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Fault Current Limiter Based on Resonant Circuit Controlled by Power Semiconductor Devices
Abstract
This work presents a resonant fault current limiter (FCL) controlled by power semiconductor devices. Initially the operation of two ideal resonant circuit topologies as fault current limiter are discussed. The analysis of these circuits is used to derive an alternative topology to the fault current limiter based on the connection of a series and a parallel resonant circuit. Digital models are implemented in the SimPowerSystem/Matlab simulation package to investigate the performance of the proposed FCL to protect transmission and distribution electric networks against short circuit currents. Transfer functions of the linear limiter models are used to identify the effect of each element of the FCL over its stability and its transient response. The developed analysis will be used to derive modifications in the FCL topology in such a way to improve their dynamic response.
... Estes dispositivos foram difundidos no Brasil a partir dos anos 90 (porém, são utilizados , em todo o mundo, desde a década de 50). Hoje diversas empresas nacionais como, CENIBRA, ARACRUZ, ACESITA, CST Steel etc, utilizam essa tecnologia [8]. ...
... Como nos demais tipo de FCL esse l imitador também deve oferecer uma impedância desprezível durante a operação normal e deve ofe recer uma impedância alta nas condições de falha. A transição do dispositivo, passando da operação normal para a operação como um limitador, é conseguida variando-se a frequência de ressonância do FCL [8]. A partir do chaveamento de dispositivos semicondutores de potência (por exemplo, tiristores de potência que são os de maior capacidade disponíveis no m ercado) consegue-se controlar os elementos reativos variáveis, sintetizados com indutores e capacitores. ...
... A análise desses circuitos será usada para derivar uma topologia alternativa apresentada por [8] para o limitador, baseada da conexão de um circuito ressonante e outro paralelo. O g rande problema é que as t opologias a ser em investigadas utilizam indutores com alto valor de indutância, o que torna comercialmente desinteressante tais aplicações. ...
... Since the 1970s, several types of FCLs have been investigated such as fuses with fault-current limitation, series current limiting reactors [4], series transformers [5], superconducting fault current limiters (SCFCL) [6][7][8], solid-state FCLs (SSFCL) [9][10][11][12][13], and fault current limiting circuit breakers (FCLCB). In the recent years, researchers have focused on the SSFCLs and FCLCBs, such as: Purely resistive FCL [14], hybrid-resistive FCL [15], saturable core FCL [16], IGBTs controlled series reactor FCL [17], solid-state FCLCB (SSFCL-CB) [18], and bridge type FCL [19]. These new protection devices usually use inductors to decrease the fault current. ...
... In Section 6, experimental results are presented and finally a conclusion is drawn. core FCL [16], IGBTs controlled series reactor FCL [17], solid-state FCLCB (SSFCL-CB) [18], and bridge type FCL [19]. These new protection devices usually use inductors to decrease the fault current. ...
The protection of sensitive loads against voltage drop is a concern for the power system. A fast fault current limiter and circuit breaker can be a solution for rapid voltage recovery of sensitive loads. This paper proposes a compound type of current limiter and circuit breaker (CLCB) which can limit fault current and fast break to adjust voltage sags at the protected buses. In addition, it can act as a circuit breaker to open the faulty line. The proposed CLCB is based on a series L-C resonance, which contains a resonant transformer and a series capacitor bank. Moreover, the CLCB includes two anti-parallel power electronic switches (a diode and an IGBT) connected in series with bus couplers. In order to perform an analysis of CLCB performance, the proposed structure was simulated using MATLAB. In addition, an experimental prototype was built, tested, and the experimental results were reported. Comparisons show that experimental results were in fair agreement with the simulation results and confirm CLCB’s ability to act as a fault current limiter and a circuit breaker.
... The active type has received increasing attention in the latter years as a fast and reliable solution due to the progress in highpower semiconductor technology. The active FCL can be classified, in general, as bridge-type FCL [11][12][13][14], resonanttype FCL [15][16][17][18], and series switch-type FCL [18][19][20]. ...
