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Emerging themes of public-private partnership application in developing smart city projects: a conceptual framework
Abstract
Purpose
Cities are facing challenges with their smart city agenda due to tighter budget constraints, varied interests of different stakeholders and increasing needs of technological innovation. Therefore, cities are partnering with private organisations to advance smart city projects. This research critically analyses the existing research published on public-private partnerships (PPPs) for the development of smart city projects and aims to identify the emerging themes and recommend mechanisms and strategies for improved use of smart city PPPs.
Design/methodology/approach
The content/textual analysis was conducted on 52 research publications relating to PPP and smart city from 2001 to 2020. With the assistance of the Leximancer software, the related literature was systematically analysed and synthesised to present the emerging themes of PPP application within the smart city context.
Findings
The analyses reveal that smart city PPPs mainly concentrated on building new or improving existing infrastructure. The research identifies five themes on PPP application for smart city development: (1) Technological innovation integration and increased risk profile, (2) Smart citizen engagement and participatory governance, (3) Data sharing and information security, (4) Transformation of PPP process and approach and (5) PPPs for urban sustainability. This research consolidates these five themes in a proposed sustainable public-private-people partnership (PPPP) framework.
Originality/value
This research provides a new perspective on rethinking the extant PPP models by highlighting the emerging themes in the PPP application for smart city development. This study provides useful recommendations for smart city infrastructure project partnership and engagement among the public and private sectors, and the city residents.
... The role of public-private partnerships in fostering social engagement is exemplified by Li et al. (2023) [68], who illustrate how collaborative partnerships in urban development projects reconcile private sector interests with broader sustainability goals, advancing democratic ideals and public values. Similarly, Liu et al. (2020) [69] emphasize the transformative potential of PPPs in smart city projects, highlight- ing emerging themes such as citizen engagement and participatory governance. Together, these studies provide a robust foundation for assessing the social value of biochar initiatives, demonstrating how stakeholder involvement and community-centric approaches can strengthen the social fabric and drive the success of urban sustainability projects. ...
... The role of public-private partnerships in fostering social engagement is exemplified by Li et al. (2023) [68], who illustrate how collaborative partnerships in urban development projects reconcile private sector interests with broader sustainability goals, advancing democratic ideals and public values. Similarly, Liu et al. (2020) [69] emphasize the transformative potential of PPPs in smart city projects, highlight- ing emerging themes such as citizen engagement and participatory governance. Together, these studies provide a robust foundation for assessing the social value of biochar initiatives, demonstrating how stakeholder involvement and community-centric approaches can strengthen the social fabric and drive the success of urban sustainability projects. ...
... illustrate how collaborative partnerships in urban development projects reconcile private sector interests with broader sustainability goals, advancing democratic ideals and public values. Similarly, Liu et al. (2020) [69] emphasize the transformative potential of PPPs in smart city projects, highlighting emerging themes such as citizen engagement and participatory governance. Together, these studies provide a robust foundation for assessing the social value of biochar initiatives, demonstrating how stakeholder involvement and community-centric approaches can strengthen the social fabric and drive the success of urban sustainability projects. ...
This study investigates the potential of biochar production from urban pruning waste as a sustainable solution within a circular economy framework. Urban green waste, often underutilized, typically increases landfill burden and greenhouse gas emissions. Converting pruning waste into biochar reduces landfill reliance while enabling stable carbon sequestration. Utilizing the circular triple-layered business model canvas (CTLBMC), biochar’s impact is evaluated across economic, environmental, and social dimensions. This structured analysis is based on a theoretical framework and uses secondary data to illustrate the model’s applicability. As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that biochar derived from urban green waste not only improves soil phytotoxicity and enables long-term carbon sequestration, but also offers economic benefits, including municipal cost savings in waste management and diversified revenue streams from biochar sales. Socially, biochar production promotes community engagement in sustainable practices and supports urban greening initiatives, enhancing local ecosystems. The findings suggest that biochar production, assessed through the CTLBMC framework, represents a viable circular business model. This approach provides significant environmental, economic, and social benefits over conventional disposal, offering valuable insights for policymakers, waste management professionals, and urban planners advancing circular economy solutions.
... The legal framework of PPP projects is a crucial factor in the development of SMART cities. Public-private partnerships typically consist of complex contractual arrangements that outline the roles, responsibilities, and risk-sharing mechanisms between the public and private entities involved (Liu et al., 2021). The legal structure of these partnerships can be significant for issues such as project financing, resource allocation, decision-making authority (as socio-political challenge) and accountability (Monk et al., 2019). ...
... Key legal considerations include the selection of PPP delivery models, the scope and duration of contracts, performance monitoring and enforcement mechanisms, and dispute resolution processes. Governments must also establish clear regulatory guidelines and institutional capacity to manage the procurement, implementation, and oversight of SMART city PPP projects (Liu et al., 2021). ...
... Recent fundamental studies have highlighted the emergence of public-private partnership projects into SMART city strategies. As urban authorities take into considerations the challenges of sustainable development, PPPs have emerged as mechanism for leveraging the strengths and resources of both the public and private sectors to realize SMART city initiatives (Lam & Yang, 2020;Liu et al., 2021). ...
SMART cities realized through public-private partnership projects is a topic that requires further exploration in the field of management. Many researchers have contributed to this topic, each conducting their research from a distinct perspective and employing diverse methodologies. The goal of this article is to present a Structured Literature Review of the most relevant publications on SMART cities developed through PPP projects, by examining their impact, contributions, limitations, and future research directions.
... Bien que la « collaboration intelligente » soit considérée comme une caractéristique distinctive des villes intelligentes (Appio et al., 2019;Nesti, 2020;Rodríguez-Bolívar, 2015), nous savons peu de choses sur la manière dont les acteurs publics et privés collaborent pour transformer une ville en une ville intelligente (Rodríguez-Bolívar, 2015). Le modèle de collaboration des partenariats public-privé (PPP) a offert un schéma directeur pour le développement de projets de villes intelligentes, mais rares sont les recherches qui s'intéressent à son adoption dans le contexte des villes intelligentes (Liu et al., 2020;Ruhlandt, 2018). ...
... La littérature récente suggère que l'approche transactionnelle des PPP pourrait ne pas convenir pour relever les défis caractérisant la collaboration dans les projets de villes intelligentes (Liu et al., 2020). Ces projets nécessitent des investissements substantiels dans l'innovation technologique, ce qui rend encore plus complexes les accords de partage des risques entre les acteurs publics et privés (Liu et al., 2020). ...
... La littérature récente suggère que l'approche transactionnelle des PPP pourrait ne pas convenir pour relever les défis caractérisant la collaboration dans les projets de villes intelligentes (Liu et al., 2020). Ces projets nécessitent des investissements substantiels dans l'innovation technologique, ce qui rend encore plus complexes les accords de partage des risques entre les acteurs publics et privés (Liu et al., 2020). En outre, le développement de partenariats collaboratifs et à long terme revêt une importance encore plus grande dans le contexte de la ville intelligente en raison des problèmes de sécurité liés à la collecte et à l'utilisation des données des citoyens par les entreprises (Veselitskaya et al., 2019). ...
Les études existantes ont négligé la manière dont les partenariats entre les acteurs publics et privés (PPP) sont influencés par les conditions culturelles et historiques dans le contexte des villes intelligentes. Notre analyse porte sur le contexte particulier du Japon, où les initiatives en matière de villes intelligentes découlent d’un « partenariat » historiquement et culturellement ancré entre l’État et les entreprises. Contrairement à d’autres contextes de villes intelligentes, l’adoption d’une logique néolibérale consistant à voir le monde comme un marché omniprésent en donnant la priorité aux intérêts commerciaux sur d’autres questions civiques n’est pas inévitable. Le présent article contribue à la littérature sur les PPP et les villes intelligentes en présentant le cas d’un partenariat entre acteurs publics et privés qui vient à bout de la relation antagoniste et transactionnelle problématisée dans les études antérieures. Nous démontrons que le fonctionnement des PPP est ancré dans l’histoire et la culture. Nous mettons donc en garde les décideurs politiques contre l’adoption d’un cadre universel pour les partenariats dans les initiatives de villes intelligentes. Dans le cas du Japon, nous préconisons des orientations à long terme pour les projets plutôt que des objectifs à court terme comme ceux qui sont adoptés pour les initiatives de villes intelligentes.
... For example, Liu et al. (2021) include a literature revision of their own, in a paper titled "Emerging themes of public-private partnerships application in developing smart city projects: a conceptual framework.", proposing a 4P framework for information and communications technology (ICT) and internet of things (IoT) kinds of initiatives, in which citizen engagement would become institutionalized, in the form of constant feedback [40]. ...
... al. (2013)[39],Kuronen et al. (2010) [48],Muñoz et al. (2016) [49],Liu et al. (2021) [40],Kuronen et al. (2012) [35],Song et al. (2020) [50],Kavishe et al. (2018) [21] Chile Letelier et al. (2018) [28], Muñoz et al. (2016) [49], Irazábal (2016) [19], Maraña et al. (2020) [41] Colombia Irazábal (2016) [19], Maraña et al. (2020) [41], Liu et al. (2021) [40] Estonia Oliveira e Costa et al. (2018) [43], Kuronen et al. (2010) [48]Finland Oliveira e Costa et al. (2018) [43], Majamaa (2008) [46], Kuronen et al. (2010) [48], Kuronen et al. (2012) [35], Kumaraswamy et al. (2015) [44], Torvinen et al. (2016) [51] Hong Kong S.A.R. Majamaa (2008) [46], Torvinen et al. (2016) [51], Maraña et al. (2018) [36], Amadi et al. (2018) [9], Ng et al. (2013) [39], Liu et al. (2021) [40] Italy Boniotti (2021) [33], Maraña et al. (2018) [36], Maraña et al. (2020) [41], Kuronen et al. (2010) [48], Liu et al. (2021) [40] Kenya Sager (2011) [3], Miraftab (2004) [18], Ibem (2011) [52], Kavishe et al. (2018) [21] Latvia Oliveira e Costa et al. (2018) [43], Kuronen et al. (2010) [48] Nigeria Ajibade et al. (2012) [31], Amadi et al. (2018) [9], Asabia (2009) [32] Sweden Oliveira e Costa et al. (2018) [43], Majamaa (2008) [46], Kuronen et al. (2010) [48], Kuronen et al. (2012) [35] United Kingdom Kavishe et al. (2018) [21], Kuronen et al. (2010) [48], Amadi et al. (2018) [9], Izar (2019) [47], Song et al. (2020) [50], Maraña et al. (2020) [41], Yang et al. (2020) [34], Majamaa (2008) [46], Liu et al. (2021) [40], Ng et al. (2013) [39], Amadi et al. (2018) [9], Muñoz et al. (2016) [49], Kuronen et al. (2012) [35] United States Boniotti (2021) [33], Ng et al. (2013) [39], Torvinen et al. (2016) [51], Kuronen et al. (2010) [48], Maraña et al. (2018) [36], Maraña et al. (2020) [41], Muñoz et al. (2016) [49], Liu et al. (2021) [40] ...
... al. (2013)[39],Kuronen et al. (2010) [48],Muñoz et al. (2016) [49],Liu et al. (2021) [40],Kuronen et al. (2012) [35],Song et al. (2020) [50],Kavishe et al. (2018) [21] Chile Letelier et al. (2018) [28], Muñoz et al. (2016) [49], Irazábal (2016) [19], Maraña et al. (2020) [41] Colombia Irazábal (2016) [19], Maraña et al. (2020) [41], Liu et al. (2021) [40] Estonia Oliveira e Costa et al. (2018) [43], Kuronen et al. (2010) [48]Finland Oliveira e Costa et al. (2018) [43], Majamaa (2008) [46], Kuronen et al. (2010) [48], Kuronen et al. (2012) [35], Kumaraswamy et al. (2015) [44], Torvinen et al. (2016) [51] Hong Kong S.A.R. Majamaa (2008) [46], Torvinen et al. (2016) [51], Maraña et al. (2018) [36], Amadi et al. (2018) [9], Ng et al. (2013) [39], Liu et al. (2021) [40] Italy Boniotti (2021) [33], Maraña et al. (2018) [36], Maraña et al. (2020) [41], Kuronen et al. (2010) [48], Liu et al. (2021) [40] Kenya Sager (2011) [3], Miraftab (2004) [18], Ibem (2011) [52], Kavishe et al. (2018) [21] Latvia Oliveira e Costa et al. (2018) [43], Kuronen et al. (2010) [48] Nigeria Ajibade et al. (2012) [31], Amadi et al. (2018) [9], Asabia (2009) [32] Sweden Oliveira e Costa et al. (2018) [43], Majamaa (2008) [46], Kuronen et al. (2010) [48], Kuronen et al. (2012) [35] United Kingdom Kavishe et al. (2018) [21], Kuronen et al. (2010) [48], Amadi et al. (2018) [9], Izar (2019) [47], Song et al. (2020) [50], Maraña et al. (2020) [41], Yang et al. (2020) [34], Majamaa (2008) [46], Liu et al. (2021) [40], Ng et al. (2013) [39], Amadi et al. (2018) [9], Muñoz et al. (2016) [49], Kuronen et al. (2012) [35] United States Boniotti (2021) [33], Ng et al. (2013) [39], Torvinen et al. (2016) [51], Kuronen et al. (2010) [48], Maraña et al. (2018) [36], Maraña et al. (2020) [41], Muñoz et al. (2016) [49], Liu et al. (2021) [40] ...
