Blockchain-based Data and Energy Trading �in Internet of Electric Vehicles- MS Synopsis Presentation

Abstract

MS Synopsis Presentation

Full text

Blockchain-based Data and Energy Trading
in Internet of Electric Vehicles
Ayesha Sadiq
(FA17-RIS-004)
Department of Computer Science
(Date: 05/03/2020)
Supervisor: Dr. Nadeem Javaid
Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science
COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad Pakistan
MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

Outline
Preliminaries
Introduction
 Literature Review
 Problem Statement
 Proposed System Model
 Proposed Methodology
 Security Analyses
 Results and Simulations
 Conclusion
 Future Work
Presented by Ayesha Sadiq
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

Preliminaries
Presented by Ayesha Sadiq
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

Blockchain
It is a chain of blocks forming a distributed digital ledger to stores a series of records without relying
on any central controlling entity [1].
Ledger is synchronized with all nodes in the network via consensus algorithm.
 Each block consists of
‒A hash that is a digital print or a unique identifier
‒Time-stamped batches of valid transactions
‒Hash of previous block
It is decentralized ― data is not stored at single point but distributed across the network among
nodes
It is Immutable ― once data is added to blockchain, it cannot be altered or removed
4
Preliminaries (1/5)
[1] Nakamoto, Satoshi. “Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system.” Bitcoin.–URL: https://bitcoin. org/bitcoin. pdf (2008).
Accessed 20 November 2019.
MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

Blockchain
Types of blockchain
‒Public Blockchains (permission-less)
‒Private Blockchains (permissioned)
@ Consensus algorithm used in blockchain
‒Proof of work (PoW)
‒Proof of Authority (PoA)
‒Proof of Stake (PoS)
‒Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS)
‒Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT)
5
Preliminaries (2/5)
MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

Smart Contract
Self-executing set of rules and conditions among buyer and sellers to speed up transactions on
blockchain [2].
Once created, all transactions in the network will be executed in terms of contract.
It can send, receive and store money and interact with other smart contracts or any computational
systems connected to the internet.
It provides
‒Autonomy
‒Transparency
‒Speed
‒Trust
‒Precision
6
Preliminaries (3/5)
[2] Wang, Shuai, Liwei Ouyang, Yong Yuan, Xiaochun Ni, Xuan Han, and Fei-Yue Wang. “Blockchain-enabled smart contracts:
architecture, applications, and future trends.” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems 49, no. 11 (2019): 2266-2277.
MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

InterPlanetary File System (IPFS)
It is a Peer-to-Peer (P2P), content addressable distributed file storage system [3, 4].
‒It acts as both client and server
‒It ensures long term availability of data
‒It supports concurrent access of data
‒It provides high throughput with secure storage
‒It distributes high volume od data with high efficiency
‒It uses distributed hash table to find the location of files
‒It provides reliable data storage and reduces huge storage cost
7
Preliminaries (4/5)
[3] Benet, Juan. IPFS - Content Addressed Versioned P2P File System. arXiv preprint arXiv:1407.3561 (2014).
[4] Naz, Muqaddas, Fahad A. Al-zahrani, Rabiya Khalid, Nadeem Javaid, Ali Mustafa Qamar, Muhammad Khalil Afzal, and Muhammad
Shafiq. “A secure data sharing platform using blockchain and interplanetary file system.” Sustainability 11, no. 24 (2019): 7054.
MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

Bloom Filters
It is a probabilistic data structure with space and time efficiency [5].
‒It facilitates fast look up and detection of membership queries
‒It returns true if element is probably present in the set
‒It returns false if element is definitely not in the set
‒It exploits hash arrays with multiple hash functions
8
Preliminaries (5/5)
[5] Luo, Lailong, Deke Guo, Richard TB Ma, Ori Rottenstreich, and Xueshan Luo. “Optimizing Bloom Filter: Challenges, Solutions,
and Comparisons.” IEEE Communications Surveys \& Tutorials 21, no. 2 (2018): 1912-1949.
 Parameters
m: total number of bits (array size)
k: number of hash functions
n: number of insertions
Trade-off
No of false positives with space and
efficiency in look up
MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