The increase in distribution power demand and distributed generation may lead to a rise in power substation fault current levels. One possible solution to this problem is the use of a solid-state fault current limiter (SS-FCL). In this context, this paper proposes the concept of a bridge-type solid-state device switching an air-core reactor as an SS-FCL topology. The overvoltage protection system details are presented, along with an explanation of the fault detection algorithm control's principle. An experimental setup is designed to evaluate various events in addition to the short-circuit, such as load-steps, harmonic loads, motor startups, and transformer’s inrush. Fault current is detected within one millisecond, with a total reduction of 42%. The overvoltage protection system clamped the peak voltage across the semiconductor switch and kept the dV/dt below the maximum stipulated. The load input tests showed a proper limiting operation and provided that the device is within the parameterization range.
... Several papers explore the FCL principles through simulation. [18][19][20] However, there are only a few that analyze the FCL operation through experimental test. 21,22 Moreover, the algorithm employed to detect the fault is not detailed in those papers and does not consider actual issues such as measurement noises. ...
The fault current level in distribution systems has increased in the last years mainly due to the energy consumption is in the limit of the production capacity and also the insertion of distributed generation, since the short circuits happen very closer to the generators now. In addition to this, most of the power substations were designed decades ago, so their equipment is overcome, and they may be damaged in a fault occurrence. To effectively protect the settled equipment or to avoid high investment costs in replacing them, one possible solution is to install a solid-state fault current limiter (SSFCL), which may reduce the fault current to a value under the supported level. In this context, this work proposes the development of two kinds of SSFCLs: series-switched reactor and resonant circuit. These devices were designed and compared experimentally in bench prototypes. The measurements showed that both topologies could reduce the fault current from 600 A PEAK to 75 A PEAK. Both SSFCL-tested configurations were implemented using silicon controlled rectifier or insulated gate bipolar transistor. The results present the comparison between them, showing the impact in the first semi-cycle current profile, depending on the type of semiconductor switch adopted. This article also proposes a fault detection algorithm evaluated through digital implementation in a microcontroller. The algorithm detects the fault by the instantaneous current value and its derivative, using a control strategy that avoids false detection due to measurement noises. The theoretical analysis and results are useful contributions to support the SSFCL topology choice regarding its application. K E Y W O R D S fault current, power quality, series resonant circuit, series-switched reactor, solid-state fault current limiter, voltage sag List of Symbols and Abbreviations:
... This type of FCL has a switched capacitor in series with an inductor. The circuit resonates when the switch is opened like presented in (Karady, 1992;Martins Lanes et al., 2007;Sarmiento, 2007;Sugimoto et al., 1996) and illustrated in Fig. 2. During the occurrence of a short circuit, the capacitor is removed from the system, and the inductor limits the current. ...
The increase in demand for electric power and the insertion of a distributed generation led to the rise of the short-circuit current in substations. Most of these Brazilian substations were designed decades ago, because of that their equipment may not support the new short-circuit current levels. To protect the installed equipment and avoid excessive costs replacing old devices, it is possible to install Fault Current Limiters (FCLs). This document is a report from an R&D project that evaluated FCL topologies considering real parameters in simulation from used equipment, concluding that the selected FCL topologies accomplished their technical objective. However, before implementing these topologies in the distribution system, one should consider the technical and economic feasibility of using semiconductor switching devices.
... Numerous works have proposed the improvement of power grid safety by installing fault current limiters (FCLs) [7][8][9][10]. Ideal FCLs must have the essential characteristics of low impedance during normal operation and high impedance during faults [11]. ...
