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Intangible Cultural Heritage in International Law

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... In recent years, there has been an increasing focus on cultural heritage from the perspective of international law (Prott and O'Keefe 1984;Blake 2000;Francioni 2011), as well as on international legal frameworks (Lixinski 2013;Chechi 2014;Blake 2015) as the multilevel legal instruments for safeguarding (Ghedini et al. 2003;Vecco 2010), protection (Logan 2007;Smith and Akagawa 2008) and maintenance (Pickard 2001;McKercher and du Cros 2002) of cultural heritage. This concerns cultural heritage artefacts and creations understood from an anthropological perspective (Herzfeld 2000;Harrison 2012), as well as questions regarding cultural heritage as property (Frigo 2004;Brown 2005) and rights related to it (Dupuy et al. 2009). ...
... Semiotics can be usefully applied to concepts in various subdomains of heritage studies, especially in heritage discourse study and heritage legal study. Given that there are still terminological uncertainties and disputes in regard to definitions and terminology, the specific terms employed in heritage studies are still being developed and their meanings are shifting and evolving over time (Lixinski 2013;Chechi 2014;Blake 2015). In legal settings, heritage is obviously understood and employed as a legal term. ...
Article
The past three decades have witnessed a remarkable extension of interest in heritage studies from the perspective of international law, which can be understood as a number of interrelated legal instruments on various levels for safeguarding, protecting and maintaining cultural heritage and determining questions of property and rights related to it. This study analyzes the construction of cultural heritage in legal settings from the perspective of semiotics, or cultural semiotics more precisely, focusing on the diversity and dynamics of its meanings and texts. This study shows that heritage law can be understood as a complex sign, which is subject to multiple and alternative interpretations depending on context factors and changing over time and space. It shows the underlying evolutionary logic of culture and society that manifests itself in the construction of heritage and the development of heritage laws, and thus also helps to understand the comparability and compatibility within and beyond multilevel legal instruments and cultures.
... Zbog toga je važno uzeti u obzir da se u upravljanju baštinom često javljaju nejednakosti i da članovi zajednice mogu imati osjećaj da su žrtve baštinskih projekata (Logan, 2012). Na istom tragu Lixinski (2013) brani zajednice tvrdeći da se koristi iskorištavanja nematerijalne kulturne baštine moraju vraćati u zajednice iz kojih potječu, a to ukazuje na relevantnost prisvajanja rente. ...
... It is then important to consider that inequities often arise in the process of heritage management, and the community members can have the feeling that they are the victims of heritage projects (Logan, 2012). In the same line, Lixinski (2013) defends that the benefits of the exploitation of intangible cultural heritage must return to the communities where it stems from. This points to the relevance of rent appropriation. ...
... In promoting Japanese intangible cultural heritage amongst tourists and the younger generation, a new version of Gujo Odori was created known as Bon Odori; whereby in line with the changes in the modern Japanese community, Bon Odori was introduced, and it is a popular Japanese dance which contains no spiritual/religious elements compared to Gujo Odori. It aimed to attract younger generations of the Japanese and non-Japanese to participate in the dance, thus learning and appreciating the Japanese intangible cultural heritage (Cang, 2007;Lixinski, 2013). Unlike Japan, Act 645 as discussed earlier uses general terms such as 'conservation' and 'preservation' which denote different meaning from the term 'revitalization'. ...
Article
The Malaysian National Heritage Act 2005 [Act 645] is a statute which intends to protect, conserve, and preserve not only Intangible Cultural Heritage, but tangible, underwater heritage, and natural sites. However, Act 645 is general in character compared to the Japan 1950 Cultural Property Law (Japan LPCP of 1950). The non-existence of a specific chapter on intangible cultural heritage portrays the incomprehensiveness of the law on intangible cultural heritage in Malaysia. The Japan LPCP of 1950 has often been signalled as one of the most sophisticated and comprehensive efforts of its kind, where observers have referenced the effort as a persuasive model for a cultural legislation of other countries. This paper adopts the qualitative doctrinal approach where comparative study between the position of the Malaysian Act 645 and of the Japan LPCP of 1950 is made. This paper suggests for the amendments to the Act 645 to better safeguard Malaysian intangible cultural heritage. It also suggests for a specific and comprehensive chapter on intangible cultural heritage in Act 645 that would better uphold the intangible cultural heritage. This paper provides significant findings and contributes to the advancement of literature in the field of intangible cultural heritage law. This promotes the betterment of a legal framework, hence, securing the better survival of intangible cultural heritage in a society with diverse cultural backgrounds.