Introduction
Presented by Ayesha Sadiq
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

Introduction (1/6)
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) enables communication and exchange of information.
Communication modes in IoV [6]
‒Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V)
‒Vehicle- to-Infrastructure (V2I)
Electric Vehicles in IoV bring forth Internet of Electric Vehicles (IoEV).
Thus, IoEV involves Electric vehicles as well as Fuel Vehicles
‒Fuel vehicles perform data trading
‒Electric Vehicles (EVs) are involved in energy trading
[6] Kaiwartya, Omprakash, Abdul Hanan Abdullah, Yue Cao, Ayman Altameem, Mukesh Prasad, Chin-Teng Lin, and Xiulei Liu.
“Internet of vehicles: Motivation, layered architecture, network model, challenges, and future aspects.” IEEE Access 4 (2016): 5356-5373
10
MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

Data Trading
‒Continuous real-time data generated by vehicles
‒Several Future benefits with vehicle generated data
‒Data trading in IoEV can benefit business entities [7]
Trading Data may include
‒Road conditions
‒Congestion statuses
‒Environmental conditions
‒Vehicles' usage data
‒Vehicle’s technical details
‒Malfunction reports
How trading data can be helpful?
‒Handling vehicular traffic
‒Defining new driving regulations
‒Remote services booking
‒Proactive safety measures
‒Navigation services with virtual assistance
‒Live road and environmental conditions
[7] C. Chen, J. Wu, H. Lin, W. Chen and Z. Zheng, “A Secure and Efficient Blockchain-Based Data Trading Approach for
Internet of Vehicles,” in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 68, no. 9, pp. 9110-9121, Sept. 2019.
Introduction (2/6)
11
MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

Introduction (3/6)
Energy Trading
‒EVs are involved in energy trading
‒EVs have bidirectional charging and communication capabilities
‒EVs can play role of both energy consumer and suppliers
‒Facilitate in balancing energy demand and supply during peak hours [8]
‒Overcome the Renewable energy Sources overgeneration problem
‒EVs can trade their surplus energy with other EVs through V2V communication
‒Energy trading is done for better management of energy
12
[8] Kang, Jiawen, Rong Yu, Xumin Huang, Sabita Maharjan, Yan Zhang, and Ekram Hossain. “Enabling localized peer-to-peer
electricity trading among plug-in hybrid electric vehicles using consortium blockchains.” IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Informatics 13, no. 6 (2017): 3154-3164.
MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

IoEV enabled data trading and energy trading faces trust issues due to
‒Mobile nature
‒Dynamic topology
‒Unstable communication time
Centralized controlling authorities cause
‒Bottleneck issues
‒Latency problems
‒Risk of data exposure
Introduction (4/6)
13
MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

Storage Problems in IoEV data trading
‒Limited computational power and storage capacity in vehicles [9]
‒Data Duplication
‒Second-hand sharing of data
Privacy issues in IoEV
‒Data linkage attacks
‒Data modification
‒Vehicle identity exposure
14
[9] Xu, Yang, Guojun Wang, Jidian Yang, Ju Ren, Yaoxue Zhang, and Cheng Zhang. “Towards secure network computing services
for lightweight clients using blockchain.” Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (2018).
Introduction (5/6)
MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

Blockchain as a Solution
It maintains trust in trustless environment of IoEV and provides.
‒Decentralization
‒Immutability of trading records
‒Transparency in trading actions
‒Traceability
‒Tamper-resistance
IPFS as distributed storage
‒Ensures long term availability of data
‒Provides reliable data storage
15
Introduction (6/6)
MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

Literature Review
Presented by Ayesha Sadiq
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

