The Archived Web: Doing History in the Digital Age
... impactos práticos que esse atualismo coloca à nossa frente é o de que o tempo, inserido em nossa realidade digital, acaba por ser fragmentado. Brügger (2018) ao refletir sobre a web, percebe que a atualização de sites, páginas, sistemas etc., não é necessariamente previsível e regular. Isso significa que, se tentarmos analisar o "passado" de uma página em uma rede social que contém, por exemplo, informações pessoais e traços do cotidiano de uma pessoa, através do processo de arquivamento que faz parte do trabalho dos historiadores, o que foi arquivado no começo do processo pode mudar. ...
... É importante ressaltar, nesse ponto, que tais versões não são cópias, como comumente podemos nos deparar em documentos analógicos, em que há, por exemplo, o "original" de uma carta do século XVIII em um acervo e uma cópia, feita por algum pesquisador, que será analisada e é uma duplicação exata do original. No espaço digital, a simultaneidade de eventos que se passaram no mesmo segundo, minuto, hora e local é fragmentada: a "mesma" entidade arquivada pode provar ser diferentes versões (BRÜGGER, 2018). ...
... O que parece ser uma página da web temporalmente "plana" Isabela G. Parucker e Daniela L. de Andrade ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 162/169 e consistente com apenas uma temporalidade (o passado que ocorreu naquele exato momento) pode conter várias temporalidades invisíveis, estendendo-se para trás e para frente no tempo, tornando-a temporalmente inconsistente como um todo. Isto é devido à natureza fragmentada da web rastreada e porque todos os fragmentosindependentemente de quando foram arquivadosestão presentes ao mesmo tempo na mesma coleção (BRÜGGER, 2018). ...
Podemos compreender a escrita da história como esforço criativo de configuração de imagens para representar o movimento do tempo, observando a mudança das coisas e a passagem deste tempo. Por meio de narrativas que entrelaçam acontecimentos e tramam enredos historiográficos, a história torna o tempo inteligível, acessível e compreensível quando transformado em temporalidade. O objetivo do presente artigo é buscar conceitos capazes de iluminar esse processo de temporalização do tempo na contemporaneidade, marcado pela ação dos sujeitos no espaço digital, pela presença de tecnologias que aumentam significativamente a velocidade da produção e troca de informação e ampliam as formas de comunicação. Para isso, pretendemos tensionar o conceito de “Atualismo” (ARAÚJO; PEREIRA, 2018), relacionando-o com a estrutura do espaço digital. Acreditamos que tal noção tem o potencial de provocar questionamentos capazes de impactar diretamente o fazer historiográfico no século XXI, tendo em vista a forma como o tempo é percebido e temporalizado. Vislumbramos, nesse cenário, que os desafios que o atualismo propõe aos historiadores giram em torno de dois aspectos: o domínio do espaço digital e a reflexão acerca da possibilidade de estarmos diante da percepção de tempo fragmentado e da configuração de uma consciência histórica cada dia mais distópica.
... This milestone provides a natural opportunity to re-evaluate past events that took place in the formative years of this industry. Earlier anniversary celebrations marking the Web at 20 (Husemann and Rudin, 2012;Hall and Tiropanis, 2012), at 25 (Brügger, 2016) and Web Science at 10 (Hall et al., 2017) evidence the wide ranging interest in viewing the Web from a retrospective angle (Brügger and Laursen, 2019;Brügger, 2018). The long-view of history offers an opportunity to investigate the mechanisms and trends that led to the Web we find today. ...
... To draw parallels between Web evolution and other major technological advances, a historical perspective will be useful. As the Web has matured, its long-term development has started to attract theoretical and methodological attention from historians (Brügger, 2018). In a recent discussion, highlighted the need to identify topics that are compelling both to computational scientists as well those in the social sciences and humanities. ...
... In the recent years, digital historians have begun conducting careful investigations into the past events and artefacts generated through the Web (Brügger, 2018). Some examples include discussing the nuances of archived webpages (Rogers, 2017), social networking infrastructures (Helmond et al., 2019), mailing list interactions (Hocquet and Wieber, 2018) and transnational networks of people and organisations (Siles, 2018). ...
This thesis explores the evidence behind popular narratives regarding the development of the Web industry over time. Topics such as the rate of technological growth, generations in Web technology and the emergence of novel technological species are conceptualised here using theoretical perspectives from the fields of economic history, innovation studies and cultural evolution. These fields share an interest in applying the evolutionary principles of variation, selection and
transmission to technological change. Each principle is investigated here by means of empirical investigations into the temporal patterns of Web innovation, adoption of technical standards and transmission of knowledge through time. The methodological approach is based on an original longitudinal dataset of 20,493 US patents related specifically to the Web to trace the history of this industry between the years of 1990 through 2013. Quantitative analyses revealed that
innovation in the Web industry in some ways conformed, and in other ways deviated from theoretical models of technology growth. Areas of consistency include an initial S-shaped trajectory of corporate innovation that aligned with stock market movements. Associations like this have previously been observed in other technological revolutions. The unique aspects of Web evolution relate mainly to its continued growth beyond the expected ceiling of the S-curve. It was found that this extension can be partly attributed to firms who adopted interactive Web 2.0
applications such as social networks, blogs, wikis and RSS feeds. Moreover, Web 2.0 firms were
continuing to adopt core Web standards that had been established earlier. It appears that standardisation played a role in the long-term evolution of the Web industry by providing a means
for knowledge to be conserved, transmitted and combined in new ways. The thesis concludes with implications for researchers, managers and policy makers with a view to understanding and fostering sustainable long-term innovation. Specific recommendations are also provided to support the future expansion of Web technology into the emerging fields of data science and AI.
... Government documents, even for statistical data, are often biased or inaccurate. The inaccuracy can lead to misunderstandings for those who read it in the future (Brügger, 2012(Brügger, , 2018Jardine & Drage, 2018;Robertson & Mullen, 2017;Weller, 2012). ...
... Mistakes in passing on ideas and values from this pandemic event are far more critical than how statistics are reported. The discourses Donald Trump and his supporters used to discredit the Chinese people or ethnic groups are wrong and dangerous, just as Nazi Hitler justified their hatred of Jews based on conspiracy theories (see Brügger, 2018). Therefore, education is the key to directing memories about the global epidemic to form constructive and positive social capital. ...
