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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2019; SP5: 308-312
E-ISSN: 2278-4136
P-ISSN: 2349-8234
JPP 2019; SP5: 308-312
Harsita Nayak
I.A.S., B.H.U, Varanasi, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Sumit Rai
GB Pant National Institute of
Himalayan Environment &
Sustainable Development, Kosi-
Katarmal, Almora,
Uttarakhand, India
Rakhi Mahto
I.A.S., B.H.U, Varanasi, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Priyanka Rani
1. I.A.S., B.H.U, Varanasi, Uttar
Pradesh, India
2. Veer Kunwar Singh College of
Agriculture, Dumraon, Buxar,
Bihar Agricultural University,
Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar,
India
Shivpoojan Yadav
I.A.S., B.H.U, Varanasi, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Saroj Kumar Prasad
I.A.S., B.H.U, Varanasi, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Rajesh Kumar Singh
I.A.S., B.H.U, Varanasi, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Correspondence
Priyanka Rani
1. I.A.S., B.H.U, Varanasi, Uttar
Pradesh, India
2. Veer Kunwar Singh College of
Agriculture, Dumraon, Buxar,
Bihar Agricultural University,
Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar,
India
(Special Issue- 5)
International Conference on
“Food Security through Agriculture & Allied Sciences”
(May 27-29, 2019)
Vermiwash: A potential tool for sustainable agriculture
Harsita Nayak, Sumit Rai, Rakhi Mahto, Priyanka Rani, Shivpoojan
Yadav, Saroj Kumar Prasad and Rajesh Kumar Singh
Abstract
During first green revolution, excess use of agrochemicals adversely affects natural resources and
ecosystem. Therefore we must have to go for sustainable agriculture to conserve and protect our
resources and ecosystem. For this vermiwash is emerging as important potential tool. Vermiwash is a
brown coloured, odourless, liquid biofertilizer, which is collected after passes via column of worm
culture. It is considered as storehouse of nutrients and microorganisms, used as foliar spray for crops.
Vermiwash contains mucus, excretory products of worms and various concentration of macro, micro and
beneficial nutrients along with beneficial microorganism, growth hormones, Vitamines, enzymes and
amino acids, therefore is a good source for plant nutrition in sustainable agriculture.
Keywords: Potential tool, green revolution, sustainable agriculture
1. Introduction
In India, the first green revolution enormously enhanced the crop production, but on the other
hand, massive Application of chemical fertilizers over a period has resulted in poor soil health,
reduction on agricultural produces, and increases in incidences of insect pest and disease and
environmental pollution (Ansari and Ismail, 2001) [1], and long term use of various
agrochemicals like fertilizers, plant growth promoters, pesticides and improved seed varieties,
adversely affected ecosystems like soil, water, and food contamination and gene pool of wild
seeds. The second green revolution started with organic farming (Sathe 2004, Sharma 2004) [28,
30]. But for feeding the vast increasing population of our nation, immediately we cannot
completely shifted towards organic farming. Keeping this view in mind we have to go for
sustainable crop production. The aim of sustainable agriculture is to fulfill our present needs
(food, shelter and clothes) without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs. Therefore three main objectives of sustainable agriculture is: a healthy
environment, economic profitability, and social and economic equity, and for achieving these
objectives application of vermiwash can play a important role in ensuring a sustainable
agricultural system. Vermin wash is a liquid organic fertilizer obtained from units of
vermiculture/vermicompost in the form of drainage. There is no special device required to
collect the vermiwash except for a tap which is fitted at the bottom of the containers where
earthworms are cultured. Even during the period of normal management of the vermiculture,
water is sprayed regularly to maintain adequate moisture and excess water is drained which
contains some essential plant nutrients. The quality of vermiwash produced by earthworms
depends on the vermicompost means source of feeding material that is used (Sreenivas 2000)
[31]. Vermiwash, generally applied as a foliar spray act as replacement and supplement for
agrochemicals and for their unique capacity to provide nutrients effectively and quickly.