... As noted by King (2016: 227), "this can result in systematically failing to analyse the most important impacts on the most culturally sensitive aspects of the environment". Cultural heritage law itself has moved beyond the idea that cultural heritage amounts to physical, material, culture and now recognises the intangible, associative and human rights dimensions of cultural heritage (Francioni and Vrdoljak 2020;Lixinski 2013). However, the law is only as effective as the institutional actors wielding it, and, as seen above, even though the state is supposed to be acting in the public interest, the public interest can be construed conveniently depending on the situation. ...
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Cultural heritage impact assessment is a fragmented area of law and policy that traverses national, EU and international legal norms. The overall aim of an impact assessment is to inform planning and decision-making, and, if necessary, to avoid particularly important cultural heritage or at least mitigate the most negative impacts of a proposed development on such heritage. However, there is a substantial amount of discretion in this area of law, and the notion of cultural heritage assessed is often considerably narrower than the cultural heritage affected in practice. There also exists an implicit power imbalance between development consortia and vested elites, on the one hand, and the interests of cultural heritage and attendant communities – who may not be in favour of the proposed development – on the other. This chapter critically analyses the way in which cultural heritage is conceived and assessed within Environmental Impact Assessment, World Heritage and development contexts requiring social and cultural assessment more broadly, including in relation to Indigenous Peoples and local communities. It then takes up the role of state discretion, compliance, and legitimacy in the field of heritage assessment, where certain projects are exempt from assessment, or where it is difficult to challenge a decision made in the ‘public interest’ even when that interest has been construed in favour of private investment. This section also considers the dissonance between heritage professionals and exogenous ways of thinking about impact assessment versus the lived experiences of people affected by development projects and endogenous ways of conceiving heritage.
... No obstante, esta brecha también se ve reflejada en prácticas culturales que pueden ser adoptadas por determinado pueblo indígena en un país, pero no en el otro, como es el caso del palabrero como administrador de justicia, para el pueblo Wayúu, en Colombia, que no es reconocido de la misma forma en Venezuela, alterando esencialmente su cultura (Lixinski, 2013). Tam En el camino hacia el reconocimiento de sus derechos, los grupos indígenas se han organizado para posicionar, en las agendas nacionales, regionales y globales, las principales temáticas que reflejan sus intereses. ...
Article
Este artículo analiza cómo los reconocimientos jurídicos y políticos que realizan los Estados en beneficio de los indígenas de zonas fronterizas pueden ser vistos como una forma de protección del patrimonio inmaterial. Para ello, se tomará el reconocimiento de la doble nacionalidad de los indígenas que comparten territorio fronterizo entre Colombia y sus países vecinos, para sugerir que, más que una medida de política pública para la solución de asuntos cotidianos, la doble nacionalidad constituye un esfuerzo de los Estados por proteger el patrimonio inmaterial, a través de la preservación de la cultura de estos pueblos, sus tradiciones, la ancestralidad de sus territorios y la multiculturalidad que representan. A partir de un contexto sobre la importancia del patrimonio inmaterial y una revisión teórica, se presentan los avances que se han presentado con respecto al otorgamiento de la doble nacionalidad de los miembros de pueblos indígenas que habitan en territorio fronterizo y que fueron fragmentados como consecuencia de la división político-administrativa de los Estados de Colombia y Ecuador. Por último, señalo las conclusiones conforme a la importancia que representa tanto para los Estados como para los pueblos indígenas incluir la mirada del patrimonio inmaterial frente a este tipo de reconocimientos.