This paper showcases the first exhaustive literature review on the public–private–people partnership (4P), as a concept on its own, its backstory, its proposed definitions, and multiple interpretations throughout the last fifteen years. Beyond mapping the discussion on what does the extra ‘P’—the people—component of these partnerships really mean, and how it is understood by scholars and the traditional public and private partners alike, this work also aims to be the starting point for new research avenues, such as corporate–community cooperation, and urban regeneration through different land use and ownership schemes. Hence, the discussion spreads onto analyzing how the concept is approached from different professional fields—for its inherent interdisciplinarity, despite the perceived scarcity of related literature available—but also onto the ambivalence stemming from the nature of the ‘people’ component itself, its functions, and the relationships—formal or informal—that should be established. Finally, the authors go on to critically place the concept within the current urban and real estate trends in both, the Global North and South, while identifying further gaps in the current literature, for example: given today’s critical housing supply and affordability situations, how to get the public and private sectors interested in partnering with people in a more direct way? What needs to be done? What needs to be further researched?
... Simultaneously, the digital economy is expected to grow from approximately USD 500 billion in 2021 to nearly USD 1 trillion in 2026 [51]. Additionally, the emerging infrastructure, such as blockchain applica-tions [52], smart city [53], and data center [54], etc., will increase the willingness to invest in the private sector. ...
... Through calculating the density and centrality of each topic cluster, this chapter constructs a 2-dimensional rectangular coordinate system and distributes the scatters in four quadrants [60], as shown in Figure 11. in 2026 [51]. Additionally, the emerging infrastructure, such as blockchain applications [52], smart city [53], and data center [54], etc., will increase the willingness to invest in the private sector. 2. Compared with business and economics, the frequency of environmental studies is close behind. In contrast, the centrality trend of environmental studies falls sharply after a slight rise. ...
Over the past three decades, there have been many comprehensive studies related to public–private partnerships (PPP), but the analysis at the macro level still lacks comprehensiveness and interpretability. Through the application of bibliometric analysis, 2-mode network, and strategic coordinate analysis, we systematically analyzed the derivative characteristics of the literature data and the coupling characteristics of countries and keywords. Moreover, through the frequency and betweenness centrality, etc., this paper determines the evolution path of keywords and the evolution direction of theme words and realizes the prediction of theme words and keywords in the future. The results show that: (1) Through the three-stage biclustering analysis, we determined the hot theme words and hot keywords for each stage and focused the theme direction and main research content of the evolution, which led to great interpretability of the data analysis in the literature characteristics; (2) Through the distribution characteristics of time and space, the USA, China, the UK and other mainstream publishing countries and their main research hotspots were determined. Among them, developing countries have strong willingness in academic cooperation and great potential for academic development; (3) According to the derivative characteristics of the literature data, it is predicted that the future research hotspots are: the integration of business economy and sustainability, the integration of policy support and innovative technology application, and the urbanization promotion of developing countries. Based on the findings, this study makes concrete and targeted research methods and provides reference value and application value for the future research and analysis of PPP.
... (55%) lived in cities in 2017, with 4.1 billion populace residing in urban setting (Liu et al., 2021). Based on United Nations study in 2018, by 2050, 68% of people on Earth are projected to live in cities, which is twice the number of people in rural areas (DESA, 2018). ...
Sustainable Smart Cities (SSCs) have garnered significant attention due to the accelerating rate of urbanization, and digitalization recently. The main objective of SSC initiatives is to seamlessly integrate digital technology into the city's fundamental systems, ultimately enhancing the citizens' quality of life. In light of this, a study was conducted to pinpoint the Critical Success Factors (CSFs) necessary for Abu Dhabi's transformation into SSC. These CSFs were identified via an investigation of the literature and further confirmed by practitioners via semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. Through these methods, the research demonstrated a robust correlation between SSC implementation and CSFs. With this in mind, the study identified 22 CSFs across four primary categories: people and communities, governance, technology, and management and organization. The study then prioritized these CSFs for Abu Dhabi, highlighting the importance of end-user involvement, accountability, good communication, and project team skills and experience in boosting the implementation of SSC initiatives. Ultimately, it is crucial to consider and prioritize CSFs when designing SSCs to ensure that they truly benefit citizens and the economy. This research provides a useful framework for cities around the world looking to create and implement SSC initiatives that will enhance their citizens' quality of life.
... With respect to the norm addressee of the data protection regime, it is clear that, due to the multi-party partnerships (Liu et al., 2021), increasing numbers of organisations have an influence on what data are processed, how and why, either with respect to the whole process or parts of it. This makes the difference between processors and controllers, joint controllers and the division of responsibilities and liability increasingly difficult to establish. ...
... By examining these international case studies, Liberia can identify best practices and potential pitfalls as it seeks to strengthen its own cybercrime legislation. The adaptability of laws, the importance of public-private partnerships, and the necessity for accountability emerge as crucial themes that could significantly enhance Liberia's response to the ever-evolving landscape of cyber threats (Liu, 2021;Poetranto, 2021). Through careful evaluation and strategic implementation, Liberia has the opportunity to not only bridge the gap in its cybercrime legislation but also to position itself as a proactive participant in the global fight against cybercrime (Abdul-Rasheed, 2016). ...
This paper investigates the global ramifications of cybercrime and underscores the essential role of effective cybercrime legislation, with a particular emphasis on Liberia. As digital technologies continue to expand, cybercrime has emerged as a formidable threat, resulting in significant financial losses and jeopardizing the privacy and security of individuals and organizations across the globe. The study evaluates the existing cybercrime legislation in Liberia, analyzing its conformity with international standards and pinpointing deficiencies that impede effective enforcement and protection. By conducting a comparative analysis with global best practices, the research reveals both the strengths and weaknesses of Liberia's approach to cybercrime. The paper offers recommendations aimed at strengthening the legal framework, highlighting the necessity of international collaboration, clear legal definitions, and heightened public awareness. It posits that a robust legal framework is crucial not only for addressing cyber threats but also for promoting economic growth and stability in the digital era.
... Smart cities encounter obstacles due to budget limitations diverse stakeholder needs and the growing demand for progress. Liu et al. [21] outline five areas related to private partnerships (PPP) for smart city growth, such as integrating innovation engaging citizens effectively ensuring data security during sharing updating PPP processes and fostering urban sustainability. Safeguarding data security and privacy requires attention at levels of administration and geography. ...
This chapter explores how data security and privacy issues affect the deployment of integrated systems, in cities. It discusses concerns, such as access, data breaches, consent mechanisms, data profiling, third party data sharing, transparency, data accuracy, cross border data transfers, rights of individuals regarding their data, security measures for data protection, and intrusive technologies, that invade privacy. The chapter thoroughly examines the impact of these concerns on integrated systems by highlighting risks like diminishing trust, legal and regulatory hurdles, and negative effects on individual rights and freedoms. Additionally, it delves into strategies and best practices for addressing data security and privacy issues in smart city initiatives. The importance of involving stakeholders conducting privacy impact assessments implementing privacy by design principles and adopting user centric approaches to mitigate risks and safeguard privacy is underscored. By emphasizing the role of addressing data security and privacy concerns in integrating systems within city’s infrastructures provides valuable insights for stakeholders involved in smart city projects. Policymakers and researchers can benefit from this information to navigate the realm of data protection, within the realm of city development.
... Establishing public-private partnerships enhances information sharing, fosters joint threat intelligence efforts, and coordinates responses to cyber incidents. This collaborative approach leverages the expertise and resources of both sectors, leading to a more comprehensive and resilient cybersecurity strategy (33). ...
Urbanization and digital transformation are rapidly reshaping cities across Morocco, giving rise to Smart Cities that leverage advanced technologies to enhance efficiency, sustainability, and urban life quality. However, this shift towards interconnected, technology-centric urban environments also presents significant cybersecurity challenges that necessitate careful analysis. This paper explores the cybersecurity issues confronting Smart Cities, with a specific focus on case studies from Moroccan cities. As Morocco embraces Smart City initiatives to address urban challenges and drive economic growth, these developments bring both promise and risk. The increased connectivity and technological integration within Smart Cities offer improved services but also expose cities to a wider range of cyber threats. The interconnectedness of devices and systems in Smart Cities broadens the potential for cyber-attacks, including data breaches and disruptions to critical infrastructure. This review delves into the cybersecurity challenges faced by Moroccan cities as they advance technologically. It identifies vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure such as energy grids, transportation systems, and healthcare networks highlighting the dangers posed by inadequate cybersecurity measures. Moreover, the study underscores the socioeconomic impact of cyber threats in Smart Cities, stressing the importance of robust cybersecurity frameworks to safeguard citizen data and maintain urban operations. In conclusion, this research emphasizes the urgent need for comprehensive cybersecurity strategies tailored to the unique challenges of Moroccan Smart Cities. The insights presented aim to deepen understanding of the complex relationship between urbanization, technology, and cybersecurity, and to inform policy decisions, technological deployment, and collaborative efforts towards creating secure and resilient Smart Cities in Morocco.
... Due to the cost and complexity of implementing a smart city, governments may require financial help from private companies and industries, research and technological assistance from universities and research institutions, and negotiate and achieve compromises with other cities' governments [34]. All these entities have a stake in the smart city and have interests they will want fulfilled, and thus will want to have a voice in the decision-making process [35]. Furthermore, all these systems once implemented will have to work in conjunction with each other, and the data collected will have to be analyzed and used without compromising the security and privacy of the citizenry. ...
Smart cities and information and communications technology is a rapidly growing field in both research and real-world implementation, but it is one that is still new and with many different ideas. Unfortunately, there is less cooperation and knowledge sharing across the field, and research often fails to move into real-world applications, which holds it back from becoming fully realized. This paper aims to provide an overview of the current state of smart cities, its definitions, technologies, and technical dimensions, from architectural design to standards and data handling, and how they are handled in the real world and its impact on society. Additionally, it examines important smart city projects, their applications, and ranking systems. This text aims to forecast the future of the field, its impact, the challenges it faces, and what should be addressed to help it reach its full potential.
... Historically, balancing private economic interests with public civic aspirations is essential for building better urban environments, as a purely privatized approach may overlook crucial civic needs [53]. The proposed sustainable public-private-people partnership (PPPP) framework aims to mitigate these challenges by fostering participatory governance and urban sustainability, ensuring that the benefits of private city developments are more equitably distributed and environmentally sound [54]. Thus, while private cities offer significant opportunities for urban development, they must navigate a landscape fraught with environmental, social, and governance challenges to realize their full potential. ...
... Te potency of an IoT-enabled system requires institutional ft of global standards. It calls for a multistakeholder activity that involves public-private partnership (PPP) to mobilize resources and generate value [32]. A distorted role, vague policies, unaligned goals, weak execution framework, inadequate procedure for risk sharing, and weak monitoring and evaluation of partners creates a challenge for PPP [33]. ...
The present research work investigates the barriers of weak IoT adoption in agrifood transportation, with special reference to India. It is built on a premise that few barriers upshots from the other more impactful ones. Thus, it is important to identify their linkages and classify them based on their strength of relationship. The data collected from 13 agricultural technology (AgriTech) firms of India were subjected to integrated techniques of M-TISM and Fuzzy MICMAC. As a result, a unique position of autonomous, dependent, linkage, and independent barriers was obtained which revealed that inadequate Internet connectivity, interoperability, and unclear roadmaps are precarious to the use of IoT in agrifood transportation. They are responsible for creating issues like data processing, vehicle tracking, and data privacy. This study offers a contextual phenomenon of barriers that may assist AgriTech stakeholders in developing appropriate strategies to embrace IoT transformation. It extends the theoretical literature by providing critical connections that aspiring researchers can examine through hypothesis testing or building a hierarchical framework. A sensitivity analysis is suggested to optimise decision-making and bring out a robust and reliable set of obstacles.