[10] C. Chen, J. Wu, H. Lin, W. Chen and Z. Zheng, “A Secure and Efficient Blockchain-Based Data Trading Approach for Internet of Vehicles,”
in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 68, no. 9, pp. 9110-9121, Sept. 2019.
[11] J. Kang et al.,“Blockchain for Secure and Efficient Data Sharing in Vehicular Edge Computing and Networks,” in IEEE Internet of Things
Journal, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 4660-4670, June 2019.
[12] X. Zhang and X. Chen, “Data Security Sharing and Storage Based on a Consortium Blockchain in a Vehicular Ad-hoc Network,”
in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 58241-58254, 2019.
17
Technique (s) Achievement (s) Limitation (s)
Iterative Double Auction [10] - Data trading using IDA to maximize
social welfare and to obtain optimal
data pricing
- Off-chain payment can cause
disputes among buyers and
sellers
Three Weight Subjective Logic
(TWSL) [11]
- Secure data sharing and data storage
- TWSL is used to choose a reliable
data source.
- High storage cost
- Data duplication
Batch verification [12] - Provides secure data sharing and
storage based on consortium blockchain
- Data credibility
Literature Review (1/4)
MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

Technique (s) Achievement (s) Limitation (s)
Lexicographic Merkle Tree [13] - Privacy-preserving authentication scheme
- Trust reputation evaluation
- Transmission Delay
Proof of Event [14] - Identification of malicious vehicles
- Prevention of fake messages distribution
- Transmission Delay
- Scalability issues
Logistic Regression,
PoW [15]
- Conditional privacy
- Auditable and scalable scheme
- Latency
Literature Review (2/4)
[13] Lu, Zhaojun, Wenchao Liu, Qian Wang, Gang Qu, and Zhenglin Liu. “A Privacy-Preserving Trust Model Based on Blockchain for VANETs.” IEEE
Access 6 (2018): 45655-45664.
[14] Yang, Yao-Tsung, Li-Der Chou, Chia-Wei Tseng, Fan-Hsun Tseng, and Chien-Chang Liu. “Blockchain-Based Traffic Event Validation and Trust
Verification for VANETs.” IEEE Access 7 (2019): 30868-30877.
[15] Liu, Xingchen, Haiping Huang, Fu Xiao, and Ziyang Ma. “A blockchain-based trust management with conditional privacy-preserving
announcement scheme for VANETs.” IEEE Internet of Things Journal 7, no. 5 (2019): 4101-4112.
18
MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

Technique (s) Achievement (s) Limitation (s)
PoW and PoS [16] - A blockchain based decentralized
trust mechanism
- PoW and PoS used to calculate the
trust values
- Privacy leakage
- Computationally expensive
Proof of concept [17] - Privacy Preservation of shared data
- Auditing anonymous transactions
- A reliable payment mechanism
- Energy demand and supply factor
is neglected
- No encouragement for EV users
Credit-based solution [18] - Transaction verification delay
- Secure Payment mechanism
- Expensive
Literature Review (3/4)
[16] Yang, Zhe, Kan Yang, Lei Lei, Kan Zheng, and Victor CM Leung. “Blockchain-Based Decentralized Trust Management in Vehicular Networks.”
IEEE Internet of Things Journal 6, no. 2 (2018): 1495-1505.
[17] Gao, Feng, Liehuang Zhu, Meng Shen, Kashif Sharif, Zhiguo Wan, and Kui Ren. “A blockchain-based privacy-preserving payment mechanism for
vehicle-to-grid networks.” IEEE network 32, no. 6 (2018): 184-192.
[18] Li, Zhetao, Jiawen Kang, Rong Yu, Dongdong Ye, Qingyong Deng, and Yan Zhang. “Consortium blockchain for secure energy trading in
industrial internet of things.” IEEE transactions on industrial informatics 14, no. 8 (2017): 3690-3700.
19
MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