... In legal discourse, local agricultural knowledge attracts the attention principally of IP, environmental and international lawyers. Intellectual property lawyers focus on the knowledge aspects, but discuss its protection from a broad base including cultural practices and rights (von Lewinski, 2008;Gibson, 2005;Lixinski, 2013), human rights (Helfer & Austin, 2011), the right to food and food security (Blakeney, 2009;Sherman, 2013) and the right of access to biological resources (Antons, 2010) and concerns about "biopiracy" arising from imbalances between strong IP rights and weak public benefits for traditional farmers and local holders of knowledge about biodiversity (Blakeney, 2004;Robinson, 2010). ...
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This chapter defines local knowledge in its relationship with traditional knowledge and intellectual property. It reviews the literature on the role of local knowledge in agricultural innovation and its relationship to scientific knowledge and the Green Revolution. The chapter also examines the role of local knowledge in the protection of geographical indications and in the conservation of seed.
... However, the potential for wood carving should not be a private resource to safeguard traditional craftsmanship. (Lixinski, 2013) emphasised that expertise in craftsmen should be shared with the young generations interested in this area. Traditional craftsmanship's skill and knowledge must be documented to preserve the tradition. ...
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Cultural heritage includes both tangible and intangible assets. However, the growth of cultural heritage in the tourism industry has been focused on tangible assets. Furthermore, as an element in traditional craftsmanship, the craft is considered an intangible cultural heritage that has become a tourism product in a specific tourism area. This study was conducted to determine the potential of woodcarving as a cultural heritage tourism product in Kuala Terengganu. In this study, five respondents were selected using purposive sampling as an approach for data collection. According to the findings, Malay traditional craftsmanship has the potential to be marketed as a tourism product. In any case, several factors must be improved, such as i) the attraction, ii) destination facilities, iii) transportation, and iv) accessibility to the site to increase the viability of Malay traditional handicrafts as a popular tourism product in Kuala Terengganu. In conclusion, it will be advantageous to Malaysia's and other nations' tourism industries since traditional craftsmanship will be viewed as a new commodity in tourism. Furthermore, it can help preserve craftsmanship skills and knowledge. It can also encourage the next generation to learn about and respect this tradition.
... It is generally agreed that cultural relativism is not in keeping with the universality of core human rights norms and standards, for which there is wide support (Donnelly 2007;Ivison 2008;Lixinski 2013;Zaunbrecher 2011). As Donnelly (2007) notes, the UDHR and the Conventions that give effect to it, the ICSECR and the ICCPR, have now achieved ratification by almost all states, leading to their legal universality. ...
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Human rights discourses have significant relevance to contemporary understandings of heritage and its conservation, particularly in the context of the key international conventions for safeguarding the world’s cultural heritage promulgated by UNESCO. The right to heritage is recognized as a human right falling under the right to culture or cultural identity. However, states are the primary bodies responsible for heritage identification and conservation, and may prefer to preserve the heritage of dominant social groups. Heritage identification and management by states, including the nomination of items for inclusion on the World Heritage List of the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage and the Representative List of the Convention for Safeguarding the Intangible Cultural Heritage, thus has the potential to compromise the cultural rights of marginalized social groups, including women. Existing research and original research discussed herein reveal a dearth of heritage associated with women on both Lists. However, the problematic gender dynamics of this discourse goes beyond simple representativeness to encompass the ways in which women and their heritage are portrayed. The Representative List typically seeks to maintain existing social relations, including gender relations, with negative implications for women’s human rights set out in the UN Convention to Eliminate all Forms of Discrimination Against Women.
... This represents a change toward embracing a more diverse and inclusive view of heritage by identifying and legitimizing intangible cultural expressions [38]. There are a variety of ways to describe, justify, and evaluate intangible cultural heritage, which also adds to its attractiveness [39,40]. ...
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The integration of the cultural/creative and tourism industries is one way to present different types of regional cultural heritage to the world. This study examined the coupling of intangible cultural heritage and cultural tourism development in Hunan, seeking a pattern for the development of the former under the latter. The study included analyzing the coupling between tourism resources and ICH and exploring modes of revitalizing or developing ICH in the context of cultural tourism. We used methods of GIS spatial technology, including nearest neighbor indexing, kernel density estimation, and queuing analysis, to estimate the kernel density of a buffer of points (high-speed railway stations, and 5A and 4A scenic spots) and lines (high-speed railways and highways). The results show (1) the overall spatial aggregation of Hunan’s ICH resources; (2) how tourist attractions drive ICH resources, as illustrated by the coupling between the spatial distribution of ≥4A attractions and ICH; and (3) the pattern of high-speed road and railroad network development, featuring region-wide guidance for the development of Hunan’s ICH resources. This research not only provides development patterns and concepts for the study of intangible cultural heritage and tourism development planning in Hunan, but also provides useful references for the combination of the two in other regions.