... To prevent environmental pollution and ecosystem destruction from becoming increasingly severe and realize coordinated development of economy and environment, the Chinese government needs to highlight green finance that plays a critical role in promoting the green transformation of economy [41]. For this purpose, this study starts with corporate environmental violations and constructs a panel data set of China's A-share listed heavy-polluting companies as research samples. ...
... Studies conducted by T. Liu et al. (2020) and L. Liu et al. (2022) reveal that the analysis of PPP systems of different countries allows to highlight their unique features. PPP regulation in Albania is affected by the current economic environment and political changes, which affects the effectiveness of PPPs and contract law in general. ...
The significance of the research is underscored by the fact that Albania, as a country in the process of socio- economic development, faces the need to attract specialists for the implementation of infrastructure projects. The research seeks to explore challenges within the realm of public-private partnerships concerning contract law in Albania and to propose constructive avenues for enhancement. The methods employed in this endeavor encompassed systematisation, logical analysis, concretisation, and generalisation, along with the application of formal-legal and formal-logical approaches. The investigation analysed modern mechanisms of legal regulation in the system of public-private partnerships. Problems, including compliance with free market principles, ensuring competition and high quality of public services, have been identified. Specific steps are proposed to address them: strengthening internal control in contract awarding procedures, updating legislation with a focus on maintaining market freedom and competition, assessing, and sharing risks between the private and public sectors, and actively engaging stakeholders. The recommendations aim at organic implementation, considering the interests of all stakeholders. In addition, it is suggested that changes in the justice system should stably take place, considering the stability of the overall system. The study also delved into analysing the existing views and concepts of scholars on the subject matter. Examining various perspectives has facilitated a more profound comprehension of the intricacies surrounding the phenomenon and potential avenues for enhancing contract law in Albania within the framework of public-private partnerships. The outcomes of this research possess the potential to provide valuable insights for the formulation of effective legal measures governing contract law in the context of public-private partnerships in Albania
... Municipalities can overcome this by collaborating with the private sector. Furthermore, smart city initiatives typically include a high degree of innovation, environmental goals, and technical collaboration with nearby higher education institutions or research institutes (Liu et al., 2020). ...
Smart city development has been brought into the spotlight frequently in recent years. As the implementation of digital solutions by municipal governments has accelerated during the pandemic, more municipalities are considering the integration of a smart city framework. City authorities focus on better delivering services to citizens in a modern, efficient and sustainable way. Recent literature shows an ongoing interest among scholars regarding this topic and underlines the need for further research. By underlining opportunities and ways of overcoming the challenges in the adoption of this framework, this paper aims to highlight elements that make a city the perfect candidate for being called smart.
... Finally, incorporate ICT in climate policies: governments should integrate ICTrelated measures and incentives into their climate policies and nationally determined contributions (NDCs) to achieve emission reduction targets and address climate change challenges in the transport sector. By implementing these policy recommendations, sub-Saharan African countries can harness the potential of ICT to achieve sustainable and low-carbon transportation systems, contributing to environmental protection and long-term economic development (Liu et al. 2021;Owusu-Manu et al. 2021). ...
In the global initiative to leverage information and communication technologies (ICT) for reducing emissions, sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), a region of unique significance, has exhibited a delay in adopting ICT. This study aims to investigate the intricate relationship between ICT and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from transport in SSA. Employing the panel quantile autoregressive distributed lag (PQARDL) technique, the study analyzes panel data from 24 SSA nations spanning from 2000 to 2021. The results indicate that internet usage and fixed telephone subscriptions have a mitigating effect on CO2 emissions from transport across all quantiles in both the short and long run. However, mobile phone subscriptions contribute to CO2 emissions from transport across all quantiles. Additionally, the middle-income groups demonstrate negative relationships between ICT variables and emissions from transport, while the low-income group exhibits significant positive associations. These findings imply that ICT plays a pivotal role in mitigating transport-based emissions and reveal pronounced disparities in ICT adoption across various income groups within SSA, highlighting overarching underdevelopment in ICT infrastructure. Robustness checks employing a two-step system generalized method of moment (GMM) model reinforce our findings. The study provides policy recommendations, including the promotion of ICT infrastructure development, implementation of smart transportation solutions, and fostering public-private partnerships to address these challenges, shedding light on the path toward a greener and more sustainable transport ecosystem in SSA.
... Lack of "smart" PPP project data creates difficulties in identifying the project scope to ensure only the work required and associated legal requirements are addressed. The availability of the required data in PPP projects plays a crucial role in identifying main transportation infrastructure service (Liu et al., 2021). Thus, a library of data on smart PPP projects and relevant specific processes should be created to ensure key parties can understand the complexity of smart projects in practice. ...
Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to rank critical risks and determine major categories of risks to be considered by public-private partnerships (PPPs) investors when investing in "smart" transportation infrastructure. Such investment is sorely needed in many mega cities around the world currently suffering from serious impacts of traffic congestion, pollution and lack of usability of transport systems.
Design/methodology/approach-The study used literature review focused upon smart transportation infrastructure projects financed by PPP arrangements to create a questionnaire which was refined by subject matter experts and then completed by 126 experienced respondents. Exploratory factor analysis was used to create major categories emerging from the collected data. Interviews with ten experts were used to validate the findings.
Findings-The most highly major ranked risks shared by these participants were lack of expertise in complex project implementation, political interference, lack of PPP project data and lack of a collaboration mechanism between government and private sectors. Factor analysis showed that in terms of risk likelihood, stakeholder engagement, implementation process issues, the natural environment, data-sharing and technology complexity emerged. In terms of risk impact, major factors were stakeholder engagement, trust versus resistance issues, the natural environment and factors concerning uncertainty.
Originality/value-This paper addresses a somewhat unexplored area, the risks involved in investing in PPP smart transportation infrastructure. Such infrastructure projects are embedded in their environments, and approaches using a complexity lens can emerge overriding risk concerns for investors when undertaking such projects.
... Even though there are many perceived advantages of applying PPP, failures of PPP in SI development projects could also arise at different stages. Traditional, contract-based PPP models may not be appropriate for the development of SI, according to Liu et al. (2020), primarily due to the differences between conventional infrastructure and SI as well as the distinctions between cities and non-urban areas. Therefore, the use of PPP in non-urban SI development projects should only be undertaken after a thorough analysis of the social, economic, political and environmental barriers in those non-urban areas. ...
Purpose
The widespread lockdown restrictions brought by the global COVID-19 epidemic inculcated a culture of “work-from-home”. However, most rural areas lack reliable and effective community amenities including transportation, health and education, thereby impeding healthy living and productive employment. Therefore, the underlying goal of this research is to investigate the development of smart infrastructure (SI) in non-urban areas. However, governments' resource limitations must be addressed to develop SI, which urges the research on the potential for public-private partnerships (PPP) to supplement public sector resources when necessary.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper examined and evaluated the “benefits and enablers” and “barriers” to deploying PPPs to create SI in non-urban areas, using a thorough literature review, five expert interviews and analytic hierarchy process (AHP)-based questionnaire responses. The AHP technique and content analysis were used to analyse the results and generate the conclusions.
Findings
The availability of a favourable investment climate and legal framework were identified as the significant factors among the “benefits and enablers” of adopting PPP in SI developments in non-urban areas, while low community acceptance of the private sector involvement, and community culture and values were identified as the significant factors among the “barriers”. These highlight the significance of removing barriers connected to community culture and “values”.
Originality/value
The findings and conclusions of this study provide a strong foundation to support the growth of SI in non-urban settings, facilitating more sustainable development that is more evenly distributed in the post-COVID-19 future.
... In particular, the development of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the literature is seen as one of the most effective approaches to solve complex challenges and produce public value [33,34]. The combination of public-private resources and competences has proven to be a winning approach to designing and managing products or services more effectively in terms of benefits for the community involved. ...
Urbanisation has had an impact on people’s livelihoods, and on social infrastructures as well as on the consumption of resources. In the last century, we have witnessed many transformations at the urban scale that in many cases led to the commodification and enclosure of public areas and, especially, green areas. With the turn of the millennium and following the adoption of the UN Agenda 2030, the trend has been partially reverted and cities in Europe are becoming progressively greener, although the phenomenon do not always bring positive societal outcomes and it is not able to re-distribute benefits among community members, promoting unequal access to green areas. Instead, in many cases the so-called green gentrification phenomenon has been identified as a primary societal challenge connected with urban regeneration projects. Building on this, the paper aims to find an answer to the question of whether or not the governance model adopted for urban green areas influences how benefits connected with ecosystem services are perceived by stakeholders and re-distributed at the community level. Based on the gaps highlighted in the theoretical background and direct observation of Biblioteca degli Alberi Milano (BAM), a recently developed urban park in Milan, an analytical framework was developed and tested. The results allow us to identify innovative practices for the management of green areas capable of maximising ecosystem services’ benefits beyond the intervention area. This will support the adaptability, replicability, and scalability of these initiatives while providing effective tools for practitioners and planners when developing a collaborative management model for urban green areas.
... This emergence is mainly driven by tighter budgets and the need for technological innovation. Liu et al. (2021) analyzed existing research published on public-private partnerships (PPPs) for the development of smart city projects and aimed to identify the emerging themes and recommend mechanisms and strategies for improved use of smart city PPPs. They identified five themes in PPP application for smart city development: (1) technological innovation integration and increased risk profile; ...
In this paper, we take a city’s budget, which represents the resources that need to be allocated, and test how many blockchain users need to join a voting process of how the city’s resources should be allocated in order to best represent their preferences. This voting process can be tracked very well through the utilization of IoT and smart technology in a smart city. Therefore, we showed that the budget resource allocation of a smart city can be significantly optimized through the utilization of blockchain technology. We found that just a tiny fraction of 0.12% of the population of blockchain participants is needed to significantly represent the spending behavior of the total population. This has significant implications as it shows the strength and importance of a required blockchain in a smart city and its minimal energy consumption requirements.
... • Smart Infrastructure (SI) and Smart City (SC): Given the new era of urbanization developed under the impact of technological advancements, smart infrastructure (SI)which is characterized as a bridge towards smart education, smart living, smart safety and security, smart economy, smart mobility, and smart communication-has been discussed as the prerequisite for developing smart cities (SCs) to address sustainability concerns [62]. This agenda requires particular expertise, financial mobilization, and concrete cooperation between governments and private sectors, which are potentially satisfied through PPP [63,64]. According to the importance of this topic towards meeting sustainable development goals (SDGs) as well as addressing urban life issues, there is limited research in this area in connection to PPP. ...
The broad and extensive application of public-private partnership (PPP), as well as the divergent documented definitions and experiences, have led to a translucent perspective of PPP and strained academia and industry to reach a consensus on the major practice of this concept. Early contractor involvement (ECI), governance tools, and relational contracting are only a few of the frameworks attributed to PPP. This issue has received limited attention from researchers, despite the focus of review studies on different disciplines of PPP. Hence, this paper puts forward the idea of conducting a comprehensive review to not only shed light on the major practice of PPP but also provide a wider outlook on this concept based on the research carried out since 1979. A narrative review is initially accomplished to identify the major drivers and milestones that have contributed to the evolution of PPP. Employing bibliometric analysis in the following phase assists in conducting a multi-dimensional assessment of studies published within the last five decades. The economic and societal practices of PPP throughout its evolution path signified the dominant application of this concept as a business model. The bibliometric analysis revealed that PPP has contributed to various sectors, i.e., urban development, public infrastructure, transportation, health, and education, just to name a few. In addition, economic and organizational management of PPP was revealed as a major research stream that was accompanied by sustainable development. As a matter of fact, economic and environmental sustainability are the major cross-disciplinary elements that form an interplay between the drivers and attributes of PPP. Value for money (Vf M), technology, and innovation, along with smart infrastructure (SI) and smart cities (SCs), are identified as the major directions for the future research agenda associated with PPP.
... In addition, 'free' services subsidised by advertising and/ or data mining often exploit the personal data and attention of lower income users. It is thus necessary to put in place clear regulations on private sector involvement [7]. Ultimately PPPs require enhanced public sector contracting skills and civic oversight to prevent individual and collective harms. ...
... The externalization of Information technology allows the city to structure its operations around the things they do best and externalize its non core processes to provide the expected public value. For the city to develop the proper mechanisms to work with IT contractors, they are facing challenges such as unequal power structures, suitable measures to assess the value provided, the adequacy of the city organizational structure, the organizational culture, and the level of government commitment [27]. The government has implemented two main mechanisms for externalizing service provision; Outsourcing (contracting out) and public-private partnerships. ...
