestrial

plants

(e.g.,

mangrove)

%

Animal

matter

%

Anthropo-

genic

debris

%

Other Reference Ref

no.

Males &

Non-

breeding

females

Indian NE Australia, Cocos-

(Keeling) Islands SG OEL %DW 1999-2012 10

x=64.7;

range=33.5-115.6;

n=984

65.1 27.8 0 6.1 0 0 Whiting et al. 2014 49

Indian SE Australia, WA, Shark

Bay, Eastern Gulf SG, S OEL %WW 2006 3 >40 15.7 84.3 0 0 0 0 Burkholder et al. 2011 50a

Indian SE Australia, WA, Shark

Bay, Eastern Gulf SG, S SIA

(skin) C, N 2006-2009 65 range=40-120 0 ~80 NI ~20 NI NI Burkholder et al. 2011 50b

Indian SE Australia, WA, Shark

Bay, Eastern Gulf SG, S Video # bites 1999-2003

17

(12 usable

videos)

unk 3 54 0 43 0 0 Burkholder et al. 2011 50c

Indian SE Australia, WA, Shark

Bay, Eastern Gulf SG, S Video # bites 2011-2013

99

deploymen

ts on 98

individuals

x=96.4; range=

72.5-115.0 30 29.4 0 40.4 0 0.2 Thomson et al. 2018 51

Indian SE Australia, Ashmore

reef CR, SG, S OEL %DW NR 38

x=50.2;

range=36.6-87.9;

n=51

89 11 0 0 0 * Whiting et al. 2007 52

Pacific SW Australia, NT, Gulf

of Carpentaria NR GCA obs 1984 2 range=100.5-

114.5 100 0 0 0 0 0 Limpus & Reed 1985 53

Pacific SW Australia, Qld.,

Torres Strait CR GCA %DW 1979 44 range=

37-127 9.1 89.2 0 0.9 0 0.8 Garnett et al. 1985 54

Pacific SW

Australia, Torres

Strait, Orman Reefs CR, SG GCA %V 1997-1998 26 Adults 55.3 44.5 0 0.1 0 0.1 Andre et al. 2005 55

Pacific SW Australia, Qld.,

Green Island CR, SM, SG, A OEL %V 2004

85 samples

from 76

individuals

x=49.1; range=

38.9-64.8; n=108 83.8 15.6 0 0.65 0 0 Fuentes et al. 2006 56

Pacific SW Australia, Qld.,

Repulse Bay SG OEL %DW 1992-1993 12 range= 99.4-111;

n=5 97 1.1 0.6 0.9 0 0.4 Whiting & Miller 1998 57

Pacific SW Australia, Qld.,

Shoalwater Bay SG, M, CR MC obs 1989 20 range=40-120 ~50 ~10 ~40 0 0 0 Limpus & Limpus 2000 58

Pacific SW Australia, Qld,

Shoalwater Bay SG, M, RR OEL %V 2002-2004 146 range= 39.9-115.6 85.5 9.4 1.4 1.7 0 1.5 Arthur et al. 2009 59a

Pacific SW Australia, Qld.,

Shoalwater Bay SG, M, RR SIA C, N 2001 1 107.0 97.5 1.4 0.6 NI NI NI Arthur et al. 2009 59b

Pacific SW Australia, Qld., Port

Curtis - Wiggins E, A, M OEL %WW 2013 12 x=48.2;

range=42.7-60.0 9.2 87.6 0.4 2.4 0 0.4 Prior et al. 2016 60a

Online resource: Global review of green turtle diet Esteban et al. 2020. Marine Biology

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Sub-region Location Habitat Type Method Analysis Year(s) Sample

Size

Size Class +

Carapace Length

(cm)

mean; range

%

Seagrass

%

Macroalgae

%

Terrestrial

plants

(e.g.,

mangrove)

%

Animal

matter

%

Anthropo-

genic

debris

%

Other Reference Ref

no.

Pacific SW

Australia, Qld., Port

Curtis- Pelican

Banks

SG OEL %WW 2013 47 x=87.2;

range=42.1-114.3 99.5 * 0 0.3 0 0.1 Prior et al. 2016 60b

Pacific SW Australia, Qld.,

Heron Reef A OEL %V 1988-1990 408 x=78.5;

range=39.5-115.5 0.1 98 0 1.7 0 0.2 Forbes 1996 61

Pacific SW Australia, Qld.,

Moreton Bay E, SG, M, Soft, A OEL %V 1991 240 Juvenile to

subadult ~38 ~45 ~2 ~2 0 ~13 Read & Limpus 2002 62

Pacific SW

Australia, Qld.,

Moreton Bay,

Flathead Gutter

SG, S, A OEL %V 1995 20 >40.7 45.7 47.3 0 6.8 0 0.2 Brand-Gardner et al.