... Argument je, že tradícia a inovácia sa vzájomne podporujú, nevylučujú sa a kultúrna rozmanitosť je hodnota, ktorú podporujú obe. Podľa niektorých expertov hodnoty, ktoré sú základom diskusie o kultúrnom dedičstve a rozmanitosti, teda nie sú zmysluplne podporované právnymi rámcami, ktoré sa okolo nich vytvorili (Broude, 2017, Lixinski, 2013. 5 Interdisciplinárne diskusie však majú aj iné zamerania. ...
... It is generally agreed that cultural relativism is not in keeping with the universality of core human rights norms and standards, for which there is wide support (Donnelly 2007;Ivison 2008;Lixinski 2013;Zaunbrecher 2011). As Donnelly (2007) notes, the UDHR and the Conventions that give effect to it, the ICSECR and the ICCPR, have now achieved ratification by almost all states, leading to their legal universality. ...
Chapter
Human rights discourses have significant relevance to contemporary understandings of heritage and its conservation, particularly in the context of the key international conventions for safeguarding the world’s cultural heritage promulgated by UNESCO. The right to heritage is recognised as a human right falling under the right to culture or cultural identity. However, states are the primary bodies responsible for heritage identification and conservation, and may prefer to preserve the heritage of dominant social groups. Heritage identification and management by states, including nomination of items for inclusion on the Representative List (RL) of the Convention for Safeguarding the Intangible Cultural Heritage (CSICH), thus has the potential to compromise the cultural rights of marginalised social groups, including women. Limited existing research and original research discussed herein reveal a dearth of heritage associated with women on the RL. However, the problematic gender dynamics of this discourse goes beyond simple representativeness to encompass the ways in which women and their heritage are portrayed when included. The RL typically seeks to maintain existing social relations, including gender relations, with negative implications for women’s human rights set out in the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).
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Статтю присвячено дослідженню актуальних проблем охорони нематеріальної культурної спадщини України, спровокованих російсько-українською війною. Зокрема, серед таких проблем названо відсутність дієвих механізмів виявлення, дослідження, збереження, популяризації різноманітних елементів нематеріальної культурної спадщини в умовах війни та управління ними; відсутність національної стратегії з охорони нематеріальної культурної спадщини під час війни; наявність відмінностей між національним законодавством та міжнародними нормами щодо охорони нематеріальної культурної спадщини; відсутність механізму відшкодування збитків, завданих російською військовою агресією досліджуваній галузі; недостатньо тісна співпраця між громадами, профільними державними органами та міжнародними інституціями; недостатнє використання нових форм популяризації нематеріальної культурної спадщини, зокрема медіатизації тощо. У статті відзначено, що на сучасному етапі відбувається посилення інтересу українського суспільства та міжнародної громадськості до нематеріальної культурної спадщини України, а також переосмислення цієї спадщини в межах державної політики деколонізації. Показовим прикладом слугує т. зв. «битва за борщ», одним з результатів якої стало включення культури приготування українського борщу до Національного переліку елементів нематеріальної культурної спадщини України та світового Списку нематеріальної культурної спадщини, що потребує термінової охорони. Наголошено, що загалом галузь охорони нематеріальної культурної спадщини України, сформована на основі Конвенції про охорону нематеріальної культурної спадщини, виявилася недостатньо підготовленою до викликів російсько-української війни. Безперечно, досліджувана галузь потребує особливої уваги з боку експертного середовища. Зокрема, в умовах війни постає необхідність формування коаліції експертів, які зможуть сприяти створенню більш дієвих принципів та механізмів охорони нематеріальної культурної спадщини України.
