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FIRE DESIGN METHODS FOR TIMBER FLOOR
ELEMENTS
THE CONTRIBUTION OF SCREED FLOOR TOPPINGS TO THE FIRE
RESISTANCE
Authors:
Michael Rauch, M.Sc.; Dr.-Ing. Norman Werther; Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stefan Winter
Technical University of Munich
Department of Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering
Chair of Timber Structures and Building Construction
Date 28.10.2020
This article is submitted and accepted for the World Conference on Timber Engineering
2020/21 Santiago, Chile (WCTE 2020/21).
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the contribution of screed floor toppings to the fire resistance
TU Munich, Chair of Timber Structures and Building Construction
Abstract
Within the German research project F-REI 90 the existing analytical calculation method for
assessing the fire resistance of timber frame assemblies and solid timber constructions will
be improved and further developed. This paper describes a series of small-scale fire tests
and the associated parametric finite element analyses of different configurations of floor con-
structions. This was done to determine the contribution of different layers, such as screed or
sound insulation to the fire resistance of loadbearing timber floor elements. An analytical ap-
proach to consider the contribution of these layers in the fire resistance assessment was
developed. The results can be used as input parameters assessing the separating function
in the current revision of EN 1995-1-2.
Keywords
fire resistance, timber construction, separating function, floor constructions
the contribution of screed floor toppings to the fire resistance
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TU Munich, Chair of Timber Structures and Building Construction
1 Introduction
The sustainability of modern structures is an important aspect of the current green political
trends in many countries all over the world. Building owners, architects and engineers strive
to engage bio-based and renewable building materials to construct modern living spaces.
Thus, timber constructions get more and more important for urban and multi storey buildings.
National building codes provide the legal and technical requirements that must be fulfilled by
the construction, assemblies and components.
To verify the required fire resistance, company specific approval documents or design stand-
ards like EN 1995-1-2 [1] exist. In addition, European research projects deal with the improve-
ment and further development of such calculation methods for the separating- or load bearing
function of multi-layered timber constructions, such as walls and floors.
In contrast to the tabulated data of the German DIN 4102-4 [2] or the Lignum Documentation
in Switzerland [6] which considers beside the structural floor elements additional flooring con-
structions / toppings (screed on insulation layers), the existing calculation methods are not
able to take into account these layers. Fire tests and national verification documents show
that layers like screeds, necessarily used for the acoustic performance of floors in multi storey
timber buildings, have a significant positive influence on the fire resistance of the entire as-
sembly. Particularly in multi-storey wooden buildings there are increased requirements for
acoustics and fire resistance.
Floor coverings with screeds made of cement or gypsum with additional insulation layers for
impact sound insulation are worldwide common for load-bearing timber constructions.
However, floor elements have traditionally been tested and classified without these additional
layers and often only for fire exposure from below. The positive influence of these layers on
the separating function is currently neglected. In addition, countries like Germany require a
classification also from above. It is assumed that the floor coverings, like screed and insula-
tion layers, fulfill the required fire resistance with respect to separation function of the entire
construction, like an encapsulation cladding. Manufacturers of gypsum plasterboards offer
various flooring elements for the classification of floor elements from above. Further minimum
thicknesses of cement-based screeds backed with impact sound insulation in combination
with timber frame constructions are summarized as tabulated data [2,6].
Within the German research project “F-REI 90”, the new calculation-based design models for
the separating function up to 90 minutes fire resistance, introduced in the prEN 1995-1-2 [3]
are under investigation. The protective function of screed and impact sound insulation and
thus the contribution to the fire resistance of load-bearing timber construction elements is to
be determined. This investigation aims to complete the design model for the separating func-
tion. Furthermore, the protection capacities are input parameters for the design model of the
load-bearing function.
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the contribution of screed floor toppings to the fire resistance
TU Munich, Chair of Timber Structures and Building Construction
2 CONCEPT, MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1 Concept
The "Separating Function Method" (SFM) in prEN 1995-1-2 [3] will become the future method
in Europe for calculating the fire resistance of timber frame assemblies and solid timber ele-
ments. The fire resistance is determined as the sum of the protection times of the single layers
in the assembly. For screeds or impact sound insulation no input parameters are currently
available. However, the flexibility of the existing model allows the implementation of new ma-
terials (see COST FP 1404 [4]). The investigation presented here is based on a master thesis
[5] and describes the approach developed at
the Technical University of Munich to extend
the SFM to take into account the contribution
of additional floor coverings and flooring sys-
tems typically used for floors in multi-storey
timber buildings. The basic parameters of
the individual layers were determined by fire
tests. A material model derived from these
tests is used for further investigation by
means of a finite element analysis. Thus, dif-
ferent configurations can be investigated and the input parameters into the SFM can be de-
rived. In addition, a proposal for the extension of the calculation method is given.