The Covid-19 pandemic is a period of challenges that are pressing the social capital of the nations around the world, including Indonesia. Archives, as a portrait of society and its history, of course, have a role in the revitalization of this network or social capital. How can education utilize Covid-19 archives in increasing social capital to deal with the pandemic and post-pandemic recovery? This paper presents a context-based-learning strategy in modern pedagogy to achieve two goals: the utilization of social capital and the development of national cohesiveness, which is used as an alternative in an emergency. It is obvious that the Covid-19 archives are highly potential to develop solidarity across national and beyond national borders. Here, we discuss how national and global responsiveness will add value to social capital at the regional, cultural, communal, and personal levels. It is hoped that with this strategy, post-pandemic social recovery will be accelerated where national interests move simultaneously with a more coherent discourse of identity and global solidarity.
... Elle nous a conduit à travailler sur la « matérialité » du numérique comme Henri-Jean Martin ou Roger Chartier avaient pu travailler auparavant sur celle du livre (Martin, 2000 ;Chartier, 2006) : l'enjeu est de comprendre comment la technique sous-jacente influence, voire conditionne les phénomènes institutionnels, culturels ou sociaux à l'oeuvre. Les historiens du Web (Brügger, 2018 ;Musiani et al., 2019 ;Gebeil, 2021), confrontés à une source qui n'est ni une trace ni une reproduction de la Toile du passé, mais une reconstruction artificiellement élaborée par des professionnels de l'information pour en constituer une mémoire, ont commencé à formuler cette nouvelle herméneutique. Si leur pratique a pu nous inspirer dans l'élaboration d'une pensée de ce que le Web fait à l'institution, nous avons cependant, pour retracer les faits, adopté une approche historique classique, basée sur l'étude des publications, de la littérature grise et des archives (numériques) de la BnF. ...
Dès le tournant des années 1990, la promesse du numérique apparaît clairement aux professionnels des bibliothèques : une reproductibilité infinie sans perte de qualité, une capacité de mise à disposition très large, la possibilité de toucher de nombreuses audiences différentes… de quoi alimenter l’utopie de la reproduction qui voudrait que l’on puisse, de manière transparente, transférer tous les documents vers ce nouveau support. Un projet pharaonique voit le jour : celui d’une bibliothèque « d’un type entièrement nouveau », c’est-à-dire, qui s’appuierait massivement sur les nouvelles technologies pour décupler son impact social et s’adresser à tous les citoyens de la nation. Les premiers projets de numérisation se dessinent dès 1990, accompagnés d’un « poste de lecture assisté par ordinateur » (PLAO) très ambitieux. Pourtant, à peine quelques années plus tard, l’irruption du Web va profondément bouleverser ce projet. Ubiquité, volatilité, déstructuration, massification, internationalisation : autant de caractéristiques du Web qui ont contraint la Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) à adapter ses processus de travail, ses méthodes de traitement, ses outils et son organisation pour entrer dans « la plus grande révolution depuis Gutenberg », celle qui a conduit à l’émergence d’une culture numérique. Pour s'adapter à ce nouveau contexte, l’établissement doit faire un effort considérable à la fois sur le plan technique et sur celui des usages. Au début des années 2000, deux questions se posent pour la bibliothèque : d’une part, celle de son positionnement s’agissant de l’utilisation du Web comme canal de diffusion de ses collections, d’autre part, celle de l’inclusion de documents numériques créés par d’autres et diffusés en ligne dans ces mêmes collections, notamment au titre du dépôt légal. L’évolution de la bibliothèque numérique Gallica et la naissance des archives de l’Internet apparaissent ainsi comme les deux pôles qui conduiront progressivement, au début des années 2000, à l’émergence d’un nouveau patrimoine numérique. Cet article revient sur trente ans d’histoire du numérique à la BnF, de 1990 à 2020, pour montrer comment le Web a fait émerger son propre patrimoine. Après une période d’expérimentation, jusqu’en 2003, puis une période d’industrialisation et de professionnalisation, jusqu’en 2008, la BnF intègre ensuite pleinement le numérique à ses missions.
... A crescent body of literature addresses the transformations that the historical discipline undergoes when immersed on the web and working with the archived web (Brügger, 2018;Gebeil, 2019;Helmond & van der Vlist, 2021;Winters, 2017). The digital space has the power to provide a more participatory history that relies on the inclusion of different voices in historical sources (Milligan, 2019). ...
For the last 30 years, the web has been used as a space of debate and knowledge creation, including historical knowledge. The digital space has the potential to provide a more democratic history that relies on the inclusion of different voices. However, it also raises questions about editing and authority. When attempting to understand authority relations on the web, moderation gains special prominence as it involves actions of exclusion, organisation, and establishment of norms; moderators heavily influence the content created by web users.
Here, we investigate knowledge creation considering moderation bias. We address the effects of different moderation practices in history subreddits by analysing how moderators establish authority relations with other users. For that, we use a mixed-methods approach by interpreting the subreddits’ rules and performing network analysis based on the subreddits’ dialogues (2011–2020).
The study indicates that the rules have become progressively extensive and stricter over the years, creating appropriate ways for posting submissions and commenting but also affecting broad participation. As central authority figures, moderators engage in processes of sharing authority, rather than shared authority, tending to dominate knowledge creation.
... Die Limitationen beziehen sich insbesondere auf die Social-Media-Kanäle. Zu nächst stellen die Dynamiken der Forschungstools wie die Volatilität der Untersu chungsgegenstände eine zu reflektierende Problematik dar. Die Webarchivierung un terscheidet diesbezüglich zwischen digital born und digital reborn sources (Brügger, 2018). Darüber hinaus finden sich im untersuchten Korpus sehr viele Tweets, die aufgrund ihrer Kürze eine Herausforderung für die auf Ko-Okkurenzen beruhende Methode darstellen. ...
In der Corona-Pandemie kommt der Krisenkommunikation der 16 deutschen Landesregierungen eine entscheidende Rolle zu. Der Beitrag untersucht diese Krisenkommunikation im ersten Jahr der weltumspannenden Gesundheitskrise und analysiert hierzu über 27000 Pressemitteilungen, Tweets und Facebook-Posts. Mittels der Methode der (teil-)automatisierten Inhaltsanalyse kann gezeigt werden, dass sich die Inhalte je nach Kommunikationskanal unterscheiden: Neue Infektionszahlen werden schnell über Social Media verbreitet, die wirtschaftlichen Folgen der Pandemie eher via Pressemitteilungen. Mittels Topic Modeling kann außerdem gezeigt werden, dass die Landesregierungen durchaus jeweils eigene thematische Schwerpunkte setzen. Über den gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum im Jahr 2020 hinweg zeigt sich, dass dabei einige Themen dem wellenförmigen Verlauf der Pandemie in Deutschland folgen, andere einen gegenteiligen Verlauf haben.