Dynamic voltage restorers (DVRs) are devices that compensate for voltage sags/swells in power distribution systems effectively. However, the performance of DVRs may be easily endangered by large load-circuit currents. This work proposes a dual-functional DVR (DFDVR) that solves multiple problems by controlling the trigger angle of antiparallel thyristors, which are connected between the power converter and output filter. The DFDVR not only compensates for voltage fluctuation in the upstream grid but also limits fault current in the downstream grid. Moreover, the combined application of the DFDVR with a recloser is introduced. The DFDVR flexibly regulates the amplitude of the faulty current to coordinate the recloser. In addition, the coordination sequence diagrams of the DFDVR and the recloser under instantaneous and permanent faults are analyzed in detail. Simulations and experimental results verify the correctness and feasibility of the operations and coordination of the DFDVR and the recloser.
... On the other hand, fault current limiters(FCLs) are widely studied to reduce fault current levels in the power system [18] . Nowadays, various types of fault current limiters have been presented, such as superconducting FCLs [19] , solid-sate FCLs [20] , resonance-type FCLs [21] , bridge-type FCLs [22] and saturated core FCLs [23] . Ideal FCLs should have certain specifications to meet the utilities' requirement, such as fast triggering, low impedance in steady state, high fault-limiting capability, and fast recovery time. ...
The series voltage source converter(SVSC) is widely used in the power electronic equipment, such as series active power filter, dynamic voltage restorer, unified power flow controller and so on. However, while the SVSC is more vulnerable to the impact of fault current, its applications are increasing, bringing huge challenges to the safe operation of the grid. In recent years, the topology and control strategy of the series voltage source converter with fault current limiting(SVSC-FCL) are a research hotspot. In this paper, it suggests classifying SVSC-FCL based SVSC into two groups: the control scheme optimization group and the existing topology improvement group. The research challenges and perspectives of the SVSC-FCL are introduced in detail. This paper aims to illustrate current research progress on SVSC-FCL and enrich the available pool of the multi-functional power electronic equipment.
This chapter firstly introduces typical topology structure and evolution trend of series-connected Power electronic devices. Subsequently, the bottleneck issues faced by VQC based on series-connected power electronic were introduced. Then, the current state-of-the-art multifunctional techniques and their corresponding strategies for voltage quality controller (VQC) is introduced as well. Based on this examination, the pivotal issues and challenges encountered in the research and engineering applications of multifunctional VQC systems are succinctly summarized.
The increase in distribution power demand and distributed generation may lead to a rise in power substation fault current levels. One possible solution to this problem is the use of a Solid-State Fault Current Limiter (SS-FCL). In this context, this paper proposes the concept of a bridge-type solid-state device switching an air-core reactor as an SS-FCL topology. The overvoltage protection system details are presented, along with an explanation of the fault detection algorithm control's principle. An experimental setup is designed to evaluate various events in addition to the short circuit, such as load-steps, harmonic loads, motor startups and transformer’s inrush. Fault current is detected within one millisecond, with a total reduction of 42%. The overvoltage protection system clamped the peak voltage across the semiconductor switch and kept the dv/dt below the maximum stipulated. The load input tests showed a proper limiting operation, provided the device is within the parameterization range.
Several substations in operation were commissioned decades ago. These substations are overstressed, then their protection equipment cannot provide an e_ective safety condition to the system. In the worst cases, short-circuits can cause permanent damages to the system if the overcurrent is higher than the capacity of the installed equipment.
There are some possible solutions for those cases: replace all the equipment in the overstressed substation, build a new one in parallel or install a fault current limiter (FCL) device. From an economic point of view, introduce FCLs in the power system is the best way to solve the described problem. The commercial solutions available are the pyrotechnic FCL, air coil reactor, neutral earthing resistor, and high impedance transformer. However, these devices are limited and present several drawbacks. Since the ’70s, there has been a search for reliable FCL devices that do not interfere in the regular operation of substation and could limit the fault currents to protection system rated level. There were so many FCL technologies proposed in last decades. These proposed new devices may use superconducting technologies, power electronics, or both. This paper intends to review proven FCL technologies, focusing on full-scale devices demonstrated in field and lab tests. The goal is to introduce the main FCL technologies in development and discuss didactically their operation principle, the built prototypes, the commercial units, whether they exist, and the main drawbacks for each technology presented. A final analysis of the level of maturity for each FCL technology is discussed using the TRL (Technology readiness level) scale, in order to find technologies with more potential to mass production. The three technologies closer to the full commercial application are the Resistive Superconducting FCL, the Saturated Iron Core FCL, and the Series Reactor FCL.