Since in some countries, for separating
floor elements, the overall fire resistance
has to be proofed, the investigation con-
sidered an individual evaluation of the
fire resistance from both sides. The fire
resistance for an exposure from below
can be calculated by the existing calcu-
lation model without considering the
screeds. The layers underneath the floor
covering (according to Figure 2) have to
be proofed for the load bearing capacity.
The investigation presented in this publi-
cation is focused on the fire resistance of
floor coverings under fire exposure from
the upper side.
Figure 1: Concept of adding new materials
Figure 2: Concept of the study – t
prot
of the screed, the sim-
ulation and the calculation model
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TU Munich, Chair of Timber Structures and Building Construction
2.2 Materials
Cement- or gypsum-based screeds are generally used for
the upper finish and the basis for the floor covering of floor
construction elements in multi-storey timber buildings in
Central Europe (see Figure 3). Here dry screed systems
and wet screed systems are considered differently. Both
systems are used to improve sound insulation and in-
crease the fire resistance from the upper side.
Within the investigation following types of screed were considered:
− cement screed (CT)
− calcium sulphate screed (anhydrite screed) (CAF)
− gypsum-based dry screed
The wet screeds used for the fire tests were conditioned for a period of over 40 days in stand-
ard climate (20°C and 65% humidity). The moisture content (u103 [m-%]) determined by kiln-
drying for the cement screeds was between 2.7 and 3.0 % The moisture content is nearly the
same compared to the usual equilibrium moisture content for cement screeds determined by
the kiln- drying method (approx. 2.5 m-%). This moisture level occurs after several years of
use in a residential climate [7]. Thus, a further correction due to different moisture conditions
between test specimen and end use condition can be neglected.
Since non-combustible mineral insulation materials usually are used for floor constructions in
multi-storey timber buildings due to fire safety requirements, impact sound insulation made
of stone wool with a density of 120 kg/m³ were used as an insulation layer underneath the
screed. A polyethylene foil was inserted as a separating layer between the screed and the
impact sound insulation. In accordance with the basic investigations of Schleifer [8] for input
values of the SFM, a particle board with a thickness of d=19 mm and a density of ≥ 600 kg/m³
was used as backing layer for all specimen.
Figure 3: flooring system
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the contribution of screed floor toppings to the fire resistance
TU Munich, Chair of Timber Structures and Building Construction
2.3 Experiments
The basic protection time according to Schleifer [8] is defined as the time it takes to reach
270°C on the unexposed side of a layer backed with a particle board. In the literature, no
information about protection times of wet screed is available. In order to close this knowledge
gap and determine input values for the SFM, eight small scaled tests with an exposed surface
of 50cm x 50cm were tested (Figure 4).
Contrary to real fire conditions from the
upper side, the fire exposure on the
floor is carried out under ISO standard
fire and the test specimen were
mounted vertically. This leads to more
conservative results. The temperature
was measured between the layers of
the construction using thermocouple
type K according to EN 60584-1 [15].
Table 1 shows the series of tests in this
study. V1 to V4 were used to determine
the basic protection time of screeds di-
rectly exposed to fire. V5 and V6 were
conducted to consider the influence of impact sound insulation as backing layer. V7 and V8
are necessary to take into account the influence of insulation materials backed by the screed
(relevant for fire exposure from below for ongoing investigations).