... A number of insights into the the visual design of websites has been published over the past decade (Engholm, 2007). This paper focuses on CSS and its evolution, recognizing of course that in the past discussions on web history have tended to centre on HTML as the container for the content of the site (Brügger, 2018;Zeldman, 2001, p. 127)). The practices of writing CSS and Java Script have received less attention, not only due to the challenges relating to archiving them. ...
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) express the visual design of a website through code and remain an understudied area of web history. Although CSS was proposed as a method of adding a design layer to HTML documents early on in the development of the web, they only crossed from a marginal position to mainstream usage after a long period of proselytising by web designers working towards “web standards”. The CSS Zen Garden grassroots initiative aimed at negotiating, mainstreaming and archiving possible methods of CSS web design, while dealing with varying levels of browser support for the technology. Using the source code of the CSS Zen Garden and the accompanying book, this paper demonstrates that while the visual designs were complex and sophisticated, the CSS lived within an ecosystem of related platforms, i.e., web browsers, screen sizes and design software, which constrained its use and required enormous sensitivity to the possibilities browser ecosystems could reliably provide. As the CSS Zen Garden was maintained for over ten years, it also acts as a unique site to trace the continuing development of web design, and the imaginaries expressed in the Zen Garden can also be related to ethical dimensions that influence the process of web design. Compared to Flash-based web design, work implemented using CSS required a greater willingness to negotiate source code configurations between browser platforms. Following the history of the individuals responsible for creating and contributing to the CSS Zen Garden shows the continuing influence of layer-based metaphors of design separated from content within web source code.
... The BEV extended the university's reach and made Blacksburg into a laboratory. These findings are filtered, however, through the secondary reporting of BEV researchers according to their perspectives, so it is difficult to directly access histories of user experience, a problem that exists in other internet histories (Brügger, 2018;Driscoll & Paloque-Berges, 2017). As BEV researcher Jack Carroll told me in an interview, the senior citizens who led the Blacksburg Nostalgia project are now dead and BEV projects live on through BEV researchers' publications or personal notes and photographs. ...
Launched in 1993, the Blacksburg Electronic Village (BEV), located in Blacksburg, Virginia and connected to Virginia Tech, was an experiment in community computing. Through its funding models and technologies, the BEV united government, municipal, corporate, and university interests. While it received media attention and scholarly engagement in its prime, the BEV has not yet been reconsidered as part of the larger critical history of virtual communities and platforms. Through primary and secondary accounts of the BEV, I argue that the BEV’s trajectory is emblematic of how communities learn to negotiate going online for the first time, balancing the visions of designers and funders with those of users. The BEV was both a prototype and, later, a laboratory for participatory design, connecting an entire town to the World Wide Web. Its online listings of local businesses and e-commerce hub, known as the Village Mall, applications like MOOSburg—a multi-user domain—and an interactive Virtual School wired the town. The BEV was a small, rural, geographically-situated community used by senior citizens and college students alike, but it was not always inclusive. I point to critical scholarship about the BEV and other early electronic communities to situate the BEV within larger theoretical considerations regarding the relationship between electronic communities and local geographies, the different expectations of designers versus users, and the problems of inclusion, moderation, and control, even when access is provided
... Das Vorgehen basiert auf dem Design-Based-Research-Ansatz, wodurch sich iterativ den Zielvorgaben genähert werden kann (Reinmann, 2017 (Kuchler, 2016;Sauer, 2008) wird unter anderem danach gefragt, inwiefern sich die digitalisierte Darreichung der Zeitung (Brügger, 2018) einerseits sowie die eigenständige heuristische Arbeit (Rüsen, 2013) der Lernenden in den Digitalarchiven andererseits auf das fachspezifische Lernergebnis auswirken. Vor dem Hintergrund der Theorie des historischen Lernens (Rüsen, 2008), die mit den von der KMK vorgeschlagenen "Kompetenzen in der digitalen Welt" (KMK, 2017) anwendungsspezifisch verbunden wird, werden erste Ergebnisse aus der vergleichenden qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse vorgestellt und bezüglich der unterschiedlichen Arbeitsprozesse mit den verschiedenen Medien diskutiert. ...
... A crescent body of literature addresses the transformations that the historical discipline undergoes when immersed on the web and working with the archived web (Brügger, 2018;Gebeil, 2019;Helmond & van der Vlist, 2021;Winters, 2017). The digital space has the power to provide a more participatory history that relies on the inclusion of different voices in historical sources (Milligan, 2019). ...
For the last 30 years, the web has been used as a space of debate and knowledge creation, including historical knowledge. The digital space has the potential to provide a more democratic history that relies on the inclusion of different voices. However, it also raises questions about editing and authority.
When attempting to understand authority relations on the web, moderation gains special prominence as it involves actions of exclusion, organisation, and establishment of norms; moderators heavily influence the content created by web users.
Here, we investigate knowledge creation considering moderation bias. We address the effects of different moderation practices in history subreddits by analysing how moderators establish authority relations with other users. For that, we use a mixed-methods approach by interpreting the subreddits’ rules and performing network analysis based on the subreddits’ dialogues (2011-2020).
The study indicates that the rules have become progressively extensive and stricter over the years, creating appropriate ways for posting submissions and commenting but also affecting broad participation. As central authority figures, moderators engage in processes of sharing authority, rather than shared authority, tending to dominate knowledge creation.
... Within the last decade, considerable scholarly interest has emerged in the Web's history. A few studies by Brugger and others [6,[10][11][12]14] have pioneered more recent approaches to creating a history of the Web but have mostly focused on specific perspectives rather than broad quantitative understanding: [11] focuses on the consequences of the archiving process for the Internet scholar. [14] studies history of media and government, size of web domains, and cultural and political histories. ...
Since the inception of the first web page three decades back, the Web has evolved considerably, from static HTML pages in the beginning to the dynamic web pages of today, from mainly the text-based pages of the 1990s to today's multimedia rich pages, etc. Although much of this is known anecdotally, to our knowledge, there is no quantitative documentation of the extent and timing of these changes. This paper attempts to address this gap in the literature by looking at the top 100 Alexa websites for over 25 years from the Internet Archive or the "Wayback Machine", archive.org. We study the changes in popularity, from Geocities and Yahoo! in the mid-to-late 1990s to the likes of Google, Facebook, and Tiktok of today. We also look at different categories of websites and their popularity over the years and find evidence for the decline in popularity of news and education-related websites, which have been replaced by streaming media and social networking sites. We explore the emergence and relative prevalence of different MIME-types (text vs. image vs. video vs. javascript and json) and study whether the use of text on the Internet is declining.
