STUDYING THE POSSIBILTY OF USING FUNGUS BEAUVERIA BASSIANA IN THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF RED FLOUR BEETLE TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM

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Plant Archives Vol. 19, Supplement 2, 2019 pp.1718-1721 e-ISSN:2581-6063 (online), ISSN:0972-5210
STUDYING THE POSSIBILITY OF USING FUNGUS BEAUVERIA BASSIANA IN THE
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF RED FLOUR BEETLE TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM
Hanadi Abdulillah Abdulrazzaq*; Ethar Mundher Abdul wahhab1; Suhad Yasin Jassim2
and Ezeddin Atea Albayyar3
College of sciences- University of Kirkuk* College of Education- University of Al-Anbar1 Iraq Natural History Research
Center and Museum, University of Baghdad2, College of Sciences – University of Al-Anbar3
Abstract
Fungus Beauveria bassiana was used to determine efficiency of the killing against the Red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum
in its different larval stages, pupa and adult stages. Three concentrations of the fungus extract were used to determine the most
effect concentration of the fungus extract on mortality percent of the insect. The results showed that the concentration of the
fungus extract had a significant effect on Insect in all stages of life and this percentage increases with the increasing of
mushroom concentration (B. bassiana) extract.
Keywords: Fungus extract, Beauveria bassiana, biological control, Insects, Tribolium castaneum
Introduction
Protein-rich wheat grains are the most important grains
and are the main food for humans, wheat is preferable to
other grains in the manufacture of bread, which is the main
food of a very wide part of the peoples in the world,
especially the Arab peoples. Wheat flour beetles Tribolium
castaneum feed on wheat grains and flours reducing the
quality of these grains, change their taste and smell
significantly and change many of their qualities and
properties (Mohammed and Waddah, 2014). The stored grain
and its products are also exposed to many pests that cause
significant economic damage, about (10% -11%) of the
world's stored grain crops (Al-hadidi et al., 2010), These
insects are spread all over the world as whole insects and
larvae feed on grains and their products, especially flour, grit
and bran, causing unpleasant smell, as well as changes in
weight and contaminants associated with infection. There are
many ways that man invented to avoid the infection of these
insects in order to reduce the losses resulting from this
infection, such as plant extracts and some chemical
pesticides. Also used dieters prevention, sexual stimulants
and attractants to prevent the infection of these beetles
(Sulaiman, 2005). In this study, biological control was used
as a basis for the eradication of this pest by the use of fungal
pathogen Beauveria bassiana, that has a wide range in the
infection of many insects in addition to the safety towards the
human being non-pathogenic and doesn't affect human
health, has no effects on the environment and doesn't cause
harmful pollution to humans or their property (Lord, 2009;
Fagad et al., 2005). Therefore, the trends towards the use of
such organisms that are not harmful to human and animal
health and at the same time have a good impact against grain
insects and stored materials. Pesticides often create large
problems due to their widespread use against many species of
insects, also resistance to insecticides due to varying periods
of chemical pesticides, pollution that can result from this use,
and the persistence of long-term pesticides in the
environment due to extensive uses in Control. The beetle
insect spread widely in Iraq and caused extensive
contamination in the grain stores throughout the country. It
caused the loss of large amounts of rice, wheat, corn and
other economic grains with the participation of a number of
other insects associated with it such as beetles red flour and
rice pest and other insect (Clemente et al., 2003). Duval
Tribolium confusum is one of the most important insect pests
in Iraq and many parts of the world, attacking many food
products such as flour, cereals, meals, biscuits, chocolate,
spices, processed materials, dried food, nuts, and museum
models, (Weston and Rattingourd, 2000). The flour infected
by this insect has a distinctive smell and moldy taste as a
result of insect secretions of (quanin) and flour loses many of
its properties such as viscosity and rubber making it unusable
for human use (Karunakaran et al., 2004). (Fogliazza and
Pagani, 2003) mentioned that the (Duval flour beetle) is one
of the most important insects affecting dough made from
wheat flour and has a negative impact on the quality of bread.
The aim of this study is to determine the level of killing
efficiency for the red flour beetle in different stages of its life
using insect infected with fungus Beauveria bassiana.