Technique (s) Achievement (s) Limitation (s)
Reputation-based scheme[19] - Scheduling of EVs’ charging and discharging
- Prevention of internal and external attacks by
adversaries
- Computationally expensive due to
PKI approach
Iterative double auction [20] - Social welfare maximization
- Auditing and verifying transaction records
- Balancing energy demand and response
- Secure and trustful energy trading model
- Energy demand and supply factor
is neglected
- No encouragement for EV users
Dynamic pricing scheme [21] - Optimal charging station selection
- Location privacy preservation
- Scalability problem
Literature Review (4/4)
[19] Wang, Yuntao, Zhou Su, and Ning Zhang, “BSIS: Blockchain-based secure incentive scheme for energy delivery in vehicular energy network.”
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 15, no. 6 (2019): 3620-3631.
[20] Kang, Jiawen, Rong Yu, Xumin Huang, Sabita Maharjan, Yan Zhang, and Ekram Hossain. “Enabling localized peer-to-peer electricity trading
among plug-in hybrid electric vehicles using consortium blockchains.” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 13, no. 6 (2017): 3154-3164.
[21]. Knirsch, F., Unterweger, A., & Engel, D. “Privacy-preserving blockchain-based electric vehicle charging with dynamic tariff decisions.”
@Computer Science-Research and Development,@33(1-2), 71-79, 2018.
20
MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

Problem Statement
Presented by Ayesha Sadiq
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

Efficient and secure trading mechanisms are required to trade data and energy in IoEV. In [10, 20], double auction
mechanisms are proposed for trading among buyers and sellers in IoV. However, a trusted mediator is required to
tackle the possible trading disputes in market. Moreover, the privacy of sellers is not preserved. In [17], a privacy
preserving payment mechanism is proposed in V2G network. The proposed scheme provides privacy preservation,
reliable payments with secure data sharing. However, tracking of vehicles' real identity and auditing their behavior
involves a registration authority, which makes the proposed scheme partially decentralized. Moreover, some
vehicles act maliciously to get benefits, e.g., sharing old or fake data. So, a lookup mechanism is required to
prevent repetition in data storage and trading. In [20], a reputation-based data sharing scheme with TWSL is
developed to choose a more reliable data source. However, the data duplication and second-hand sharing is not
prevented, which can cause high storage cost and unfair data trading.
Problem Statement (1/2)
[10] Chen, Chuan, Jiajing Wu, Hui Lin, Wuhui Chen, and Zibin Zheng. “A secure and efficient blockchain-based data trading approach for Internet
of vehicles.” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 68, no. 9 (2019): 9110-9121.
[11] Kang, Jiawen, Rong Yu, Xumin Huang, Maoqiang Wu, Sabita Maharjan, Shengli Xie, and Yan Zhang. “Blockchain for Secure and Efficient
Data Sharing in Vehicular Edge Computing and Networks.” IEEE Internet of Things Journal 6, no. 3 (2018): 4660-4670.
[17] Gao, Feng, Liehuang Zhu, Meng Shen, Kashif Sharif, Zhiguo Wan, and Kui Ren. “A blockchain-based privacy-preserving payment mechanism
for vehicle-to-grid networks.” IEEE network 32, no. 6 (2018): 184-192.
[20] Kang, Jiawen, Rong Yu, Xumin Huang, Sabita Maharjan, Yan Zhang, and Ekram Hossain. “Enabling localized peer-to-peer electricity trading
among plug-in hybrid electric vehicles using consortium blockchains.” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 13, no. 6 (2017): 3154-3164.
22
MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