1999 63

Pacific NW

Japan, Sanriku

Coast, Ofunato and

Miyako

NR FE %WW 2012-2015 25 x=49.1; range=

38.0-90.9 14.5 31 0 9.6 38.5 6.5 Fukuoka et al. 2016 64a

Pacific NW

Japan, Sanriku

Coast, Ofunato and

Miyako

NR Video # of events 2007-2015 6 x=55.2; range=

44.5-81.0 0 74 0 4 10 12 Fukuoka et al. 2016 64b

Pacific NW

Japan, Main Islands,

Shikoku A

SIA

(scute) C, N 2010-2011 32

x=57.2; range=

37.6-91.3 NI ~61 NI ~39 NI NI Shimada et al. 2014 65a

Pacific NW Japan, Nansei

Islands, Yaeyama SG, A SIA

(scute) C, N 2010-2011 42 x=54.9 range=

42.5-83.0 ~38 ~44 NI ~18 NI NI Shimada et al. 2014 65b

Pacific SC Fiji, Yadua Island &

Makogai Island SG, A, CR, S SIA

(skin) C, N 2015-2016 77

range=43.5-89.0

Yadua Island:

x=56.0

Makogai

Island:x=59.3

13 17 NI 70 NI NI Piovano et al. 2020 66

Pacific SC Tokelau, Fakaofo NR GCA obs 1981 1 Unk 0 100 0 0 0 0 Balazs 1983 67

+Straight and curved carapace lengths not differentiated

*Presence of diet item

1

‡Video studies were calculated by number of feeding events consuming diet item by total number of feeding events 2

NI SIA studies where diet items are not included in the putative prey / habitat samples collected for mixing model analyses 3

Online resource: Global review of green turtle diet Esteban et al. 2020. Marine Biology

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References to Table S1

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10.3354/esr003043

Andre J, Gyuris E, Lawler IR (2005) Comparison of the diets of sympatric dugongs and green

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Arthur KE, Balazs GH (2008) A comparison of immature green turtle (Chelonia mydas) diets

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Table S2. Reported diet composition of green turtles excluded from the review due to the

following reasons: Anthropogenic debris ingestion (Anthropogenic debris ingestion analysis

only), Diet % not specified, Captive / fed diet, Sampling at nesting sites, Size, Stranded dead /

diseased, Location not specified (Foraging location not specified). Set out by 12 sub-regions,

location, habitat type and methods used. Sub-regions are based on the RMU map (Fig. 2D,

Wallace et al. 2010). Sub-region abbreviations refer to the following (moving from west to

east): Pacific, North Central (Pacific NC); Pacific, East (Pacific E); Atlantic, Northwest

(Atlantic NW); Atlantic, Southwest (Atlantic SW) Atlantic, East (Atlantic E); Mediterranean;

Indian, Northwest (Indian NW); Indian, Southwest (Indian SW); Indian Northeast (Indian NE);

Indian, Southeast (Indian SE); Pacific, Southwest (Pacific SW); Pacific, Northwest (Pacific

NW). Sample methods include Gut Content Analysis (GCA), Oesophageal Lavage (OEL),

Mouth Contents (MC), Stable Isotope Analysis (SIA), Faecal Examination (FE) Observation

and Video). The analytical method conducted to determine percent contribution of food items

includes: % Dry weight (%DW), % Wet weight (%WW), % Volume (%V), % Index of

Relative Importance (%IRI) % Frequency of Occurrence (%FO), stable isotope analysis for

carbon (C) nitrogen (N) sulphur (S), unquantified observation (obs), number of bites (# bites),

Number (Nu), Dry mass (%DM), % Abundance (%A), Nutrient Analysis (NA). Habitat type

is represented by (S=sand, HS=hard sand, Mu=mud, E=estuary, SG=seagrass, A=algae,

Soft=soft bottom, Hard=hard bottom, M=mangrove, RR=rocky reef, CR=coral reefs,

Af=artificial, Sar=Sargassum, NR=not recorded).

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Sub-region Location Habitat

Type Method Analysis Year(s) Sample Size

Reason for exclusion

Size Class +

Carapace Length (cm)

mean; range

Reference Additional Reasons

for exclusion

Study in multiple regions

Northern Cyprus

USA, North Carolina

Australia, Qld.