Materials and Methods
The insects were collected from the flour found in the
flour shops in Ramadi city (west of Iraq) and after checking
the different stages of the insect, placed in a plastic box (10 x
30 x 5 cm 3) containing (1/2) k. of flour and ( 1/2) k. of
wheat grain. 25 ± 2 and (50-70%) humidity in order to be the
main source for the insects using in this experiment. Petri
dishes were used to breed insects and treat insects with the
fungus extract. (5) gm. of wheat were placed in each dish,
(10) insects were placed and (4) replicates were used for each
of the concentrations used in the spores used in the study
(24×710, 24×610 and 24×510) allow the comparison group
(control) without adding the fungus extract and only
spraying with distilled water. To study the killer effect of the
fungus spores and the best concentration of the treatment,
insects were placed for each concentration in a food-free
Petri dish and sprayed with ( 3) ml of the fungus extract and
specific concentration and left for ( 5) minutes then returned
to media taken from it , left in the incubator at (25 ± 2) °C,
the readings of the kill rate at each concentration after 24
hours, 48 hours and 72 hours, and 4, 5 days later, the
percentage of killing in different concentrations and control
group were calculated and the results were corrected
according to (Abott,1925) equation:

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precentcontrol100 precentcontrolprecenttreated
mortalityofprecentage 


Isolation of fungi used in the control Beauveria
bassiana obtained from the Faculty of Agriculture-
University of Baghdad and isolated, isolation of the
Agriculture- agar media containing potato PDA and prepared
according to the ratios used in the growth of fungi and the
work of the main extract of the fungus by adding (10) ml of
distilled water to Petri dish containing colony of growth
mushroom for (1) week and calculated the number of spores
using the (Hemosetometer) and using the following equation:
1010
80
N
sporesofNumber 6
Statistical analysis
The experiment was designed on the basis of random
design, and the results were analyzed using the SPSS
statistical program and using the LSD test to compare the
means with a significant level of 5% (Ali and Bala Bhaska,
2016; Al-Rawi and Khalafallah, 2000).
Results and Dissection
The results of this study showed that the B. bassiana
had a clear effect on the stages of the red flour beetle and this
effect increased with the increasing of concentration used in
the treatment until the killing rate reached 100% at second
and third concentrations of the fungus spores extract in less
than 5 days. Table (1) indicate that the larval stages were
influenced by the fungal extract more than the pupa ,the
second and third phases (first larval stages) were more
affected than the fourth and fifth stages (last larval stages),
this effect is directly proportional to the concentration
increasing of the fungal extract, as killing percentage reached
100% in the second and third concentrations in just (4) days
and this indicates to the fungus effectiveness and the killing
speed of the insect as a result of penetration of the fungus
into the insect body in addition to the toxic secretions
resulting from the fungus, which caused the destruction of
insects in a short period of time, this is what appeared in the
third concentration where the killing percentage 100%
through only (4) days for all larval stages and pupa.
for the pupa stage, it was found that the fungus was
very effective in eliminating the insect in this phase,
especially in the second and third concentrations, while the
effect was less in the extract of the fungus at the first
concentration, but the killing speed was less than larvae and
may be due to the slow appearance of symptoms on the pupa,
which can be distinguished from change of color when dying.
The results of the statistical analysis showed significant
differences in the killing rates of the three concentrations
used at (p 0.05), Table (2) showed insect mortality in adult
stages as a result of exposure to the three concentrations and
this has been shown that concentration of the fungus had a
significant effect on the insect's killing. The increase in the
killing rate was proportional to the increasing of the
concentration of fungus extract. This may be due to an
increase number of active units of fungus presented with the
extract.
Results also showed a significant difference at (p 0.05)
between the third concentration and each of the first and
second concentrations, while the differences were not
significant between the first and second concentrations and
the highest rate of killing on the (fifth day) of all
concentrations, and it was found that the fungus B.bassiana
had a good efficiency in the killing of the red flour beetle at
the larval and pupa stages as well as the adult insect, this is in
line with the findings of (Abdullah, 2013) who found that the
extract has a great effect on the red flour beetles at all stages.