Series-connected voltage sources converters (SVSCs), (i.e., dynamic voltage restorer, fault current limiter, electrical spring, etc.), have been widely used in the electricity grid to improve the electricity grid performances in terms of voltage fluctuation compensation, flexible power flow regulation, fault overcurrent limitation, flexible access of renewable energy, etc. However, SVSCs have a relatively short effective operating time and a low utilization rate, because they are generally operated during abnormal grid conditions. The new trend is to increase the utilization by extending the functions of SVSC, e.g., integrating the voltage compensation and overcurrent limiting in a single SVSC. On the other hand, the series connection architecture results in the SVSCs experiencing overvoltage and overcurrent from the main grid, and consequently the reliability of SVSC is challenged. Based on these details, this paper systematically studies the state of the art multifunctional techniques and the corresponding strategies of SVSCs, which can be mainly divided into three categories as follows: function integration between different SVSC; function coordination between SVSC and parallel-connected VSC(PVSC); function integration between SVSC and PVSC. The most representative topology and control optimization method in each category is elaborated, and a brief comparison of them is conducted as well. On this basis, the key problems and challenges in the research and engineering application of multifunctional SVSC system are summarized.
The increase in demand for electric power
and the growing of distributed generation led to the
increase of the short-circuit current in the substations.
Most of these Brazilian substations, for example, were
designed decades ago, so their equipment may not support
the new short-circuit current levels. To protect the
installed equipment or to avoid high investment costs in
replacing them, it is possible to install fault current
limiters. This work provides technical evaluation of two
known topologies of fault current limiters through
theoretical analyses of technical and operational aspects.
Small-scale prototypes are employed to get a better
understanding of those analyses. The studied topologies
are called series switched-inductor and resonant circuit.
The short-circuit current had a reduction for the switched inductor topology of 69.7% and 72.6% for the resonant
topology.
To sufficiently utilize a Bridge-Type Fault Current Limiter (BTFCL) in the distribution grids, this paper proposes a Dual-Functional BTFCL (DF-BTFCL), which can work either at the BTFCL mode to limit faulty currents or at the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) mode to compensate grid voltage fluctuations. The proposed DF-BTFCL can flexibly switch between the two modes by either activating a DC capacitive circuit or a DC inductive circuit. The inductive circuit can adjust the equivalent series impedance to limit the faulty current in an acceptable range, and the DC capacitance circuit can provide DC support to enable the DVR operation. The proposed DF-BTFCL can immediately limit the increasing rate of the faulty current without any fault detection delay, and it is similar to conventional BTFCL. Transient processes between the switch of the two operation modes are analyzed, and the key parameters of the DF-BTFCL system are designed in detail. Simulations and experimental results both clearly prove the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed DF-BTFCL.
Electrical propulsion has been identified as a key enabler of greener, quieter, more efficient aircraft. However, electrical propulsion aircraft (EPA) will need to demonstrate a level of safety and fault management (FM) at least equal to current aircraft. This will rely heavily on the capability and design of the electrical FM system. Given the functional limitations and current lack of FM technologies suitable for a future EPA application, strategic development of FM devices is required. Whilst there are a variety of roadmaps for EPA concepts and key electrical components, the necessary development of FM solutions targeted towards EPA has yet to be established. This paper proposes FM strategy maps which go beyond projections of expected development in FM technologies to scope the feasibility of key FM solutions. This method can then be used to present FM technology projections, electrical oversizing and wider system redundancy alongside the EPA concepts in development. These strategy maps capture the impact of any FM technology barrier on the viability of a given EPA concept, enabling critical FM solutions to be integrated into the wider electrical system development. This marks a significant contribution to the development of robust, strategic electrical FM for future EPA concepts.