NR GCA Nu; %W

2011-2016

2016-2017

1993-2017

34

10

7

Anthropogenic debris

ingestion

range=25-86

range=25-35

range=6-57

Duncan et al. 2019a

Mediterranean

Atlantic NW

Pacific SW

Study in multiple regions

USA, Hawaiian, 7 sites

Australia, Qld.,Shoalwater Bay

& Moreton Bay

SG, A, CR OEL %V 2002-2004 331 Diet % not specified NR Arthur et al. 2008a

Pacific NC

Pacific SW

Study in multiple regions

Central Pacific. Samoa-based &

Hawaiian based Pelagic

Fisheries

Oceanic GCA %DW 2012-2016 9 Anthropogenic debris

ingestion Pelagic phase Jung et al. 2018

Pacific NC

Pacific SC

Study in multiple regions

Central Pacific. Samoa-based &

Hawaiian based Pelagic

Fisheries

Oceanic GCA %DW 1993-2011 22 Location not specified x=41.8 Wedemeyer-Strombel et

al. 2015

Pacific NC

Pacific SC

Study in multiple regions

Hawaii, Peru & central North

Pacific NR SIA C, N NR 4 Diet % not specified NR Arthur et al. 2014 Nutrient analysis

Pacific NC

Pacific E

Pacific NC Central North Pacific Oceanic GCA %V 1990-1991;

1999-2004 10 Location not specified x=48.1;

range= 30.0-70.5 Parker et al. 2011

Pacific NC North Pacific. Hawaiian based

longline fishery Oceanic GCA Obs 1996-2000 2 Location not specified x=61.8

range=55.6-67.9 Work & Balazs 2002 Diet % not specified

Pacific NC Hawaii, O’ahu A, SG GCA Obs 1978-2002 61 Diet % not specified NR Russell et al. 2003

Pacific NC Hawaii, O’ahu, Maunalua Bay NR Obs Obs 2009 1 Diet % not specified NR Vicente et al. 2019

Pacific NC USA, Hawaiian Islands NR OEL %V 1975-2010 2471 Stranded dead /

diseased NR Russell et al. 2011 Diet % not specified

Pacific NC Hawaii, O’ahu NR GCA

OEL %WW; %FO 1978-1993 802 Diet % not specified NR Russell & Balazs 1994a Non-natives

Pacific NC Hawaii, Hawaii, O’ahu,

Kāne’ohe Bay NR GCA

OEL %WW; %FO 1978-1992 755 Diet % not specified NR Russell & Balazs 1994b

Pacific NC USA, Hawaii, O’ahu, Kāne’ohe

Bay NR GCA %V 1977-2005 372 Stranded dead /

diseased NR Russell & Balazs 2009 Diet % not specified

Pacific NC USA, Hawaii, O’ahu, Kāne’ohe

Bay NR GCA %V 2005-2012 194 Stranded dead /

diseased NR Russell & Balazs 2015 Diet % not specified

Pacific E California, San Francisco NR SIA C, N 1850s 1 Diet % not specified NR Conrad et al. 2018

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Sub-region Location Habitat

Type Method Analysis Year(s) Sample Size

Reason for exclusion

Size Class +

Carapace Length (cm)

mean; range

Reference Additional Reasons

for exclusion

Pacific E

Mexico, Baja California, Laguna

Ojo de Liebre (LOL), Laguna

Guerrero Negro (GNO), Laguna

San Ignacio (LSI)

NR OEL %FO 2016-2017

LOL:108

GNO:72

LSI:20

Diet % not specified

LOL: x=75.6

GNO: x=64.3

LSI: x=51.4

Reséndiz et al. 2019

Pacific E Mexico, Baja California, Laguna

San Ignacio (LSI) SG, A GCA Obs NR NR Diet % not specified NR Riosmena-Rodriguez

2009

Pacific E Mexico, Baja California, Playa

San Lázaro NR SIA (Skin &

bone) C, N 2012 Captive: 5

Wild: 25

Stranded dead /

diseased

Captive: range=46-53

Wild: x=56.8; range=42-71

Turner Tomaszewicz et

al. 2017 Captive / Fed diet

Pacific E Mexico, Baja California, Playa

San Lázaro, Gulf of Ulloa NR SIA (bone &

skin) C, N 2009-2012 62 Stranded dead /

diseased

x=59.6;

range=42-95

Turner Tomaszewicz et

al. 2018 Diet % not specified

Pacific E Mexico, Baja California, Bahia

Magdalena S, SG, RR, A GCA %V 2002-2003 5 Diet % not specified range=47-77 Talavera-Saenz et al.