... Das Vorgehen basiert auf dem Design-Based-Research-Ansatz, wodurch sich iterativ den Zielvorgaben genähert werden kann (Reinmann, 2017 (Kuchler, 2016;Sauer, 2008) wird unter anderem danach gefragt, inwiefern sich die digitalisierte Darreichung der Zeitung (Brügger, 2018) einerseits sowie die eigenständige heuristische Arbeit (Rüsen, 2013) der Lernenden in den Digitalarchiven andererseits auf das fachspezifische Lernergebnis auswirken. Vor dem Hintergrund der Theorie des historischen Lernens (Rüsen, 2008), die mit den von der KMK vorgeschlagenen "Kompetenzen in der digitalen Welt" (KMK, 2017) anwendungsspezifisch verbunden wird, werden erste Ergebnisse aus der vergleichenden qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse vorgestellt und bezüglich der unterschiedlichen Arbeitsprozesse mit den verschiedenen Medien diskutiert. ...
Im Rahmen des Programmworkshop "Digitalisierung in der Lehrkräftebildung nach dem Digital Turn" im Rahmen der Qualitätsoffensive Lehrerbildung (QLB) stellen wir im Symposium 2 ("Aktuelle Forschungen zum Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge-Modell (TPACK) in der Lehrkräftebildung") die Entwicklung eines Instruments zur fachspezifischen Modellierung von TPACK bei Lehramtsstudierenden vor.
Siehe S. 21/22 in der Publikation des BMBF
... Das Vorgehen basiert auf dem Design-Based-Research-Ansatz, wodurch sich iterativ den Zielvorgaben genähert werden kann (Reinmann, 2017 (Kuchler, 2016;Sauer, 2008) wird unter anderem danach gefragt, inwiefern sich die digitalisierte Darreichung der Zeitung (Brügger, 2018) einerseits sowie die eigenständige heuristische Arbeit (Rüsen, 2013) der Lernenden in den Digitalarchiven andererseits auf das fachspezifische Lernergebnis auswirken. Vor dem Hintergrund der Theorie des historischen Lernens (Rüsen, 2008), die mit den von der KMK vorgeschlagenen "Kompetenzen in der digitalen Welt" (KMK, 2017) anwendungsspezifisch verbunden wird, werden erste Ergebnisse aus der vergleichenden qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse vorgestellt und bezüglich der unterschiedlichen Arbeitsprozesse mit den verschiedenen Medien diskutiert. ...
Zur Erfassung innovativer digitaler Lehr-Lern-Szenarien wird zunächst in einem Delphi-Verfahren eine Taxonomie als konzeptionelle Grundlage entwickelt, um zentrale Merkmale und deren Beziehungen von digitalen Lehr-Lern-Szenarien zu identifizieren. Die Taxonomie bildet die Grundlage für die Modellierung einer Datenbank und die Datenanalyse von digitalen Lehr-Lern-Szenarien.
This article examines the changes experienced by collective memory in the digital era. Contrary to the thesis that digital memory entails a new type of memory, which is radically different from the traditional conceptualization, I argue that the practice of digital memory materializes and implements the theoretical claims made by Memory Studies since the field’s inception – collective memory conceived as a process, mediated and remediated by multiple media, with the participation of dynamic communities that perform rather than represent the past. In the article, I address what I propose are the following four major transformations that collective memory has undergone in the digital era: (1) the new ontology of the digital archive; (2) the shift from narrative as a privileged form of collective memory to the cultural form of the database; (3) the reconfiguration of agency, in which a distributed memory is performed by human and non-human agents in a dynamic entanglement; and (4) the shift from mnemonic objects to mnemonic assemblages, comprising persons, things, artefacts, spaces, discourses, behaviours and expressions in dynamic relatedness.
Contemporary media history is a rapidly growing field that extends far beyond traditional studies of technology or institutions such as radio, film, and television. This volume expands the scope further still to analyse ephemeral, mundane phenomena long overlooked by media historiography. In eight original essays, the volume demonstrates the strengths of a broad concept of the media. The first part centres on media systems and media events, with studies of spiritist séances, Gallup polls, the mediated persona of Kaiser Wilhelm II, and the burial of a Swedish statesman in 1915. The second part focuses on media materialities and infrastructure such as art replicas, ring binders, tourist guidebooks, and media technology in the IKEA home. Aimed at students and academics alike, Expanding Media Histories offers new empirical research, which engages critically with key concepts in media history today.
This article combines two neglected elements within the history of online news: public service news sites and weather reporting, and it does so by utilising web archives, which – surprisingly – do not figure very prominently in journalism history. The two elements have – in isolation and in combination – at least in Denmark, become increasingly important as the online news sections of the two public service institutions Denmark’s Radio (DR) and TV2 consistently are among the most visited news sites and since reporting on the weather has gained in prominence and more recently, at least on DR TV, has become increasingly educational in its linking to issues of climate change. This article focusses on online news and conducts a historical analysis of the weather reporting on DR.dk from 2005 to 2022. The analysis seeks to balance the coding of journalistic texts with considerations of the online form of journalism, which here broadly means reading the webpage as a text. A key focus in the analysis is how meteorological data have been woven into cultural and social narratives, some of which are linked to climate change.
Martin Dusinberre follows the Yamashiro-maru steamship across Asian and Pacific waters in an innovative history of Japan's engagement with the outside world in the late-nineteenth century. His compelling in-depth analysis reconstructs the lives of some of the thousands of male and female migrants who left Japan for work in Hawai'i, Southeast Asia and Australia. These stories bring together transpacific historiographies of settler colonialism, labour history and resource extraction in new ways. Drawing on an unconventional and deeply material archive, from gravestones to government files, paintings to song, and from digitized records to the very earth itself, Dusinberre addresses key questions of method and authorial positionality in the writing of global history. This engaging investigation into archival practice asks, what is the global archive, where is it cited, and who are 'we' as we cite it? This title is also available as Open Access.
Die digitale Revolution hat Archive mit digitalen Medienartefakten gefüllt, deren Analyse traditionelle geschichtswissenschaftliche Methoden herausfordert. Der Beitrag positioniert Reverse Engineering als praktische Methodik zur Analyse solcher Artefakte, indem er auf Friedrich Kittlers (1992) Artikel, der die Hardware als einzige Materialität des Computers betrachtet, und dem ‚New Materialism' aufbaut. Eng mit Computergeschichte und Technikwissenschaften verknüpft, werden zwei methodische Ansätze vorgestellt: zum einen eine statische Analyse, bei der die Software entschlüsselt und analysiert wird, und zum anderen eine dynamische Analyse, bei der Instruktionen in einer Simulationsumgebung untersucht werden. Beide Methoden weisen Vor-und Nachteile auf. Reverse Engineering ist für diverse digitale Medienartefakte anwendbar und ermöglicht eine tiefergehende quellenkritische Perspektive. Dadurch können intrinsische Programmfunktionen analysiert sowie Aussagen über Inhalte, Handlungsfähigkeit und Autorenschaft getroffen werden. Dies trägt zu einem umfassenderen Verständnis von digitalen Medienartefakten und ihrer Rolle in der Geschichtsforschung bei.