The concept of a smart city holds a great promise for prosperity for its residents by delivering them public value that satisfies their needs. But the reality falls far from the vision, as the implementation of ambitious goals in the form of smart city projects in subcontracting mode occurs in complicated socio-techno-political settings, which often end up in failure. Institutional facets of political commitment and its impact on public value creation are not fully recognized. To close this gap, this study adopts the approach of political commitment to identify and analyze those elements that could hinder the provision of public value in a smart city project. To do so, we perform a qualitative analysis of four smart city initiatives' failures in different countries. The findings reveal that particular elements associated with political commitment in subcontracting projects impact public value provision in smart city initiatives. Particularly, the key role of the continuation of political commitment in its institutionalization phase leads to a loss of public value within strategic, political, and financial spheres. Our study contributes to better recognition of institutional settings that contribute to smart city initiatives’ failure.
... The role that PPPI plays in stimulating infrastructural projects is well investigated in empirical literature in the global context. Different works have been steered to investigate the nexus between PPPI and technological innovation (Liu et al., 2020), PPPI and infrastructure (Lopes et al., 2021), PPPI and information technologies , PPPI and economic growth (Sergi et al., 2019), PPPI and institutional quality (Dao et al., 2020), PPPI and higher education (Borodiyenko et al., 2021), PPPI and foreign direct investment (Domalatov and Turginbayeva, 2022), PPPI and financial development (Morea and Balzarini, 2018), and PPPI and health sector (Kosycarz et al., 2019). ...
Global warming presents a worrisome condition that necessitates important actions across the planet. One promising strategy is encouraging investments through public–private partnership investment (PPPI) in green ventures. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis framework is used in the current study to examine the relationship between the aforementioned factor and the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in South Africa between 1960 and 2020. Using the recently developed novel dynamic autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) simulations framework, the results showed that (i) public–private partnership investment in energy contribute to deteriorating environmental quality; (ii) while the technique effect (TE) improves environmental quality, the scale effect (SE) largely contributes to escalating CO2 emissions, thus confirming that the EKC hypothesis holds; iii) energy consumption, foreign direct investment, trade openness, and industrial growth escalate CO2 emissions, but technological innovation reduces it; and iv) public–private partnership investment in energy, technological innovation, scale effect, technique effect, foreign direct investment, energy consumption, industrial growth, and trade openness Granger-cause CO2 emissions in the short, medium, and long run, showing that these variables are fundamental to determining environmental quality. Our empirical findings suggest that PPPIs should be accomplished in environmentally friendly sectors and industries, and South Africa’s government and policymakers should take further initiatives to ensure the implementation of policies that enable the change from non-renewable energy sources to renewable ones to promote efficiency in the production processes and curtail CO2 emissions in the country.
... The smart city is a holistic concept for dealing with urbanisation problems in modern cities. Publicprivate partnerships (PPPs) are a blueprint for the public and private sectors to cooperate on designing and implementing smart city infrastructure projects (Liu et al. 2020). Apart from the mechanisms we list here, there might be other useful approaches in the procurement and support of innovation. ...
Emerging technologies can be defined as a set of technologies whose development and application areas are still expanding rapidly, and their technical and value potential is still largely unrealised. Naturally, this leads to a vivid innovation environment for these technologies. In this book, tech-savvy people can easily read and understand the working principles of 34 different emerging technologies. And then, they can see in what areas these technologies are used and how they can create value. Moreover, the book starts with an “Innovation Journey” chapter. This chapter focuses on innovation and how ideas are converted into value and business. By value, we mean monetary, environmental and social value. In addition, for entrepreneurs and start-ups, we also show the funding and financing mechanisms for innovative ideas.KeywordsValue creationImpact assessmentBusiness model
Innovation
The article reflects that in modern business conditions, public-private partnership (PPP) is gaining increasing popularity in the implementation of large-scale infrastructure projects. This cooperation format offers significant advantages for both public and private sectors but also carries certain risks. PPP risks can be divided into two main groups: project-related risks and partner-related risks. Types of risks include technical risks, financial risks, regulatory risks, political risks, and contractual risks. Partner-related risks include reputation risks and behavioral risks. To optimize management decision-making process in the context of PPP, it is important to use methods of quantitative and qualitative risk analysis, as well as the principles of rational decision-making. It is necessary to consider the interests of all stakeholders since the success of PPP depends on effective cooperation and mutual understanding between the public and private sectors. Applying risk-informed management decision optimization methods allows minimizing negative consequences and maximizing positive project results. The authors of the article explore theoretical and practical aspects of risk management in public-private partnership (PPP) to optimize management decision-making. The authors propose an integrated PPP risk management model that considers both quantitative and qualitative factors. The method of quantitative risk assessment is used, which allows determining the probability and impact of risks on the project. A method of resilience analysis to risks is proposed, which allows determining how resilient the project is to various types of risks. Recommendations for PPP risk management are provided, aimed at optimizing management decision-making.
This technical report examines the development of sustainable and inclusive smart cities, focusing on how technology, urban planning, and governance can create efficient and equitable urban environments. It explores key areas such as smart mobility, energy management, waste reduction, and digital inclusion while highlighting case studies and best practices from global and European perspectives. The report also addresses challenges related to data governance, citizen engagement, and policy implementation, providing insights for policymakers, urban planners, and researchers.
The manufacturing sector in Nigeria, which includes industries such as food and beverages, textiles, chemicals, and automotive, faces significant challenges due to outdated infrastructure, limited access to advanced technologies, and a shortage of skilled labour. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays a crucial role in improving sector performance, highlighting the need for strategic interventions. While some firms still use traditional methods, others explore smart manufacturing technologies. Early adopters of smart manufacturing demonstrate potential benefits and obstacles, such as inadequate infrastructure, high costs, limited access to advanced technologies, economic barriers, skills gaps, brain drain, inadequate government support, and regulatory hurdles. To address these issues, the paper recommends developing infrastructure, forming partnerships with tech firms, providing government subsidies and grants, encouraging private investment, and enhancing workforce development through training and collaboration with educational institutions. Policy recommendations include creating supportive regulations and establishing industry standards to promote smart manufacturing. The paper also examines successful implementations of smart factories in other countries and suggests initiating pilot projects in Nigeria to demonstrate feasibility and benefits. Adopting smart manufacturing technologies is forecasted to positively impact Nigeria's economy by increasing productivity, efficiency, and competitiveness in the manufacturing sector.
In the present realm and age of Industry 4.0, where machines virtually have permeated every aspect of our lives, and Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning orchestrate a symphony of data, latest technological innovations such as Digital Twin (DT) are rapidly transforming the transport sector—thus creating the base for mobility solutions. The usage of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) in smart cities to improve urban mobility is going to witness a dramatic transformation contributing to the emergence of new mobility scenarios such as Digital Twin. The transformation is going to be witnessed in all the spheres of transportation: road, sea, rail, and air. The future of mobility will deploy emerging Information and Communications Technology (ICT) platforms such as DT, wireless communication technology solutions, satellite driven cameras, various sensors etc., to seamlessly connect the vehicles to share information and improve safely and efficiency. As the mobility starts getting smarter with reduced human dependency, the vehicles utilizing these technologies can be trained to perceive the environment and make informed decisions, thereby gradually reducing human intervention. Such connected and autonomous mobility solutions in smart cities will aid in reduction of traffic congestions, reduce emissions, and enhanced road and passenger safety. Overall, the chapter explores in depth about the future of Mobility and CAVs.
This chapter explores the transformative potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in sustainable urban planning. As cities grapple with rapid urbanization and climate change, AI offers innovative solutions through data analytics, predictive modeling, and optimization. Successful AI-enabled urban planning projects demonstrate the importance of data-driven decision-making, community engagement, interdisciplinary collaboration, and scalability. The chapter examines AI applications in traffic management, energy efficiency, waste management, urban design, and community engagement. Ethical considerations, including data privacy, algorithmic bias, and digital divide, are discussed, emphasizing the need for responsible AI development and inclusive planning. This chapter provides insights into how AI-enhanced urban planning can promote sustainability, resilience, and social equity. Key considerations for AI adoption, such as data-driven decision-making and community engagement, are highlighted.
Modern needs, the impact of digitalization on social relations and environmental approaches imply increased requirements for the quality and manufacturability of infrastructure facilities. The Russian military aggression inflicted large-scale economic and humanitarian losses on Ukraine, significantly destroying critical infrastructure and social facilities, which will require huge efforts to restore them with the involvement of private sector resources. Public-private partnership (PPP) is a promising tool for implementing the tasks of the public sector. The implementation of PPP projects is based on the formation of appropriate areas for ensuring the institutional environment, which should contribute to the formation of conditions for the development of partnerships between the state and the private sector in the field of legal regulation, institutions, operational experience, investment and business climate, financing. The restoration of infrastructure in Ukraine based on an innovative vision, environmental standards and the needs of the digital society takes into account strategic documents. The main approaches to building infrastructure concern the formation of a Smart City, promoting sustainable and safe operation through common interconnections. The city’s strategy takes into account the needs of digitalization and the concept of sustainable development. It is necessary to highlight the factors of urban space formation (economy, human capital, social cohesion, management, planning and technology). The implementation of innovative infrastructure projects using public-private partnership models will accelerate the post-war reconstruction of Ukrainian cities, attract additional financial and human resources, take into account environmental, innovative and other requirements for modern infrastructure.
Having effective and efficient financing is one of the most critical steps in accelerating public infrastructure development, including toll roads. This study aims to identify critical success factors (CSFs) for implementing toll infrastructure financing in Indonesia. Thirty-three CSFs have been identified from the literature review. A Delphi survey was conducted involving a panel of experts in the infrastructure industry. Based on the survey, it is known that the internal rate of return, affordability, investment decisions, commercial banks, financing costs, interest rate risk, control of cash flow, contract scope, and principles of risk transfer are important factors for implementing toll infrastructure financing in Indonesia. This study fills research gaps by developing a CSF model for successful toll road infrastructure financing in Indonesian PPPs, considering private perspectives and aiming to provide insights for investors and enhance understanding of country profiles in developing countries. The focus on toll road implementation in Indonesia contributes to a comprehensive understanding of CSFs for PPPs in the country.
This paper aims to systematically review a wide range of literature to provide insights on the risk of public-private partnership (PPP) projects. The authors have critically reviewed the risk elements from the entire spectrum of the construction industry. Thus, the systematic literature review (SLR) method was employed to synthesise research with precise attention to detail. To achieve research objectives and to retrieve articles related to PPP and risk identification building adaptive reuse, the following database was utilised: Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. Number of related themes were collected and analysed according to the coding structure. The results present that a total of twelve (12) risk categories have been identified from the existing literature, namely, political, economic, legal, natural, demand risk, financial, residual asset risk, design, construction, operation, partner selection, and contract risk, respectively. These categories were further divided into fifty-seven (57) different risk factors, whereby the classifications were perceived to be related to the PPP project. In addition, sixteen (16) risk factors were identified in the context of building adaptive reuse specifically, focusing on feasibility and procurement stages. Consequently, the present review recognised the knowledge gaps to offer a new perspective on risk identifications in the context of building adaptive reuse in Malaysia.
The rapid rate of global urbanization has forced governments worldwide to develop sustainable cities through Public Private Partnerships (PPPs), which appear to offer suitable solutions that overcome the shortage of public finance and cuts on public spending. However, it is still unclear what strategies to follow when engaging private sector partners who can fulfill the requirements of PPP for sustainable cities. Based on the existing gap, the current study seeks to understand the role of PPP as a strategy for developing sustainable cities, by studying its framework, opportunities, and mechanisms. The study adopted a systematic review of relevant literature and published materials. The findings demonstrate that PPPs contribute to developing sustainable cities and further identify four common themes: Governance, Public-Private-People Partnerships (PPPPs), Sustainability, and Innovation. The study concluded that these themes are interconnected within the successful development process of a sustainable city PPP. The study further recommends adopting these themes while developing PPP frameworks and mechanisms for sustainable cities. This study adds to the body of knowledge literature on the applicability of PPPs for sustainable urban development.
Having effective and efficient financing is one of the most important steps in accelerating the development of public infrastructure, including toll roads. This study aims to identify Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for the implementation of toll infrastructure financing in Indonesia. Thirty-three CSFs have been identified from literature review. A Delphi survey involving a panel of experts working in the infrastructure industry was conducted. Based on the survey, it is known that internal rate of return, affordability, investment decision, commercial banks, financing costs, interest rate risk, control of cash flow, contract scope, and principles of risk transfer are important factors for the implementation of toll infrastructure financing in Indonesia. This study fills research gaps by developing a CSF model for successful toll road infrastructure financing in Indonesian PPPs, considering private perspectives and aiming to provide insights for investors and enhance understanding of country profiles in developing countries. The focus on toll road implementation in Indonesia contributes to a comprehensive understanding of CSFs for PPPs in the country.
