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Staff Teaching Mobility of Selected Polish Universities on the Example of Erasmus Plus Programme https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-57288-4_5
Abstract
Academic tourism of university staff has been developing in a large part within the Erasmus programme, now known as Erasmus Plus (Regulation (EU) No 1288/2013) since its renaming on the 1st of January 2014. Such trips have been beneficial both for the travelling staff and the destination institutions that host programme participants. The benefits have been listed in the “Report on benefits achieved through Erasmus Plus—a comparative analysis of current practices in Erasmus Staff mobility at European HEIs” (2018), according to which the vast majority of participants were satisfied to have achieved all their set goals during their mobility, whilst the remainder reported partial achievement of their goals. Overall, 99% of those who went on a trip thought that their participation in the Erasmus staff mobility programme had met their expectations to the full. In terms of impact, mobility most strongly affected their professional development. In practice, mobility opened up a new platform for teaching observation, provided research opportunities and exposed academic staff to different management systems. On the other hand, the benefits for the hosting institutions not only broadened intellectual horizons (exchanging knowledge, experience, boosting innovations, etc.), but also brought specific economic benefits through participants’ expenditure on goals connected with their travel and stay.
... On the whole, however, empirical studies and data on Erasmus+ mobility and its effects on individuals and HEIs do not abound, and there is a particular shortage of reliable data and research that goes beyond perception analysis and into the measurement of real effects and outcomes. Moreover, most of the studies on Erasmus mobility concentrate on the mobility of students [17,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33], while the mobility of academic staff is relatively less common [34,35]. However, as Zajadacz et al. [35] stated after analyzing the mobility of Polish academic teaching staff, mobility had the most significant impact on their professional development. ...
... Moreover, most of the studies on Erasmus mobility concentrate on the mobility of students [17,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33], while the mobility of academic staff is relatively less common [34,35]. However, as Zajadacz et al. [35] stated after analyzing the mobility of Polish academic teaching staff, mobility had the most significant impact on their professional development. In practice, mobility provides a new platform for teaching observation, research opportunities, and exposure to other management systems for academic personnel. ...
... There are different approaches which are used to evaluate the Erasmus programme. One of the most common approaches is a survey assessing mobility from the point of view of participants, schools or companies sending participants, and schools or companies hosting participants [18,26,27,35,36]. However, there are also different approaches that present high usefulness in research on the Erasmus programme, such as network analyses or mobility flows. ...
Globalization now applies to almost all aspects of life, and it also applies to the world of science. Internationalisation and interdisciplinarity are fundamental determinants of modern research and education. The foremost factor of functioning in the international world of science is the mobility of students and scientists. Considering this context, the objective of this study was to analyse the staff mobility for teaching under the Erasmus+ programme at the Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences (UPWr). The research took into account the mobility of staff for teaching (STA) within the period of the academic years from 2009/2010 to 2020/2021. The methodological approach applied in this study is based on the concept of mobility network analysis and mobility flows. The geo-visualization was prepared with the use of a spider diagram. Using this approach, the connections between spatial locations and domains of scientific activity were analysed. The results show that the mobility flow at UPWr rose significantly after the authorities of the university decided to increase the funding for STA, and eventually was slowed down by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, the findings in the geographical aspect show that there were two main regions of destination, which were the Iberian Peninsula and the closest neighbouring countries, where the predominant institutions could be observed. The most mobile group of teachers were the ones representing environment sciences. The STA flow is not reflected in the students’ mobility flow. COVID-19 has enhanced the virtual component of learning, resulting in the strengthening of the blended mobility model.
Artykuł prezentuje przemyślenia na temat aktywności turystycznej młodzieży akademickiej uczącej się w Łodzi. Został przygotowany na podstawie badań ankietowych, przeprowadzonych w październiku i listopadzie 2008 r. wśród studentów ostatniego roku studiów magisterskich sześciu wyższych uczelni państwowych w Łodzi. Praca zawiera charakterystykę struktury społeczno-demograficznej respondentów, charakterystykę wyjazdów turystycznych i ich uwarunkowania, a podsumowanie stanowi model funkcjonalny wypoczynku badanej grupy.