La mise à disposition pour la recherche de données issues du Web archivé correspond à une tendance engagée au sein des institutions patrimoniales depuis les années 2010. Elle se matérialise à l’échelle européenne puis internationale de manière assez inédite à la faveur d’une étude sur l’archivage des traces numériques de la crise de la COVID-19 à partir de 2020. En explorant l’émergence de nouveaux services et collaborations lors de projets mettant en jeu la fourniture des données issues du Web archivé sur la dernière décennie, en particulier à l’Institut national de l’audiovisuel (INA) et à la Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF), cet article invite à penser les transformations des relations entre chercheurs et institutions patrimoniales. Après avoir souligné à quel point cette évolution est le résultat d’efforts engagés depuis plusieurs années en termes d’indexation, d’accès, de fourniture d’outils, nous analysons les modalités et enjeux de la coconstruction d’une recherche sur les données du Web archivé, notamment pour la constitution et documentation des corpus et leur lecture distante.
This article makes a methodological contribution to the growing subfield of digital memory studies. It demonstrates a possible way forward for memory studies scholars who want to try out digital methods but also remain in conversation with the kinds of research traditionally produced within the field. The article revolves around a showcase of an analytical workflow for conducting a scalable reading of large quantities of tweets through access to the Twitter API. The article argues that using only basic computational approaches to social media data in combination with API access can drastically improve data collection practices and enrich analytical practices, producing results recognizable and compatible with existing research in memory studies. As a case study, the article uses a dataset of nearly 200,000 tweets collected around two events that prompted Twitter users to discuss the history of the American children’s television program Sesame Street. It does so to demonstrate: first, how a visualization focusing on chronology can help underpin arguments about heightened activity around certain events. Second, a close reading of selected tweets from these events can support claims of shared activity, even if no hashtags were used. And third, how using simple tools for distant reading makes it possible to converse with questions and issues about gatekeepers and connectivity already central within memory studies. Furthermore, the article demonstrates how the Twitter API supports a more systematical, large-scale collection of tweets than usually seen in memory studies, making researchers less dependent on the algorithmic bias that rules the search in the platform’s regular interface.
In times of crisis, journalism’s own history needs to be reflected upon, both from within and from outside the newsroom. This paper attempts both. From a scientific perspective, we examined the process of the digitalization of journalism and then asked journalists from different generations to reflect on this process. Based on data gathered from these semi-structured interviews with German journalists, our paper presents their evaluation on the evolution from analog to digital journalism—from retired male reporters who wrote most of their articles on typewriters to young female data journalists. The interviews with journalists—including local newspaper reporters, public broadcasting services and news magazines’ editors, freelancers and former German Democratic Republic (GDR) journalists—are part of a larger funded research project on German journalism. Their analysis reveals a common problematization of the growing pace of news production and the hybridization of media formats. The qualitative data confirm data from quantitative surveys on journalism and can help international journalism research to get an in-depth understanding on how journalists perceive the changes over the last decades in their trade.
With the significant increase in production, diffusion and consumption of digital content in the Web environment, actions for the recovery, preservation and communication of data and information, of scientific, cultural and historical value produced in websites, social media and other Web-based content, are being created and studied in face of the ephemerality of the Internet that imposes rapid changes or even permanent losses to informational resources. Digital preservation and archiving of Web-based content is a recent theme in Brazil, specifically discussed in Information Science and, in general, not contemplated in the field of Science, Technology and Society (STS), being necessary the interdisciplinary transit with Information Science. In this context, we aim to verify how criteria for selecting Web content in the context of digital preservation and Web archiving have been discussed by Information Science and related areas (Archivology, Librarianship and Museology), pointing out how these criteria could meet the demands for structuring institutional Web archives in a more adequate way for the long-term preservation of digital information. As methodology, an exploratory study was carried out, based on bibliographic and documentary research with a narrative literature review concerning Web archiving in the scope of digital preservation. Content analysis was applied to Web content selection criteria and policies identified in the literature for digital preservation and long-term archiving purposes. As a result, a theoretical, technical and systematized framework of selection criteria applicable to Web archiving and digital preservation is presented, based on the surveyed scientific literature and on policies from various Web archiving initiatives around the world, such as criteria for "old" and "current" sites, geographic and linguistic criteria, subject-related criteria, criteria based on Web archiving uses and its users or experts, or format-related criteria, and, simultaneously, that may be relevant for modeling institutional Web archive collections. It was found that the imperfection of the Web archiving process and the incompleteness of its products, that is, the Web archives, in terms of the completeness of the archived sites, stems not only from technical, temporal, budgetary or legal limits, but also from limits tied to selection decisions. The selection decisions adopted in Web archiving policies bring some degree of subjectivity and deliberation, which can be avoided by explicitly justifying the criteria in a selection policy, making the archiving and its final product (collections) coherent. Furthermore, within the development of a Web archiving selection policy, it was possible to verify that in the scopes of the selection methods adopted in the creation of Web collections, in the scope, coverage of the archiving and the target (extent) of the collection itself, in the definition of the type and means of access of the Web archive, and in the definition of the expected uses of the Web archive and the intended users, different criteria for the selection of contents agreed upon in the policy are delineated.
This article explores how web archiving impacts the online communication practices of individuals whose personal websites have been archived by major public libraries. Drawing on interviews with website creators and analysis of their written reflections on the archiving process, it demonstrates how web archiving alters the meanings people attach to their online activity. In most cases, the preservation of their website in a national web archive sees individuals perceive their communication practices as having wider cultural and historical significance. These meanings are shaped by the distinctive interaction between archiving and archived actors and propelled by imaginaries surrounding the culture and history of the collecting institution. Based on these findings, this article argues that web archiving can be productively understood as an intervention in the dynamics of online sociality and calls for reflexive archival and research practices that attend to the short- and long-term impacts of altering the visibility of online material.