1.1 Vermiwash and its composition
Vermiwash is a honey brown coloured liquid extract of organic composts, generally the wash
of earthworms Present in the medium collected after the passage of water through the different
layers of worm culture unit (Jayabhaye and Bhalerao, 2015) [14] from the increased moisture
content due to heat generated during vermicompost. It is a worm coelomic fluid extract
containing several enzymes, plant growth hormones (IAA, Cytokinin, G A3), Vitamins, macro
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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
and micro nutrients (Bucker field et al., 1999) [5] along with
excretory substances and mucus secretion of earthworms
(Ansari and Sukhraj, 2010) [2], humic acid from soil and
organic waste materials which can be easily absorbed by plant
tissues (Sundaravadivelu et al., 2011; Nath and Singh, 2012)
[32, 22]. It contains total solids (2448 mg/L), volatile solids (738
mg/L), silica (8 mg/L), auxin (0.98 µg/L) and cytokinin (0.68
µg/L) (Patil et al., 2007) [26]. Dead earthworm’s tissue releases
nitrogen in form of nitrates-25%, ammonia 45%, organic
soluble compound 3% and uncalculated material 27% which
improves the nutrient quality of vermiwash. Nitrogen in
vermiwash is present in the form of muscus, enzymes,
nitrogenous excretory substances of worms and plant growth
hormones (Tripathi and Bhardwaj, 2004). Vermiwash is rich
in various enzymes cocktail of protease, amylase, urease and
phosphatise and also microbial study of vermiwash found the
presence of nitrogen fixing bacteria like Azotobacter sp.,
Agrobacterium sp., and Rhizobium sp., and some phosphate
solubilising bacteria (Zambare et al., 2008) [39]. Vermiwash
formed from municipal solid wastes is composed of organic
matter, plant nutrient and soluble salt which inceases soil
nutrient and moisture content (Sayyad, 2017) [29].
Table 1: Nutrient analysis of vermiwash (Source:
http//www.erfindia.org/vermiwash.asp)
Parameters
Content
pH
7.39-7.5
EC
0.008±0.001
Organic carbon
0.25 ± 0.03%
Nitrogen
0.01-0.001%
Phosphorus
1.70%
Potassium
26 ppm
Sodium
8 ppm
Calcium
3 ppm
Copper
0.01 ppm
Iron
0.06 ppm
Mangnesium
160 ppm
Manganese
0.60 ppm
Zinc
0.02 ppm
Total heterotrophs (cfu/ml)
1.79 × 103
Nitrosomonas (cfu/ml)
1.01 × 103
Nitrobacter (cfu/ml)
1.12 × 103
Total fungi (cfu/ml)
1.46 × 103
1.2 Vermiwash preparation
Vermiwash may be collected from the vermicompost units as
a byproduct liquid extract.
Whereas other method (Kale, 1998) [16] of Vermiwash
preparation is followed by taking One kg adult earthworms
(approximately 1000 worms) of the same species (E.
euginiae) were collected and without any mixing of the casts,
they were released into a 500 ml of lukewarm distilled water
(37 0C - 40 0C) and agitated for two minutes. Earthworms
were taken out and again washed in another 500 ml at room
temperature (+30 0C) and released back into the tanks. The
agitation in lukewarm water made the earthworms to release
sufficient quantities of mucus and body fluids. This is known
as true vermiwash. Transferring into ordinary water was to
wash the mucus sticking still on to their body surface and this
also helped the earthworms to revive from the shock.
Another method for the preparation of vermiwash, a plastic
container of 15 to 20 liters capacity is required and the base of
the container is fitted with tap to collect the watery worm
extract. The container is filled with different succesive layers.
First base layer, medium sized bricks or stones up to a height
of 10-15 cm filled. Above the base layer a layer of coarse
sand (up to 6 inches) and fine sand (5 inches) are spread.
Introduction of locally available earthworms (Eisenia foetida)
mixing with fertile soil applied. After that, a layer of partially
decomposed cow dung (20-25 cm) and organic residues of
40-45 cm were poured. All the layers in the container is
moistened by sprinkling water over it. Container is sprinkled
with approx 2 L water per day. After 16 to 20 days
preperation of vermiwash in the unit begains. Everyday about
1-2 L of vermiwash will be collected.
Fig 1: Preperation of vermiwash
For nutrient supplement, vermiwash (1:10) i.e @ 1 litre is
generally mixed with 7-10 litres of water and the solution is
sprayed on leaves of the growing crop at the evening.
However, to control various pest and diseases, 1 litre of
vermiwash is thoroughly mixed with 1 litre of cow urine and
10 liters of water and is kept overnight before spraying.
1.3 Uses of vermiwash
Vermiwash is a liquid organic fertilizer prepared from
biodegradable organic wastes used both as replacement and
supplement of solids and for their novel capacity to provide
nutrient effectively and quickly (Fathima and Sekar, 2014) [10].