In [22, 16], PoW consensus is performed by vehicles, whereas joint PoS and PoW is used in [16] to build trust
among vehicles. However, PoW is difficult to implement on mobile nodes because length of stable connection or
meetup time is very short and PoW requires greater computational efforts. Moreover, transaction verification delay
is another issue. Authors in [18] provided a credit-based solution for reducing transaction verification delay. This
credit-based scheme involves central bank authority which helps in managing payments and reducing the
transaction confirmation delay time. However, the proposed blockchain-based scheme needs to be integrated into
each client module for a payment transaction that may cause privacy issues, e.g., data linkage attacks. To address
the privacy related issues of EVs, authors in [24] proposed a blockchain-based charging scheme for limited
number of EVs. However, the proposed scheme is not scalable when the number of EVs is increased.
Problem Statement (2/2)
[16] Yang, Zhe, Kan Yang, Lei Lei, Kan Zheng, and Victor CM Leung. “Blockchain-Based Decentralized Trust Management in Vehicular
Networks.” IEEE Internet of Things Journal 6, no. 2 (2018): 1495-1505.
[18] Li, Zhetao, Jiawen Kang, Rong Yu, Dongdong Ye, Qingyong Deng, and Yan Zhang. “Consortium blockchain for secure energy trading in
industrial internet of things.” IEEE transactions on industrial informatics 14, no. 8 (2017): 3690-3700.
[21] Knirsch, Fabian, Andreas Unterweger, and Dominik Engel. “Privacy-preserving blockchain-based electric vehicle charging with dynamic tariff
decisions.” Computer Science-Research and Development 33, no. 1-2 (2018): 71-79.
[22] Shrestha Rakesh, Rojeena Bajracharya, Anish P. Shrestha, and Seung Yeob Nam. “A new-type of blockchain for secure message exchange in
VANET.” Digital Communications and Networks 6, no. 2 (2020): 177-186.
23
MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

Proposed System Model
Presented by Ayesha Sadiq
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

Fuel Vehicle
Electric Vehicle (EV)
Trusted Authority (TA)



Roadside Unit (RSU)
IPFS Storage

Blockchain
Blockchain Data


Data Trading


Uploading Data


Energy Trading


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
 
 !" 
"#$  
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"#'#
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+$%
",' +
"-$./
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-$
25
"1'-
Fig. 1.
Proposed
System
Model

Proposed System Model (1/2)
System Model Entities
Trusted Authority
Responsible for registration of vehicles in IoEV
Vehicles
Include fuel and EV and act as both buyer and seller
Smart Meters
Integrated with charging poles to record traded volume of energy
RSUs
Act as data and energy broker and handle trading requests and data uploading to IPFS
Blockchain
Implemented on RSUs with PoW consensus to achieve trading transparency
IPFS
Used to store data for its long-term availability
26
MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

Proposed System Model (2/2)
Design Goals
‒Transparency
‒Traceability
‒Data Duplication
‒Reliable and Efficient Payments
‒Privacy Preservation of Trading Trends
‒Effective Audit of Anonymous Transactions
Attacker Models
‒Linkage attacks
‒Privacy Disclosure
‒Unreliable Payments
‒Denial of Payment Transfer
27
MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

Proposed Methodology
Presented by Ayesha Sadiq
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

Proposed Methodology (1/3)
A. System Initialization
Using bilinear mapping through elliptic curve digital signature scheme
System parameters initializations
B. Registration
Pseudo id assignment to vehicles in IoEV network
Vehicles’ real id mapping with pseudo id
29
MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

Proposed Methodology (2/3)
C. Data Trading and Storage
Data Trading Request
‒Data trading request by vehicle to RSU
Data Duplication
‒Data hash computation by RSU
‒Data hash comparison with previously stored hash-list
‒Efficient data lookup using bloom filter
Transaction Verification and Consensus
‒Distributed ledger shared by all RSUs
‒Pow consensus is performed by RSUs
‒Verified transaction stored in blockchain
Data Storage in Interplanetary File System (IPFS)
‒Valid trading data uploaded to IPFS
30
MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

Proposed Methodology (3/3)
D. Energy Trading among EVs
Energy Trading Demand Request
‒Energy demand request from buyer EV to RSU
Energy Trading Response Request
‒Energy buying request forwarded to EV pool
‒Energy supply request from seller EV to RSU
Request Matching
‒Energy supply and demand request matching on the bases of energy demand volume and energy price
Energy Trading and Account Generation
‒Decision to transfer coins in seller account
31
MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