In this article, we discuss epistemological and methodological aspects of web archive analytics, a recent development towards more data-centred access to web archives. More specifically, we suggest understanding both the process of archiving and subsequent steps of analysis at scale as acts of observation that can be questioned for their epistemological priori. Therefore, we propose the concepts of ‘blind spots’ (features of the live web not included upon creation in the archive) and ‘silences’ (latent features present in the archive but requiring a particular method to be made articulate). In particular, we address two forms of silences playing a structural role in web archive analytics, crucial to both historians and social scientists alike: abundance (or scale) and time. We trace epistemological implications of web archive analytics across an exemplary case study workflow and suggest methodological answers to the issues raised in this process. On the data extraction side, we introduce warc2corpus (w2c), a new tool for extracting granular, structured data, especially temporal information related to the creation, modification, and publication specifically of webpages. For data analysis, we demonstrate how distant reading techniques—more specifically structural topic modelling (STM)—can contribute to providing a rich, temporally structured representation of textual web archive content that in turn can be subjected to scholarly inquiry, interpretation, and re-contextualization.
From documenting human rights abuses to studying online advertising, web archives are increasingly positioned as critical resources for a broad range of scholarly Internet research agendas. In this article, we reflect on the motivations and methodological challenges of investigating the world’s largest web archive, the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine (IAWM). Using a mixed methods approach, we report on a pilot project centred around documenting the inner workings of ‘Save Page Now’ (SPN) – an Internet Archive tool that allows users to initiate the creation and storage of ‘snapshots’ of web resources. By improving our understanding of SPN and its role in shaping the IAWM, this work examines how the public tool is being used to ‘save the Web’ and highlights the challenges of operationalising a study of the dynamic sociotechnical processes supporting this knowledge infrastructure. Inspired by existing Science and Technology Studies (STS) approaches, the paper charts our development of methodological interventions to support an interdisciplinary investigation of SPN, including: ethnographic methods, ‘experimental blackbox tactics’, data tracing, modelling and documentary research. We discuss the opportunities and limitations of our methodology when interfacing with issues associated with temporality, scale and visibility, as well as critically engage with our own positionality in the research process (in terms of expertise and access). We conclude with reflections on the implications of digital STS approaches for ‘knowing infrastructure’, where the use of these infrastructures is unavoidably intertwined with our ability to study the situated and material arrangements of their creation.
There has been increasing interest in participatory web archiving in recent years. Indeed, it is widely regarded as a necessary step in the development of web archives. From a theoretical point of view, it has been seen as driven by the “archival turn” in which the origin of archives is critically analysed, and it becomes clear that established power dominates archives while marginalized voices are absent. Web archiving benefits from this “archival turn”, not only in addressing limitations inherited from conventional archives, but also in challenging embedded systemic and selection biases when choosing what to archive from the Web. Through a critical literature review, this paper addresses the need to analyse participatory web archiving practices, the mechanisms and power relations within them through political theories of power and participation.
This volume is an up-to-date assessment of the current state of journalism research. The authors are acknowledged experts in the fields of research whose central questions, theories and results they present in a compact form. They also develop perspectives for future research. In doing so, they keep an eye on the complex changes in journalism in the present and the future. As a proven basic work, the volume is aimed at academics and students as well as practitioners who want to gain insight into research. For the third edition, the latest research approaches and findings have been added. In addition, the volume has been expanded to include essays on current trends in journalism. With contributions by Prof. Dr. Klaus-Dieter Altmeppen, Prof. Dr. Klaus Arnold, Prof. Dr. Thomas Birkner, Prof. Dr. Andrea Czepek, Konstantin Dörr, Dr. Tanja Evers, Prof. Dr. Susanne Fengler, Prof. Dr. Alexander Godulla, Michael Graßl, Dr. Regina Greck, Prof. Dr. Thomas Hanitzsch, Prof. Dr. Ralf Hohlfeld, Korbinian Klinghardt, Maike Körner, Prof. Dr. Wiebke Loosen, Prof. Dr. Margreth Lünenborg, Dr. Débora Medeiros, Prof. Dr. Klaus Meier, Prof. Dr. Christoph Neuberger, Prof. Dr. Armin Scholl, Dr. Jonas Schützeneder, Prof. Dr. Cornelia Wolf and Prof. Dr. Vinzenz Wyss.
Humans are the dominant species on Earth. Our advantage comes from our unique capacity of organising at large scale to reach common goals. In digital societies, organising requires communicating information and these days, most of it is published exclusively online. The problem is that online information disappears quickly, after a few months. Humanity’s dependence on online information is strong but still recent and the consequences of losing the historical perspective over online data are yet to be seen. Web archives are digital preservation systems that collect, store and provide access to historical web data. Scientific researchers have been using web archives. However, web archives should also be used by the wider public so that they may serve digital societies. Arquivo.pt is a public web archive started in 2007 that enables search and access to historical information preserved from the Web since the 1990s. This article presents Arquivo. pt as a case study for a research infrastructure that has been developed to serve wider communities at national and international levels. The article shares the main lessons learned so that other web archiving initiatives may arise and be developed at a faster pace. It describes the existing tools and activities which enable exploration of historical web-archived collections. Finally, it presents challenges related to creating web archives and proposes actions to address them.
The web is currently an important propagator of information and content in several areas and sectors of society. In a little more than two decades, it has grown to become a global information medium, a communication tool, and record of life in the 21st century. Although there are perceptions of the alleged solidity of the digital environment, surveys point to the disappearance of websites in short periods of time. This research was concerned with the preservation of digital heritage, specifically the preservation and archiving of webpages. Therefore, the following questions guided the research: where and how are the webpages being preserved? The general objective was to study digital heritage preservation by webpages memory institutions that are part of the International Internet Preservation Consortium – IIPC, based on UNESCO’s Charter on Digital Heritage Preservation. The methodological procedures adopted are exploratory and descriptive research, based on bibliographic and document sources. The universe of the empirical part was delimited to the founding and Ibero-American member institutions of the IIPC. We tried to conceptualize and characterize the preservation of digital heritage and some related topics, such as the evolution of the internet and the web; digital heritage in the context of archives, national libraries, and the IIPC; web archiving and its actors in the international and national context; preservation of digital heritage and the steps for archiving and preserving the web. Furthermore, identifying and characterizing the IIPC’s founding memory-keeping institutions and IberoAmerican ones through frameworks. The policies, actions, and criteria for digital preservation, used by the Ibero-American institutions of the IIPC, were examined with a focus on institutional governance and the problems and barriers to the preservation of webpages were identified, with reflections on those institutions, reaching ten categories of problems and barriers based on the texts of the bibliographic and documentary research and the responses of the researched institutions. It is concluded that national libraries, located in the European continent, lead the task of preserving the web within the researched scope that shares the work with other types of institutions, including national archives. Exceptionally, the task is performed by non-profit organizations or those linked to teaching and research, using the legal deposit framework for the collection of those types of contents, repeating rules applied to analog documents, such as access and use restricted to the institutional physical location. Digital preservation of the web is a challenge for both professionals and institutions, and theory does not always move at the same pace as practice. We conclude that heritage institutions, such as libraries and archives must reflect and react, as UNESCO has well put it, leading this digital heritage preservation movement, because even though the challenge is immense, these complex objects must be considered as part of Brazil's national heritage.