Being an excellent nutrient supplement, it enhances soil
physico-chemical properties and maintains soil fertility in
long run. It improves soil aeration, soil tilth and texture
thereby reducing the compaction. It also enhances water
holding capacity of soil and improves soil nutrient status of
both macro and micro nutrients. It can also be added in the
compost pit to hasten the degradation process. Vermiwash is
known to play a major role in the plant growth and
development; contribute to root initiation, root growth, plant
development, promotion growth rate and improvement in crop
production and improved nutrient uptake by crop and inhance
nutrient content which are readily available for the plants,
resulting in good crop yield (Sundararasu and Jeyasankar,
2014). Besides serving as a plant growth promoter vermiwash
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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
has tremendous biopesticide properties. It is highly toxic
against insect-pest survival (Sayyad, 2017) [29] and it increases
disease resistance power of the crop (Yadav et al., 2015). It is
reported that mycelial growth of pathogenic fungi was
inhibited at 20-30% dilution. It acts as biopesticide when it is
sprayed along with 10% cow urine or neem/garlic extracts.
Now a days it is also being Popularised as liquid manure.
1.4 Effect of vermiwash on plant growth and yield
Vermiwash is a wonderful tonic from ‘farmer’s friends’ for
boosting plant growth and yield safely, ecofriendly and
economically. Sudararasu and Jeyasankar (2014) observed
that vermiwash spray enhanced growth (plant height and
number of leaves) and yield (number of flowers and fruits per
plant) parameters when applied to brinjal plant. Nath et al.
(2009) [11] also reported that vermiwash produced from animal
wastes, agro/kitchen wastes increased plant growth, flowering
and productivity. Application of 100% RDF + vermiwash
@100 l ha-1 produced distinctly higher plant height, number
of primary branches, number of secondary branches, leaf area
index and dry matter accumulation (Verma et al., 2017) [36]. It
is reported that Low concentration of vermiwash is effective
in bringing about seed germination and seedling growth
(Fathima and Sekar, 2014) [10]. This could be attributed to
presence of nutrients and growth promoting substances in
vermiwash which showed its potentiality in seed germination
and seedling vigour (Chattopadhyay, 2015) [7]. Kale (1998) [17]
noticed increased growth and yield response of Anthurium
with the foliar application vermiwash. The seedlings of Vigna
mungo, Vigna radiate and Sesamum indicum resulted in
increase of growth parameters such as the root length, shoot
length, number of twigs and leaves and total biomass of the
plant after spraying the vermiwash of Perionyx excavates
(Hatti et al., 2010) [12]. Kumar et al. (2013) [19] found that
application of vermiwash enhanced plant height and number
of leaves (56.29 cm and 6.14 days at 45 days after bud
emergence), spike length and rachis (90.68 cm and 47.07 cm),
number of florets (15.08), vase-life (10.02 day) number of
corms m-2 (28.66), weight of corms (50.68 g) and number of
cormels plant-1 (56.66). The treatment was also effective in
reducing number of days taken to spike emergence (81.73
day). Application of vermiwash along with vermicompost
also resulted in enhanced growth of plant parameters such as
number of leaves, leaf length, plant height and root length to
higher level (Tharmaraj et al., 2011) [33]. Hidlago et al. (2006)
[13] reported that the incorporation of earthworm increased
plant growth, leaf growth and root length. Karuna et al.
(1999) [18] had studied on two different concentrations of
vermiwash of Eudrilus eugeniae which sprayed on anthuriums
and found that the most effective percentage of vermiwash to
be used was 50 percent which is good in inducing vegetative
growth such as number of suckers, length, breadth of leaves,
length of petiole and develop early flowering in plants.
Vermiwash exhibited growth promoting effects on the
ecomorphological characters such as plant height, length and
diameter of the internode, number of leaves, leaf surface area,
root length, wet and dry weight of the shoot and root of
Abelmoschus esculentus. Vermicompost and vermiwash are
also enriched in certain metabolites and vitamins that belong
to the B group or provitamin D which also help to enhance
plant growth (Lalitha et al., 2000) [20]. Ansari and Sukhraj
(2010) [2] reported combination of vermicopost and
vermiwash enhanced the percentage of fats and proteins in
okra. The biochemical qualities of the fruits grown in
vermiwash and vermincompost indicated higher nutrient
quality, which may be attributed to the presence of plant
growth promoters like gibberellins, cytokinins and auxins
(Ansari and Sukhraj, 2010) [2]. Similarly, Edwards et al.