Account Mapping Scheme
32
New account
required?
Calculate energy
trading Estimate
Transfer Coins
to new Account
Transfer Coins to
Current Account
Yes
No
Generate
New Account
Account Mapping
AnA2
A1
MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan
Fig. 2 Account Mapping

Account Mapping & Threshold Detection
33
MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

Mapping from Limitations to Proposed Solutions
Identified Limitations Proposed Solutions
L1: Vehicles in IoEV need to be registered to avoid
illegitimate vehicles
S1: TA is responsible for each vehicle registration and
credentials verification by using Bilinear pairing.
L2: Due to selfishness and for financial gain, EVs trade same
data for multiple times, which results in data
duplication
S2: Data hash computation and comparison with previously
stored data hash-list at RSU to prevent data duplication
L3: The second-hand sharing of data is caused by re-selling
of previously traded data
S2: At RSU a data hash-list is used to avoid second-hand
sharing of traded data
L4: Vehicles’ limited storage capacity to store real-time
vehicle generated data for longer period of time
S3: IPFS is used to ensure reliable and long-term
availability of traded data.
L5: Payment disputes and unfair trading among trading
entities
S4: Using smart contract for an efficient and reliable payment
mechanism to avoid trading disputes
L6: An efficient data lookup for data duplication S5: Bloom filters are used for efficient data lookup
L7: Data linkage attacks caused by linking trading records
information with publicly available datasets
S6: Using an account mapping scheme to hide trading trends
to ensure the privacy of vehicles
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Conference Proceeding
[1] Sadiq, Ayesha, Nadeem Javaid, Omaji Samuel, Adia Khalid, Noman Haider, and Muhammad
Imran. “Efficient Data Trading and Storage in Internet of Vehicles using Consortium Blockchain.” In
2020 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC), IEEE (2020):
2143-2148.
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MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

References
Presented by Ayesha Sadiq
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

References (1/4)
[1] Nakamoto, Satoshi. “Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system.” Bitcoin.–URL: https://bitcoin. org/bitcoin. pdf
(2008). Accessed 20 November 2019
[2] Wang, Shuai, Liwei Ouyang, Yong Yuan, Xiaochun Ni, Xuan Han, and Fei-Yue Wang. “Blockchain-enabled smart
contracts: architecture, applications, and future trends.” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems 49, no.
11 (2019): 2266-2277.
[3] Benet, Juan. IPFS - Content Addressed Versioned P2P File System. arXiv preprint arXiv:1407.3561 (2014).
[4] Naz, Muqaddas, Fahad A. Al-zahrani, Rabiya Khalid, Nadeem Javaid, Ali Mustafa Qamar, Muhammad Khalil Afzal, and
Muhammad Shafiq. “A secure data sharing platform using blockchain and interplanetary file system.” Sustainability 11, no. 24
(2019): 7054.
[5] Luo, Lailong, Deke Guo, Richard TB Ma, Ori Rottenstreich, and Xueshan Luo. “Optimizing Bloom Filter: Challenges,
Solutions, and Comparisons.” IEEE Communications Surveys \& Tutorials 21, no. 2 (2018): 1912-1949.
[6] Kaiwartya, Omprakash, Abdul Hanan Abdullah, Yue Cao, Ayman Altameem, Mukesh Prasad, Chin-Teng Lin, and Xiulei
Liu. “Internet of vehicles: Motivation, layered architecture, network model, challenges, and future aspects.” IEEE Access 4
(2016): 5356-5373
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MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