Article
Revitalization is the process of instilling something with fresh energy and vibrancy. historical revitalization is the process of repurposing cultural historical materials and changing them into products or services that fit the demands of modern society, all while protecting and preserving history. The regeneration of cultural heritage entails converting it into tourism resources and products. This article is broken into four parts, each of which focuses on study into Dunhuang's cultural heritage. First, the author discusses the cultural heritage of Dunhuang. Second, the author assesses the worth of Dunhuang's cultural legacy. Third, the author discusses the fundamental concepts of cultural heritage revitalization. In the fourth section, the author discusses the revitalization of Dunhuang's cultural heritage. Revitalization can take many forms, including digital technology, cultural and creative items, art exhibitions, film and television works, and live performances, among others.
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Este artigo apresenta o sistema faxinal no Centro-Sul do Paraná. O objetivo geral é compará-lo com certas experiências favoráveis ao Desenvolvimento Territorial Sustentável. Para tanto, o texto discorre sobre o que é o sistema faxinal. Em seguida, é feito um breve histórico da herança cultural deixada pelos imigrantes ucranianos no Paraná e sua relação com o sistema faxinal. Após isso, são trazidos precedentes de localidades em Santa Catarina que incorporaram o DTS. Por fim, são destacados elementos do DTS com as semelhanças e diferenças das variáveis em comparação. A metodologia operou adotando o método indutivo para abordagem e o comparativo para procedimento, enquanto as técnicas foram entrevista semiestruturada, observação direta e revisão bibliográfica. O resultado foi a constatação não somente da compatibilidade do sistema faxinal com o DTS, mas sobretudo de seu alto potencial para a construção de uma verdadeira rota turística ucraniana na Terra dos Pinheirais.
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Geographical indications serve as critical means for protecting the unique qualities and heritage of food products linked to specific areas within the international framework. From a comparative point of view, the European Union stands out for its sui generis system based on the concepts of terroir and reputation, which aims to boost market value and conserves cultural heritage by safeguarding regional foods. The United States adopts a trademark-centric approach that prioritises brand and name protection, offering less emphasis on regional specificity. China is on a path to strengthening its GI protection regime, aiming to promote agricultural heritage and enhance market presence. This comparative perspective highlights the varied legal and cultural approaches to GI protection among the world’s major economies, reflecting the intricate interplay of globalisation, trade, and cultural identity within the food sector.
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This chapter investigates xiqu digitalisation and gamification and issues around intellectual property (IP); it questions how xiqu as a live community practice and collective ownership presents opportunities as well as challenges in China’s ambition to build an Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH)-based CCI model.
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UNESCO seeks to build peace through international cooperation in education, sciences, and culture and contributes to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals defined in the 2030 Agenda. The present paper explores how UNESCO, the Jordanian government, and the local communities work together in the design and implementation of plans aimed at developing a knowledge-based economy, protecting Jordan’s natural environment and rich cultural heritage, promoting intercultural dialogue and cultural diversity, and in strengthening the institutionalization of culture for development. The present contribution is divided into two parts, the first covers the institutional/legislative framework; financial capacities of Jordanian institutions and describes the activities undertaken by UNESCO over the past years for the preservation of Jordan’s tangible heritage. The section shows UNESCO’s approach towards the conservation of sites from a more resilience-based perspective in an attempt to realize employment opportunities in the heritage sector and heritage as a vehicle for socio-economic resilience and sustainability. The second part of the present paper covers the collaborative efforts by UNESCO and the Jordanian Government in safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) in the context of the UNESCO 2003 Convention for Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage, including the inscription of ICH elements into the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, the establishment of certain Jordanian institutions related to ICH safeguarding, and UNESCO’s support for Safeguarding ICH in Jordan on the national and international levels. This includes capacity building, raising awareness on the importance of ICH, managing and supporting projects for drawing community-based inventories of ICH elements in Jordan, and integrating ICH into the Jordanian educational arena. Some recommendations towards safeguarding ICH in Jordan on both the governmental and societal levels are given, e.g., involving museums, enhancing media and information channels, developing educational plans, investmenting in ICH in the sustainable tourism sector, and modifying existing legislation and constitutional provisions to protect ICH and its bearers.