1 Informacje wprowadzające Jak wskazano w poprzednich rozdziałach niniejszej ekspertyzy, mobilność polskich naukowców uzależniona jest od szeregu czynników natury ogólnej (sytuacja ekonomiczna, sposoby zatrudnienia) jak i inicjatyw mających bezpośrednio na celu promowanie mobil-ności. Może być ona również uzależniona od specyfi ki poszczególnych dziedzin, a nawet ośrodków naukowych. W związku z tym kluczowe znaczenie ma adekwatna diagnoza ak-tualnej sytuacji w skali całego kraju. Mając to na uwadze, zespół ds. mobilności polskich naukowców Akademii Młodych Uczonych PAN w pierwszym etapie analizy zjawiska mo-bilności polskich naukowców zdecydował o przeprowadzeniu badania z wykorzystaniem metod jakościowych. Wykorzystano w nim dyskusję panelową-metodę badania opinii i dochodzenia do rozwiązania problemów wykorzystywaną zarówno w badaniach nauko-wych, jak i w marketingu. Metody jakościowe, takie jak wywiad czy obserwacja, są jedną z grup metod badaw-czych i diagnostycznych stosowanych w naukach społecznych (Stemplewska-Żakowicz, 2010). W ramach dyskusji panelowej, specjaliści i przedstawiciele grup interesów przedsta-wiają swoje stanowiska, wymieniają doświadczenia i wiedzę w celu stworzenia możliwie peł-nego obrazu badanego zjawiska i wypracowania rozwiązań zidentyfi kowanych problemów.
Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań jakościowych dotyczących osób ze stopniem doktora, pracujących na polskich uczelniach, odnoszące się do ich mobilności międzynarodowej. Pod uwagę wzięto opinie o mobilności, doświadczenia mobilności (nieliczne staże naukowe wśród badanych), a także bariery, które według rozmówców utrudniają im mobilność. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono kwestiom rodzinnym (partnerom i dzieciom), a także kompetencjom językowym i warunkom pracy. Deklaracje dotyczące mobilności porównano z danymi na temat sposobów utrzymania się doktorów. Dla części doktorów dochód małżonka jest podstawowym źródłem utrzymania, z czego można wysnuć wniosek, że nie zaryzykują utraty przez małżonka pracy, nawet jeśli mobilność będzie bardziej wymagana niż obecnie.
Students around the world have recognised Malaysia as the preferred choice for college and tertiary education because of its low cost of living and high quality education. Several underlying factors also contribute to their decision in selecting a university. However, a thorough understanding of the selection process by international students in the Malaysian context has yet to be done. Hence, a preliminary study was conducted to understand the factors that motivate these students to choose Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) as their institute of higher learning. A total of 130 respondents ranging from undergraduate and PhD students participated in the study. From the analysis, pull factor such as "institution image" significantly influenced the satisfaction level of the international students to choose UKM. Meanwhile, push factor of "job prospect" significantly influenced these students to recommend UKM as a study destination.
When developing and managing tourism products, understanding the travel behaviour of niche markets, such as students can create a competitive advantage for tourism products. The purpose of this research was to determine the travel behaviour of tourism students in South Africa. Surveys were conducted at eight Tertiary Education Institutions offering tourism-related qualifications. Second and third year students at these institutions completed a total of 1062 questionnaires. The statistical analysis entailed descriptive statistics and factor analyses of travel motives and factors influencing holiday choices. The results revealed that students have specific preferences, but also similarities with other studies conducted among other tourist markets. Relaxation was found to be a significant motive for students, but gaining knowledge and learning new things were also very important for this market. When selecting destinations, personal influences (for example, previous visits, popularity and season) as well as predetermined influences (for example, availability of a holiday home, size of the travelling group, availability of time share and purpose of the holiday) played an important role.
KEYWORDS Travel Behaviour, Travel Motivation, Motives, Marketing, Resorts.