2007

Pacific E Mexico, Baja California, Bahia

Magdalena A, SG

SIA

(skin,

blood)

C, N 2005-2007 29 Diet % not specified x=60.9;

Range=44.5-81.4 Santos Baca 2008

Pacific E Mexico, Baja California,

Magdalena Bay

S, RR, SG,

A, M GCA %V 2002-2003 8 Stranded dead /

diseased range=47-77 Riosmena-Rodriguez

2011

Pacific E

Mexico, Gulf of California, Los

Cabos, Cabo Pulmo National

Park

CR, S Obs N/A 2018 1 Diet % not specified 42 Ramos et al. 2019

Pacific E Mexico, Oaxaca, Chacahua

Lagoon A OEL Obs; %FO 2009-2010 16 Diet % not specified x=85.6;

range=80.0-93.8

Karam-Martinez et al.

2017

Pacific E

Mexico, Baja California, Laguna

San Ignacio (LSI), Bahia

Magdalena (BM), Punta

Abreojos (PA)

SG, M, A, E GCA

OEL NR GCA: 2008

OEL:2009

GCA: several

OEL: 9

Stranded dead /

diseased NR Lopez-Calderon et al.

2010

Pacific E Colombia, Cauca, Gorgona Park NR OEL %V NR Subadults:39

Adults:4 Diet % not specified Subadults: x=59.7

Adults: x=73.4 Sánchez & Quiroga 2005

Pacific E Colombia, Gorgona National

Park S, CR FE %DW 2005 9 Captive / Fed diet x=58.2;

range=52.2-62.2 Amorocho & Reina 2008

Pacific E Peru, Peruvian Coast Mainly

oceanic SIA (skin) C, N 2003-2009 68 Location not specified x=53.7;

range=27-71.2 Kelez 2011

Pacific E Peru, Sechura Bay NR GCA %F; %W 2003-2004 44 Diet % not specified x=63.6;

range=47.5-88 Santillán 2008

Pacific E Peru, San Andrés & Chimbote NR GCA Obs 1999-2000 3 Diet % not specified x=72;

range=56-83.2 Sara et al. 2005

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Sub-region Location Habitat

Type Method Analysis Year(s) Sample Size

Reason for exclusion

Size Class +

Carapace Length (cm)

mean; range

Reference Additional Reasons

for exclusion

Atlantic NW New York, Long Island NR FE;

GCA

%FO;

Obs NR 25 Diet % not specified range=25-40 Burke et al. 1991

Atlantic NW 6 sites across Greater

Caribbean SG SIA (skin) C, N 2007-2011 376 Diet % not specified range=30.8-122.1 Vander Zanden et al.

2013b

Atlantic NW Florida Sar OEL; FE %DW 2006-2011 18 Size ALL 44: x = 20.6 Witherington et al. 2012

Atlantic NW Florida, St. Joseph Bay NR GCA %FO 2000-2001 44 Diet % not specified ALL 387: x=36.6;

range=25.0-75.3 Foley et al. 2007

Atlantic NW Florida, St. Joseph Bay SG, A GCA

SIA (skin)

%V; %DW;

%FO; %IRI

C, N

2008 & 2011 2008: 12

2011: 31

Stranded dead /

diseased

2008: x=30.4; range=23.6-35.9

2011: x=35.9; range=22.5-72.7 Williams et al. 2014

Atlantic NW

Florida, Mosquito Lagoon,

South Bay, Jennings Cove, Reef

site

RR, E, S, SG OEL

GCA %V; %FO OEL: 1995-2001

GCA: 1989

Mosquito Lagoon: 59

South Bay: 61

Jennings Cove: 57

Reef site: 59

Stranded dead /

diseased

Mosquito Lagoon:x=51.3;

range=28.1-72.7

South Bay:x=45.3; range=28.1-

72.7

Jennings Cove:x=52.8;

range=32.7-72.1

Reef site:x=43.8; range=27.0-61.9

Holloway Adkins 2001

Atlantic NW Florida, Palm Beach County RR, Hard, A OEL %FO 2003 6 Diet % not specified x=36.7;

range=27.9-48.1 Makowski et al. 2006

Atlantic NW Texas coast, Port Isabel & Port

Aransas SG, A SIA (scute) C, N 2007-2009 44 Diet % not specified range=24.9-61.5 Gorga 2011

Atlantic NW Bahamas, Bimini SG, A, SIA

(skin) C, N 2016 58 Stranded dead /

diseased range=28.6-69.9 Gillis et al. 2018

Atlantic NW Bahamas, Great Inagua, Union

Creek NR FE Obs NR 72 Diet % not specified NR Bjorndal 1990 Nutrient analysis

Atlantic NW Bahamas, Great Inagua NR SIA (scute) C, N NR 44 Diet % not specified <36 Reich et al. 2007

Atlantic NW Bahamas, Great Inagua, Union

Creek & Costa Rica, Tortuguero NR SIA (scute) C, N 2009 43 Diet % not specified Juveniles-adults Vander Zanden et al.