Table 1: Small scaled fire tests
No. setup of construction (from the fire exposed side) time - failure
V1
CT-F6-35 | PE | 19 mm PB
(60 min -T)
V2
CT-F6-25 | PE | 19 mm PB
(60 min - T)
V3
CT-F6-55 | PE | 19 mm PB
(102 min - T)
V4
CAF-F6-35 | PE | 19 mm PB
(102 min - F-EI)
V5
CT-F6-35| PE | 15 mm SW | 19 mm PB
(116 min -T)
V6
CT-F6-55| PE | 15 mm SW | 19 mm PB
(165 min - T)
V7
15 mm SW | PE | CT-F6-35 | PE | 19 mm PB
(116 min -T)
V8
40 mm SW | PE | CT-F6-35 | PE | 19 mm PB
(165 min - T)
CT-F6-xx: cementous screed– bending strength – thickness [mm]
CAF: calcium sulphate screed
PE: polyethylene-foil as separation layer
SW: stone wool – mineral wool, density 120 kg/m³
PB: particle board
(xx min -T / F): test time in min. – T: termination by client /F-EI: failure separating function
a)
b)
c)
Figure 4: Test Procedure in the furnace according DIN
4102-8 [9] (a); with test specimen tested vertically (b); in-
sulation failure of test V4 after 102 minutes fire exposure
(c)
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TU Munich, Chair of Timber Structures and Building Construction
2.4 Finite Element Model
The used finite element model (FE-Model) considered a one-dimensional simulation ap-
proach (Figure 5). It was assumed that the heat flux through the construction can be homo-
geneous over the entire surface (without joints).
The transient thermal analysis is based on the Fou-
rier equation and requires the temperature-depend-
ent material parameters (according to Figure 5)
density (ρ), thermal conductivity (λ) and specific
heat capacity (cp) as input parameters. The heat
transfer coefficient of 25 W/(m²K) (exposed) and 4
W/m²K) (unexposed) was chosen according to EN
1991-1-2 [10]. The emission coefficient is assumed
to be ε = 0.8 for wood- or gypsum-based layers. For
screeds, the emission coefficient ε = 0.7 according to EN 1992-1-2 [11] was implemented.
The thermal simulations were performed with the software package ANSYS Workbench
2019. For the implementation of the radiation in the 2D model, the SURF 151 element was
used. The heat transfer was modeled by the PLANE 77 element. The simulation model helps
to calculate the design equation for different thicknesses and the position coefficients for dif-
ferent configurations.
No material model for the simulation of screeds under fire exposure could be found in the
literature. Therefore, a new material model for cement screeds and calcium sulfate screeds,
based on the characteristic values for concrete (3.0% moisture content) was calibrated ac-
cording to EN 1992-1-2 [11].
Figure 5: FE-Model of the basic protection
time according to V1 – V4
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the contribution of screed floor toppings to the fire resistance
TU Munich, Chair of Timber Structures and Building Construction
2.5 Design Model according to prEN 1995-1-2
The calculation model according to Schleifer [8] has been extended during the recent years
and the current status is implemented in prEN 1995-1-2 [3]. For each layer, the protection
time (tprot = 270 °C, temperature rise of 250 K) is determined on the unexposed side of the
layer (starting from an initial temperature of 20°C). For the last layer, the insulation time (tins
= 160 °C, temperature rise of 140 K) is the crucial failure criteria.
Figure 6: Design model according to prEN 1995-1-2 [10]
The influence of the protecting layers on the fire exposed side or backing layers on the unex-
posed side of the investigated layer are taken into account by the position coefficients (kpos,exp
and kpos,unexp). The protection or insulation time of a layer must be reduced by the joint coeffi-
cient (kj), to consider the influence of joints. The protection time can be increased by the value
∆t if layers on the exposed side remain on the construction, although the temperature criterion
of 270°C is reached on the unexposed side of this layer (e.g. plasterboard type F used as
cladding material). For floor coverings it can be assumed that these layers cannot fall off (e.g.
cement screed, calcium sulphate screed or gypsum-based dry screed). The insulation time
of the entire structure can be calculated from the sum of the protection times and the insula-
tion time of the last layer.
= ,+ ,
(1)
,= ,, , +
(2)
The input parameters and equations of gypsum- based claddings, wood- based panels or
insulation materials are implemented in prEN 1995-1-2 [3].
tins (ΔT 140 K)
tprot ( ΔT 250 K)
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TU Munich, Chair of Timber Structures and Building Construction
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Test Results
To determine the protection times, the temperature time-curves (mean value of 5 thermocou-
ples) behind the investigated layers were evaluated, see Figure 7 to Figure 9.