Almost all of the fault current limiters (FCLs) have a negligible voltage drop during normal operation mode of the power system and show considerable impedance during the fault period. In addition, the most of the FCLs employ a reactor to limit the fault current, which carrying a DC current and named DC reactor-based FCL (DRFCL) or carrying AC current named AC reactor-based FCL (ARFCL). Here, a novel ARFCL is introduced for radial distribution networks protection. Then, the ARFCL performance on the limitation of the fault current is compared with DRFCL in a simple radial distribution network. The MATLAB software is used to simulate both FCLs performance and their effect on the fault current. The laboratory prototype of the ARFCL is built and tested for the evaluation of the ARFCL performance during normal and fault operation modes. The simulation and experimental results show the superiority of ARFCL to control the fault current, fast, and set the point of common coupling voltage in an acceptable range.
This paper studies a novel transformer-based solid state fault current limiter (TBSSFCL) for radial distribution network applications. The proposed TBSSFCL is capable of controlling the magnitude of fault current. In order to control the fault current, primary winding of an isolating transformer is connected in series with the line and the secondary side is connected to a reactor, paralleled with a bypass switch which is made of anti-parallel insulated gate bipolar transistors. By controlling the magnitude of ac reactor current, the fault current is reduced and voltage of the point of common coupling is kept at an acceptable level. Also, by this TBSSFCL, switching overvoltage is reduced significantly. The proposed TBSSFCL can improve the power quality factors and also, due to its simple structure, the cost is relatively low. Laboratory results are also presented to verify the simulation and theoretical studies. It is shown that this TBSSFCL can limit the fault current with negligible delay, smooth the fault current waveform, and improve the power quality.
This paper presents analysis, simulation and experimental results of two short circuit current limiters, the Thyristor Inserted Reactor and the Thyristor Bypassed Capacitor. The purpose of the fault current limiters is to reduce the overstress of circuit breakers provoked by the network expansion and the consequent increase in fault currents. The simulation and experimental prototype results demonstrate the effectiveness of these devices to limit fault currents, deferring significantly the replacement of circuit breakers with surpassed fault current interruption capacity.
This paper presents analysis and experimental results of two fault current limiters, the Thyristor Inserted Reactor and the Thyristor Bypassed Capacitor. The purpose for these fault current limiters is to reduce the overstress of some circuit breakers provoked by the network expansion and the consequent increase in fault current levels. Results of the experimental prototype demonstrate the effectiveness of these devices to limit fault currents, postponing or avoiding the replacement of circuit breakers with surpassed fault current interrupting capacity.
With the rapid development of power industry, power load is also rising, leading to increased levels of short-circuit current, so the demand of the technology of short-circuit current limit is very urgent. Resonant-type fault current limiter used in extra high voltage (EHV) power grid makes high-power electronic devices with a slow response, limited withstand short-circuit current limited ability and cost disadvantages as trigger system. A new kind of multi-level spark gaps connected with frequency-dependent network, with high reliability, fast response and low cost advantages is made, which can effectively replace the high-power electronic devices to trigger resonant-type fault current limiter. In this paper, a new kind of smart passive trigger system for resonant-type fault current limiter is made. This new kind of smart passive trigger system mainly contains a series of multilevel spark gaps, a Tesla transformer, an isolation transformer and a Rogowski coil. The trigger system can identify the short-circuit fault automatically and make the Tesla transformer produce high-frequency high-voltage pulse to breakdown multilevel spark gaps to trigger resonant-type fault current limiter. The trigger system doesn't require on-line detection, control system and external power. It has advantages of high reliability, high response speed and low cost.