Article
The aim of the work is to identify and disclose the distinctive features of the regulation of the protection of cultural heritage in accordance with the main conventions of the Council of Europe in this area, which are the subject of the study. The methodological basis of the article is the methods of deduction, induction, analysis, synthesis, formal-logical, descriptive, system-structural, historical, comparative, formal-legal methods. The paper identifies problems related to the protection of cultural heritage that exist on a global scale and at the level of Russia, describes the efforts of the international community to solve such problems. The definition of cultural heritage is given. The list of all international treaties adopted under the auspices of the Council of Europe, which in one way or another affect the issues of cultural heritage, is given, the greatest importance of five of these conventions is argued. The features of the conventional protection of cultural heritage at the level of this international organization, highlighted on the basis of the study of these international treaties, are considered. The author points out such features as paying special attention to human rights; attaching great importance to the participation of civil society and the public in activities related to cultural heritage; the frequent absence of its explicit division into tangible and intangible heritage, etc. Taking into account the highlighted characteristic features of the States parties to the most significant international treaties mentioned above can contribute to improving the effectiveness of their application of these conventions - not only individually, but also in a complex. This also applies to Russia. The author identifies areas related to the features of the convention protection of cultural heritage at the level of the Council of Europe, on which it may be advisable for Russia to intensify its activities. The scientific novelty of the article is determined by the above-mentioned conclusions and recommendations of the author. It is also expressed in the disclosure of some of the above-mentioned features of the regime of the main conventions of the Council of Europe in the field of protection of cultural heritage, for example, paying special attention to human rights.
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Similar to the other forms of cultural heritage, Indigenous oral traditions are collected and held often by outsiders to the community. There are a number of instruments addressing this problem, but none of them provide complete control over such works. This article will focus on the possibility and instances of copyright being used to control oral traditions, both by outsiders and the Indigenous communities. The article will first provide an overview of the applicable legal areas (cultural property law, Indigenous rights, and intellectual property rights), and then it will assess different stages in the treatment of oral traditions. It will discuss the copyright implications for not only the traditions themselves but also their documented versions, subsequent copies, adaptations, and new works in order to provide a full picture of the relationship between control and copyright.
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Language policy issues are imbued with a powerful symbolism that is often linked to questions of identity, with the suppression or failure to recognise and support a given endangered variety representing a refusal to grant a 'voice' to the corresponding ethno-cultural community. This wide-ranging volume, which explores linguistic scenarios from across five continents, seeks to ignite the debate as to how and whether the interface between people, politics and language can affect the fortunes of endangered varieties. With chapters written by academics working in the field of language endangerment and members of indigenous communities on the frontline of language support and maintenance, Policy and Planning for Endangered Languages is essential reading for researchers and students of language death, sociolinguistics and applied linguistics, as well as community members involved in native language maintenance.
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Language policy issues are imbued with a powerful symbolism that is often linked to questions of identity, with the suppression or failure to recognise and support a given endangered variety representing a refusal to grant a 'voice' to the corresponding ethno-cultural community. This wide-ranging volume, which explores linguistic scenarios from across five continents, seeks to ignite the debate as to how and whether the interface between people, politics and language can affect the fortunes of endangered varieties. With chapters written by academics working in the field of language endangerment and members of indigenous communities on the frontline of language support and maintenance, Policy and Planning for Endangered Languages is essential reading for researchers and students of language death, sociolinguistics and applied linguistics, as well as community members involved in native language maintenance.
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Full-text available
Language policy issues are imbued with a powerful symbolism that is often linked to questions of identity, with the suppression or failure to recognise and support a given endangered variety representing a refusal to grant a 'voice' to the corresponding ethno-cultural community. This wide-ranging volume, which explores linguistic scenarios from across five continents, seeks to ignite the debate as to how and whether the interface between people, politics and language can affect the fortunes of endangered varieties. With chapters written by academics working in the field of language endangerment and members of indigenous communities on the frontline of language support and maintenance, Policy and Planning for Endangered Languages is essential reading for researchers and students of language death, sociolinguistics and applied linguistics, as well as community members involved in native language maintenance.