Municipalities in the United States have partnered with the private sector to address increasing environmental challenges posed by stormwater runoff. Low impact development (LID) can be used to establish green infrastructure assets, which can ultimately offer unique opportunities for social equity and workforce development. A sustainability triple-bottom-line framework was used to examine the clean water partnership (CWP), the first Community-Based Public Private Partnership (CBP3) in the US focused on implementing LID projects in Prince George’s County, MD. Results show that adopting a community-driven approach to delivering and maintaining stormwater infrastructure assets can provide long-term sustainable benefits to host communities. This study also highlights the role of outreach programs in enabling minority inclusion and workforce development, especially when it comes to delivering and maintaining green infrastructure assets.
Integrating Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) in smart cities can significantly improve citizens’ quality of life and the overall functioning of urban areas. This study aimed to examine the use of CPS for smart city applications and to explore these systems’ potential benefits, challenges, and limitations. The study utilized a comprehensive way to gather data and insights on CPS in smart cities. The major findings of the study showed that CPS has the potential to significantly improve efficiency, citizen engagement, public safety, environmental management, and decision-making in smart cities. However, the study also found that some significant challenges and limitations need to be addressed, such as privacy and security concerns, scalability, and Integration with existing systems. The findings of this study can inform future policy and decision-making related to implementing CPS in smart cities. They can provide important insights for researchers and practitioners working in related fields.
Purpose
Scaling up smart city infrastructure projects will require a large financial investment. Using public–private partnerships is one of the most effective ways to address budget constraints. Numerous factors have varying degrees of influence on the performance of Public private partnerships (PPP) projects; certain PPP factors are more crucial to the success of a smart city infrastructure project than others, and their influence can be greatly increased when they are fulfilled collectively. This study aims to find out what factors are unique to smart city PPP initiatives, as well as how these factors work together, so that successful smart city infrastructure PPP projects can be scaled up.
Design/methodology/approach
The methodology included three sequential stages: identifying the critical success factors (CSF) of PPP for smart cities based on an extensive literature review, collecting data from a sample of 90 PPP practitioners using a Likert scale questionnaire and estimating interrelationships among the CSF and their emergent clusters using structural equation modelling.
Findings
The best fit model developed in this study demonstrated the significance of each factor and their interrelationships within their categories in enhancing the performance of PPPs in smart city infrastructure projects. Five categories of critical success factors for PPPs in smart city infrastructure projects have been established: partnership and collaboration; financial sustainability; contractual duties and outsourcing; smart integration; and contract governance.
Practical implications
The proposed model represented the causal interrelationships among relevant critical success factors derived from literature, which may help in directing the organization’s attention and resources to more critical areas, leading to the effective fulfilment of the smart city infrastructure project’s objectives. In addition to the theoretical and methodological contributions, this study produced a usable and readily adaptable list and clusters of critical success factors for research in the area of the implementation of PPP in smart city infrastructure projects.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to identify PPP critical success factors and their themed clusters for smart city infrastructure projects.
Сучасні потреби, вплив цифровізації на суспільні відносини та екологічні
підходи передбачають підвищення вимог до якості та технологічності об’єктів інфраструктури. Російська воєнна агресія завдала Україні масштабних економічних та гуманітарних втрат, суттєво знищивши критичну інфраструктуру, об’єкти соціального призначення, що потребуватиме
величезних зусиль по їх відновленню із залученням ресурсів приватного сектору. Державно-приватне партнерство (ДПП) розглядається як перспективний інструмент для реалізації завдань державного сектора. Основні підходи до будівництва інфраструктури на основі моделей державно-приватного партнерства стосуються формування Smart City, сприяючи стійкому та безпечному функціонуванню через спільні взаємозв’язки. Реалізація інноваційних інфраструктурних проєктів з використанням моделей державно-приватного партнерства дозволить прискорити післявоєнне відновлення українських міст, залучити додаткові фінансові та людські ресурси, врахувати екологічні, інноваційні та безпекові вимоги до сучасної інфраструктури.
Smart cities that make broad use of digital technologies have been touted as possible solutions for the population pressures faced by many cities in developing countries and may help meet the rising demand for services and infrastructure. Nevertheless, the high financial cost involved in infrastructure maintenance, the substantial size of the informal economies, and various governance challenges are curtailing government idealism regarding smart cities. This review examines the state of smart city development in developing countries, which includes understanding the conceptualisations, motivations, and unique drivers behind (and barriers to) smarty city development. A total of 56 studies were identified from a systematic literature review from an initial pool of 3928 social sciences literature identified from two academic databases. Data were analysed using thematic synthesis and thematic analysis. The review found that technology-enabled smart cities in developing countries can only be realised when concurrent socioeconomic, human, legal, and regulatory reforms are instituted. Governments need to step up their efforts to fulfil the basic infrastructure needs of citizens, raise more revenue, construct clear regulatory frameworks to mitigate the technological risks involved, develop human capital, ensure digital inclusivity, and promote environmental sustainability. A supportive ecosystem that encourages citizen participation, nurtures start-ups, and promotes public–private partnerships needs to be created to realise their smart city vision.
Purpose of the study: Paper introspects, the challenges encountered in the making of Gwalior city as Smart city. It compares the key bottlenecks of Smart City Mission as policy in urbanization landscape to the ground realities of implementation for a non -metropolitan city. The article also outlines the various way-forward which Gwalior city designed in its ambit for successful implementation of Smart city project. Methodology: Dealing with methodology, the paper has been drawn on policy documents analysis, city selection process, Indian Government promotional materials on smart city, several Indian Municipalities and a number of public-private partnerships Main Findings: It emphasizes the major challenges of debt financing, Institutional, market & business, community engagement, urban policy, land acquisition and quest for ideas, innovation in urban and IT landscape and desirable solutions. Paper emphasizes all these multiple challenges that were encountered and efforts which were made to meet the implementation of Smart and sustainable city for Gwalior citizens. Applications of this study: This study will be useful for all those agencies who are involved in transforming cities into smart cities. The study will provide a background of various challenges in regard to Indian smart city paradigm and how those can be dealt with. This study will help in the area of smart city, sustainability, urban governance, etc. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study explores how challenges can be met in Indian perspective with special reference to Gwalior.
The purpose of the article is to assess whether smart city projects developed in France represent continuity or a break with the established socio-technical regime of French cities. Our assessment attempts to establish a link between the main socio-technical features of French cities in existing literature and an exhaustive list of “smart city”-labelled projects compiled from twenty French cities. It reveals more of continuity than a break with the urban socio-technical regime generated by these projects. Technologies are not evenly developed along different domains: the fact that the most sophisticated innovations play out in the regulation of networks rather than in e-government reinforces an old two-speed urban modernisation. The mainly technological character of these projects is part of the continuity of a depoliticised strategy for managing technical matters. Co-production opportunities renew a tradition of local management and processing of grievances. Traditional public-private partnerships are only partially modified.
India aspires to modernize through 100 smart cities and achieve higher living standards. They are projected as planned models for other cities to emulate and position themselves as growth engines. The government has devised specific criteria for smart cities and encourages intra-city competition and cooperation with private partners. This paper argues that the 100 smart cities strategy reduces cities to a neoliberal commodity, through which improving living standards and reaching sustainability goals are seen through the narrow lens of economic growth parameters, resulting in urban privatization. I suggest that this weakens the democratically elected governance process, leading to splintered infrastructure development that benefits the wealthy, further marginalizing the poor. Drawing on field research, I demonstrate that despite the aims of addressing India’s urban challenges through the Smart Cities Mission, it has embraced neoliberal and entrepreneurial urbanism, value creation, and profiting from the city, while reducing the role of municipalities, residents, and democratic stakeholders.
This paper analyses leadership in, of and for smart cities. Using a multi-case study research design and Mode 2 research (based upon collaboration between a scholar and a practitioner) we explore smart cities initiatives in Europe (Amsterdam, Bristol & Milton Keynes), North and South America (Chicago & Curitiba) and Australia (Melbourne). We undertake a comparative analysis which looks at leadership through six lenses: place, purpose, person, position, process, performance. From our analysis four modes of smart city leadership emerge: smart cities as digital government; smart cities as digital driver for economic growth; smart cities as an open platform for digital socio-political innovation; and smart cities as an open platform for digital economy.
This article addresses the relationship between Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) and the sustainability of public spending in smart hospitals. Smart (technological) hospitals represent long-termed investments where public and private players interact with banking institutions and eventually patients, to satisfy a core welfare need. Characteristics of smart hospitals are critically examined, together with private actors’ involvement and flexible forms of remuneration. Technology-driven smart hospitals are so complicated that they may require sophisticated PPP. Public players lack innovative skills, whereas private actors seek additional compensation for their non-routine efforts and higher risk. PPP represents a feasible framework, especially if linked to Project Financing (PF) investment patterns. Whereas the social impact of healthcare investments seems evident, their financial coverage raises growing concern in a capital rationing context where shrinking public resources must cope with the growing needs of chronic elder patients. Results-Based Financing (RBF) is a pay-by-result methodology that softens traditional PPP criticalities as availability payment sustainability or risk transfer compensation. Waste of public money can consequently be reduced, and private bankability improved. In this study, we examine why and how advanced Information Technology (IT) solutions implemented in “Smart Hospitals” should produce a positive social impact by increasing at the same time health sustainability and quality of care. Patient-centered smart hospitals realized through PPP schemes, reshape traditional healthcare supply chains with savings and efficiency gains that improve timeliness and execution of care.
Three distinct trends have emerged that have disrupted the dominance of privately owned, combustion-powered car transport in the United Kingdom. First, the electric powertrain has emerged as an affordable means of transport, addressing various existing environmental concerns; second, new models of car ownership are developing, particularly in urban areas; third, the growth of “smart city” thinking emphasizes capitalizing on increased connectivity and data availability to create value. We define the combination of these three trends as the “tri-opt” of private transport—three disruptors that should not be considered in isolation but as interacting, an inflection of the “Energy Trilemma.” This paper applies systems thinking and a mixed methodology of workshops, interviews, and systems modeling to the UK city of Bristol’s Smart EV Transport Hub project to identify concepts that positively combine two or more of these three “opts.” We demonstrate that there are many synergistic overlaps and that combinations potentially create significant value, with use cases that the current literature has explored the least are of the greatest perceived value. We thus recommend that public–private sector collaboration in private transport—particularly at the intersection of electric vehicles, smart cities, and mobility-as-a-service—is prioritized for further investigation.
Recently, cities have become the key element in the national administration system shaping the planet's future appearance. The concept of smart cities is gaining popularity, so today every city strives to become smart. In this article, authors give a detailed analysis of the world experience of the smart cities creation. The principles, participants of urban planning and mechanisms for implementing public-private partnership were considered during this study. As a result, authors point out factors, both facilitating and impeding the development of smart cities. The key drivers of this process include mature infrastructure, wide use of ICT, the involvement of citizens in the city development and the expansion of public-private partnership. The conflict of interests between municipal authorities, citizens and business and the problem of information security hamper the smart city development.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate information management in a smart city. It identifies the main trends in progress and how innovation in information technology is helping all those in the smart city ecosystem in terms of generating new sources of data and connecting them. It investigates how information management in the smart city may go through several phases, but contests the notion that the co-ordinated information management that is the dream of many city managers is an appropriate vision, given the tendency in the private sector for competing information platforms to develop, giving value in different ways.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper has been written by using a combination of academic insight and literature, extensive research of relevant grey literature (e.g. blogs and industry press) and interviews and interaction with some of the organisations involved in developing and implementing the smart city concept, including public transport organisations, other data providers, analysts and systems and sensor suppliers.
Findings
Smart city concepts are evolving in different ways, with divergence of views which involves centralisation and control of information by city authorities and a more democratic view in which the information is managed on different platforms between which smart city stakeholders can choose.
Research limitations/implications
The research method is exploratory. Validating the findings would require a more structured approach in which stakeholders of all kinds are consulted.
Practical implications
All organisational stakeholders in the idea and delivery of smart cities need to consider how their interests in smart city information and those of other stakeholders are evolving and to what extent they should be in partnership with other members of the ecosystem in generating and using the information.
Social implications
Individuals, whether workers, commuters, shoppers, tourists or others, will be greatly affected by the evolution of smart city information, and their choices about whether to be smart themselves will have an important effect on the benefits they receive from city smartening and on the viability of the smart cities.
Originality/value
Little research has been carried out into the different choices organisations and individuals have in terms of how they will relate to smart city information and how they can manage it. This research makes a start on this task.
European cities are experiencing a mushrooming of a new urban imagery amid multiple types of crisis. In fact, the ‘smart city’ has become a widely spread vision used by a variety of powerful key actors as well as a top-down urban political strategy that is applied in order to promote new arrangements, models and technologies for almost all policy areas.