Fault Current Limiters (FCL) limit fault current levels to a more manageable level, this way it becomes possible to increase the transmission ratings of an electrical system, without changing the equipment. Thus, the existing equipment is able to handle the new currents and protect properly the system. In the paper, different types of FCLs are deeply identified, covering their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages as well as opportunities, stressing on the most suitable ones for VSC-HVDC applications in order to achieve a better performance against faults in the DC circuit.
This paper presents a comparative survey of research activities and emerging technologies of solid-state fault current limiters for power distribution systems.
An account of the implementation of power electronics control based technologies in the power transmission systems is presented. The low-environmental-impact infrastructure technologies, such as flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS) and high-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems, provide aid in resolving the power transmission issues. The power electronics control enhances the reliability and upgrades the capacity of the transmission grids.
This paper presents the analysis and software implementation of a robust synchronizing circuit - PLL circuit - designed for using in the controller of active power line conditioners. The basic problem consists in designing a PLL circuit that can track accurately and continuously the positive-sequence component at the fundamental frequency and its phase angle, even when the system voltage of the bus, to which the active power line conditioner is connected, is distorted and/or unbalanced. The fundaments of the PLL circuit are discussed. It is shown that the PLL can fail in tracking the system voltage during the startup, under some adverse conditions. Moreover, it is shown that oscillations caused by the presence of sub-harmonics can be very critical and can pull the stable point of operation synchronized to that sub-harmonic frequency. Oscillations at the reference input are also discussed, and the solution of this problem is presented. Finally, experimental and simulation results are shown and compared.
The 100 MVA intertie described is mainly characterised by the
following innovations: a hard driven GTO (HD-GTO) with a new housing;
series connection of hard driven GTOs; low-inductive high power HD-GTO
inverter valves, and fuseless high power HD-GTO inverters. The presented
HD-GTO technology allows the robust, reliable and cost-efficient series
connection of GTOs. The concept of the 100 MVA intertie, which is based
on the HD-GTO technology, is reviewed. The development of the high power
HD-GTO inverter module according to a state-of-the-art development
process is presented. With the use of a circuit simulator with accurate
physical models of the power semiconductors, especially the concept
phase, the development phase and the verification phase have been
supported
Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) devices are used for the dynamic control of voltage, impedance and phase angle of high voltage AC lines. FACTS devices provide strategic benefits for improved transmission system management through: better utilization of existing transmission assets; increased transmission system reliability and availability; increased dynamic and transient grid stability; increased quality of supply for sensitive industries (e.g. computer chip manufacture); and enabling environmental benefits. Typically the construction period for a facts device is 12 to 18 months from contract signing through commissioning. This paper starts by providing definitions of the most common application of FACTS devices as well as enumerates their benefits (focussing on steady state and dynamic applications). Generic information on the costs and benefits of FACTS devices is then provided as well as the steps for identification of FACTS projects. The paper then discusses seven applications of FACTS devices in Australia, Brazil, Indonesia, South Africa and the USA. The paper concludes with some recommendations on how the World Bank could facilitate the increased usage of FACTS.
Radial power distribution systems, common in North America, typically use coordinated relay protection for fault protection. However, the rising interest in distributed generation (DG) poses a problem, as DG causes such systems to lose their radial nature, disrupting the coordinated relay protection. The use of a fault current limiter (FCL) is proposed to limit the effect of the DG on the coordinated relay protection scheme in a radial system during a fault. This paper shows that the FCL enhances the stability of and limits the transient stresses on the DG. Such a device is only recently more plausible with the ongoing developments of a new hybrid mechanical/electrical fault current limiter. To determine the effectiveness of the FCL for the proposed application, test systems are introduced, the effects of DG on the relay protection system are examined, and the effectiveness of FCL to mitigate these effects are determined.