Keywords: Digital preservation. Digital heritage. Web archiving. Preservation of the web
For a quarter-century, memory institutions have been preserving web-based content. These web archives have been collected and stored in ARC and WARC (W/ARC) file formats and will form a basis for contemporary histories. Yet, these formats present significant challenges to researchers who wish to access and use web archival data. This is primarily due to the nature of collecting, storing, and providing access to these multifaceted digital objects. In other words, web archives are messy. Applying traditional archival methods of description to digital-born collections is complicated due to issues of provenance, original order, and scale. However, we believe that archival description offers a practical starting point for thinking about access. This paper argues a robust finding aid must extend beyond basic collection-level description to allow for more meaningful interactions with web archives. As such, we propose a reimagining of a traditional finding-aid model into a three-level mode of description to include computational methods, the generation of derivative datasets, and interactive code-rich notebooks. These three factors combine to ultimately contribute to the expanded access and use of web archives.
Sick Note is a history of how the British state asked, ‘who is really sick?’ Tracing medical certification for absence from work from 1948 to 2010, it shows that doctors, employers, employees, politicians, media commentators, and citizens each concerned themselves with measuring sickness. At various times, each understood that a signed note from a doctor was not enough to ‘prove’ whether someone was ‘really’ sick. Yet, with no better alternative on offer, the sick note survived in practice and in the popular imagination—just like the welfare state itself. Sick Note reveals the interplay between medical, employment, and social security policy. The physical note became an integral part of working and living in Britain, while the term ‘sick note’ was often deployed rhetorically as a mocking nickname or symbol of Britain’s economic and political troubles. Using government policy documents, popular media, internet archives, and contemporary research, this book covers the evolution of medical certification and the welfare state since the Second World War, demonstrating how sickness and disability policies responded to demographic and economic changes—though not always satisfactorily for administrators or claimants. Moreover, despite the creation of ‘the fit note’ in 2010, the idea of ‘the sick note’ has remained. With the specific challenges posed by the global pandemic in the early 2020s, Sick Note shows how the question of ‘who is really sick?’ has never been straightforward and will continue to perplex the British state.
Historical work that is based on source material from the field of digitalia, thus meaning Born-digital sources, often meets a phenomenon, that is so far unknown to historians in such an extent: Communication noise. It can be found as unwanted advertisement, off-topic comments and even blunt offences. Taking the example of Spam messages in the Usenet of the 1980s and 1990s the article will show how communication nuisance developed during early internet communication and what is its part in historical tradition. With Flaming and Social bots two other manifestations of Noisy digitalia will be considered. Based on that it will be discussed, how historical work can deal with noise in digitalia both in a conceptional and a technical way as well Bei der geschichtswissenschaftlichen Arbeit mit Quellenbeständen aus dem Bereich der digitalia, also genuin digital entstandenem Material, macht sich vor allem im Bereich der Social Media-Quellen ein für die historische Zunft in diesem Ausmaß ungewohntes Phänomen bemerkbar: Kommunikationslärm. Dieser Noise kann in Form von unerwünschter Werbung, unpassenden Kommentaren bis hin zu offenen Beleidigungen auftreten und vor allem die automatisierte Analyse größerer Datenbestände beeinflussen. Im Artikel wird am Beispiel von Spam-Nachrichten im Usenet der 1980er und 1990er Jahre beschrieben, wie sich Lärm in der frühen Internet-Kommunikation entwickelt hat und welchen Anteil er in der Überlieferung einnimmt. Ergänzend werden mit Flaming und Social Bots zwei weitere Spielarten der Noisy digitalia beschrieben. Davon ausgehend wird erörtert, wie mit diesen Störgeräuschen im Rahmen einer historischen Beschäftigung mit digitalia sowohl konzeptionell als auch technisch umgegangen werden kann
Genuinely digital archival materials require a new set of analytical and critical approaches. They display seemingly paradoxical characteristics, some of which they share with conventional sources, but some of which differ significantly from them. In addition to their content, born-digital sources have certain formal properties and are characterized by the materiality of the respective processing and storage media. Using the example of a database system from the Vietnam War, the article discusses the specific requirements but also the potentials of an analysis of historical data processing and original digital sources, taking into account their material properties and the socio-technical practice of their collection, processing and storage Originär digitale Quellen erfordern ein neues Instrumentarium der Quellenkritik und Analyse. Sie weisen scheinbar paradoxe Eigenschaften auf, die sie zum Teil mit herkömmlichen Quellen teilen, die sich von diesen zum Teil aber auch deutlich unterscheiden. Neben ihrem inhaltlichen Gehalt haben sie bestimmte formale Eigenschaften und sind von der Materialität der jeweiligen Verarbeitungs- und Speichermedien gekennzeichnet. Am Beispiel eines Datenbanksystems aus dem Vietnamkrieg diskutiert der Beitrag die spezifischen Anforderungen aber auch Potentiale einer Analyse historischer Datenverarbeitung und originär digitaler Quellen unter Berücksichtigung ihrer materiellen Eigenschaften und der sozio-technischen Praxis ihrer Erhebung, Verarbeitung und Speicherung
The digital interferes in multiple ways in our current day practice of history. This article argues that it not only impacts the way we search, store, analyze, and visualize historical sources and how we tell our stories, but the dynamic, real-time, and connected nature of digital research infrastructures and the Internet has a deep influence on how we think about history. As a new temporal regime, the digital age shapes our memory practices and changes the way we imagine and experience the past. By mobilizing the concept of digital hermeneutics, the chapter proposes a conceptual framework that helps to understand the various interferences of the „D“ and to use the critical potential of humanities to deconstruct and contextualize our data-driven present Das Digitale greift auf vielfältige Weise in unsere heutige Geschichtspraxis ein. In diesem Artikel wird argumentiert, dass es sich nicht nur auf die Art und Weise auswirkt, wie wir historische Quellen suchen, speichern, analysieren und visualisieren und wie wir unsere Geschichten erzählen, sondern dass die dynamische, in Echtzeit ablaufende und vernetzte Natur der digitalen Forschungsinfrastrukturen und des Internets einen tiefgreifenden Einfluss darauf hat, wie wir über Geschichte denken. Als neues zeitliches Regime prägt das digitale Zeitalter unsere Erinnerungspraktiken und verändert die Art und Weise, wie wir uns die Vergangenheit vorstellen und wie wir Geschichte erleben. Unter Verwendung des Konzepts der digitalen Hermeneutik schlägt das Kapitel einen konzeptionellen Rahmen vor, der hilft, die verschiedenen Interferenzen des „D“ zu verstehen und das kritische Potenzial der Geisteswissenschaften zu nutzen, um unsere datengesteuerte Gegenwart zu dekonstruieren und zu kontextualisieren
Учебное пособие является первым в России, призванным представить основы
работы с веб-архивами при проведении исторических исследований. Предназначено для углубленного изучения веб-архивов как исторических источников и возможностей их использования в исследованиях. В главах книги показана специфика веб-истории как междисциплинарного исследовательского поля, описан процесс веб-архивирования, продемонстрировано влияние веб-архивов на складывание исторических источников нового типа, представлен краткий обзор исторических исследований, проведенных на основе использования ресурсов веб-архивов, рассмотрен инструментарий и методы проведения исследования в области веб-истории.