2013a

Atlantic NW Costa Rica, Tortuguero S, Mu, RR GCA %FO

1958

1976-1977

1958: 2

1976-1977: 9

Sampling at nesting

site Adults (F) Meylan 1978 Diet % not specified

Atlantic NW Cuba, Villa Clara NR GCA %FO 2014-2015 4 Stranded dead /

diseased range=51-54 Russet Rodríguez et al.

2019

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Sub-region Location Habitat

Type Method Analysis Year(s) Sample Size

Reason for exclusion

Size Class +

Carapace Length (cm)

mean; range

Reference Additional Reasons

for exclusion

Atlantic NW British West Indies, Grand

Cayman, Cayman Turtle Farm NR NR NA NR 115 Captive / Fed diet Hatchlings Roark et al. 2009 Nutrient Analysis

Atlantic NW British West Indies, Grand

Cayman, Cayman Turtle Farm NR FE NA 1979 300 Captive / Fed diet 14-month-old; 44-month-old Wood & Wood 1981

Atlantic NW British West Indies, Grand

Cayman, Cayman Turtle Farm NR

SIA

(blood &

skin)

C, N 2003 8 Captive / Fed diet x=45.2;

range=43.0-47.5 Seminoff et al. 2006

Atlantic NW British West Indies, Grand

Cayman NR SIA

(skin) C, N 2010 Adult F: 30

Juveniles: 40 Captive / Fed diet Adult F: range=92-110

Juveniles: range=64-92

Vander Zanden et al.

2012

Atlantic NW

Costa Rica, Tortuguero SG SIA (bone) C 2000 7 Diet % not specified From 3 individuals:

range=93.0-108.0 Biasatti 2004

Atlantic SW Brazil, Ceará, Almofala; Canoa-

Quebrada NR GCA %FO 1965-1967 94 Diet % not specified range=31-120 Ferreira 1968

Atlantic SW Brazil, Ceará & Bahia A, CR, E

SIA

(muscle &

scute)

C, N 2009-2012 41 Stranded dead /

diseased

x=36.0

range=25.4-62.0 Bezerra et al. 2015

Atlantic SW Brazil, Paraíba state NR GCA %FO 2009-2010 106 Anthropogenic debris

ingestion

x=56.6;

range=24.0-123.5 Poli et al. 2014 Stranded dead /

diseased

Atlantic SW Brazil, State of Bahia, Praia do

Forte CR, A GCA %FO 2010-2013 22 Diet % not specified x=40.6;

range=26.5-113 Jardim et al. 2016

Atlantic SW Brazil, Espírito Santo state NR GCA NR NR 74 Anthropogenic debris

ingestion

x=36.9;

range=30.0-44.5 Santos et al. 2016 Stranded dead /

diseased

Atlantic SW Brazil, Espírito Santo state A GCA %FO; %V; %DW NR 15 Stranded dead /

diseased

x=44.0;

range=35.1-60.0 Santos et al. 2011

Atlantic SW Brazil, Espírito Santo state &

Fundão S, RR, E GCA %WW NR 43 Stranded dead /

diseased

x=35.2;

range=29.0-45.2

Machovsky-Capuska et

al. 2020

Atlantic SW Brazil, Espirito Santo, Regência

beach E GCA %DW; Nu 2014-2015 17 Anthropogenic debris

ingestion

x=36.3;

range=32.4-40.0 Ferreira 2015

Atlantic SW Brazil, Trindade Island RR, S, A, CR SIA

(skin) C, N 2017 40 Diet % not specified range=88-111 Rezende Barreto 2018

Atlantic SW Brazil, Rio de Janeiro NR GCA %FO 2009-2010 37 Stranded dead /

diseased

x=35.0;

range=27.3-49.0 Awabdi & Siciliano 2013 Diet % not specified

Online resource: Global review of green turtle diet Esteban et al. 2020 Marine Biology

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Sub-region Location Habitat

Type Method Analysis Year(s) Sample Size

Reason for exclusion

Size Class +

Carapace Length (cm)

mean; range

Reference Additional Reasons

for exclusion

Atlantic SW Brazil, São Paulo, Ubatuba &

Ilhabela E GCA %FO 2013-2014 23 Diet % not specified range=30-79 Romanini 2014

Atlantic SW Brazil, São Paulo, Ubatuba NR GCA %FO 2008-2009 20 Anthropogenic debris

ingestion range=33-44 Silva Mendes et al. 2015 Stranded dead /

diseased

Atlantic SW Brazil, São Paulo, Ubatuba &

Florianópolis NR GCA

SIA

%FO; %V; %IRI

C, N 2016-2017 Ubatuba: 34

Florianópolis: 38

Stranded dead /

diseased

Ubatuba: x=42.0; range=30.5-

61.6

Florianópolis: x=31.6; range=

26.4-46.2

Souza 2019

Atlantic SW Brazil, Florianópolis, Mole

Beach NR GCA %DW; Nu 2010 1 Anthropogenic debris

ingestion 39 Stahelin et al. 2012 Stranded dead /

diseased

Atlantic SW Brazil, São Paulo, Itapoá RR, S, M, A,

SG GCA %FO, %IRI;