Figure 7: Temperature behind screeds backed by particle boards and protection time (Test 270°C = time reach-
ing 270°C on the unexposed side)
Figure 8: Temperature behind screeds backed by stone wool and protection time (Test 270°C = time reaching
270°C on the unexposed side)
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the contribution of screed floor toppings to the fire resistance
TU Munich, Chair of Timber Structures and Building Construction
Figure 9: Temperature behind stone wool backed by screeds and protection time (Test 270°C = time reaching
270°C on the unexposed side)
According to Figure 7, the basic protection times of backed screeds were tested. The tem-
perature- time curve shows a clear difference between the cement screed and the calcium
sulphate screed. Similar to gypsum boards, the temperature time curve of the calcium sul-
phate screed shows a plateau, which is based on the additional energy absorption of the
vaporization process of the free water and the crystalline water in the gypsum between 100°C
and 180°C. This effect leads to slower temperature increase on the unexposed side and
longer protection times compared to the cement screeds.
According Figure 8, mineral wool as backing material (V5 and V6) causes heat accumulation
and thus a reduction of the protection time compared to backing by particleboards (V1 to V4).
Screeds behind insulation layers (V7 and V8) lead to considerably higher protection times
compared to the test results with particleboards according to Schleifer [8].
3.2 Results of the numerical Simulations:
The test experiments (V1 to V4) were used to calibrate the simulation model and to derive
effective material parameters for screeds. The initial values for the calibration process are
based on the material model for concrete according to EN 1992-1-2 [11]. The optimization
process was based on a response surface. The "Multi- Objective Genetic Algorithm" (MOGA)
integrated in Ansys was used to adapt and optimize the effective material parameters for
cement screeds. Physical measured values of the density, specific heat capacity or thermal
conductivity for screeds exposed to fire are not available in the literature. However, the pre-
vious investigation of effective material parameters showed significant deviation between the
measured values and the effective material parameters for the simulation due to the implicit
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TU Munich, Chair of Timber Structures and Building Construction
consideration of moisture, cracks and material-specific chemical and physical transformation
processes. Due to the optimization, a good agreement between simulations and tests could
be achieved (Figure 10).
The values determined for cement screeds are displayed in Table 2.
Table 2: Thermal material properties – cement screed
Temp [°C]
ρ
[kg/m³]
λ
[W/mK]
c
p
[J/kgK]
20
2100
1,95
900
100
*
1,85
925
115
2100
*
*
130
*
1,73
*
150
*
*
1080
160
*
*
5300
200
2058
*
1635
400
1995
*
*
700
*
0,70
*
800
*
0,60
*
1200
1848
0,50
950
*linear interpolation may apply
A Comparison between the simulation model and the test results of the material model ac-
cording to Table 2 is displayed in Figure 10.
Figure 10: Comparison of the test and the simulation based on the new material model
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TU Munich, Chair of Timber Structures and Building Construction
For the impact sound insulation material parameters of stone wool according to Schleifer [8]
were used. Table 3 shows good agreements between the simulation compared to test V5 and
V6.
Table 3: Comparison of tprot between test result and simulation von V5 and V6
Test Nr.
t
prot,1,test
[min]
t
prot,1,SIM
[min]
t
prot,2,test
[min]
t
prot,2,SIM
[min]
V5
26
26
59
61
V6
53
49
105
103
tprot,1: tprot between screed and insulation
tprot,2: tprot between insulation and particleboard
For insulation materials backed by cement screeds, corresponding to test V7 and V8, no
appropriate agreement with the FE- model could be reached. The protection time for stone
wool of test V7 (thickness 15mm) is overestimated and of test V8 (thickness 40mm) is under-
estimated. Since the material parameters for thin layers of stone wool with high density are
not calibrated, further investigations are necessary.
3.3 Calculation Model
Based on the results of the simulations, the existing calculation model according to prEN
1995-1-2 [3] was extended to consider the protective effect of screeds. New equations for the
basic protection times for cement screeds or calcium sulphate screeds were introduced (table
4). For gypsum-based dry screeds, classified structures are available from different manufac-
turers. Simplifying this study assumes that the parameter for gypsum boards according to
Schleifer [8] can be used for this purpose.
Table 4: Basic protection time of cement and calcium sulphate screeds
Material
Basic protection time t
prot
CT:
30
35,
(3)
CAF:
44
35,
(4)
h: thickness of the considered layer
CT: cementous screed
CAF: calcium sulphate screed
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TU Munich, Chair of Timber Structures and Building Construction
The equations show good correlation between the simulations and the test results
(Figure 11).