This article was written in order to give an insight into the subject of the educational tourism. The main focus was set on the case of the Eastern European foreign students (educational tourists). The research conducted during June-August 2014 was taken as a basis for writing the present article. Identification and examination of the motives and reasons of foreign students to participate in different educational programmes and to continue their studying abroad, and determination of consequences of such decision were determined as final goals of the executed study. Interviews were chosen for data collection as one of qualitative research methods, and further coding, categorization, and grounded theory approach were applied for data analysis. Stereotypes, seek of challenges, and personal reasons were defined as common motivational forces for the educational tourists. A wide range of benefits for both participants and destination countries were explored and relevant conclusions and recommendations were suggested.
This paper tries to justify that academic tourism, due to its characteristics, is a
more sustainable type of tourism than conventional tourism. For this reason, we have
analysed academic tourism taking into account the three dimensions of the sustainable
development: economic, environmental and social. The results demonstrate that academic
tourism has relatively greater economic impact than conventional tourism, that its
negative effects on the environment are not significant, and that it benefits the future
generations, since it contributes to increase knowledge and interrelationship among
students of different countries and cultures. In light of these results, policy implications
are then discussed. We analyze the experience of European Erasmus students in Spanish
universities for the period 2000-2010.
IRPPS/CNR finalised, in 2001, a questionnaire designed to mine information about foreigners engaged in research in Italy. We found that the numerical presence of foreign researchers was not proportionately negligible with respect to the total number of researchers in Italian public research institutes. This survey therefore demonstrates that Italian research institutes were securely connected to the international circuit of scientists and allowed us to recognize some of the main reasons of these peculiar migrations. However, the intake of foreign researchers in Italy is far lower than the outflow of Italian researchers abroad, though the dimension of the last flux is extremely hard to be determined, since no reliable statistical records are collected on this topic. Because of this reason, we recently started a new survey dedicated to the Italian researchers working abroad. Being their total number unknown, we are using the "snowball sampling” method in order to reach the highest number of subjects. The starting sample was taken from the DAVINCI data-base, available on the web site of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and composed by data voluntarily inserted by about 2000 Italian researchers working abroad. All the registered scientists were asked by e-mail to fulfil a questionnaire, basically equal to the one used for the previous survey on the foreign researchers working in Italy. Though this research is just started, its preliminary results seem to confirm the findings of the previous one concerning the reasons of what we might call the "natural mobility” of researchers: when scientists move abroad, they are generally motivated by a desire to engage in quality work, whereas other considerations that are very important to other professionals, such as economic compensation, are less important. By the way, our surveys also revealed a basic difference between the outgoing and ingoing fluxes of researchers in Italy: while the large majority of foreign scientists working in Italy plan to come back home, the largest share of the interviewees Italian researchers working abroad do not will to do the same. In both cases, the chief reasons for the scientist’s reluctance to settle in Italy can be ascribed to the unlikelihood of permanent contracts of employment and the poor prospects for career advancement in Italian public research institutes, universities and companies. This unfortunate situation, jeopardizing the Italian capability to compete in the present day knowledge based economy, is also confirmed by the results that we gathered from the analysis of the subsamples of Italian graduates working abroad from the 2007 yearly AlmaLaurea Survey on Italian Graduates’ Employment Conditions.
Students have been little studied as a mobile population, despite their increasing importance among human flows in the contemporary globalizing world. This article examines changing mobility patterns, attitudes and behaviours of UK higher education students who spend a part of their degree programme studying or working abroad. The research was stimulated by perceptions that UK students were turning away from international mobility, especially to Europe. Using a multi-method approach, based on further statistical analysis of existing data sources, notably the UK Socrates–Erasmus student dataset, and on a range of questionnaire and interview surveys to staff and students in selected UK higher education institutions, the article explores the changing patterns of student movement and the drivers and barriers to mobility for UK students. We find that UK students's decreasing mobility to Europe is more than compensated by rising flows to other world destinations, especially North America and Australia. Questionnaire and interview data reveal the prime significance of language and financial factors as barriers to European mobility. Evidence also points to the embeddedness of personal mobility in relation to social class and the ways in which the varied practices of a socially differentiated higher education system may reproduce relative social advantage and disadvantage through access to international mobility opportunities. The article concludes with further attempts to conceptualize student mobility and to draw out policy aspects.