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Historically, few topics have proven to be so controversial in international intellectual property as the protection of geographical indications (GIs). The adoption of TRIPS in 1994 did not resolve disagreements, and countries worldwide continue to quarrel today as to the nature, the scope, and the enforcement of GI protection nationally and internationally. Thus far, however, there is little literature addressing GI protection from the point of view of the Asia-Pacific region, even though countries in this region have actively discussed the topic and in several instances have promoted GIs as a mechanism to foster local development and safeguard local culture. This book, edited by renowned intellectual property scholars, fills the void in the current literature and offers a variety of contributions focusing on the framework and effects of GI protection in the Asia-Pacific region. The book is available as Open Access.
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Chapter 4 focuses on the third major subject of this book: Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs). It provides analysis of different IPRs, including sui generis IPRs, and the strengths and weaknesses of such rights as mechanisms capable of safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH). The chapter argues that while IPRs can be insufficient to protect ICH, and can even reinforce misappropriation of such heritage, there are circumstances in which IPRs are valuable not only in their capacity to empower indigenous and local communities themselves, but also in their capacity to work alongside other safeguarding mechanisms that can offer different protections.
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Chapter 6 brings the relationship between Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH), sustainable development and Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) to the fore. It provides an analysis of the challenges and opportunities of using IPRs to achieve social, environmental and economic sustainable development aims for ICH safeguarding that are articulated by the 2003 UNESCO Convention. This chapter also addresses the enforcement of IPRs on ICH and concludes with an analysis of the challenges of the cross-border enforcement of IPRs by the interested communities.
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Chapter 3 focuses on the second major subject of this book: sustainable development. The Chapter examines how culture and ICH in particular are linked to sustainable development as illustrated in the 2003 UNESCO Convention, its Operational Directives and its Overall Results Framework. The Chapter analyses the role of ICH as a strategic resource to enable inclusive sustainable development and therefore participation and inclusive governance. The chapter also introduces ICH as a relevant tool to enable environmentally sustainable development, as well as inclusive economic development. Chapter 3 lays the foundation for subsequent chapters to explore the relationship between ICH and IPRs, intended as a mechanism to foster valorization and promotion of ICH, towards its viability and vitality for the benefit of the communities concerned.
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The chapter argues that cultural heritage objects fit within the established system of civil law objects. The main reason they fall outside the scope of material objects is the intangibility or special legal status of some objects, such as human remains and living humans. It may also be impossible to take possession of heritage objects, as in the case of space cultural heritage. Some existing challenges have been present for some time, with changes in how we perceive certain phenomena intensifying and affecting the debate’s outcome. Nevertheless, the technological progress that we can observe and its use in artistic or functional forms (e.g., a diamond made of human remains) or unique artwork (e.g., Tim) make it necessary to refer to this problem in terms of safeguarding cultural heritage. Another challenge is posed by the digitization of culture, including non-tangible artistic expressions that are now offered for sale as NFTs or only available as online files without a tangible carrier. The fragmentation of national cultural heritage legislation in Poland is presented via the example of the Act on Fryderyk Chopin’s cultural heritage.
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The chapter concentrates on civil law; in particular, how basic civil law concepts are linked with various forms and manifestations of cultural heritage. The chapter aims to show how cultural heritage, in both its tangible and intangible dimensions, is anchored in private law. The cultural heritage protection legal framework is often provided by public law. On the other hand, the right to cultural heritage often relies on property rights or intellectual property law, which are subjects of private law.The chapter examines the concept of “res” and the construction of collections and their integrity as a civil law object. This situates cultural heritage between the public and private law spheres and results in ongoing tensions between private and public interests, with the addition of future generations to the mix. In terms of the evolution of civil codes, two phenomena are connected to cultural heritage protection. First, the decodification of civil codes, an already ongoing process with a different pace particularly national civil law systems, affects the evolution of cultural heritage law. Second, parallel to decodification, the publicization of civil codes integrates provisions of a public nature.
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Over the last twenty years, a number of high-level policy meetings have emphasized the significance of cultural diversity in all matters related to international cultural cooperation. Instruments negotiated both in the context of the UNESCO and other agencies of the United Nations demonstrate the pervasive interest of the international community in strategies enhancing cultural diversity. Yet the concept of diversity is a particularly broad one, entrenched on a variety of rationales for its protection, such as the promotion of human rights and democratic participation; sustainable and human development; protection of cultural industries vis-à-vis the liberalisation of audio-visual services and free trade; promotion of intercultural and interreligious dialogue; as well as protection of cultural rights and cultural heritage. As this article submits, the promotion of cultural diversity is a laudable cause in and of itself, and a first step towards achieving equality. Its omnipresence, however, taken in conjunction with its imprecise content and function in the cultural market (in accordance with the 2005 UNESCO Convention on the Promotion of Cultural Expressions) runs the risk of downplaying its significance and effectiveness.