%DW 2012-2015 38 Stranded dead /

diseased

x=41.4;

range=27.2-70.7 Souza 2016

Atlantic SW Brazil, Paraná E, SG, CR GCA %V; %WW 2008-2014 120 Stranded dead /

diseased

x=40

range=30-62 Gama et al. 2016

Atlantic SW Brazil, Paranaguá Estuary E, M, RR, S,

SG, A GCA %V 2004-2007 80 Stranded dead /

diseased

x=49.7;

range=29-73

Guebert-Bartholo et al.

2011

Atlantic SW Brazil, Santa Catarina State NR GCA Obs 2006-2009 27 Stranded dead /

diseased NR Morais et al. 2012 Diet % not specified

Atlantic SW Brazil, Santa Catarina State RR, E GCA %WW 2006-2009 26 Stranded dead /

diseased

x=35.8;

range=23.5-50.0 Morais et al. 2014

Atlantic SW Brazil, Alagoas to Santa

Catarina RR, E GCA %DW;Nu 2009-2013 295 Anthropogenic debris

ingestion

x=37.9;

range=26.1-78.4 Andrades et al. 2019 Stranded dead /

diseased

Atlantic SW Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul S, Mu,

Hard, A GCA %FO; Nu 1997-1998 38 Stranded dead /

diseased

x=37.7;

range=28-50 Bugoni 2003

Atlantic SW Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul NR GCA %V; %FO 1994-2006 64 Stranded dead /

diseased

x=39.7;

range=29.0-67.0 Nakashima 2008

Atlantic SW Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul NR GCA %FO NR 9 Stranded dead /

diseased

x=37.7;

range=32.5-43 Barros et al. 2007 Diet % not specified

Atlantic SW Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul NR GCA %FO; Nu; %DW 2011-2014 62 Anthropogenic debris

ingestion x=37.3; range=31.0-44.4 Colferai et al. 2017 Stranded dead /

diseased

Atlantic SW Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul S, Mu,

Hard, A GCA %FO; %DW 1997-1998 38 Anthropogenic debris

ingestion

x=37.7;

range=28-50 Bugoni et al. 2001 Stranded dead /

diseased

Online resource: Global review of green turtle diet Esteban et al. 2020 Marine Biology

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Sub-region Location Habitat

Type Method Analysis Year(s) Sample Size

Reason for exclusion

Size Class +

Carapace Length (cm)

mean; range

Reference Additional Reasons

for exclusion

Atlantic SW Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul NR GCA %DW 2006-2007 29 Anthropogenic debris

ingestion

x=40.1;

range=32.5-56 Silva Tourinho 2007 Stranded dead /

diseased

Atlantic SW Uruguayan coast NR GCA %FO 2009-2013 54 Location not specified x=40.0;

range=29.8-62.0 Velez-Rubio et al. 2015

Stranded dead /

diseased; Diet % not

specified

Atlantic SW Uruguayan coast NR GCA %FO; %V; %DW 2005-2013 96 Anthropogenic debris

ingestion

x=40.2;

range=29.8-62.0 Velez-Rubio et al. 2018 Stranded dead /

diseased

Atlantic SW Uruguayan coast E

OEL;

GCA;

SIA

%FO; %V; %IRI

C, N

OEL: 2003-2005

GCA: 2009-2013

SIA: 2012-2013

OEL: 74

GCA: 52

SIA:126

Location not specified

OEL: range=32.6-58.4

GCA: range=29.8-62.0

SIA: range=27.8-66.8

Velez-Rubio et al. 2016 Stranded dead /

diseased

Atlantic SW Argentina-Uruguay, Río de la

Plata E GCA %WW; %FO 2008-2011 62 Anthropogenic debris

ingestion

x=38.5;

range=31.3-52.2

González Carman et al.

2014

Atlantic E Canary Islands A, SG SiA

(scute) C, N 2014 12 Captive / Fed diet range=41.5-81.0 Monzon-Arguello et al.