References (2/4)
[7] C. Chen, J. Wu, H. Lin, W. Chen and Z. Zheng, “A Secure and Efficient Blockchain-Based Data Trading Approach for
Internet of Vehicles,” in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 68, no. 9, pp. 9110-9121, Sept. 2019.
[8] Kang, Jiawen, Rong Yu, Xumin Huang, Sabita Maharjan, Yan Zhang, and Ekram Hossain. “Enabling localized peer-to-peer
electricity trading among plug-in hybrid electric vehicles using consortium blockchains.” IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Informatics 13, no. 6 (2017): 3154-3164.
[9] Xu, Yang, Guojun Wang, Jidian Yang, Ju Ren, Yaoxue Zhang, and Cheng Zhang. “Towards secure network computing
services for lightweight clients using blockchain.” Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (2018).
[10] C. Chen, J. Wu, H. Lin, W. Chen and Z. Zheng, “A Secure and Efficient Blockchain-Based Data Trading Approach for
Internet of Vehicles,” in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 68, no. 9, pp. 9110-9121, Sept. 2019.
[11] J. Kang et al.,“Blockchain for Secure and Efficient Data Sharing in Vehicular Edge Computing and Networks,” in IEEE
Internet of Things Journal, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 4660-4670, June 2019.
[12] X. Zhang and X. Chen, “Data Security Sharing and Storage Based on a Consortium Blockchain in a Vehicular Ad-hoc
Network,” in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 58241-58254, 2019.
[13] Lu, Zhaojun, Wenchao Liu, Qian Wang, Gang Qu, and Zhenglin Liu. “A Privacy-Preserving Trust Model Based on
Blockchain for VANETs.” IEEE Access 6 (2018): 45655-45664.
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MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

References (3/4)
[14] Yang, Yao-Tsung, Li-Der Chou, Chia-Wei Tseng, Fan-Hsun Tseng, and Chien-Chang Liu. “Blockchain-Based Traffic
Event Validation and Trust Verification for VANETs.” IEEE Access 7 (2019): 30868-30877.
[15] Liu, Xingchen, Haiping Huang, Fu Xiao, and Ziyang Ma. “A blockchain-based trust management with conditional
privacy-preserving announcement scheme for VANETs.” IEEE Internet of Things Journal 7, no. 5 (2019): 4101-4112.
[16] Yang, Zhe, Kan Yang, Lei Lei, Kan Zheng, and Victor CM Leung. “Blockchain-Based Decentralized Trust Management
in Vehicular Networks.” IEEE Internet of Things Journal 6, no. 2 (2018): 1495-1505.
[17] Gao, Feng, Liehuang Zhu, Meng Shen, Kashif Sharif, Zhiguo Wan, and Kui Ren. “A blockchain-based privacy-preserving
payment mechanism for vehicle-to-grid networks.” IEEE network 32, no. 6 (2018): 184-192.
[18] Li, Zhetao, Jiawen Kang, Rong Yu, Dongdong Ye, Qingyong Deng, and Yan Zhang. “Consortium blockchain for secure
energy trading in industrial internet of things.” IEEE transactions on industrial informatics 14, no. 8 (2017): 3690-3700.
[19] Wang, Yuntao, Zhou Su, and Ning Zhang, “BSIS: Blockchain-based secure incentive scheme for energy delivery in
vehicular energy network.” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 15, no. 6 (2019): 3620-3631.
[20] Gao, F., Zhu, L., Shen, M., Sharif, K., Wan, Z., & Ren, K. “A blockchain-based privacy-preserving payment mechanism
for vehicle-to-grid networks”.IEEE network,@32(6), 184-192, 2018.
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MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

References (4/4)
[21] Knirsch, F., Unterweger, A., & Engel, D. “Privacy-preserving blockchain-based electric vehicle charging with dynamic
tariff decisions.” Computer Science-Research and Development,@33(1-2), 71-79, 2018.
[22] Shrestha Rakesh, Rojeena Bajracharya, Anish P. Shrestha, and Seung Yeob Nam. “A new-type of blockchain for secure
message exchange in VANET.” Digital Communications and Networks 6, no. 2 (2020): 177-186.
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MS synopsis defense by Ayesha Sadiq, 5th of March, 2020
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad-Pakistan

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