This paper presents a tutorial on the basic principle of operation of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) devices, discusses their impact on the steady-state operation of generation/transmission system and shows important issues of the dynamic and control problems of FACTS-assisted systems. First of all, the ideal operation of each device and then synthesis of FACTS devices based on thyristors and self-commutated switches are presented. A review is made of the main results regarding the impact of FACTS on the steady-state operation and devices models are introduced. The economic-secure operation with such devices is then analyzed. The maximum benefit that can be obtained with a FACTS device is studied with the help of an ideal model. The influence of FACTS devices on the transient and on the small-signal stability is addressed. The paper gives special emphasis on robust decentralized control analysis and design. It is presented a discussion on the importance of controller location and on the feedback signal selection. Finally, the paper briefly presents some systematic control design methods.
Some new methods are proposed to control and protect a thyristor-controlled series compensator (TCSC). A TCSC miniature model is developed and the effectiveness of the control methods is confirmed by experiments using the TCSC miniature model for an analogue simulator and EMTP simulations. This paper focuses on the following two methods in addition to the fundamental control methods. First, protection schemes by cooperative operation of arresters, thyristors and bypass switches are proposed. They allow continuous operation during a small contingency and also they allow rapid resumption after a large contingency. EMTP simulation results show that fixing the firing interval during fault occasion reduces the oscillation after the fault removed. Next, studies to reduce subsychronous resonance (SSR) phenomena are described. Reduction effects of SSR by fixing the firing angle are confirmed experimentally The described research represents collaborative efforts among ten Japanese power companies and CRIEPI.
More comprehensive mathematical equations of TCSC circuit for any period of time (including the whole transient process from firing the thyristors to a steady state) and for the steady state relating to the voltages and currents of the capacitor, inductor, and thyristor components are precisely developed by using Laplace transformation. The accurate mathematical relationship between the fundamental impedance of TCSC and the firing angle of the thyristors is further derived by using Fourier analysis. The validity of the mathematical analysis is demonstrated by using the Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) digital simulations. Furthermore, a whole model system for TCSC dynamic simulated test including the actual microprocessor-based control hardware was constructed to compare with and verify the mathematical analysis and EMTP simulation. The test results agree well with the analytical and simulation results and clarify the validity of the assumption that the line current keeps sinusoidal, which is taken both in the mathematical analysis and the EMTP digital simulations.
Fault current reduction permits the interconnection of large
networks without replacing circuit breakers, improves transient
stability, and reduces the cost of equipment. The author investigates
the reduction of fault current by the insertion of a resonant LC circuit
into the transmission line. The device consists of a capacitor and a
thyristor-switched inductance, tuned to the supply frequency. The
thyristor switches are operated at zero-current-crossing to eliminate
the generation of harmonics. The system operation is analysed using
analytic methods and transient simulation techniques. A parametric study
determines the effect of components and network parameters on the
current limiter operation. Design methods and component selection
criteria are developed. The results demonstrate that the device can
reduce both transient and steady-state fault current significantly. It
can be built with commercially available components. The significant
operation improvement is expected to justify the cost of the new device
A novel concept for a combined short circuit limiter and dynamic
series compensator is presented. The device consists of a fixed
capacitor, thyristor switched capacitors, and a thyristor switch
inductance. The circuit is designed to regulate the impedance in steps.