2018

Atlantic E Mauritania, Banc d’Arguin SG, A, Mu SIA (scute) S, N 2006 19 Diet % not specified x=47.1;

range=29-102 Cardona et al. 2009

Mediterranean Southern Greece, Cyprus &

Israel SG, A SIA (scute) C, N 2006-2008 22 Location not specified range=29-83 Cardona et al. 2010 Stranded / diseased;

Diet % not specified

Mediterranean Cyprus NR GCA %DW 2011-2013

2014-2016

2011-2013: 15

2014-2016: 19

Anthropogenic debris

ingestion

x=36.9;

range=25-86 Duncan et al. 2019b

Mediterranean

Cyprus NR FE NR NR 12 Captive / Fed diet 1-year-old Hadjichristophorou &

Grove 1983

Indian NW United Arab Emirates, Sharjah,

Kalba & Khorfakkan NR GCA %FO; Nu; %DW 2016-2017 14 Anthropogenic debris

ingestion

x=62.7;

range=36.0-89.0 Yaghmour et al. 2018 Stranded dead /

diseased

Indian NW Oman, Ra’s Al Hadd NR GCA %FO; %DW;

%IRI 2001 15 Stranded dead /

diseased range=43-111 Ferreira et al. 2006

Indian SW Seychelles, Aldabra SG, A, CR GCA %FO 1967-1968

6

(Adult males (4) and

subadult females (2))

Diet % not specified x=94.1;

range=84.5-101.5 Frazier 1971

Indian SW Comoros Archipelago, Mayotte

Island, Bay of N’Gouja SG, S, Mu Obs Obs 2004-2005 700 Diet % not specified

Small individuals: SCL < 80

(x=48.9; range=39-58.5; n=7)

Large individuals: SCL > 80

(x=94.5; range=83-105)

Ballorain et al. 2010

Indian SW Reunion Island NR GCA Obs 1998-2001 3 Diet % not specified x=107.7may

range=100-117 Ciccione 2001

Online resource: Global review of green turtle diet Esteban et al. 2020 Marine Biology

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Sub-region Location Habitat

Type Method Analysis Year(s) Sample Size

Reason for exclusion

Size Class +

Carapace Length (cm)

mean; range

Reference Additional Reasons

for exclusion

Indian NE Thailand, Phang-Nga, Huyong

Island NR FE NR NR 138 Captive / Fed diet 10-days-old to 3-month-old Kanghae et al. 2017

Indian NE Thailand, Phang-Nga, Huyong

Island NR FE NR NR NR Captive / Fed diet 45-day-old Kanghae et al. 2014

Indian NE Thailand, Phuket NR FE NR NR 3 Captive / Fed diet 4-month-old Thongprajukaew et al.

2016

Indian NE Thailand, Phuket NR FE NR NR NR Captive / Fed diet Five-days-old Kanghae et al. 2014

Indian SE

Australia, WA, Port Hedland,

North Turtle Islands & Paradise

Beach North

CR, A, SG SIA (scute) C, N 2009 2 Diet % not specified Adult Foster & Oates 2010

Indian SE Australia, WA, Shark Bay,

Eastern Gulf SG, S Video Obs 1999-2000 12 Diet % not specified range=76-103 Heithaus et al. 2002

Pacific SW

Australia, Qld., Raine Island

(Internesting females on

nesting beach)

NR GCA %DW 1997 11; 60% of 101 had

empty guts

Sampling at nesting

site

x=104;

range: 92-118 Tucker & Read 2001

Pacific SW

Australia, Qld., Howick Group

of reefs, Cleveland Bay &

Upstart Bay

SG, A, CR,

M OEL Obs 2014-2017 NR (A subset of 3643) Diet % not specified Juvenile to Adult Bell et al. 2019

Pacific SW Australia, Great Barrier Reef,

Cairns NR GCA Obs, Nu NR 2 Anthropogenic debris

ingestion 45.4 & 103 Caron et al. 2018

Pacific SW Australia, Qld., Shoalwater Bay SG, M, RR OEL %V 2002 46 Duplicate dataset Immature to adult

range=~40-115 Arthur et al. 2006

Pacific SW

Australia, Great Barrier Reef,

Heron Island Reef & Wistari

Reef

CR Obs Obs NR NR Diet % not specified range=38-120 Limpus 1979

Pacific SW Australia, Qld., Wreck Rock,

Fraser Island & Gold Coast NR SIA (tissue) C, N NR 64 Stranded dead /

diseased Hatchling to Adult Arthur et al. 2008b Diet % not specified;