Most migrants who enter Italy are not needy and poorly-educated people from rural societies; rather, they are either middle-class or highly-educated youths from large cities. Survey data show that nearly 60 per cent of immigrants have attained at least an upper-secondary school certificate, although differences among countries of origin are wide. On the basis of fieldwork carried out in Milan it is possible to draw up a fourfold typology of immigrants: the 'underprivileged' (low social status and poor education), the 'underachievers' (poor education but high social status), the 'upwardly mobile' (high educational attainment but low status), the 'privileged' (high level of both education and social status). The differing characteristics of migrants explain why many of their migratory projects differ from the old stereotype of 'temporary labour migration'. Job opportunities for migrants in Italy lie at the lowest level of the occupational ladder even for the highly-educated ones. Thus, downgrading is huge. Highly-educated migrants are either unemployed or work in undeclared and occasional jobs to an extent even greater than poorly-educated ones. The reason for this is that these well-educated immigrants find it more difficult to accept the disparity between their social status in the country of origin and the jobs that they are offered, in particular if they are permanent but unskilled and onerous blue-collar jobs in small manufacturing firms in Northern and Central Italy.
This paper explores the various aspects of mobility requirements and the relationship between competitiveness, excellence, and mobility in scientific research in the European Union (EU). The “expectation of mobility” in science plays an important role in shaping the European Research Area. Research argues that better economic opportunities and advanced migration policy in destination countries promote highly skilled migration. Empirical evidence shows that academics and researchers consider important determinants in the migration decision and destination to be the research environment and conditions, i.e. research support, infrastructures, demand for research and development (R&D) staff, and academics (Millard, 2005). While it can be argued that the European Research Area is designed to encourage the interchange of scientists, skills balance is essential to competitiveness in the European region. Despite the actions and measures taken in the context of the EC Mobility Strategy, unbalanced flows are still a weakness of the European Research Area. There is a need in Europe to coordinate science and migration policies at European and Member State level to enhance the attractiveness of European receiving countries and facilitate return of scientists to their sending nations. This paper, which focuses mainly on Austria, Greece, Italy, Portugal, and the United Kingdom, shows the uneven nature of scientific personnel flows within the European Research Area.The article argues that in Europe mobile scientists are often driven by necessity more than choice, and the longer they are away the more complicated it is to return. If the academic system proved impenetrable to return other opportunities in the private sectors might be explored by the researcher.
This paper analyses the dynamics of migratory flows and growth in a developing economy. We show that when workers freely choose their location, some natives can rationally decide to return to their home country after they have accumulated a certain amount of knowledge abroad, while some prefer to stay permanently in the same economy (either at home or abroad). We point out that worker mobility can have an expansionary effect on the developing economy. Moreover, we show that in the long-run, as the sending economy develops, fewer natives are likely to emigrate and more migrants are likely to return. Copyright Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003
High demand for researchers and scientists has led to an increase in skilled migration in recent years. The chapter focuses on improving our understanding of the push and pull factors affecting the migration decisions of researchers and scientists from developing countries and discusses policy options for maximizing the potential gains associated with international mobility of advanced human capital. Evidence suggests that a reasonable salary level should be guaranteed but that return decisions of researchers and scientists are primarily shaped by factors such as the quality of the research environment, professional reward structures, and access to stateof-the-art equipment. © United Nations University-World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER), 2008. All rights reserved.
The consequences of health professional mobility have become a prominent public policy concern. This paper considers trends in mobility amongst doctors and nurses and the consequences for health systems. Policy responses are shifting from a reactive agenda that focuses on stemming migration towards a more active agenda of managed migration that benefits source and destination countries. Improved working conditions and effective human resource practice are required to encourage retention of health professionals in both source and destination countries.