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Ruins are of high cultural significance and their protection is an important policy issue. This article argues that a focus on regional policies might in some instances help to counter ruined policies. In a first step, the article contours an understanding of ruins and distinguishes functions of ruins by the motivation of the constructors and the preservers. Subsequently, the article finds that some current attempts to ‘keeping ruins alive’, efforts to putting the presence in perspective with the past, relate to ruin(ed) temporalities because either the motivation of the constructors of ruins is ignored or the function of ruins for preservers is not reflected on sufficiently. The article concludes that a regional policy focus – in contrast to an international or domestic approach – might do more justice to these spatial differences and therefore might counter ruined temporalities and ruined policies.
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Can intellectual property and marketing strategies help bearer communities to make a sustainable living from their intangible heritage? This is the question that underpinned a British Academy-funded interdisciplinary research project that comprised researchers from the UK, France, and Italy, and an NGO from Kolkata. This contribution describes the development and implementation of heritage-sensitive intellectual property and marketing strategies (HIPAMS) with two communities in West Bengal – Chau dancers and Chau mask-makers who were at the heart of the project. Using methods including forum theatre and walking stories, the research team and the communities’ highlighted challenges faced by the communities in making a sustainable living from their heritage skills and developed ways in which HIPAMS could be used by the communities to their advantage while retaining a focus on the importance of the heritage. The initial evaluation shows how significant these strategies can be for heritage communities, however small and incremental the advances made.
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The adoption of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2003 (hereinafter, ‘2003 Convention’) was a historical event in terms of the marked changes it represented to the notion of cultural heritage and the measures introduced for its protection. Lacking tangibleness, intangible cultural heritage essentially requires its bearers and transmitters for its very existence. This special characteristic of intangible cultural heritage is the necessary starting point for any study on the status and roles of NSAs in the implementation of the 2003 Convention relative to the other international cultural heritage laws considered in this book.
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The past few decades have seen a plethora of interest in heritage studies in international law, as the legitimization of cultural heritage is a significant aspect of protecting the legacy of humanity’s collective memory, which is fully reflected in a series of international instruments on culture. This paper examines the meaning-making process of UNESCO legal documents on cultural heritage from a sociosemiotic perspective. The data for the corpus-based study were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively by applying the securitization theory to heritage studies. Research findings reveal three significant shifts in cultural heritage, i.e., from property to heritage, from tangible to intangible, and from material-centered to human-centered, which embodies the harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature, a philosophical idea embedded in traditional Chinese culture. As noted, terms targeting cultural heritage in UNESCO international instruments are the sign vehicle, generally mediated and shaped by social values, cultural beliefs, and conventional wisdom, etc. as a part of the interpretant, making different categories of heritage meaningful and interpretable. Characterized by temporality and spatiality, cultural heritage is subject to multiple interpretations. The meaning-making of international instruments for consideration is a sociosemiotic operation that can be construed through contextual factors and a process of social negotiation. This paper argues that a sociosemiotic approach to heritage studies is conducive to explicating the construction and deconstruction of heritage as discursive practices while offering some implications for future research.
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Stating that social action aimed at achieving a higher degree of equality between men and women is necessary and useful, the author questions the validity of the approach in the recently adopted Law on Gender Equality that tries to establish gender equality, among other things, by forced intervention in the language sphere, through imposing the application of the so-called "gender-sensitive language". Despite the fact that such an approach could hardly contribute to actual equality, this forced intervention in the language sphere is the violation of the language as a segment of intangible cultural heritage, which is contrary to the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia and a number of international acts. Fortunately, the provisions of the Law on Gender Equality regarding the application of gender-sensitive language are inaccurate, unclear and full of internal contradictions to such an extent that it can be said that they are not applicable.
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