The series compensation is controlled by the capacitors switching on and
off, while the current limitation is achieved by the insertion of a
resonant LC circuit in the transmission line. The thyristor switches are
operated at zero current crossing, which eliminates the harmonics
generation. The system operation has been analyzed and realistic
components have been selected. The results have demonstrated that the
device can regulate the short circuit current. It can be built with
commercially available components; the significant operation improvement
is expected to justify the cost of the new device
Electronically triggered fault-current limiters have been used in
medium- and high-voltage power distribution systems to limit the
available short-circuit current to a lower level, so that the underrated
switchgear can be operated safely. However, to insure a safe and proper
usage of these devices, the following major operating parameters need to
be considered: (1) selection of trigger level; (2) selection of di/dt;
(3) effect of the capacitor bank and stray capacitances; and (4)
coordination between these devices and phase overcurrent (o/c) relays at
the faulted breaker. This paper will examine these major operating
parameters, evaluate the performance of the current limiters under
various simulated fault conditions, and develop application guidelines
for current limiters
Changes in customers' needs require improvements in the reliability and quality of the electricity supply. This paper describes how the concept of custom power is now becoming familiar. The term describes the value-added power that electric utilities and other service providers will offer their customers in the future. The improved level of reliability of this power, in terms of reduced interruptions and less variation, will stem from an integrated solution to present problems, of which a prominent feature will be the application of power electronic controllers to utility distribution systems and/or at the supply end of many industrial and commercial customers and industrial parks.< >
Within the decade the on-going research and development on MOS-gated thyristors is expected to land them in the market. Prototypes of the MOS-controlled thyristor with modest ratings (60 A and 900 V) are already commercially available. Furthermore, several alternative device structures based upon the DMOS process have been demonstrated. Assuming real advances in how they perform and handle power, these devices could make their mark on the size, weight, and efficiency of high-power traction systems.
2.5 kV / 1 kA power pack IGBT
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TCSC operation as a solid-state current limiter
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Matemática pela Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Cataguases (FAFIC), MG, Brasil, 1996, o diploma de especialização Latu Sensu em Didática pela Faculdade de Filosofia e Letras Prof
- Mg Brasil
- Recebeu O Grau Em Ciências
Matusalém Martins Lanes é Eletrotécnico formado pelo Centro Federal de
Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET/MG), MG, Brasil, recebeu o
grau em Ciências/Matemática pela Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras
de Cataguases (FAFIC), MG, Brasil, 1996, o diploma de especialização Latu
Sensu em Didática pela Faculdade de Filosofia e Letras Prof. Nair Fortes Abu-
Merhy, MG, Brasil, 1998 e o grau de M.S. em Engenharia Elétrica pela
Universidade Federal do Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil, em 2006.
Entre 1992 e 1994, atuou na área de eletrônica na Companhia Industrial
Cataguases. Desde 1994, vem atuando como professor, ensinando eletrônica
básica e eletrônica de potência nos cursos técnicos no Centro Federal de
Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais da UNED-Leopoldina.
Aplica��o de novas tecnicas de limita��o de curto-circuito face � conex�o de produtores independentes � rede b�sica sob o novo ambiente desmgulainentado do setor el�trico brasileiro
- filho
J. A. Filho e K. H. Hartung, "Aplicação de novas técnicas de limitação
de curto-circuito face à conexão de produtores independentes à rede
básica sob o novo ambiente desrugulamentado do setor elétrico
brasileiro", Anais do XVI SNPTEE -GSE / 005, Campinas, São Paulo,
Out. 2001.
A dispersed generation system based on photovoltaic cells: converter configuration and switching strategy
- R L Carletti
- L C G Lopes
- P G Barbosa
R. L. Carletti, L. C. G. Lopes and P. G. Barbosa,"A dispersed generation
system based on photovoltaic cells: converter configuration and
switching strategy", Proceedings of COBEP'2003, Fortaleza, Brasil,
2003.
Concept of a combined short circuit limiter and series compensator
- G Karaday
G. Karaday, "Concept of a combined short circuit limiter and series
compensator", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 6, No. 6, July
1991, pp. 1031-1037.
Principles of fault current limitation by a resonant LC circuit
- G Karaday
G. Karaday, "Principles of fault current limitation by a resonant LC
circuit", IEE PROCEEDINGS-C, Vol. 139, No. 1, Jan. 1992, pp. 1-6.
TCSC operation as a solid-state current limiter
- vianelli
2.5 kV / 1 kA power pack IGBT
- takaliashi