Increasingly tourists are seeking learning and educational holidays. This interest has led to the provision of tourism product with some form of learning or education as an integral component, including cultural heritage tourism and ecotourism. The growth of offshore education and lifelong learning has stimulated cross-border movement for language learning, school excursions and university student travel. Reflecting this growth in educational tourism types, the author outlines the main forms of educational tourism, their demand and supply characteristics, their impacts and the management issues associated with them, taking a holistic systems-based perspective. The book argues that without adequate research and appropriate management of educational forms of tourism, the potential regional development impacts and personal learning benefits will not be maximised. The book highlights the need for collaboration and networking between both the tourism and education industries to adequately manage the issues surrounding the growth in educational tourism. © 2003 Brent Ritchie and the authors of individual chapters. All rights reserved.
This book examines the economic, social and environmental impacts and issues associated with the development of sport tourism globally, including the lack of research and coordination between industry and government. The book suggests the need for a more balanced analysis of the impacts and issues associated with future sport tourism development. © 2003 Brent Ritchie and the authors of individual chapters. All rights reserved.
This article shows how, over the past four decades or so, the development strategies of the East-Asian nations interacted with the investment strategies of US-based ICT companies to generate a global supply of ICT labour. This process of developing a global ICT labour supply has entailed flows of US capital to East-Asian labour as well as flows of East-Asian labour to US capital. As a result new possibilities to pursue high-tech careers, and thereby develop their productive capabilities, have opened up to vast numbers of individuals in East-Asian nations. Many found the relevant educational programmes and work experience in their home countries. But many gained access to education and experience by following global career paths that included study and work in the US. For the East-Asian nations, the existence of these global career paths has posed a danger of 'brain drain': the global career path could come to an end in the US (or another advanced economy) rather than in the country where the individual had been born and bred.
Previous studies on the field of education abroad have mainly focused on the factors influencing the mobility of international students from developing to developed countries and very few have been conducted to investigate the factors influencing the flow of international students to the Asia Pacific region. As a piece of country-specific research, this study, with an attempt to explore why and how international students travel to Taiwan for the purpose of study and to describe possible implications for the authorities and institutions offering higher education, is timely and worthwhile. A push-pull model is developed to identify the factors relating to the three-phase model of study abroad decision-making process, while the analytic hierarchy process method is used to examine the relative importance of these factors. The findings of this study suggest that policy makers and institutional administrators should focus on offering various kinds of scholarships for international students, designing multilingual websites for international students with different languages, promoting language training programs for international students, and designing student recruitment strategies tailored for the different study groups of international students at the government and the institution levels. This study is of particular significance because global competition between countries for international students and especially for the best among them will be more intense in the future.
The proportion of foreign-born people in rich countries has tripled since 1960, and the emigration of high-skilled people from poor countries has accelerated. Many countries intensify their efforts to attract and retain foreign students, which increases the risk of brain drain in the sending countries. In poor countries, this transfer can change the skill structure of the labor force, cause labor shortages, and affect fiscal policy, but it can also generate remittances and other benefits from expatriates and returnees. Overall, it can be a boon or a curse for developing countries, depending on the country’s characteristics and policy objectives.
This paper is about the experience of labour migration among skilled Romanians, mainly Information Technology workers and highly qualified researchers. It is based on a questionnaire survey where, among other elements, the researcher investigated the push-pull aspects of qualified migration and the strategies of labour migration. This paper considers the perspective and personal experience of 'brain' protagonists, the effective reasons of their migration and their future perspectives. Some significant elements refer to the importance of electronic 'transnationalism', the relatively limited and unlikely possible return of 'brains' and a denunciation of immigration barriers and difficulties. The study is part of the author's PhD Research Project, 'International Patterns of Migration: The Recruitment Strategies of Firms and the Aspirations and Migratory Projects of Highly Skilled Workers'.
This article presents a comparative study of the recent developments of the academic profession in European universities drawing on the results of a policy questionnaire. First, it outlines that the profession is highly diversified and hierarchical, with an unsolved gender issue. Second, it discusses the reasons behind its attractiveness, paying particular attention to the balance between duties and salaries. Third, it presents evidence regarding the evolution of the profession in the context of the broader changes operating in the European higher education arena. And finally, it highlights the political issues that are likely to shape the evolution of the profession in the coming years and the pending political agenda.