Table (3) shows that the third concentration was the highest
in the mortality percentage of larval and pupa stages. This is
consistent with many studies that indicated to the most
important factor in intensity of infection (temperature and
extract concentration using in control (Sabour, 2002 and
Scholte et al., 2004).
Table (4) showed significant differences in mortality
rates between different larval stages and pupa as well as the
effect of the three concentrations used in the study. This
indicates that the time should be determined to apply the
control in the insect stages as well as the accuracy of
selecting the appropriate concentration to success the control,
and not giving the opportunity of primer stages from
reaching to adult phase Which is the most resistant than other
phases, this is due to the hard body and The presence of
sheath wings, which gives it more resistance to resistance of
the fungal extract.
Table 1 : Percentage of larval and larval stages mortality rate of red beetle exposed to three different concentrations of
Beauveria bassiana
Extract conce.
Phases
Mortality percentage
After 1 day
After 2day
3day
4day
5day
24x 105
First larva
20.8
50.2
80.5
90.8
90.8
Last larva
10.6
40.0
80.3
80.3
80.3
Pupa
0
0
0
0
40.0
24 x106
First larva
0
50.6
60.5
84.4
100
Last larva
20.3
55.5
68.2
100
Pupa
0
10
60.0
80.3
100
24 x107
First larva
30.5
50.5
60.6
100
Last larva
30.5
50.5
8.80
100
Pupa
0
40
80
100
control
First larva
0
0
10
20.0
20.0
Last larva
0
0
0
15.6
15.6
Pupa
0
0
0
0
0
Hanadi Abdulillah Abdulrazzaq et al.

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Table 2 : Percentages of the full-scale destruction rate of red beetle exposed to three different concentrations of Beauveria
bassiana
Extract conce.
Phase
Mortality percentage
1 day
2 day
3 day
4 day
5 day
24x 105
adult
0
0
33.3
40.6
50.4
24 x 106
adult
0
20.5
40.6
58.4
58.4
24 x107
adult
10
25
60.2
80.4
90.5
Control
adult
0
0
0
0
0
Table 3 : Mean (+ standard deviation) Insect mortality in larval and larval phases exposed to different concentrations of
B.bassiana extract
Phases
Conce.
Mean
Std. Deviation
N
First larva
First
66.6200
30.54132
5
second
59.1000
38.34032
5
Third
68.3200
30.88182
5
control
10.0000
10.00000
5
Total
51.0100
36.47540
20
Last larva
First
58.3000
31.86762
5
second
68.8000
33.45288
5
Third
72.3600
30.94064
5
Control
11.0000
10.24695
5
Total
52.6150
36.17762
20
Pupa
First
8.0000
17.88854
5
second
50.0600
33.64078
5
Third
64.0000
33.35897
5
control
.0000
.00000
5
Total
30.5150
30.47402
20
Total
First
44.3067
26.96777
15
Second
59.3200
32.69634
15
third
68.2267
33.10031
15
Control
7.0000
4.21954
15
Total
44.7133
30.47618
60
Table 4 : Analysis of variance for the effect of insect phase and the concentration of fungal extracts on insect loss rates
Source
Sum of Squares
Df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
Interference
Hypothesis
119956.931
1
119956.931
10.962
0.045
Error
32830.387
3
10943.462
Phase
Hypothesis
6073.540
2
3036.770
3.385
0.041
Error
48440.622
54
897.049
Conce.
Hypothesis
32830.387
3
10943.462
12.199
0.000
Error
48440.622
54
897.049b
Conclusions
In this experiment, the killing efficiency of the red flour
beetle Tribolium castaneum was determined in different life
stages using Beauveria bassiana extract with three
concentrations, from the results mentioned above, the
following can be inferred: concentration of the fungus extract
has a significant and clear effect on the percentage of red
flour beetle mortality at all stages life. This percentage
increases with the concentration of mushroom extract, this is
proportional to the concentration of the extract, In other
words, when the fungus extracts concentration increases, the
rate of mortality will also increase.
Acknowledgment
Thanks a lot to all the authors who contributed to the
completion of this work, headed by Dr. Ezeddin Atea
Albayyar, who made efforts to complete the paper
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