Figure 11: Comparison of the simulation model, the test results and the design equations.
In order to consider the more rapid heating of screed backed by mineral wool insulation, the
basic protection time must be reduced by the factor kpos,unexp according to the test results.
The influence of different thicknesses of the screed and the acoustic insulation can be ne-
glected. Thus, a constant value according to Table 5 is suggested.
Table 5: kpos,unexp of cement screeds backed by stone wool insulation materials.
Material
k
pos,unexp,SW
CT:
0,85
(5)
CAF:
0,85
(6)
CT: cementous screed
CAF: calcium sulphate screed
For floorings under fire exposure from above, the fall off according to prEN 1995-1-2 [3] could
be excluded for all layers above the supporting structure. Existing equations for the basic
protection time (reaching 270°C) of insulation materials were determined by direct fire expo-
sure. After reaching tprot,0, the insulation layer is still protected by the screed. In accordance
with prEN 1995-1-2 [3], the model for protected timber elements was used to calculate the
rise of the protection time for the protected layer. The protection factor k2, according to pr.
EN 1992-1-2 [3] was determined by simulations (Table 6).
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the contribution of screed floor toppings to the fire resistance
TU Munich, Chair of Timber Structures and Building Construction
Table 6: k2 for mineral wool or wood-based boards protected by CT
Material
k
2
- factor
MW:
15
+ 0.003 0,045
(7)
WBB:
0.8 0.006
(8)
h: thickness of the considered layer
MW: mineral wool
WBB: wood-based board
These equations are valid for screed thicknesses between 20 and 90 mm and a thickness of
the impact sound insulation between 15 and 50 mm. These factors can be used for wood-
based panels until a thickness of 40 mm. The parameter ∆t increases the basic protection
time of the backing layer.
t = ,
,, ,
(9)
The equations of this study can be used to calculate the protection time of floor constructions
with fire exposure from the upper side.
3.4 Application Notes
Equation 3 is valid for cement screeds and on conservative side for calcium sulphate screeds
too. Backing layers with another layer of screed or concrete lead to much more conservative
results compared to a backing by wood-based panels. No value for kpos,unex of screed was
determined during this study. If it is necessary to calculate the protection time of layers backed
by screeds, the positive influence can be neglected and kpos,unex = 1 may apply. The positive
influence can be explained by a higher thermal conductivity and thus a cooling effect of the
backing material for the preceding layer.
The protection times of cement screeds are slightly below the protection times of concrete
according to EN 1992-1-2 [11], when backed with particle boards or timber elements. The
equations according to section 3.3 can also be used calculating the protection time of thin
concrete layers.
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TU Munich, Chair of Timber Structures and Building Construction
3.5 Example
The coverings can be assumed to contribute as a protective layer without being an encapsu-
lation. Examples with a classified fire resistance of 60 minutes with exposure from above
were calculated by the new model. For rockwool and wood-based panels the equations ac-
cording to prEN 1995-1-2 [3] were used.
Table 7: Calculation Example 1
EI 60 according to [12]
Table 8: Calculation Example 2
EI 90 according to [12]
Layer
thickness
(mm)
density
(kg/m³)
protection
time (min)
Layer
thickness
(mm)
density
(kg/m³)
protection
time (min)
cement
screed
30
2100
24,2
cement
screed
60
2100
54,2
particle
board
19
600
53,1
stone-wool-
insulation
15
120
36,3
sum
49
77,2
sum
75
90,6
The results of the calculation model can be used to determine the protection time without
considering the construction below the floor system. Thus, the calculated values are more
conservative. In order to obtain a protection time corresponding to the classification limits of
the construction according to the calculation model, the results of different constructions with
cement screeds, backed with impact sound insulation or with wood-based panels were pre-
sented in Table 9.