This paper presents some theoretical and methodological considerations associated with the geographical and professional mobility of science professionals, including the conduct by the authors of a large scale survey questionnaire in Poland in 1994. It does not directly relate to research conducted elsewhere in the region, but does reflect selected issues and problems encountered.
In recent years, the EU has taken steps to promote European researcher mobility (European Commission, 2001a12.
European commission (2001a) Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament: A Mobility Strategy for the European Research Area , COM(2001) 331 final of 20.06.2001, Commission of the European Communities , Brussels . View all references b13.
European commission (2001b) High-level Expert Group on Improving Mobility of Researchers: Final Report , European Commission (DG Research) , Brussels . View all references). Despite increased attention to highly skilled mobility in research and policy circles, its corollary—return mobility—has been relatively sidelined. However, return mobility is essential for the promotion of balanced growth in an enlarging Europe since ‘the personal networks of the returned researcher are conduits for other student and researcher flows as well as new research and finance’ (Casey et al., 20017.
Casey , T. , Mahroum , S. , Ducatel , K. & Barrè , R. (eds) (2001) The Mobility of Academic Researchers: Academic Careers and Recruitment in ICT and Biotechnology , Commission of the European Communities , Brussels . View all references, p. 6). Nonetheless, it has been acknowledged that after a period abroad mobile researchers can potentially become ‘locked out’ of their home country or ‘locked into’ the host country. Using empirical data from the MOBEX1 1. MOBEX—Mobility and Excellence in the European Research Area—was funded by the Economic and Social Research Council's Science in Society Programme (Ref: L144250042). A UK Socio-legal Studies Small Grant was awarded to the author to undertake research into return moves. View all notes study, this article attempts to explain some of the complex processes involved in scientific return mobility. It details the kinds of barriers that exist to returnees and contemplates the consequences of non-return for science communities. The article also reports on the Italian scientists’ call for their national system to change: in the interviews they appealed for a more international environment, for greater opportunities for researchers, for experience abroad to be valued and for more meritocratic progression channels to stimulate return.
This paper compares the travel behaviour and attitudes of two different nationalities of undergraduate students from the United Kingdom and China. The survey did find some similarities between the two. Both groups enjoyed beach holidays, and placed importance on having fun and relaxing after their studies. Both were motivated to discover somewhere new and both preferred to eat the local food of the destination. In other ways, the two groups showed significant differences. The Chinese students thought it more important to see the famous sights and learn about other cultures and history, while the British were more concerned to have fun, to socialise and enjoy the challenges of outdoor adventure. These differences were found to exist in both male and female groups. The paper discusses the extent to which these differences could be explained by cultural factors as opposed to market factors or the students' previous experience in their travel career. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
This paper presents findings from an exploratory study of students who completed an international exchange programme at an Australian university. Through the use of the push–pull typology and a structured questionnaire, the student motivations and factors in their selection of a university exchange programme are explored. Results indicate that students' desire to travel and the opportunity for fun and excitement are the primary motivators for undertaking an educational exchange, along with the host country's weather, natural environment and tourist attractions. Factors that influence selection of a host university are outlined, as well as students' levels of satisfaction with the experience. The findings have implications for destination and university managers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
We find that ethnic Chinese networks, proxied by the product of ethnic Chinese population shares, increased bilateral trade more for differentiated than for homogeneous products. This suggests that business and social networks have a considerable quantitative impact on international trade by helping to match buyers and sellers in characteristics space, in addition to their effect through enforcement of community sanctions that deter opportunistic behavior. For trade between countries with ethnic Chinese population shares at the levels prevailing in Southeast Asia, the smallest estimated average increase in bilateral trade in differentiated products attributable to ethnic Chinese networks is nearly 60%. © 2001 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technolog
Immigrants' ties to their home countries can play a key role in fostering bilateral trade linkages. Immigrant ties include knowledge of home-country markets, language, preferences, and business contacts that have the potential to decrease trading transaction costs. Empirical results for the United States suggest that immigrant links have historically been important in increasing bilateral trade flows with immigrants' home countries. Copyright 1994 by MIT Press.
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