By using the Italian case as a point of reference, this paper analyses how smart city strategies are institutionalized and embedded in times of crisis on different spatial scales. Therefore, the paper adapts a strategic-relational approach that provides a conceptual framework for understanding the spatial dimension of smart city strategies. It argues that smart city strategies reflect a set of multiscalar political strategies leading to new responsibilities and powers on a local scale, as well as the creation of new state territoriality. Smart cities in Italy are part of metropolitan reforms that strengthen
the role of large cities while reproducing existing territorial inequalities. Furthermore, they are used to create new public–private partnerships and new investment opportunities on different spatial scales. In addition, a content analysis of smart city rankings and reports sheds light on the modes of representation of smart city strategies, analysing them
as elements of policymaking in times of crisis.
Previous studies have made vital contributions to the theory and practice of engaging and managing project stakeholders. A literature review plays a critical role in supporting researchers to better understand the research topic, helping researchers identify the boundaries of the current body of knowledge and research trends, and shaping future research. Thus, this paper analyses the latest research developments in stakeholder management within the context of complex projects. It examines articles published between 2005 and 2016, and discusses the relevant trends under four themes: stakeholder analysis, stakeholder influence, stakeholder management strategies and stakeholder engagement. The paper reveals that social network analysis strongly emerges to be a valuable tool for analyzing the complexity of stakeholder interrelationships in the context of CPs. Stakeholder analysis and stakeholder engagement strategies are powerful in addressing environmental complexity (including multiple stakeholders, an environment of changing policy and regulation, and an environment with a changing nature) projects. The paper draws conclusions regarding the findings of the review, and provides some recommendations for future research
Increasing global urbanization yields substantial potential for enhanced sustainability through careful management of urban development and optimized resource use efficiency. Nature-based solutions (NBS) can provide a means for cities to successfully navigate the water-energy-climate relationship, thus enhancing urban resilience. Implementation of NBS can improve local or regional economic resilience underpinned by the sustainable use of natural resources. The innovative governance, institutional, business, and finance models and frameworks inherent to NBS implementation also provide a wealth of opportunity for social transformation and increased social inclusiveness in cities. The ultimate benefit of NBS implementation in cities is increased livability, which is typically measured as a function of multiple social, economic and environmental variables. Given the range of different interventions classified as NBS and the cross-sectoral character of their co-benefits, different assessment schemes can be used to evaluate NBS performance and impact. Herein, performance and impact indicators within three robust NBS- and Smart City-related assessment schemes—Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services (MAES), Knowledge and Learning Mechanism on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (EKLIPSE), and Smart City Performance Measurement Framework (CITYkeys)—were critically analyzed with respect to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11, “Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.” Each selected assessment scheme was benchmarked with respect to the Inter-Agency Expert Group on SDG Indicators' global indicator framework for the sub-objectives of SDG 11. The alignment between each of the selected NBS assessment schemes and the SDG indicator framework was mapped with particular emphasis on consistency with city-level framework indicators for each SDG 11 sub-objective. The results were illustrated as composite scores describing the alignment of the analyzed NBS and Smart city assessment schemes with the SDG 11 sub-objectives. These results facilitate NBS assessment scheme selection based on alignment between each analyzed assessment scheme and specific SDG 11 sub-objectives. Cities face multiple challenges amidst a complex hierarchy of legislative, regulatory and other stakeholder obligations. The present study showed that strategic selection of an NBS assessment scheme which closely aligns with one or more sub-objectives within SDG 11 can maximize operational efficiency by exploiting synergies between evaluation schemes.
Growing urbanization trends, together with a greater environmental awareness, are transforming cities into game changers in the sustainability game. Cities are under pressure in both developed as well as developing economies. In developed countries, the challenge is to be able to tackle a lack of infrastructure, such as clean water and sanitation and mass transit transport systems. In developed countries, the challenges are distinct, but not less. There are growing needs for a renewal of infrastructures, such as water, transportation and energy systems, which deteriorate over time, and the related increasing challenges regarding the sustainability of the systems. Drivers of change include lower costs, greater levels of efficiency, better response to natural disasters (resilience), an ability to provide a good service, among others. Cities, regulators and operators are focused on improving innovation and develop truly smart cities and smart infrastructure. Public–private partnerships (PPPs) have been at the forefront of infrastructure development and management, however, questions exist regarding existing models which are usable for smart infrastructure. Our thesis is that existing models of PPP need to be significantly restructured, to be able to provide an adequate response to the smart infrastructure challenges and to be a driving force to make cities smarter. Greater flexibility is necessary, as is a profound change of the existing regulatory and procurement models, in order to ensure that the private sector will continue to have a pivotal role with regards to infrastructure, financing and management.
Contemporary urbanization appears as a conundrum especially in developing nations. This study will act as an accelerator to spill out snags caused by urbanization with a new approach in the development of sustainable infrastructure through Public–Private Partnerships (3Ps). This study first explains the complications generated by rapid urbanization in different infrastructural sectors in South Asian mega cities like Dhaka and Lahore. Second, the findings of the study elaborate on a new mechanism to adapt to Sustainable Development Goal 11 declared by the United Nations with the engagement of different stake holders working in different silos through 3Ps (like BOT, BOOT, BLT, DBF, PFI etc.). This study uses case studies as part of the research mixed methodology. Studies on Dhaka and Lahore including multi projects through 3Ps, and a detailed questionnaire survey based on critical risk factors from the Meta review of 3P literature are presented to establish the current status of sustainable development goals. This paper primarily contributes in two ways. First, by providing a new direction to policy makers to devise policies using a twofold approach i.e., grasp urbanization with sustainable infrastructure delivery by sustainable enactment of 3P projects. Second, bridge the knowledge gap by identifying the risk factors in the sustainable establishment of 3P projects in developing nations.
The Internet is currently the largest network of communication worldwide and is where technological advances could be observed. The original creation of the Internet was based on the idea that this network would be formed mainly by multiple independent networks with an arbitrary design. The Internet is the place where all countries communicate and disseminate information in real time, this phenomenon directly affects economies, businesses, and society. This article shows what the future of the Internet is, our research carries out a qualitative prospective analysis on projects and investigations in which the scientific community is currently working, the information is analyzed, and the highlighted topics are shown. © 2017, Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.
This paper aims at describing the methodology implemented in the REMOURBAN (REgeneration MOdel for accelerating the smart URBAN transformation) project for the characterization of European middle size cities which allows identifying their potential characteristics and adverse conditions as starting point for addressing their sustainable urban transformation. The methodology comprises a selection of a suitable set of indicators for each application domain identified in the project (both technical - energy, mobility and Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)- and non-technical –people, governance, finance), benchmarking of the data available at city level in the selected data sources and the utilization of statistical methods for clustering cities with homogenous characteristics. This study has been applied to 41 European cities from 18 countries and two complementary clustering methods were used in order to determine the clusters. In addition, for a better interpretation of the results and a more accurate classification of the cities, a detailed analysis was performed in each domain to conclude with a global analysis which groups all the indicators and domains. The paper describes the overall approach of the REMOURBAN Sustainable Urban Regeneration Model, to focus then on the methodology applied to characterise the European cities as basis for the replication of this model. After the identification and discussion of the main results obtained through this characterisation, the future works are presented.
Living Labs are places for real-life test and experimentation where users and experts co-create innovative products and services through an ICT-based collaboration. Founded in the context of private firms, LLs evolved into a policy tool implemented to facilitate service innovation also in the public sector. Furthermore, due to their strong focus on user participation, LLs are now increasingly central in the smart-city strategy of various municipalities such as Barcelona, Helsinki, Tallinn and Birmingham. Citizen creativity, in fact, is an integral part of smart cities and the ‘laboratory dimension’ perfectly fits with this new approach to urban development. Namely, the transformation of the city into a living lab is aimed at supporting the process of policy innovation at the municipal level through local empowerment and the promotion of partnership among enterprises, public administration and citizens. In this respect, LLs can be viewed as a new form of co-production that is a process through which citizens participate in the design and creation of products or services that are less expensive and better tailored to citizens’ needs. Drawing on data related to 59 LLs listed in the database of the European Network of LLs, the paper is aimed at describing the main characteristics of LLs and at examining their strengths and weaknesses as co-production tools.
This article focuses on the role of local institutions in mitigation and adaptation to climate change, considering learning experiences in promoting public-private partnerships in to resilient actions. It does so under the belief that climate impacts will affect disadvantaged social groups and small-communities more disproportionately, and that local institutions centrally influence how different social groups gain access to and are able to use assets and resources. Looking at the increasing awareness that global temperatures will raise, a mentality "Climate-smart" must be adopted by all levels of decision-making. This approach involves the search for synergies between climate change mitigation and adaptation, wherever is possible. As for mitigation, for adaptation we consider similar pre-conditions. Base on this pre-conditions we identify Public Private Partnerships as a challenge possibility to finance decentralized renewable energies and green infrastructure for resilient communities. The article aims to demonstrate two main unclear topics in existing understanding about institutions and climate change responses: the correlation among Public Private Partnerships and participatory process and how it lead to win-win climate responses funding, a learning experience from Sustainable Energy Action Plan - Within the MED Programme project ZeroCO2[1] - and Local Adaptation Plan development – within the LIFE+ project BLUE AP[2].
[1] Kyoto Club was partner of the MED Project ZERO CO2 www.medzeroco2.eu
[2] Kyoto Club is partner of the LIFE+ Project BLUE AP Bologna Local Urban Environment Adaptation Plan for Resilient City – www.blueap.eu
This paper discusses smart cities and raises critical questions about the faith being placed in technology to reduce carbon emissions. Given increasingly challenging carbon reduction targets the role of ICT and the digital economy are increasingly championed as offering potential to contribute to carbon reduction targets within cities and buildings. This paper questions the faith being placed in smart or intelligent solutions through asking, what role then for the ordinary citizen? The smart approach often appears to have a narrow view of how technology and user-engagement can sit together, viewing the behaviour of users as a hurdle to overcome, rather than a resource to be utilized. This paper suggests lessons can be learnt from other disciplines and wider sustainable development policy that champions the role of citizens and user-engagement to harness the co-creation of knowledge, collaboration and empowerment. Specifically, empirical findings and observations are presented from a case study of citizen engagement around an Energy from Waste infrastructure development. Recommendations are provided for engineers, planners and decision makers in order to help plan more effective engagement strategies for citizens, building users and stakeholders.
Smart cities (SCs) are a recent but emerging phenomenon, aiming at using high technology and especially information and communications technology (ICT) to implement better living conditions in large metropolises, to involve citizens in city government, and to support sustainable economic development and city attractiveness. The final goal is to improve the quality of city life for all stakeholders. Until now, SCs have been developing as bottom-up projects, bringing together smart initiatives driven by public bodies, enterprises, citizens, and not-for-profit organizations. However, to build a long-term smart strategy capable of producing better returns from investments and deciding priorities regarding each city, a comprehensive SC governance framework is needed. The aim of this paper is to collect empirical evidences regarding government structures implemented in SCs and to outline a framework for the roles of local governments, nongovernmental agencies, and administrative officials. The survey shows that no consolidated standards or best practices for governing SCs are implemented in the examined cities; however, each city applies its own governance framework. Moreover, the study reveals some interesting experiences that may be useful for involving citizens and civil society in SC governance.
Local governments are in an ideal position to integrate government, private, and citizen data to deliver beneficial new digitally enabled public services. However, progress towards achieving the benefits has stagnated in many cases. This is because managers lack the requisite know-how to lead the implementation and enactment of integrated enterprise systems to improve the processes of public service delivery, part of a journey called ‘digital transformation’. If digital transformations are to progress, we need more nuanced empirical elaboration of the know-how managers require. To that end, this study reports evidence from case studies in 11 local governments in Canada. The findings provide the empirical basis for a theory of the know-how managers require to lead the implementation and enactment of integrated enterprise systems in support of digital transformation. We then propose a new theoretical model of how to transfer that requisite know-how to managers through public-private partnerships, and thereby mitigate barriers to that transfer.
Smart cities are emerging in most parts of the world. The cost-benefit analysis of such initiatives should include an unbiased consideration of potential procurement modes, especially when a substantial investment is entailed to scale up projects to the city level. Despite the enticing trend of public private partnerships (PPPs), city governments should evaluate the available options using an objective approach such as Multi-Attribute Utility Analysis (MAUA). The technique takes into account prioritized assessment criteria (which are tailor-made for smart city projects) and the relative utilities of the procurement options in meeting the criteria.