(2004) [8] has also observed increase in quality of fruit with
the application of vermiwash.
1.5 Effect of vermiwash on insect pest and diseases
Vermiwash proves to have excellent bio pesticidal activities
since, the plants treated with vermiwash were disease resistant
and no any worms like leaf eaters were seen on the leaves and
other parts of plants (Samadhiya et al. 2013) [27]. Vermiwash
serves as pesticide, disease curative and crop tonic and
increase the yield of lab lab beans (Esakkiammal et al., 2015)
[9]. Plants treated with vermiwash are green having vigorous
growth and much more resistant to pests and disease and also
(Jayashree, 2006). [15] Mishra et al. (2014) [22] concluded that
vermiwash when applied with bio-pesticide is a preferable
option for the growth, productivity as well as management of
Lucinodes orbanalis infestation on brinjal crop. Mishra et al.
(2015) [23] noticed that combination of vermiwash and
biopesticide is a superior alternative of the chemical fertilizer
and pesticides for the management of Leptocorisa varicornis
as well as productivity of rice crop. Since vermiwash is mild
biopesticides, the combination showed synergistic effect in
controlling the Leptocorisa varicornis population which
ultimately enhances the productivity. Sayyad (2017) [29]
reported that increasing concentration of vermiwash
suppressed insect-pest population of tomato. Balam (2002) [4]
studied bio pesticidal properties of vermiwash produced using
cowdung and vegetable wastes by inoculating earthworm
species (E. foetida) in the laboratory to determine the effect of
using the vermiwash on cowpea for mildew disease and the
study revealed that usage of 20-30 percent vermiwash will
cause suppression of mycelia growth of fungi. Vermicompost
and vermiwash were proven to be able to control disease
powdery mildew at 75.14 % rate when applied. On the other
hand, combination of vermicompost, vermiwash and 10 %
cow urine which said to be able to control disease at 73.37 %
rate. It is also reported that vermiwash obtained from animal
dung with gram bran and neem oil was also highly effective
in controlling pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera). Spray of
vermiwash along with biopesticide also increased the
productivity of gram crop up to 3 times with respect to control
(Nath and Singh, 2015) [25].
1.6 Effect on soil properties
Use of Organic formulations in agriculture could be a
dynamic source to move forward soil fertility (Verma et al.,
2017) [37]. Combination of vermicompost and vermiwash
[VW+VC] recorded a significant influence on the
biochemical characteristics of the soil with marked
improvement in soil micronutrients and better qualitative
improvement in the physical and chemical properties of the
soil (Ansari and Sukhraj, 2010) [2]. Tharmaraj et al., (2011) [33]
reported that soil treated with vermicompost and vermiwash
mixture had significantly inhanced soil physico-chemical
properties when compared to unamended soil. Tripathi et al.
(2005) [34] suggested that vermiwash increases the number of
microorganisms in the soil which helps in the decomposition
of organic matter. Manyuchi et al. (2013) reported that soil
zinc, manganese and iron content was unaffected with the
increasing application of vermiwash but Increasing the
application time of the bio-fertilizers resulted in decreased
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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
zinc content to less than 1.0 mg/L and manganese content by
less than 70 mg/L and increased iron content by more than
180 mg/L. However increasing the vermiwash quantity
applied resulted in decreased copper content by less than 5.25
mg/L increasing the application time of the bio-fertilizers
resulted in increased soil copper content by more than 8.0
mg/L.
Vermiwash a liquid biofertilizer rich in the primary nutrients
i.e. nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) (Nath et
al., 2009 and Palanichamy et al., 2011) [11, 35]. Application of
vermiwash has been reported to revitalize the soil quality
(Gopal et al., 2010) [21]. It rejuvenates the depleted soil
fertility and enriches available pool of nutrients, conserves
moisture and natural and biological recourses. Studies
revealed that application of coconut leaf vermiwash increased
the crop production capacities of soil by (i) enhancing the
organic carbon contents in the soil and (ii) increasing the
populations of the soil microorganisms, particularly plant
beneficial ones, and their activities which would have
facilitated increased uptake of the nutrients by the plants
resulting in higher growth and yield.
2. Conclusion
The effect of vermiwash was observed on the plants and soil,
it was found that vermiwash seems to possess an inherent
property which acts not only as a liquid organic biofertilizer
which promot growth of plants and yield but also as a mild
biopesticide. So, it can be used as a potent input in organic
farming and sustainable crop production for both soil health
and insect, pest and disease management.
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