Size

Pacific SW Australia, Qld., Moreton Bay SG Video Obs 2007 8 Diet % not specified x=98.8;

range=88.0-106.1 Arthur et al. 2007

Pacific SW Australia, Qld., Moreton Bay,

Flathead Gutter SG, S, A OEL %V 1994-1995 3 Duplicate dataset x=52.7;

range=50.3-55.2 Brand et al. 1999

Pacific SW Australia, Qld., North

Stradbroke Island NR GCA %FO; %A 2006-2013 88 Anthropogenic debris

ingestion NR Schuyler et al. 2012

Schuyler et al. 2014

Online resource: Global review of green turtle diet Esteban et al. 2020 Marine Biology

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Sub-region Location Habitat

Type Method Analysis Year(s) Sample Size

Reason for exclusion

Size Class +

Carapace Length (cm)

mean; range

Reference Additional Reasons

for exclusion

Pacific SW Australia, New South Wales &

Qld. NR Obs Obs NR Stranded: 31

From fish stomachs: 17 Size

Stranded: x=7.7; range=5.5-11.3

From fish stomachs: x=7.3;

range=5.9-9.4

Boyle & Limpus 2008

Pacific SW New Zealand, North Island A, SG, CR GCA %FO; %V 2006-2013 29 Stranded dead /

diseased

x=53.6;

range=37.3-94.6 Godoy 2016

Pacific NW Japan, Sanriku Coast SG, A SIA (blood) C, N 2012-2015 40 Diet % not specified x=48.3;

range=36.8-90.9 Fukuoka et al. 2019

Pacific NW Japan, Ogasawara post-

nesting, Philippine Sea

69% Neritic

31%

Oceanic

SIA (egg

yolks) C, N 2003-2004 89 F

Sampling at nesting

site

range:87.1-109.2 Hatase et al. 2006

Pacific NW Hong Kong NR GCA Obs 2011-2013 8 Stranded dead /

diseased

x=58;

range=34-81 Ng et al. 2016

+Straight and curved carapace lengths not differentiated

‡Video studies were calculated by number of feeding events consuming diet item by total number of feeding events.

0

NR Information not reported 1

Online resource: Global review of green turtle diet Esteban et al. 2020. Marine Biology

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Following four pages:

Figs. S1-S4 Comparison of green turtle diet composition across the globe. Expanded version

of Fig. 1 showing details of regional seagrass distribution and the six categories of diet

items. S1. Atlantic ocean (East); S2. Atlantic ocean and Mediterranean sea; S3. Indian ocean;

S4. Pacific ocean (West). The proportion of contribution made by six categories of diet items

recorded in 89 datasets at 75 sites are shown by segments of the pie charts. The term

‘Other’ is not always defined and includes substrate, very digested material and natural

debris (e.g., feathers). Methods used to study diet are represented by coloured lines—i.e.,

gut content analysis (black line), oesophageal lavage (blue line), SIA (orange line),

observation (purple line) and animal-borne camera (red line) studies. Green dots indicate

known seagrass observation data points (Source: UNEP-WCMC and Short, 2018, see Online

Resource 1 Fig. S1-S4 for fine scale maps). Numbers indicate source literature (see Online

Resource 1 Table S1 for study site, analytical method, diet group and results).

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Fig. S1 Comparison of green turtle diet composition across the globe: Atlantic ocean (East)

Online resource: Global review of green turtle diet Esteban et al. 2020. Marine Biology

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Fig. S2 Comparison of green turtle diet composition across the globe: Atlantic ocean and

Mediterranean sea.

Online resource: Global review of green turtle diet Esteban et al. 2020. Marine Biology

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Fig. S3 Comparison of green turtle diet composition across the globe: Indian ocean.

Online resource: Global review of green turtle diet Esteban et al. 2020. Marine Biology

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Fig. S4 Comparison of green turtle diet composition across the globe: Pacific ocean (West).

Online resource: Global review of green turtle diet Esteban et al. 2020. Marine Biology

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Fig. S5 Sea surface temperature has a small but significant effect on animal matter and

seagrass % composition in green turtle diet at foraging grounds (rows 1-2 respectively). There

is no effect of temperature on macroalgae and mangrove composition in the diet (rows 3-4

respectively). Significant relationships are indicated by presence of a regression line, and R²

and P value. A lower proportion of animal matter (and higher proportion of seagrass) is

present in the diet of turtles at sites with higher sea surface temperatures. Sea surface

temperature (from left to right: mean, minimum, maximum) is annual temperature recorded

during the sampling year(s) of 82 datasets from 72 sites in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific

oceans and Mediterranean sea. SST (ICOADS) data source: NCAR 2015.

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References to Supplementary Figure S5

NCAR (2015). International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) Release

2.5. https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/%20ds540.1. Accessed 4 May 2020.

Esteban et al., 2020 Mar Biol SI

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