Table 9: Protection times of floor constructions on wooden substructures
screed thickness
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
80
S
-
-
-
30
60
90
15 I
-
30
60
90
20 I
-
30
60
90
30 I
30
60
90
13W
30
60
90
15W
30
60
90
19W
30
60
90
S: tprot behind screed on wooden substructure
xx I/W: thickness of the backing material
I: Impact sound insulation – density ≥ 100 kg/m³
W: wood-based board
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TU Munich, Chair of Timber Structures and Building Construction
3.6 Construction principles - joints
The investigation of this study includes screed elements without joints. In practical application
a joint formation is necessary. According to DIN 18560-4 [13], different joints are necessary
for screeds. Dummy joints, construction joints, movement joints and edge joints. While
dummy- and construction joints do not have to absorb any movement and usually are very
small and backed on the unexposed side (fire exposure from the upper side). A further inves-
tigation of these joints is not necessary within the calculation model. Larger edge and move-
ment joints have to be filled in accordance with DIN 4102-4 [2] with non-combustible mineral
wool according to EN 13162 [14] with a melting point ≥ 1000°C.
If floor heating pipes are installed in the screed corresponding cavities due to the heating
pipes exist. In the opinion of the authors, the heating pipes filled with water do not represent
a negative contribution to heat transfer. Further investigations on the influence of underfloor
heating systems were not carried out within the scope of this study.
3.7 Conclusion
This study includes experimental results and a numerical analysis of flooring element with
wet screeds (cement and calcium sulphate screeds) and explains the determination of equa-
tions for the separating function method according to prEN 1995-1-2. The main outcomes of
this investigation are:
− The protection time of cement screeds with a thickness of 25, 35 and 55 mm and cal-
cium sulphate screed with a thickness of 35 mm each backed by particle boards were
determined by small scaled fire tests (50 x 50 cm).
− Effective material parameters for the density, the specific heat capacity and the thermal
conductivity of screeds were determined by using numerical simulations.
− Influencing parameters of backing materials were investigated by small scaled fire tests
with different combinations of layups.
− A parameter study was carried out by finite element simulations and design equations
for the basic protection time, position coefficients and the protection factor were intro-
duced.
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TU Munich, Chair of Timber Structures and Building Construction
Using the new equations, a flexible evaluation of the protection effect of screed constructions
in combination with different impact sound insulation or wood-based panels for a fire re-
sistance between 30 and 90 minutes is possible. Tabulated data can be used for a quick
determination of the minimum protection system.
Thus, expensive fire test of the structure "from above" can be omitted in future.
3.8 Outlook
Further experimental and numerical investigations on the influence of mineral wool insulation
materials with low thickness and high density are carried out. The existing equations, which
are implemented in the calculation procedure so far have only been calibrated up to a minimal
thickness of 50 mm and lead to very conservative results.
It becomes apparent that the protection factor k2 is dependent on the thickness of the protec-
tive layer and the thickness of the layer itself. A numerical investigation to determine the k2-
values will be carried out within the scope of the further research project. In order to transfer
the results to other building materials, such as gypsum boards or insulation materials.
3.9 Acknowledgement
The authors acknowledge the support of the German research program Zukunft Bau within
the research project F-REI 90. Mr. Michael Mändl is thanked for his support for this study
doing fire tests and numerical simulations as part of his master's thesis at the TU Munich.
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design principles for fire safe detailing in timber structures
TU Munich, Chair of Timber Structures and Building Construction
References
[1] DIN EN 1995-1-2:2010, Design of timber structures –Part 1-2: General – Structural fire
design, 2010.
[2] DIN 4102-4:2016-05, Brandverhalten von Baustoffen und Bauteilen, 1994.
[3] prEN 1995-1-2:2020(E), Design of timber structures –Part 1-2: General – Structural fire
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1-2:2002 + AC:2009.
[11] DIN EN 1992-1-2:2010-12, Eurocode 2: Bemessung und Konstruktion von Stahlbeton-
und Spannbetontragwerken - Teil 1-2: Allgemeine Regeln - Tragwerksbemessung für
den Brandfall; Deutsche Fassung EN 1992-1-2:2004 + AC:2008.
[12] Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik, Bauregelliste A, Bauregelliste B und Liste C, Aus-
gabe 2015/2.
[13] DIN 18560-4:2004-04 Estriche im Bauwesen - Teil 4: Estriche auf Trennschicht.
[14] DIN EN 13162:2015-04, Wärmedämmstoffe für Gebäude - Werkmäßig hergestellte
Produkte aus Mineralwolle (MW) – Spezifikation, Deutsche Fassung EN
13162:2012+A1:2015.
[15] DIN EN 60584-1:2014-07, Thermoelemente - Teil 1: Thermospannungen und Grenz-
abweichungen (IEC 60584-1:2013); Deutsche Fassung EN 60584-1:2013.