The methodology of MAUA is demonstrated through a questionnaire survey and a focus group meeting involving public and private sector practitioners, and applied to 8 types of common smart city projects in Hong Kong, which is one of the metropolises earmarked to become a smart city by putting concepts into practice. Results show that not all projects are best suited to PPP and that there may be divergent views between the public and private sectors, with possibilities for a compromised decision which both sectors would accept.
Purpose
Smart cities are an attempt to recognize the pioneering projects designed to make the cities livable, sustainable, functional and viable. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate funding released by the government city wise and sources available for finance for the development of the smart cities. The impact of fund released by the government for the development of smart cities (Chandigarh, Karnal, Faridabad, Pune, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Kanpur, Delhi, Lucknow and Agra) in India has been studied in detail. Urbanization is a continuous process, which is taking place throughout the globe, especially in developing countries like India.
Design/methodology/approach
The research is descriptive in nature. The sources of funding for smart cities in India have been taken into consideration, and χ² test of independence has been employed to study the impact of fund released by the government for smart city development in India by using IBM SPSS.
Findings
The total investment, area-based projects, pan-city initiatives and O&M costs for smart cities ranged between Rs 133,368 and Rs 203,979 lakh crores, Rs 105,621 and Rs 163,138 lakh crores, Rs 26,141 and Rs 38,840 lakh crores, and Rs 1,604 and Rs 1,999 lakh crores, respectively, in the year 2016 (for 60 smart cities) to 2017 (for 99 smart cities), which shows an increasing trend. The investment in retrofitting projects, redevelopment projects, greenfield projects and area-based projects ranged between Rs 94,419 and Rs 131,003 lakh crores, Rs 8,247 and Rs 23,119 lakh crores, Rs 2,955 and Rs 8,986 lakh crores, and Rs 105,621 and Rs 163,138 lakh crores, respectively, in the year 2016 (60 smart cities) to 2017 (99 smart cities), which shows the division of projects funding for smart city development in India. The funding released for smart city development such as other sources, loans from the financial institution, private investment, convergence, state government share funding and Central Government Funding ranged between Rs 14,828 and Rs 15,930 lakh crores, Rs 7,775 and Rs 9,795 lakh crores, Rs 30,858 and Rs 43,622 lakh crores, Rs 25,726 and Rs 43,088 lakh crores, Rs 27,260 and Rs 45,695 lakh crores, and Rs 29,207 and Rs 47,858 lakh crores, respectively, in the year 2016 (60 smart cities) to 2017 (99 smart cities), which reflects the different sources of funding for the development of smart cities in India. The χ² test of independence has been applied, which shows that there is no impact of fund released by the government on cities for smart city development in India as the p -values of Chandigarh (0.213), Karnal (0.199), Faridabad (0.213), Pune (0.199), Chennai (0.213), Ahmadabad (0.199), Kanpur (0.199), Delhi (0.199), Kolkata, Lucknow (0.213) and Agra (0.199) are greater than 0.05.
Research limitations/implications
For the Smart Cities Mission to be financially sustainable, the right policy and institutional framework should be implemented for modernization and aggregation of government landholding. Consolidation of all the landholdings under the smart city project should be properly implemented, and the role of private sectors should be encouraged for public‒private partnership projects to make Smart City Mission more successful.
Practical implications
The benefits of smart cities development will help provide affordable, cleaner and greener housing infrastructure for all, especially the inclusive group of developers belonging to the lower middle-income strata of India, and the benefits will be replicated when adopted on a smaller scale in the rural part of the country.
Originality/value
The research paper is original and χ² test has been used to study the impact of fund released by the government for smart city development in India.
The concentration of housing in the urban area and the strong population growth, implies adapting thecities to meet the people’s Quality of Life minimum. In this sense, smart cities present themselves as aviable solution to aggregate public resources, human capital, social capital and information, andcommunication technologies, to promote sustainable development. In this context, this research aims atanalyzing the influence of the factors of Smart Governance on the Quality of Life in the context of thesmart cities. This study is characterized as quantitative research, of a descriptive nature, made possible bymeans of a survey applied to 829 inhabitants of a city in the Northeast of Brazil. For the analysis of thedata, we used multivariate data techniques, with the application of Structural Equation Modelingmethodology. This study aims to analyze the influence of Smart Governance factors on Quality of Life inthe context of smart cities, in the Northeastern region of Brazil. To that end, Transparency, Collaboration,Participation and partnership, Communication and Accountability on Quality of Life relationships weremeasured. The results of the research indicate intense and important relations among the constructs.Among the researchfindings, we highlight the identification of strategic drivers that can help the smartcity rulers in the development of public policies and actions of the municipal executive that involves thepopulation to achieve sustainable development goals. It is noteworthy that the researchfindingscontribute to improving the governance of smart cities, in order to improve citizens’ quality of life.
Investment by Australian local government authorities (LGAs) in public Wi‐Fi (PWF) provision has grown substantially in recent years. PWF represents the first significant venture of LGAs into telecommunications, a field of national jurisdiction, and thus is a precursor of wider local investment in digital communication technologies, particularly the Internet of Things and other ‘smart city’ infrastructure. However, there has been little published analysis of PWF provision and use in Australia. This knowledge gap limits understanding of the rationales, business models, and uses and impact of investment in these networks and offers little guidance for local authorities and communities contemplating wider ventures in the field of digital networks. This article draws on a national survey of PWF provision by LGAs, together with interview data and critical analysis of policy and institutional settings, to present an overview of local PWF provision in Australia. The analysis highlights some familiar problems associated with LGA infrastructure investment and service delivery, as well as some novel challenges posed for local managers by digital communication networks. Following an empirical mapping of PWF provision in Australia, we explore three significant themes that our research in this field highlights: accountability and transparency, competence in the field of information and communication technologies (ICT) and evaluation. Around two‐thirds of Australian local government authorities provide free public Wi‐Fi. This article presents the first national‐level analysis of this service, and identifies some issues relating to local government investment in digital communication networks.
Climate change and its impacts cannot be addressed once for all due to internal complexity. Some implemented strategies may only be capable of dealing with a cluster of problems while leaving many others untouched. The co-benefits approach, however, opens up a ‘window of opportunity’ via achieving multi-goals simultaneously. Based on this, this paper aims to unpack the interrelationship between the struggling urban heat island (UHI) issue and the already ongoing sponge city (SPC) projects in China. Specifically, the co-benefits are investigated from technical, financial, institutional and social perspectives, after which pathways to implementation are presented. In these aspects, the co-benefits approach can bring opportunities for implementing SPC and UHI mitigation. The inclusion of UHI mitigation into SPC construction can enhance public participation and thereby consolidate the public-private partnership model for funds. During the co-benefits approach implementation, the weights of different authorities can be rebalanced to promote institutional transitions. SPC-derived UHI mitigation approach, potentially realising synergies of urban flooding and UHI mitigation, can be a model for countries which have already released low-impact development water management practices, and may also provide references for other projects such as green building, low-carbon eco-city, smart city, forest city and haze treatment for UHI mitigation.
Purpose
Understanding policy consequences for cities is very important in an urban setting, especially in this era of developing solutions for grand challenges. Climate change adaptation and smart cities are emerging topics in the climate change and sustainability domain. Therefore, this paper aims to achieve a better understanding of policy consequences and exploring synergies of climate change adaptation and smart cities are valuable for both research and practice.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper systematically reviews synergies of smart city applications in urban climate change adaptation literature. A systematic literature review and content analysis are carried out to answer the research questions and a theoretically based smart cities concept matrix with synergetic coproduction theory is used to assess the empirical studies.
Findings
Key findings are that the model of synergetic coproduction could identify the benefits co-existing in smart city and climate change adaptation. While smart people and smart government play the fundamental roles, synergies could co-occur in other smart city dimensions. Smart city applications in climate change adaptation could increase competitiveness in cities by exploiting the opportunities as well as reducing the harmful risks.
Research limitations/implications
The outcomes of the smart city applications in climate change adaptation aim to contribute to the exploration of developing indicators for smart city studies in climate change.
Practical implications
The findings provide successful examples for city governments and stakeholders to identify the low-hanging fruits as well as win-win adaptations. The results could also serve as the exploration of indicators in the field of smart city in climate change. The smart cities concept with the synergetic coproduction theoretical model could be further developed into a sustainability accounting and reporting methodology for cities to improve their sustainability information management.
Social implications
The successful cases showing benefits could serve as examples for public-private partnerships to develop strategies to exploit opportunities in smart city applications and climate change adaptation. The review results also show that the integrated approach of smart city and climate change adaptation is possible and beneficial – hopefully the city managers and policymakers will continue to apply the integrated approach with smart city and further climate action agenda.
Originality/value
This study combines two emerging topics in the assessment, climate change adaptation and smart cities, and represents a new way of assessing literature and possibly policy outcomes for the cities. By using the theoretical framework from smart cities and theory of coproduction, a theory-based framework is developed for assessing the empirical studies of climate adaptation in cities. The findings from the systematic literature review indicate relations among smart city dimensions in a clear manner and also identify the synergies of smart cities and climate adaptation.
The concept of the smart city has been created in response to the increasing numbers of people living in cities. Just as the development of technology has evolved rapidly, smart life has also emerged. The goal of the smart city is one day to enable all affairs of daily life to be completed with the single touch of a finger through cutting-edge technology. New and innovative information must be applied effectively to the industry. With the industrial revolution, propelled by the Internet of Things (IoT), big data and the cloud platform have birthed the “smart city,” integrating the IoT and the cloud through mobile devices and applying technology to fields like logistics, finance, healthcare, recreation, surveillance, and traffic transportation, thus providing people with greater well-being and convenience. Following the era of the big data knowledge economy, the IoT has become an important pillar of national economic development. The IoT is expected to provide substantial support for continued and sustainable development of the smart city. Therefore, effective use of the IoT has become an important topic in smart city development. The purpose of this paper is to build a conceptual framework of service innovation, relying on the smart city case of Taiwan. Based on a literature review, in-depth interviews, and case interviews, the proposed conceptual framework of IoT is rooted in the market, policy, and technical aspects. It incorporates eight steps: composition of the project team, service idea generation, service idea screening, development concept selection, design and development, service testing, commercialization, and service quality, to generate new service value and thereby create customer satisfaction. In fact, the IoT is designed to support the smart city vision; thus, this paper describes the various innovation modes of the smart city. Furthermore, the paper presents and discusses the technical solutions and best-practice guidelines adopted in the Taiwan Smart City project. Finally, it discusses the meaning and future research direction of the smart city through the use of the IoT. With wave after wave of digital development civilizing the city's evolution and with the phenomenon of Internet access through mobile phones for each person, the smart city of human factors is clearly coming.
Climate change and its impacts cannot be addressed once for all due to internal complexity. Some implemented strategies may only be capable of dealing with a cluster of problems while leaving many others untouched. The co-benefits approach, however, opens up a ‘window of opportunity’ via achieving multi-goals simultaneously. Based on this, this paper aims to unpack the interrelationship between the struggling urban heat island (UHI) issue and the already ongoing sponge city (SPC) projects in China. Specifically, the co-benefits are investigated from technical, financial, institutional and social perspectives, after which pathways to implementation are presented. In these aspects, the co-benefits approach can bring opportunities for implementing SPC and UHI mitigation. The inclusion of UHI mitigation into SPC construction can enhance public participation and thereby consolidate the public-private partnership model for funds. During the co-benefits approach implementation, the weights of different authorities can be rebalanced to promote institutional transitions. SPC-derived UHI mitigation approach, potentially realising synergies of urban flooding and UHI mitigation, can be a model for countries which have already released low-impact development water management practices, and may also provide references for other projects such as green building, low-carbon eco-city, smart city, forest city and haze treatment for UHI mitigation.
India is confronting a surge in urban population in recent decades. This article is an endeavor to talk about the key issues to build future urban cities and to redeveloping existing infrastructure in existing urban areas. Further, the article discusses the difficulties in financing smart city projects in India. The government of India, under the leadership of PM Mr. Narendra Modi, has propelled a strong eagerness with the Smart City Mission in 2015 which has the sole objective of giving a better quality of life to the citizens of the country. Steps are being initiated by government for the transformation of over 100 cities into smart future cities. The present nature of government silos will represent a noteworthy test in the execution of urban development projects. To motivate and attract the increased private sector participation and investment in infrastructure projects it would be beneficial if the government funding were linked to the effort of developing projects as PPP.
The Internet of Things (IoT) technology provides a lot of possibilities to develop IT projects that offer to the citizens platform of services for better conditions of living and transporting. Our study contributes to the topical subject of smart cities analysing the performance of an IoT-platform based solution. It evaluates if an IoT platform project can achieve business, environmental and social objectives all together. We select and test a project developed in Nice (France) where 5.000+ sensors are deployed on parking slots to improve the urban transport. The benefits of the IT project are determined comparing data extracting from Nice and compared with two other similar cities (Marseille and Toulon) which play the role of control group. The analysis of the value creation and value capture suggest a governance model for a private and public collaboration. Our findings help public managers to understand better private-public partnership and then prepare the future cities development.