Учебное пособие предназначено студентам исторических специальностей, исследователям, изучающим социальную, культурную, экономическую и политическую историю современности, а также историю информационных технологий, сети Интернет и Всемирной паутины. Также пособие будет полезно студентам и специалистам в области социальных и гуманитарных наук, использующим ресурсы Интернета и веб-архивов в профессиональной деятельности.
Web archives are increasingly considered key infrastructure for web histories, yet the story of their initial development is often overlooked. Paying attention to the period between the emergence of the web and the first web archives, this article asks: how was the archived web conceived as an object of knowledge? And how have its conceptual origins shaped web archives as a window into the web’s past? Drawing on ethnographic and historical research at one of the first web archiving institutions, the National Library of Australia, it details how systems, standards, and skills in use at the library were applied to a nascent web. It shows how archiving the web became both conceivable and actionable by library workers as they came to understand and act on various web-based materials as types of publications. Reflecting on this history, this article argues that present-day web archives have inherited both strengths and limitations from the older knowledge infrastructures from which they emerged. By detailing the messy, incremental path of infrastructural development, this article extends recent STS-inflected work on web archives as epistemic agents, adding a historical dimension to our understanding of how web archives enable and constrain particular ways of knowing the web’s past.
This article explores the role of artist collectives in the original innovation of distributed-denial-of-service attacks. While current scholarship references the artist collectives Strano Network and Electronic Disturbance Theater as separate case studies, this article explores these groups’ overlapping ambitions, passion, and community and the Anonymous Digital Coalition’s role in linking the two. The continuity of innovation by these collectives presents a distinct historical origin story from traditional early hacking culture. This article surveys two well-documented incidents: the targeting of French government websites by the Strano Network to protest French nuclear testing and the targeting of the Pentagon by EDT in solidarity with the Zapatista movement in Chiapas, Mexico. These artist collectives and the online activist spaces they occupied deserve both recognition and potential criticism for their creative and ultimately costly innovations.
This article investigates the vast field of conspiracy theories by focusing on the example of conspiracy theories related to vaccine hesitancy. Conspiracy theories have been with us for a long time, and as any other type of semantic content they spread by travelling through media. Therefore, if one wants to understand how conspiracy theories proliferate, it is relevant to investigate the media roads by which they travel and that each offer different opportunities for establishing connections. It is obvious that within the last three decades the advent of digital media has opened up new road systems to support conspiracy theories’ getting around. This article focuses on one such road system, the World Wide Web, and how the hyperlink networks on the Danish web related to conspiracy theories and vaccine hesitancy have developed from 2006 to 2015. The article aims at (1) contributing to the development of methods that enables such a study, and (2) providing results about how these hyperlink networks have developed. The network analysis reveals that the potential exchange of ideas about vaccination between experts and non-experts is not facilitated by the media material structures in either of the years, since almost no links exist between the two actor types, at least not on the physical performative level of hyperlinks. Experts are connected, but non-experts as a whole tend to function as an archipelago of isolated islands—isolated from the experts, and by and large isolated from each other. This tendency has remained almost the same throughout the investigated period. News media that one could expect to function as brokers connecting experts and non-experts are not particularly well-connected in the network and apparently do not mediate between actor types.
When Daniel Dayan and Elihu Katz published their seminal book Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History in 1992, television occupied centre stage, whereas computer networks were only beginning to be used. Since the late 1990s, television and digital media have co-existed and co-evolved in still more entangled ways. In this article, I ask how the supplementing of television by a new media form, the Web, has affected the ways media events as understood by Dayan and Katz can unfold and be conceptualised. Based on a medium theory perspective where focus is more on “media” and less on “event”, I introduce the article by tracing how Dayan and Katz understand television as a medium. Then follows a brief account of the vast literature about Media Events , with a particular focus on how digital media are conceptualised. With these two sections as a stepping stone, the Web's digital features are outlined, followed by a historical analysis of the interplay of the development of the Web and a concrete media event: the Olympics from 1996 to 2016. Finally, this web historical outline is used to re-evaluate Dayan and Katz's conceptualisation of media events. The analysis is guided by three themes – liveness, control, and participation – pivotal for Dayan and Katz's understanding of media events as well as the history of the Web.
Critical pedagogy in libraries.
Written by an academic and an academic librarian this chapter explores the opportunities and difficulties in bringing the key principles of critical pedagogy into librarian teaching in higher education.
This article provides practitioners’ perspectives on preservation of the Irish web space by the National Library of Ireland (the NLI). The context of this work is outlined including the history of Ireland’s national library, its role, resources and place in library, archive, cultural and digital preservation networks. The development of the NLI Web Archive is discussed within the wider context of the Library’s mission and digital collecting and preservation policies, as well as international approaches to preserving the web. The article looks at how the NLI has developed its selective web archive over the past decade, and has grown the content and access to it as a way to mitigate against the absence of at-scale solutions. The unusual legal context in Ireland regarding legislative barriers to archiving the Irish web space at scale and the NLI’s work for over a decade to change this situation are discussed as are the significant implications of the current legal situation for data loss and long-term access to Ireland’s contemporary record. Distinctive Irish aspects of digital cultural heritage preserved in the NLI Web Archive collections are highlighted. The opportunities and challenges in developing outreach and access for the Web Archive are considered together with its relationship with the collecting activities of the Library’s Born Digital Pilot Projects. This article will also discuss types of usage and user groups in relation to archived Irish web data. Potential for creative and imaginative uses of Irish web archive collections and data are also considered in relation to the Library’s broader public learning and outreach programmes.
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