The concept of smart infrastructure is derived from the idea of smart city which is described as a comprehensive system with different elements such as people, governance, environment, economy, mobility and living conditions of a given geographical space with efficient ICT that promote smart sustainable environment. The improvement of efficiency, quality and affordable costs of providing city services to be a smart city requires huge financial investments therefore; the cooperation between the public, private sectors and civil society become inevitable to cover the cost of this trend. This paper discusses the participation of public-private partnerships (PPPs) with the civil society to provide the finance and (intelligent) technology for the infrastructure by innovative solutions according to the available recourses and technology in the countries to achieve social, environmental and economic sustainability. Smart infrastructure for cities is adapted by introducing technology and builds smarter solutions to meet the requirements of society to avoid exploding of the existing infrastructure because of the expected tremendous pressure on it. This paper focuses on the smart city infrastructure and PPPS process to achieve smart infrastructure.
The convergence of technology and the city is commonly referred to as the 'smart city'. It is seen as a possible remedy for the challenges that urbanisation creates in the age of global climate change, and as an enabler of a sustainable and liveable urban future. A review of the abundant but fragmented literature on smart city theories and practices, nevertheless, reveals that there is a limited effort to capture a comprehensive understanding on how the complex and multidimensional nature of the drivers of smart cities are linked to desired outcomes. The paper aims to develop a clearer understanding on this new city model by identifying and linking the key drivers to desired outcomes, and then intertwining them in a multidimensional framework. The methodological approach of this research includes a systematic review of the literature on smart cities, focusing on those aimed at conceptual development and provide empirical evidence base. The review identifies that the literature reveals three types of drivers of smart cities-community, technology, policy-which are linked to five desired outcomes productivity , sustainability, accessibility, wellbeing, liveability, governance. These drivers and outcomes altogether assemble a smart city framework, where each of them represents a distinctive dimension of the smart cities notion. This paper helps in expanding our understanding beyond a monocentric technology focus of the current common smart city practice.
Cities of the future have to be ‘smart’. In this regard, the open innovation model seems to provide efficient support for the involvement of private firms in public collaborations, by ensuring that there is efficiency and affordability in the delivery of new and ‘smart’ city services. This inquiry aims to fill a gap in the main field of research: only a very few studies have tried to analyse the challenges encountered, and the strategies followed, by firms developing open innovation strategies with public partners in Smart City Projects (SCPs). In trying to fill this gap, exploratory and qualitative analysis was performed on the decision-making processes of multinational companies participating in SCPs. This study uses a multiple-case research method, based on 21 in-depth semi-structured interviews with the smart city managers of seven large multinational companies. With reference to and in line with these cases, interesting predictions emerge relating to public–private collaborations and the creation of different forms of explorative and exploitative project alliances in cities. In particular, companies that develop alliances with public partners consider the open innovation model to be a testbed for future technologies and the development of products and services, by supporting positive knowledge spill-overs that reduce the technological gap between the private and the public sector and − at the same time − stimulating the development of a smart city ecosystem when firms are looking for the cross-fertilization of ideas. The research sheds light on public–private partnerships and the open innovation approach in a new and complex context, that of the smart city, reframing managerial debates concerning innovation-driven collaborations between the private and the public sector.
Citizens living in cities where public entities are committed to the development of city resilience are increasingly aware that the entire responsibility for preventing, responding to and recovering from crises cannot fully fall on public entities and private companies. In fact, citizens are more and more required to prepare for, respond to and recover from crises. To that end, there is an emerging need to involve not only public entities and private companies but also citizens in the process of building a city's resilience in order to understand the different perspectives on the same reality. This research paper is based on a systematic literature review to develop a framework that defines and describes the successful characteristics of public-private-people partnerships (4Ps) in the city resilience-building process. The framework revolves around two criteria for classification: the dimension of the characteristics (stakeholder relationship, information flow and conflict resolution), and the attributes of the partnership. A preliminary list of relationships among the characteristics found in the literature is also presented. The aim throughout is to define which characteristics need to be developed in order to better ensure successful cooperation among the three main stakeholders: public entities, private companies and citizens.
Infrastructure modernization is a central concern in many cities of the developing world. Local governments struggle to provide adequate public services under budgetary constraints and vast spatial and economic inequalities. After the demise of the centralized modernist planning paradigm, current approaches to urban development focus on public-private partnerships, resulting in networks of dependency that involve multiple stakeholders and complex relationships of accountability. This stakeholder complexity complicates decision making, but can also lead to new social practices and participatory models of infrastructure governance. This paper presents the results of a qualitative study of social practices surrounding the provision and modernization of streetlight and electricity in Paco, Manila, enacted by formal and informal actors. Drawing from the case study, literature on organizational improvisation and improvisational governance (Martijn Hartog, 2015), we propose a model of infrastructure governance that is based on the concept of improvisation. Based on ethnographic fieldwork and interviews with city officials, planners, residents and local activists, we develop the notion of improstructure as a conceptual model for understanding infrastructure governance as an improvisational process of “call and response” among a diverse set of actors. We apply this perspective to ongoing modernization efforts by the city of Manila and its utility companies, involving smart city technologies including sensor networks, drone mapping, and data analytics. We argue that despite the placeless and generic rhetoric surrounding these technologies, they constitute improvisational responses to local conditions. We conclude by formulating design principles for improvisational infrastructure governance, which are not limited to the Global South, but also apply in developed countries.
This chapter describes the implementation of climate smart cities through a global climate smart city platform solution. There are huge investment opportunities associated with new implementation of climate smart cities in four distinct areas: framework, partnership, financial plan, and implementation arrangements. A platform based on these four elements could provide guidance on how climate smart urban development and infrastructure projects can be integrated into smart city planning processes. It could be built in a way that unlocks the value added of a digitalized urban ecosystem that helps address sources of climate change, impacts, and solution. On the whole, the fusion of information and communication technologies and ubiquitous urban information seems to be key to enhancing the role and value of a platform to build climate smart cities. The platform suggests that cost-effective public–private partnership will be key to the development and promotion of responsible smarter investment models.
Smart city is attracting attention as an effective way to enhance the quality of life of urban residents and achieve sustainable economic development through convergence of information and communication technologies. This study examines the current situation of domestic and foreign smart cities and presents the improvement plans after examining the problems of smart cities in Korea based on demand survey of domestic civil servants and citizens. First, we pursue the construction of a customized smart city that is specialized in the area. Second, there should be a plan for introducing Living Lab Smart City Model in order to make Gyeonggi-do become a sustainable smart city. Third, to promote smart city business through communication and rational decision making, public–private partnership projects will be promoted. Fourth, we have to establish a smart city promotion strategy for old cities that can create synergies between new cities and old cities, along with differentiated new city models. Fifth, control tower and propulsion system should be provided for smart city promotion. It is expected that this study will be used as basic data for establishing the mid-to long-term basic direction for securing competitiveness in smart city market of in the future. It will also help to establish a customized export strategy that is suitable smart cities for the country when entering the overseas market.
Tinsukia is an important flourishing urban centre in Assam. It is selected among the 100 Smart Cities of India in 2014. As a commercial and trade hub, it has a large Railway junction, an ongoing Plastic Park project and several corporate offices. It has also been dealing in tea, coal, crude oil and petroleum products, plywood, etc., supplied from the hinterlands. Its location is near the major oil and coal fields of Upper Brahmaputra valley and many tourist places are also located in its vicinity. This paper is based on mainly secondary data—maps, documents and other information from offices of Government and non Government organisations. The findings suggest that public–private partnership (PPP) and digitisation in infrastructure, trade and commerce and transportation and storage should be welcomed to initiate the Smart City process in Tinsukia. In order to sustain the future city, ‘green economy’ practices in manufacturing, trade and transportation are vital. Moreover, its location near the Indo-Myanmar international boundary and the opening of the historic Stilwell Road shall be a great impetus to financial sustainability and also to implement the Look East Policy. This paper emphasises on the economic potentiality of Tinsukia which will aid the Smart City process. It also dwells on the challenges and vision of a smart public transport system within the city.
Smart cities are key elements to cope with certain of the largest challenges facing society, such as overpopulation, transport, pollution, sustainability, security, health, and the creation of new firms. Smart cities' portals offer a great amount of data that can be used by the private and public entities to create new services. These data are also a valuable source for the deployment of big data businesses. In this article, a model is presented demonstrating how the data released by the smart cities creates value for the citizens and society. The model operates using three stages. The first one shapes the release of data by the smart city, and it includes several of the dimensions that make data appealing for reuse. The second stage analyses the mechanisms to create innovative products and services. The last stage explains how these products and services impact its society.
Initiatives to redesign cities so that they are smarter and more sustainable are increasing worldwide. A smart city can be understood as a community in which citizens, business firms, knowledge institutions, and municipal agencies collaborate with one another to achieve systems integration and efficiency, citizen engagement, and a continually improving quality of life. This article presents an organizational framework for such collaboration and employs it to analyze Smart Aarhus, the smart-city initiative of Aarhus, Denmark. Based on the experiences of Smart Aarhus to date, it offers a set of lessons that can benefit the designers, leaders, and policymakers of other smart-city initiatives.
Firms that want to exploit Smart City's opportunities need to cooperate with local governments. From a managerial point of view, there is scant research on how to select public partners in Smart City projects. In fact, while there are several cities claiming to be ‘smart’, not all cities fulfil the essential requirements for successful Smart City projects. This paper shows how to build successful public–private alliances in Smart Cities and, more specifically, how to select the right city to test, develop or sell smart technologies. This study uses a multiple-case research design and follows an exploratory and qualitative methodology. The results show that firms improve the success of their projects if they assess three main aspects of partner selection, these being partner complementarity, commitment and compatibility. The paper, therefore, provides several managerial implications regarding how firms may be more effective in selecting where to start their Smart City projects and how public organisations may become more attractive. Finally, academic implications, limitations and future lines of research are presented.
This paper recognises that future infrastructure delivery presents new challenges primarily from constraints on public financing (creating the need for private funding) and the evolving vision for urban development to be smart, sustainable and socially inclusive. This paper focuses on public-private partnerships for financing of future infrastructure. Lessons learned from past failures of public-private partnerships suggest that a delivery strategy tailored for their successful implementation is required. This strategy would make the public sector responsible for developing the preliminary design and a robust understanding of the related technical, financial and regulatory requirements before initiating procurement; it recommends use of standardised tools for greater consistency and transparency in project evaluation and that the project delivery entity must represent a true partnership between the public and private sectors. The public sector has a responsibility to safeguard public interest and ensure transparent procurement and sustainable, socially inclusive and smart development. These objectives are often in conflict with the private sector's profit maximisation goals, and the challenge is creating the entity that allows the two sectors to coexist and meet their goals collaboratively. This paper looks at a joint ownership company as a vehicle for a more collaborative and equal public-private partnership.
Some governments have proven social media's potential to generate value through co-creation and citizen participation, and municipalities are increasingly using these tools in order to become smart cities. Nevertheless, few public administrations have taken full advantage of all the possibilities offered by social media and, as a consequence, there is a shortage of case studies published on this topic. By analyzing the case study of the platform Santander City Brain, managed by the City Council of Santander (Spain), the current work contributes to broaden the knowledge on ambitious social media projects implemented by local public administrations for e-Government; therefore, this case can be useful for other public sector's initiatives. The case studied herein proves that virtual social media are effective tools for civil society, as it is able to set the political agenda and influence the framing of political discourse; however, they should not be considered as the main channel for citizen participation. Among the results obtained, the authors have found that several elements are required: the determination and involvement of the government, a designated community manager to follow up with the community of users, the secured privacy of its users, and a technological platform that is easy to use. Additionally, the Public Private Partnership model provides several advantages to the project, such as opening new sources of funding.
This paper explains how a proactive city as an R&D&I ecosystem can achieve remarkable results in the field of innovation. The City of Oulu has an internationally recognized tradition as an innovation center. Especially, the city's track record in the field of ICT can be regarded as a great success. The secret behind this development is in a seamless collaboration between all the central players related to innovation. This includes PPPP - Private-Public- People-Partnership. All parts of the innovation support are in place, ranging all the way from the basic infrastructure and services, to the world class research and support for businesses. The paper provides an insight to the Oulu experience in introducing the technology, business models, partnership and innovation concepts of a smart city, and also the vision and strategic steps towards keeping up the top performance as a global level innovation hub.